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The NVIDIA Deep Learning Accelerator (NVDLA) provides free intellectual property licensing to IC chip vendors and researchers to build a chip that uses deep neural networks for inference applications. The Open Neural Network Compiler (ONNC) provides an extensible compiler, a quantization calibrator and optimization supports for running DNN models on NVDLA-based SoCs. Even with open-sourced NVDLA and ONNC, conducting the development of an AI chip still brings up many productivity issues in the mass production stage, such as SRAM MBIST (Memory Built-In Self Test) fail, scan-chain fail etc. When applying Fault-Tolerance Mechanism in error-tolerant applications such as image classification by using the AI CNN model, this paper presents a light-weight Fault-Tolerance Mechanism to effectively enhance the robustness of NVDLA-based edge AI chip when encountering internal SRAM stuck fault. Our non-accurate MAC calculation for the whole convolution computation leads to a very promising quality of results compared to the case when an exactly accurate convolution operation is used. The Fault-Tolerance Mechanism analysis and design described in this paper can also apply to the similar fixed-point deep learning accelerator design, and opens new opportunities for research as well as product development.

The bad resistance to SO2 was still the primary defect of Mn/TiO2 catalyst for selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3. To address that, a series of MnNb/TiO2 catalyst samples with different Nb/Mn molar ratio were prepared by sol-gel method and used in NH3-SCR reaction. Experimental results indicated that the MnNb/TiO2-0.12 catalyst exhibited outstanding SCR activity and SO2 resistance. The introduction of Nb into Mn/TiO2 catalyst could promote the formation of more Mn4+ and chemisorbed oxygen species on its surface, along with the generation of more NO2. In addition, the doping of Nb on Mn/TiO2 catalyst could remarkably intensify its surface acidity. All these factors were conducive to improving the SCR performance of MnNb/TiO2-0.12 catalyst. The results of DRIFT study revealed that the NH3-SCR reaction over MnNb/TiO2-0.12 catalyst took place through both Eley–Rideal and Langmuir-Hinshelwood pathways, in which Eley–Rideal pathway was predominant. In the presence of SO2, it seemed that the NH3-SCR reaction over Mn/TiO2 and MnNb/TiO2-0.12 mainly happened between adsorbed NO2 and gaseous NH3 (Eley–Rideal mechanism), thus the formation of more NO2 over MnNb/TiO2-0.12 catalyst should mainly account for its super SO2 tolerance.

Sb was used as the additive to enhance the NH3-SCR performance of MnTiOx catalyst. Experimental results revealed that MnSbTiOx-0.2 demonstrated outstanding NH3-SCR activity in a wide temperature window (100–400 ℃) and high resistance to SO2. Characterization results indicated the introduction of Sb into MnTiOx catalyst could improve the dispersity of active species and generate more surface acid sites, Mn4+ and surface adsorbed oxygen species. In situ DRIFT spectra proved that the presence of Sb in MnSbTiOx-0.2 catalyst could form new Bronsted acid sites, along with the increased surface Lewis acidity. The improved adsorption of NH3 and NOx species over MnSbTiOx-0.2 catalyst had a stimulating effect on the NH3-SCR reaction over it through Langmuir−Hinshelwood (L-H) route. Moreover, Sb species in MnSbTiOx-0.2 could improve the reactivities of ad-NH3 and ad-NOx species in SCR reaction. All these factors contributed to the excellent performance of MnSbTiOx-0.2 catalyst.

The deactivation of SCR catalyst caused by K species contained in the fly ash would suppress its DeNOx performance. In this study, it was manifested that the modification of Ce/TiO2 catalyst with P could enhance its K tolerance. To understand the promotion mechanism, the fresh and poisoned catalyst samples were subjected to the characterization techniques including BET, XRD, XPS, H2-TPR, NH3-TPD and in situ DRIFT. The results elucidated that the introduction of P species could increase the reducibility of Ce species and generate more surface chemisorbed oxygen, along with the strengthened surface acidity for NH3 adsorption. It seemed that the NH3-SCR reaction mechanism over Ce/TiO2 catalyst was a combination of L-H mechanism (

