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Tracking a target is an essential function of a seeker for missiles. The target tracking mechanism of a seeker consists of gimbals, mounted with gyroscopes, and an antenna or some other energy receiving devices such as radar, infrared (IR), or laser. Stabilization of such a gimbal is necessary for any guided missile to maintain the tracking device always pointing towards the target. For the stabilization of the gimbal system, several control methods have been employed for making the gimbal to follow an input rate command by eliminating all the gimbal disturbances. Here, a new self-tuning fuzzy logic-based proportional, integral, derivative (PID) controller is introduced for the stabilization of a two-axis gimbal for a manoeuvring guided missile. The proposed control method involves tuning the gains of the PID controller based on the fuzzy logic rule bases considering the missile body rotation. The performance of the stabilization loops has been verified through MATLAB simulations for fuzzy logic-based PID controller compared with the conventional PID controller. The simulation results show the response of the gimbal system with stabilization loops met the control requirements with fuzzy PID controllers but not with conventional PID controllers.

In this study, powder metallurgy process has been utilized to produce the composite materials. Pure aluminium (Al) has been selected as the matrix material for the preparation of composite materials. 4% of magnesium (Mg) has been added as the alloying element, whilst molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) is reinforced with a varying wt.% (2, 4 & 6). The intent of this work is, to evaluate some basic mechanical properties (density, microhardness, compression strength and toughness), surface degradation properties (corrosion and wear), and electrical conductivity of the fabricated composite materials. Moreover, SEM mapping and EDAX analysis have been conducted to confirm the presence of reinforcement particles with homogenous distribution in the matrix material and to do the fractographic study of the compressive strength tested samples. The density of the composite material Al-4% Mg-6%MoS2 has been increased compared to the density of pure Al material. Micro Vickers hardness test shows that Al-4% Mg-6%MoS2 composite has 32.86% more hardness as compared to that of pure Al material. Compressive strength of the composite material with the higher wt.% of MoS2 is found to be 181.81 N/mm2, while Al material has only 167.52 N/mm2. The buckling formation during the compression test is avoided in the composite material owing to the existence of MoS2 particulates. The wear loss of composite materials is found low as compared with the unreinforced Al material, owing to the solid lubricant property of MoS2 particles, and hence, coefficient of friction (COF) is also lessened with the increase in the MoS2 wt.%. Also, the MoS2 reinforced materials show good resistance to corrosion due to the presence of molybdenum, which acts as a consistent layer obstacle to prevent the surface from further degradation.

Different technologies such as physical, chemical, biological, advanced oxidations and electro-chemical methods are involved in the treatment of industrial effluent. The widely followed biological treatment techniques are required more time, wide operational space and are not effective for wastewater contains heavy metal and hazardous elements. The advanced oxidation process needs tremendous operational cost and is usually procure high immaculate water. The chemical coagulation process is time delaying and brings about a huge volume of sludge. In the electrostatic coagulation process, the electrode plates are dissolved in the wastewater by a direct current source of metal electrodes immersed in the effluent. Electrocoagulation (EC) has a newly followed method used for treating industrial effluent due to its adaptability and cost-effective eco-friendly method. EC has been used for treating a wide range of industrial effluent. These metal ions combine with hydroxide ions to form metal hydroxide which acts as the coagulant for the destabilization of suspended as well as dissolved pollutants in the industrial wastewater. Therefore, the intention of this review paper is the possibility of EC for the treatment of industrial effluents as well as energy consumption in the EC.