Fe was used as the modifier to improve the performance of CeZr2O x catalyst for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reaction with ammonia. Experimental results revealed that proper Fe species (Fe/Ce molar ratio = 2) could effectively improve the SCR activity of CeZr2O x , along with the elevated resistance to SO2 and H2O. The characterization results including BET, XRD, H2-TPR and NH3-TPD confirmed that Fe species in Fe2CeZr2O x catalyst could inhibit the formation of ZrO2 crystals and lead to higher reducibility and surface acidity. In addition, more Ce3+ and surface active oxygen species could be detected on Fe2CeZr2O x compared with CeZr2O x . By means of in situ DRIFT technique, it could be deduced that the SCR reaction process over Fe2CeZr2O x was accelerated mainly through theL–H pathway due to the advanced adsorption of NH3 and NO x species, along with the promoted NO conversion to NO2. Therefore, the modification of CeZrO x catalyst by Fe had a significant stimulation effect on its low-temperature SCR performance.

Mn–TiO2 catalysts were utilized as an ozonation catalyst for the first time to study the simultaneous catalytic ozonation of Hg0 and NO at low flue gas temperatures. BET, SEM–EDS, XRD, XPS, H2-TPR, NO x -TPD and Hg0-TPD were used to characterize the catalysts. The Mn–TiO2 catalyst, in which the molar content of metal Mn was 60%, exhibited the best catalytic activities of Hg0 and NO oxidation, compared with other Mn–TiO2 catalysts. It was found that within the range of experiment, the catalytic ozonation efficiency of Hg0 and NO was higher than that of ozonation or catalytic oxidation. The results also showed that the presence of NO gas inhibited the catalytic ozonation of elemental mercury, and the inhibition was enhanced with the NO inlet concentration, while few elemental mercury molecules did promote the catalytic ozonation of NO. The addition of H2O vapor promoted the catalytic ozonation of Hg0 and NO. In addition, 0.6Mn–TiO2 catalyst demonstrated a good TOS and cyclic stability. The catalytic ozonation of NO and Hg0 on Mn–TiO2 catalyst likely followed the Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism, where the hydroxyl radicals reacted with adjacently adsorbed NO molecules and elemental mercury on catalyst surface.

In this study, Bi was used as the modifier to elevate the performance of Ce/TiO2 catalyst for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with NH3. Experimental results indicated that the CeBi/TiO2 catalyst with a Bi/Ce molar ratio of 0.15 exhibited excellent low-temperature SCR performance and SO2/H2O resistance compared with the Ce/TiO2 catalyst. Characterization results revealed that the introduction of a proper amount of Bi to Ce/TiO2 catalyst could generate more Ce3+ and chemisorbed oxygen species on its surface, along with the enhanced reducibility and surface acidity. From the results of an in situ DRIFT study, the formation of more adsorbed NH3 and NO2 species could be detected, as a result, greatly facilitating the low-temperature NH3–SCR reaction over CeBi/TiO2-0.15 catalyst through the Langmuir–Hinshelwood route.

The different poisoning mechanisms of Cl and P on Mn/TiO2 catalyst for selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 were investigated in this study. It was found that the poisoning effect of P was stronger than that of Cl, and the poisoning effect of Cl was very weak when the reaction temperature was over 250 °C. And the presence of Cl or P would weaken the poisoning effect of SO2 and H2O. From the characterization results of temperature programmed reduction (TPR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the loading of P and Cl would lead to the decrease of reducible species and the loss of Mn4+ and chemisorbed oxygen species, as a result, inhibiting the oxidation of NO to NO2.The results of temperature programmed desorption (TPD) study indicated that the presence of Cl only had a weak inhibition effect on the adsorption of NH3 and NOx species over Mn/TiO2 catalyst, while the addition of P on Mn/TiO2 catalyst would greatly suppress the adsorption of NH3 and NOx species. From the results of in situ DRIFT study, it could be found that the NH3–SCR reaction over Mn/TiO2 catalyst was mainly controlled by L–H mechanism at lower temperature range (≤ 200 °C) and E–R mechanism at higher temperature range (≥ 250 °C). For Mn/TiO2 Cl, the deactivation was mainly caused by the prohibited NO oxidation; while for Mn/TiO2 P, the deactivation was mainly due to the seriously suppressed NO oxidation and NH3 adsorption.