Diesel engines are commonly known for its high-power output and high performance. However, the rise in energy consumption, the gradual depletion of petroleum fuels and compliance with strict emission regulations are of great interest to researchers to produce alternative fuels from renewable energy resources. Of all the different alternative fuels, vegetable oil replaces traditional diesel fuels. The transesterification process is frequently used in the process of extracting biodiesel from vegetable oils. In this process, triglycerides are converted into monoglycerides using alcohol and a catalyst at a specific reaction temperature. In this experimental work, pongamia and mahua oil having a higher composition of Palmitic and oleic fatty acids are used to extract biodiesel through a transesterification using methanol and KOH catalyst. Since the combustion process in diesel engine is very complicated because of heterogeneous spray combustion. The physiochemical properties of biodiesel vary when compared to diesel fuel. It is essential to study the influence of Palmitic and oleic fatty acids on combustion parameters of diesel engines. Palmitic and oleic acids are the main fatty acids of pongamia and mahua biodiesel. This was the key inspiration for this research to understand and examine the combustion behaviour of CI engines fuelled with methyl ester containing a higher composition of Palmitic and oleic acid mixture. The experiment was performed with a diesel engine for diesel and pongamia and mahua biodiesel blends (PME25, PME50, PME75 and PME) as a fuel. The combustion parameters namely, in-cylinder pressure, the MRPR, HRR, cumulative HRR, ID and CD were evaluated. It was observed that the ID and the MRPR reduced for biodiesel than diesel due to higher cetane number of biodiesel blends showing a smoother operation of the engine. The longer combustion duration was detected for all methyl ester blends, resulting in poor engine performance for biodiesel blends.

The methyl ester is a sustainable, biodegradable and non-toxic fuel. Vegetable oil can be converted to methyl ester through a process of transesterification. Very a few works have been published in the literature on the use of two different methyl esters in the blended form of diesel fuel. In the present work, however, two methyl esters, namely PME and MME, were chosen and used as fuel in the blended form. Palmitic and oleic acids are the main fatty acid composition of methyl esters. The existence of a single bond of oleic acid in methyl esters can improve the combustion characteristics. Empirical studies on diesel engine reveal that there is a reduction in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and an increase in NOx emissions and CO2 emissions with an increase in the concentration of methyl ester in the blend. However, the emissions such as Smoke, CO and UHC were reduced significantly. At rated power, Brake thermal efficiency values of standard Diesel, and blends B20, B40, B60 and B80 are 29.1%, 28.5%, 28%, 27.4%, and 26.9% respectively. The NOx emissions are in the order of 1515 ppm, 1546 ppm, 1552 ppm, 1566 ppm and 1630 ppm and smoke emission are 4.4 BSU for diesel fuel whereas it decreased with the increase of methyl ester in the blends. The same trend has been observed for hydrocarbon emissions. The study reveals that the B20 blend (80% Diesel + 10% Pongamia Methyl Ester + 10% Mahua Methyl Ester) is similar to that of diesel fuel in terms of performance and oxides of nitrogen emission.

In India, near about 70% people are dependent upon agriculture. So the agricultural system in India should be advanced to reduce the efforts of farmers. Various numbers of operations are performed in the agriculture field like seed sowing, weeding, cutting, pesticide spraying etc. Very basic and significant operation is seed sowing. But the present methods of seed sowing are problematic because the equipment used for seed sowing are very difficult and inconvenient to handle. So there is a need to develop equipment which will reduce the efforts of farmers. This system introduces a control mechanism which aims to drop seeds at particular position with specified distance between two seeds and lines while sowing. The drawbacks of the existing sowing machine will be removed successfully in this automatic machine. Multiple operation can be done easily and no need of labours and no need of wages to be given to the labours. Energy of the farmers will be gained. Time consumption is much less than any other equipment.

Aluminium based metal matrix composites have been widely used in various applications such as automotive, defense, marine, electronics and automobile sectors because of its excellent strength to weight ratio, excellent stiffness to weight ratio with better resistance to wear and corrosion. The mechanical properties of matrix are strengthened by reinforcing particles, fibers and whiskers. These reinforcements act as load bearing elements which resists cracks during its applications. Wear is one of the predominant factors and wear resistance can be improved by increasing the hardness of material. These composites can be made by various manufacturing process such as solid state process and liquid metallurgy route. The review of mechanical properties and wear resistance of aluminium matrix composites by various manufacturing processes have been discussed.

The lithium-ion battery broadly used in electric vehicle technology because of its high specific energy and energy density. The major drawback of lithium-ion battery is heat dissipation during charging, discharging and working condition. Due to this heating effect, battery life span decreases, and even battery degradation occurs battery explosion. The battery thermal management system minimises the heat and maintains the battery safely to avoid this problem. There are several Approaches for Battery. In this paper, dual potential battery thermal analysis using CFD to determine the battery thermal behaviour and forced air circulation over the surface of the battery. Finally, temperature contour, electrical parameter graph and Temperature graph concerning flow time after cooling. Therefore, the battery temperature is reduced with forced air cooling and it is examined by the CFD technique.

An investigation was carried out in this work to assess the potential of graphene as an Electrode in the removal of hardness. The synthesis of graphene was obtained from pencil graphite by using the modified hummers method. Three sets of experimental studies were carried out to achieve the aim of this work. The first set of studies was carried out to assess the potential of Graphene Oxide (GO), Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO), and graphene as an electrode material to reduce the concentration of hardness. The second set of studies was carried out to investigate the efficiency of different proportions of Poly Ethylene (PE) and Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP) binders to reduce the concentration of hardness. The last set of experimental studies was carried out to identify the parameters like Contact time, pH and initial concentration of hardness affecting the performance of the selected electrode material with the selected proportions of binder. The Graphene was found to have high removal efficiency of hardness due to its high specific surface area rather than GO and rGO. The PVP binder has high removal efficiency than PE binder. The maximum reduction of 87.75% hardness may be obtained when the contact time is kept as 30 min, pH in neutral condition and the electrolyte concentration as 400 mg/L.

Nanoscience and technology is a modern field of innovation, the foundation for the creation of new scientific technologies. In the areas of research and technology, nanotechnology has applications over other technologies. In this study, the impact of nano-silica on a mortar of 40 nm in diameter is discussed and investigated for improving mechanical properties and long life the pore filling effect and its pozzolanic operation with cement. Compared with conventional mortar, cement mortar is studied with its strength, durability, and microstructure using nano-silica (Nano-SiO2) (NS) as a partial replacement in different percentages such as 0.5 to 2.5 percent. The hardened properties of the mortar were determined by the compressive strength at 7 and 28 days of age on both specimens. To assess steel corrosion, hardness tests have been practiced. Tests of FTIR, XRD, and SEM also established the characterization of NS. The results show that substituting NS for up to 2 percent shows an improved strength, durability, and microstructure of mortar specimens which results in better performance than a conventional one. Therefore, the production of crack-free concrete for sustainable building is feasible.

In this investigation, the effect of laser power on tensile properties and microstructure of AISI 301 austenitic stainless steel joints were studied. Five joints were fabricated using five different level of laser power varied between 350 W and 550 W respectively. The other parameters such as, welding speed, energy, focal position were kept constant. Of the five different laser power used, the joints fabricated using 550 W yielded superior tensile properties compared to other joints. Fine grain formation, negligible HAZ, prevention of sensitization and the presence of delta ferrite (δ) are the reasons for the superior tensile properties of these joints compared to other joints.

This paper has presented the enhancement of tensile and impact strength of continuously aligned sisal fiber reinforced polyester composites through chemical treatment and hybridization. Sodium hydr...

Security is an important to process our data in public network. Most of the have the problem of distributed denial of service attacks, the cloud also a witness of facing distributed denial of service attack. The malicious user generates the malicious request to the service provided towards spoiling the performance of the cloud environment. The throughput of any cloud service is upon successful completion of service invocation. If the malicious user initiates the service if is their service without completing, it would be considered as a distributed denial of service attack. Even though there exists the number of trust verification measures enforced like TPA (third-party auditor) in the cloud environment, there is no sufficient improvement for the performance of the cloud. We propose a sequence integrity data algorithm (SIDA) to perform continuous workload scheduling for various attributes with addition privacy identifies forming (PIF-SIDA) algorithm is to enhance the data are split based on domain and stored in cloud storage. From this, the data are shown based on the domain in which the user searches these are implemented the current research trends, and to help stakeholders in the industry the developing field of edge computing. Verifying the identity of the user is not enough to safeguard the service performance. Distributed environment depends the storage security system by verifying the authenticity and auditing to improve the security.