Nd was used as the modifier to improve the NH3-selective catalytic reduction (SCR) performance of MnOx catalyst used in NOx abatement. The results of the activity test indicated that MnNdOx-0.1 catalyst displayed remarkable catalytic activity and N2 selectivity in the temperature range of 50–300 °C. Characterization results proved the enhanced reducibility and the facilitated NH3 and NOx adsorption over MnNdOx-0.1 catalyst, accompanied by the existence of more Mn4+ and surface adsorbed oxygen species over its surface. The results of the in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform study pointed out that the NH3-SCR reaction over the MnNdOx-0.1 catalyst was mainly under the control of the Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism (≤100 °C); when the reaction temperature was over 200 °C, the Eley–Rideal mechanism was dominant. More adsorbed NOx and NH3 species over the MnNdOx-0.1 catalyst, along with the activation effect of Nd on the adsorbed reactants, had a facilitation impact on the SCR reaction process ...

Ca salts in fly ash have a deactivation effect on SCR catalyst. In this study, the deactivation mechanism of Ca on Ce/TiO2 catalyst was investigated in term of the in situ DRIFT study. The experimental results indicate that the poisoning effect increases with reaction temperature. From the results of in situ DRIFT study, it may be concluded that the NH3-SCR reaction over Ce/TiO2 catalyst takes place though two pathways: the L -H mechanisms ( 200 °C). For Ce/TiO2-Ca, the NH3-SCR reaction over it is mainly controlled by L -H mechanism. The deactivation of Ce/TiO2-Ca lies in the following two aspects: (1) the inhibited NH3 adsorption and NO oxidation ( 200 °C).

Heavy metals such as Zn have a poisoning effect on the catalyst for selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3. In this study, it was found that the modification of Mn/TiO2 catalyst with Al2(SO4)3 could effectively enhance its Zn resistance. From the results of characterizations including XRD, H2-TPR, NH3-TPD and XPS, it could be concluded that the lower crystallinity, the higher reducibility, the generation of more acid sites, and the presence of more Mn4+ and chemisorbed oxygen should mainly contribute to the good Zn resistance of Al2(SO4)3-modified Mn/TiO2 catalyst. The results of in situ DRIFT study indicated that the addition of Al2(SO4)3 did not change the mechanism of NH3-SCR reaction over Mn/TiO2 catalyst, which was under the control of both Eley–Rideal and Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanisms.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to find the key innovative principles for evaluating the long-term care (LTC) cloud system by exploring contradictory and complex points in its development. Design/methodology/approach The theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ) and the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) approaches are integrated to resolve complex contradictions in the system. The heuristic reasoning of TRIZ is applied to obtain innovation principles for an LTC cloud mining system. However, the importance and feasibility of these innovative principles require further assessment. In this study, DEMATEL is employed to clarify the complex relationships among the principles and evaluate their key influences. Findings This paper identifies six primary contradictions and derives 25 innovative principles for the resolution of these conflicts. Further analysis confirms three key innovative principles. First, the government should consider the overall planning of the cloud system platform, followed by the participation of other medical and LTC institutions. Second, the information capability of LTC institutions should be unified by recording the pathology data of care recipients to create an information exchange system. Third, LTC institutions should act in cooperation with medical institutions to provide professional medical capabilities. Originality/value The contributions of this paper are two-fold. First, this study provides an integrated methodology integrating the TRIZ and DEMATEL approaches to resolve LTC problems. Second, this research identifies the key innovative principles for developing an LTC cloud system in Taiwan.

CeSmOx mixed oxide catalysts supported on TiO 2 prepared by coprecipitation method were used for selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH 3 . The results showed that the addition of Sm could effectively enhance the low-temperature SCR activity and SO 2 /H 2 O resistance of Ce/TiO 2 catalyst, and the appropriate mole ratio of Sm to Ce was 0.3. Characterization results indicated that the introduction of Sm could promote the formation of Ce 3+ and chemisorbed oxygen species on catalyst surface, which was favorable to the generation of NO 2 . Moreover, the doping of Sm could also promote the adsorption of NH 3 and NOx species on Ce/TiO 2 catalyst. The results of in situ DRIFT study revealed that the NH 3 -SCR reaction over CeSm/TiO 2 -0.3 catalyst was mainly controlled by the Langmuir−Hinshelwood mechanism in the low temperature range ( 3 adsorption should play a major role for the excellent low-temperature SCR performance of CeSm/TiO 2 -0.3 catalyst.