A fault in electrical equipment is defined as defect in the system where the current is diverted or blocked from its original path. Faults occur due to cheap materials and improper sheath in the cables. Also, whenever a fault occurs in underground cable it is very difficult to detect the exact location of the fault and for repairing the same cable. The proposed system helps to find the exact location of the fault and determines the fault using an Arduino microcontroller. It also detects the leakage current using a relay driver to avoid faults occurring repeatedly. The concept is based on ohm’s law, due to variation in current the voltage drop can vary on counting on the length of the fault in cable. The fault data are stored in cloud for future reference to the base station. The exact location is displayed in the LCD screen connected with the microcontroller.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are often used for observing physical world applications which performs the effective automation process. Sensor Networks contain numerous nodes that can sense and gather statistical data. Data gathering become obvious by sensor nodes over the sensor deployed environment. These sensor nodes function by the power source, i.e. battery. The battery has been fixed in the sensor nodes. So it is difficult to replace or remove the battery from the sensor nodes. One of the prime key design issues in the Wireless Sensor Networks is power consumption i.e. energy. When the sensed data is transmitted to the sink then sensor nodes consumes the energy from battery. Since nodes are functioning by this battery power. The proposed algorithm of Optimized Radio Energy Algorithm (OREA) provides efficient energy dissipation and data transmission to the sink is quite faster. The dimension of overall performance of a service in the WSNs is known as Quality of Service (QoS). The Quality of Service metrics traffic load and packet delivery ratio has been compared OREA with existing algorithms such as random and homogenous selection. OREA provides better QOS delivery and also prolonged battery life time in order to achieve the efficient usage of power. The simulation of MATLAB results manifested to attain the network life time has prolonged in comparison with existing algorithms.

The electricity deficit and higher fuel costs affect the water supply to irrigation requirements. Solar energy for water pumping is a promising alternative to conventional electricity and diesel-based pumping systems. The photo- voltaic (PV) technology used for solar water pumping is to solar energy into electrical energy. This electrical energy is used to operate the water pump connected with sprinkler for irrigation. The main objective of the study is to present a best method for saving electricity and water. In a water irrigation system, the sprinkler with solar water pump is used to minimize the usage of water and reduce the consumption of electricity. The sprinkler is used to spray water in the irrigation field for reducing the usage of water consumption. The photo- voltaic (PV) technology used for producing electricity is used to operate the motor used for solar pump. The combined sprinkler and environmentally friendly & cost-effective photo- voltaic technology helps to minimize the usage of electricity and water.

The presence of harmonics in solar Photo Voltaic (PV) energy conversion system results in deterioration of power quality. To address such issue, this paper aims to investigate the elimination of harmonics in a solar fed cascaded fifteen level inverter with aid of Proportional Integral (PI), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Fuzzy Logic (FL) based controllers. Unlike other techniques, the proposed FLC based approach helps in obtaining reduced harmonic distortions that intend to an enhancement in power quality. In addition to the power quality improvement, this paper also proposed to provide output voltage regulation in terms of maintaining voltage and frequency at the inverter output end in compatible with the grid connection requirements. The simulations are performed in the MATLAB / Simulink environment for solar fed cascaded 15 level inverter incorporating PI, ANN and FL based controllers. To exhibit the proposed technique, a 3 kWp photovoltaic plant coupled to multilevel inverter is designed and hardware is demonstrated. All the three techniques are experimentally investigated with the measurement of power quality metrics along with establishing output voltage regulation.

Cutting force arises as a major problem in machining of Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites (HMMCs) using conventional machining owed to the presence of reinforcement materials. Hence a non-conventional machining process namely Abrasive Water Jet Machining (AWJM) is preferred. The objective of this project is to investigate the cutting performance of AWJM on Aluminum HMMCs. The cutting parameters such as pressure, standoff distance (SOD) and feed rate are analyzed based on the L27 orthogonal array and the machining parameters such as kerf angle, SR and MRR were intended. The optimal condition for the better cutting performance was defined by Gray Relational Analysis (GRA). The SOD was the most contributing parameter with 81.74% as determined by ANOVA. The erosion of surface was augmented due to the improved SOD which has been analyzed by SEM. The grooved lines and ploughing materials were occurred due to the presence of reinforcement particulates.

Modern enterprise servers are increasingly embracing tiered memory systems with a combination of low latency DRAMs and large capacity but high latency non-volatile main memories (NVMMs) such as Intel’s Optane DC PMM. Prior works have focused on the efficient placement and migration of data on a tiered memory system, but have not studied the optimal placement of page tables. Explicit and efficient placement of page tables is crucial for large memory footprint applications with high TLB miss rates because they incur dramatically higher page walk latency when page table pages are placed in NVMM. We show that (i) page table pages can end up on NVMM even when enough DRAM memory is available and (ii) page table pages that spill over to NVMM due to DRAM memory pressure are not migrated back later when memory is available in DRAM. We study the performance impact of page table placement in a tiered memory system and propose Radiant, an efficient and transparent page table management technique that (i) applies different placement policies for data and page table pages,(ii) introduces a differentiating policy for page table pages by placing a small but critical part of the page table in DRAM, and (iii) dynamically and judiciously manages the rest of the page table by transparently migrating the page table pages between DRAM and NVMM. Our implementation on a real system equipped with Intel’s Optane NVMM running Linux reduces the page table walk cycles by 12% and total cycles by 20% on an average. This improves the runtime by 20% on an average for a set of synthetic and real-world large memory footprint applications when compared with various default Linux kernel techniques.

Power generation using photovoltaic (PV) array diminishes during shading. Under the conditions, the solar PV modules are exposed to dissimilar solar irradiation. The power vs voltage curve and curr...

In this work, a stochastic finite element method based on first order perturbation approach is developed for the probabilistic flutter analysis of aircraft wing in frequency domain. Here, both bending and torsional stiffness parameters of the wing are treated as Gaussian random fields and represented by a truncated Karhunen–Loeve expansion. The aerodynamic load on the wing is modeled using Theodorsen’s unsteady aerodynamics based strip theory. In this approach, Theodorsen’s function, which is a complex function of reduced frequency, is also treated as a random field. The applicability of the present method is demonstrated by studying the probabilistic flutter of cantilever wing with stiffness uncertainties. The present method is also validated by comparing results with Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). From the analysis, it is observed that torsional stiffness uncertainty has significant effect on the damping ratio and frequency of the flutter mode as compared to bending stiffness uncertainty. The probability density functions of damping ratio and frequency using perturbation technique and MCS are also discussed at various free stream velocities due to stiffness uncertainties. Furthermore, the flutter probability of the cantilever wing is studied by defining implicit limit state function in conditional sense on flow velocity for the flutter mode. Both perturbation and MCS are considered to study the flutter probability of the wing. From the cumulative distribution functions of flutter velocity, it is noticed that the presence of uncertainty in torsional rigidity lowers the predicted flutter velocity in comparison to uncertainty in bending rigidity.

In the context of current harmonics mitigation in inverter, neutral point clamped (NPC) inverter is the promising one because of its robustness. Owing to the advantages of NPC inverter, this paper considers a PV fed grid connected NPC inverter. However, the main concern with the NPC inverter is the unbalance in the DC link capacitor voltage due to non-idealities such as DC offset in modulating signals, dissimilarities in the DC link capacitors and asymmetric gating signals, which lead to non-zero neutral point voltage. To address this issue, this paper proposes a simple adaptive proportional integral (API) controller and operates in conjunction with the dq axes power controller for PV fed Grid connected NPC inverter. Comprehensive mathematical expressions are derived for the design of API controller and the control parameters are adjusted continuously based on maximum PV power, PV voltage and modulation index for achieving the faster dynamic response. The closed loop stability of the proposed API controller is verified under the deviation in neutral point voltage using root locus plot. The effectiveness of the API with dq axes power controller is analysed and validated through MATLAB simulations and experimentation under the various dynamic operation of the PV- grid interactive system.