It is well recognized that both alkali and alkali earth metals have a poisoning effect on selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst. In this study, the different poisoning effects of K and Mg on Mn/TiO2 catalyst were investigated. It was found that the deactivation effect of K was much stronger than that of Mg. The effect of K or Mg addition on the physicochemical properties of Mn/TiO2 catalyst was investigated based on N2 adsorption, XRD, XPS, H2-TPR, NH3-TPD, and NO-TPD techniques. The results indicated that the addition of K or Mg on Mn/TiO2 catalyst would decrease its specific area, promote the crystallization of TiO2, and lead to a decrease of Mn4+ and surface chemisorbed oxygen. Furthermore, the presence of K or Mg on Mn/TiO2 catalyst would lead to the drop of reducibility and the adsorption capacity of NH3 and NOx species. In addition, the adsorption behavior of NH3 and NOx and their surface reactions over the fresh and poisoned Mn/TiO2 catalysts were investigated by in situ DRIFT study. It was ...

A series of MnEuOx catalysts were prepared by the co-precipitation method and used for selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3. It was found that the modification of MnOx catalyst by Eu with a Eu/Mn molar ratio of 0.1 could greatly enhance its SCR activity and broaden its operating temperature window, accompanied by good resistance to SO2 and H2O. From the characterization results of N2 adsorption, XRD, XPS, H2-TPR, it could be concluded that the larger surface area resulted from the inhibited crystallization of MnOx, the enrichment of surface Mn4+ and chemisorbed oxygen, and the higher reducibility all made a contribution to the high SCR activity of MnEuOx-0.1 catalyst. Furthermore, the results of in situ DRIFTS study revealed the NH3-SCR reactions over MnOx and MnEuOx-0.1 were mainly controlled by L-H mechanism ( 150 °C) respectively, and the contribution of E–R mechanism became more important with increasing reaction temperature. The enhanced NO oxidation and NH3 adsorption should be mainly contribute to the distinguished SCR performance of MnEuOx catalyst in the lower temperature range ( 150 °C) respectively.

Research evidence has shown that innovation systems play crucial roles in the sustainability of a country. Taiwan as a natural resource-restricted society with a unique situation should pay great attention to related topics. Regarding this, scientific and strategic foresight planning is engaged in order to be competitive and sustainable. An advanced plan with evaluation and police research was revealed in this study, which utilized DEA (data envelope analysis) to reform qualitative principles and quantitively evaluate 22 counties of Taiwan, exploring potential opportunities among the counties. Moreover, based on the findings, a rational suggestion of smart healthcare development was investigated to help in decision making. In comparing the practical evidence with results, we conclude following viewpoints: First, sometimes policies have to be made with limited data and time because of the rapidly changing environment, though an effective solution to consistently bridge the conceptual principles with quantitative results is feasible. Second, we show quantitative results derived from qualitative principles that uncover missing phenomena from intuitive discussions. Third, by adapting the observation boundaries with variables, a new scenario can be exposed to meaningfully support decisions in new territories, including sustainability. Compared to intuitive decisions, scientific planning is fruitful according to social consensus in order to lay the foundation for sustainability.

It was well recognized that Pb had a poisoning effect on a SCR catalyst. In this study, the deactivation mechanism of Pb on the Ce/TiO2 catalyst was investigated based on the characterization results of TPD and in situ DRIFT studies. It was found that the addition of Pb on the Ce/TiO2 catalyst not only inhibited the adsorption and activation of NH3 species, but also led to the decrease of the activity of adsorbed NH3 species in the SCR reaction. The adsorption of NOx species and the oxidation of NO by O2 over the Ce/TiO2 catalyst were also suppressed by the addition of Pb, while the reactivity of adsorbed NO2 species did not decrease. Moreover, the results revealed that the NH3-SCR reaction over the Ce/TiO2 catalyst followed both the E–R and L–H mechanisms, while the NH3-SCR reaction over Ce/TiO2-Pb was mainly controlled by the L–H mechanism. The contributions of the L–H mechanism to the SCR reactions over Ce/TiO2 and Ce/TiO2-Pb decreased with increasing reaction temperature. The deactivation of Ce/TiO2-Pb was mainly attributed to the suppressed NH3 adsorption and activation, accompanied by the inhibited NO oxidation and the decrease of Bronsted acid sites.