This study presents the new interconnection scheme for solar photovoltaic (PV) modules to mitigate the power mismatch and wiring line losses employing improvised magic technique (IMT). The proposed interconnection scheme provides improved power enhancement compared to conventional total cross tied (TCT) technique. This technique can be implemented on PV array of any order with ‘x’ rows (x > 2) and ‘y’ columns (y > 2). However, in the higher order PV modules, power mismatch loss and wiring loss reduced significantly using segmented improvised magic technique (SIMT). The sequence of reconfiguring the PV modules has been explained using a flowchart and an algorithm both for IMT and SIMT. The effectiveness of these techniques is tested using MATLAB simulations and validated the analysis by comparing the performances with the existing TCT for lower order (3 × 3) with experimentation and higher order (9 × 9) PV modules. Thus, the proposed IMT and SIMT techniques provide the maximum power enhancement, less power mismatch and line loss, and maximum improved efficiency in real-time PV array installations.

Thermoelectric technology is an unconventional approach for renewable energy generation with the aim of reducing waste via improved overall efficiency. There is a primary need to develop such environmentally friendly systems that can harness readily available renewable energy resources and utilize them for power generation at reduced cost. Such systems enable conversion of waste heat. In this work, the effects of four parameters, i.e., the quantity and quality of heat, the composition of the waste stream in liquid phase, and losses during conversion, on the conversion efficiency are studied, and a method proposed to measure them instead of using the rating provided by the manufacturer. The results show that the heat exchanger configuration has an important impact on the power generation established through parallel and counterflow arrangements. The temperature difference (heat quality) achieved between the hot and cold fluid is lower in case of a counterflow heat exchanger if the other parameters remain the same. The counterflow configuration is more effective than the parallel flow configuration, but suffers from greater convective losses. Higher thermal energy consumption is noted in case of parallel flow due to the uneven temperature difference along the flow passage.

The development of nano technologies have created renewed interest among researchers and scientist about various ingenious applications of these nano technologies. Production of nanoparticles with controlled morphology, size, shape and composition, is crucial step toward nano-technological applications. The present paper is focused on production of tungsten carbide nanoparticles through micro-EDM. In micro-EDM process after discharge high heat is generated, this is responsible for melting and evaporating of material in dielectric medium to form nanoparticles. Change in dielectric show the remarkable effect on the Metal Removal Rate (MRR) and Tool Wear Rate (TWR), size, morphological structure of produced nanoparticle. The generated tungsten carbide nanoparticles were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. EDS result shows the sample contains carbon and tungsten which form tungsten carbide.

To overcome the limitation of power and energy, various strategies have been developed which focuses on the utilisation of the renewable sources of energy. One of the techniques is to harness the solar energy in solar water heater for heating purpose. To enhance the effect and maximize utilization of solar energy as well as availability of warm water over night, phase changing materials (paraffin wax) are used as a thermal energy reservoir. But the problem linked with Paraffin is that it has low thermal conductivity and so to enhance it, nanoparticles are widely used. In this paper, the behaviour of nano CuO with varying concentration of paraffin has been examined and its effect in its performance has been studied. As the variation in concentration of nano CuO particles in CuO-PCM nanocomposite increases, temperature of CuO-PCM composite, outlet temperature of water, and heat transfer decreases in solar water heater.

This work majorly focused on development of rescue robot systems for children falling into bore well environment. The countries like India there have been several accidents and dead are happening particularly children below 3 years due to bore well environment which is left uncovered. The lifesaving team even army members spend hours to days but 70% of the attempts are unsuccessful to save these little kids because of complicated process. Our robot system mainly involves following process; Approaching the children, Supervision the children, Taking children out. And also our work focused on Safe Handling of the children. Therefore our work deals with concepts of rescue robot systems in bore well environment with semi-automated mechanisms.

The power system related optimal reactive power dispatch (ORPD) generates crucial optimization issues. Equality and Inequality constraints possess the multi-variable and abridge characteristics. The differential evolution (DE) calculation enabled productive stochastic search technique helped for fathoming ORPD problems. The achievement of DE depends on transformation methodologies and their related control parameter values. In the research work, the proposed power system based self-balanced differential evolution (SBDE) algorithm used for the reduction of power loss. In transmission techniques, positions of tap, total shunts compensator, and generator terminal voltages are the control variable settings get to be switched, which is evaluated for reduction of losses in real power. SBDE algorithm concerned to the bus systems namely as IEEE 14 and IEEE 30 for enhanced results. The performance analyses get to compared with the Genetic Algorithm. The proposed analysis exhibit the capability that illustrates the ORPD issues with the effective and robust performance.

The effects of transformer oil-based nanofluids have been broadly investigated and showcased a magnificent improvement in performance. But in natural esters based nanofluids characteristic performance persist virtually unexplored and still, there is a room for investigation. This work aims to examine the effect of three dissimilar types of nanoparticles such as Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3), Boron Nitrate (BN) and Ferrous Ferric Oxide (Fe3O4) at various volume concentrations on the characteristic performance of natural esters. Honge oil (HO), Neem oil (NO), Mustard oil (MO) and Punna oil (PO) is considered as the base fluid for investigation. The characteristic performances of base fluids are tested before and after blending of nanoparticles as per standards. The findings are quite promising because the performance of nanofluids shows a significant improvement.

Recently, tremendous growth of web services to share the program, data and resources requires the optimal recommendation strategy. The major issues observed in existing recommendation strategies are scalability, sparsity and the cold start. The employment of matrix factorization (MF) models addressed all the issues effectively. But, they increase the scalability of the system. This paper proposes the new framework that contains web service grouping, distance estimation, service utilization level estimation and the item-to-item comparison (Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC)) to improve the recommendation performance. The grouping of users according to the Haversine distance formulation to reduce the complexity in the relevant web service recommendation against the complex queries. The locations and the fields in the services utilization in proposed work provide the effective recommendation performance. The comparative analysis between the proposed novel recommendation framework with the existing techniques assures the effectiveness of proposed approach in web service recommendation.

Gas leakage is the major problem in the automobile Sector. According to the researches, it is said that the car's dashboard, sofa, air freshner ,gas emitted in ac emits the harmful carcinogen, Benzene in cars. It damages our bones, reduces white blood cells and causes anemia. When these benzene mixes with the freon refridgerent used in air conditioner, it emits co gas. The level of this harmful gas is 50 mg per square ft. And it is found that the parked car with closed windows will contain 400 800 mg per square ft of benzene. So we find it really harmful for us to inhale the excessive amount of toxin. However, most commercially available systems can detect only one gas. This paper is to introduce the new technique of opening the windows automatically to the half when the gas level exceeds its threshold level for exhausting those gases This paper aims at detection of the harmful gases using sensors, displaying the amount of gases present inside the car using the LCD display, alerting the inmates of the car with recorder IC and further the windows of car is opened. The project working status is also verified through LCD display and opens the windows automatically. Dr. S Senthil Kumar | Anjali S | Hashina Parveen S | Aishwarya R "Automatic Car Window Opener for safe Driving" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd9606.pdf

In this study, two simple methods for the steady-state analysis of self-excited induction generators (SEIGs) are proposed. These methods neither require lengthy mathematical derivations nor any advanced optimisation techniques to solve the equivalent circuit of SEIGs. First method involves a simple linear search algorithm and the second method employs a binary search algorithm to find the operating frequency at any given rotor speed, leading to the performance predetermination of SEIGs. To start the search techniques, a systematic approach has been formulated for fixing the boundary values required for the unknown pu frequency. The efficacy of the proposed methods has been demonstrated by presenting the predetermined performance characteristics of a three-phase, 230 V, four-pole, 50 Hz SEIG. The same SEIG was also tested in the laboratory using a DC motor as the prime mover. The closeness observed between the predetermined values and the experimental results further confirms the validity of the search algorithms. It has also been shown that the proposed methods can be extended with the same simplicity, for carrying out the performance predetermination of the short-shunt configuration of SEIGs, used for obtaining improved voltage regulation with lagging power factor loads.