Phosphorous has a deactivation effect on an SCR catalyst. In this study, the effect of Mo modification on the resistance to P species of a Mn–Ti catalyst for selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 was investigated. It was found that the addition of Mo could greatly improve the P species tolerance of the Mn–Ti catalyst. From the characterization results of BET, XRD, H2-TPR, NH3-TPD and XPS, it could be concluded that the modification of the Mn–Ti catalyst by Mo could enhance its specific surface area, redox ability and NH3 adsorption capacity, along with the generation of more surface chemisorbed oxygen species, as a result, greatly enhancing the P species resistance of the Mn–Ti catalyst. The results of an in situ DRIFT study indicated that the NH3-SCR reactions over Mn–Ti and Mn–Mo–Ti catalysts were governed by L–H mechanism (≤200 °C) and E–R mechanism (>200 °C) respectively.

The deactivation mechanism of alkali metals on the SCR catalyst of Ce/TiO 2 was investigated by TPD and DRIFT studies. It could be found that the addition of Na or K on Ce/TiO 2 catalyst would restrict the adsorption of NH 3, accompanied by the generation of new sites for the adsorption of NO x species. But the new-absorbed NO x species were not active in the NH 3 -SCR reaction. The results of in situ DRIFT study indicated that the addition of Na and K did not change the SCR reaction mechanism, which was the combination of the Eley–Rideal and the Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanisms.

Heavy metals (such as Zn and Pb) have a deactivation effect on the catalyst for selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3. In this study, it was found that the modification of Mn/TiO2 catalyst by Nb could greatly enhance its Zn resistance. From the characterization results of BET, XRD, H2-TPR, NH3-TPD, it may be concluded that the introduction of Nb into Mn/TiO2 catalyst would lead to its lower crystallinity, more acid sites and higher concentrations of Mn4 + and surface chemisorbed oxygen. The results of in situ DRIFT study reveal that the NH3-SCR reactions over Mn/TiO2 and Mn-Nb/TiO2 all obey both the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism and the Eley–Rideal mechanism, and the doping of Nb on Mn/TiO2 catalyst could promote the adsorption of NH3 and NOx species on it. All these features make a contribution to the high SCR activity and good Zn resistance of Mn-Nb/TiO2 catalyst.

A series of Mn/CeSiOx catalysts were prepared by the wet impregnation method and used for selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3. As can be seen from the experimental results, the Mn/CeSiOx catalyst with a Ce/Si molar ratio of 2/1 showed excellent low-temperature SCR activity, high N2 selectivity and excellent SO2 and H2O tolerance. The relationship between the CeSiOx support and the SCR performance of Mn/CeSiOx (2 : 1) catalyst was investigated based on the characterization results of N2 adsorption, XRD, XPS, H2-TPR, NH3-TPD and in situ DRIFT. The strong interaction between Ce and Si resulted in the good dispersion of Mn species on the support; correspondingly, the redox ability and NH3 adsorption capacity were greatly enhanced. The results of in situ DRIFT study revealed that the NH3-SCR reactions over Mn/CeO2 and Mn/CeSiOx (2 : 1) mainly obeyed both the E–R mechanism and the L–H mechanism. Furthermore, the formation of more Mn4+ and chemisorbed oxygen greatly facilitates the oxidation of NO to NO2, as a result, promoting the low-temperature SCR performance of Mn/CeSiOx (2 : 1).

High bleaching/coloring electrochemical reversibility is crucial for practical applications of an electrochromic material. In this study, ferrocyanide-containing poly(butyl viologen) (PBV:fc) thin films were prepared by electropolymerization, and subsequently investigated and compared their redox properties by using the electrolyte with and without the addition of potassium ferrocyanide (K4Fe(CN)6). Electrochemical and electrochromic properties of the PBV:fc thin films were studied by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and UV–Vis spectroscopy techniques. The mass changes of the PBV:fc thin films during their redox reactions were studied by using electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) technique. In addition, the scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) studies confirmed the stable anion insertion/extraction of Fe(CN)64− within a PBV:fc thin film. The obtained results indicate that the redox reversibility of the PBV:fc thin film can be effectively improved by the addition of K4Fe(CN)6 in the electrolyte. It is deduced that the enhancement of bleaching/coloring stability of the PBV:fc thin film is affected by Fe(CN)64− charge balance during the reactions. Complementary electrochromic devices (ECDs) using the PBV:fc and Prussian blue (PB) thin films were fabricated. Finally, the ECD with the electrolyte containing K4Fe(CN)6 shows the superior transmittance modulation stability than the one without K4Fe(CN)6.