In the present study, hydroxyapatite (HAp) coatings were deposited on Ti-6Al-4V alloy by solution precursor plasma spray (SPPS) and suspension plasma spray (SPS) processes and the properties of the coatings were compared. The feedstock powder for SPS method was prepared by coprecipitation technique and characterized for phase and morphology. The obtained HAp coatings were characterized by X-ray diffractometry, Raman spectroscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy. The biocompatibility of the coatings was evaluated using osteoblast like cells. Both the SPS and SPPS hydroxyapatite coatings exhibited similar crystallinity. Interestingly, the HAp-SPS coating showed marginally higher biocompatibility compared to HAp-SPPS and control samples. The wear and corrosion behavior of these coatings was also studied in Hanks' medium. The hydroxyapatite coating fabricated from SPS technique exhibited better corrosion and wear resistance compared to SPPS coating.

tPowders of Gadolinia doped Ceria (Gd0.15Ce0.85O2-�(GDC)), a promising electrolyte material for inter-mediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell has been prepared by solution combustion (SC) synthesis.Variation of fuel to oxidizer ratio in the synthesis results in the GDC powder with varied powder charac-teristics. Fuel deficient combustion reaction results in GDC powder with smaller crystallites size but withlarger agglomerates; whereas reaction with near stochiometric amount of fuel leads to the GDC powderwith larger crystallite size and smaller agglomerates. Powders with large agglomerates possess requiredparticle size, shape and flowability characteristics appropriate for plasma spraying. Electrolyte coatingsfabricated from the synthesized plasma spray grade powders exhibit superior inter splat adhesion andconductivity (∼0.02 S/cm at 600◦C). Dense nature of the coating is ascribed to the complete melting ofthe porous GDC particles in the plasma flame. Powders prepared with stochiometric fuel are suitable fortape casting process.

The major issues in PV systems are the effect of module dissimilarities and of partial shading of the PV panels. In this paper a distributed maximum power point tracking (DMPPT) technique is used to track the maximum power under partial shading condition. In this paper, both series and parallel connected DC-DC converters are considered to track the MP from panels by use of a DMPPT algorithm. DMPPT is a good technique which improved system efficiency and reliability. Modelling and design of the DMPPT system exceptionally difficult than implementing the conventional MPPT system. The DMPPT system implemented for PV modules is proposed and analysed employing micro power converter. To observe steady state analysis and stability of system a small signal model is derived. Finally, the efficacy of the proposed system is verified with MATLAB/Simulink simulations and validated through dSPACE 1103 controller-based laboratory experimental setup.

This paper demonstrates the design and analysis of automatic generation control using intelligent genetic algorithm tuned fuzzy based controller. A two area thermal power system simulated for four different scenarios considers a reheat steam turbine in each area with Generator rate constraints. The Integral Time Squared Error (ITSE) employed to get an objective function for the optimization of controller gains. The simulation results compared with the conventional Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller, Genetic Algorithm (GA) tuned PID controller and GA tuned Fuzzy PID controller. The proposed GA tuned Fuzzy based PID Controller can generate the best performance for peak overshoot, undershoot and settling time with step load disturbances. Robustness of the performance of the proposed controller provided with system parametric uncertainties.

Herein, we report a simple, one step synthesis of hybrid copper oxide nanoneedles on graphene oxide sheets (GO-CuONNs) through sonochemical method. The present method affords a facile mean for controlling effective concentration of the active CuO nanoneedles on the graphene oxide sheets, and also offers the necessary stability to the resulting GO-CuONNs structure for adsorption transformations.Furthermore, this hybrid GO-CuONNs is successfully employed in the removal of a series of hazardous ionic organic dyes namely coomassie brilliant blue, methylene blue, congo red and amidoblack 10B. Through careful investigation of the material, we found that the synergetic effect between CuONNs and GO play a significant role in the adsorption of all the dyes studied. The prepared hybrid material contains both hydrophobic and hydrophilic environment which is expected to enhance the electrostatic interaction between the adsorbent and the dye molecules, consequently favouring the adsorption process.

This work is focused towards identifying alternate insulating medium for replacing the mineral oil. With this aim, investigations are carried out with natural esters based vegetable oils which are considered as environmental friendly and biodegradable products. This work also extends to analyze the properties of vegetable oils with the antioxidants for enhanced insulating medium of transformer applications. The natural esters based vegetable oils such as honge oil, neem oil, mustard oil, punna oil and castor oil are considered as samples for the investigations. The butylated hydroxy toluene, butyalted hydroxy anisole and gallic acid are picked as the investigating antioxidants. Different particle volume fraction ranges from 0% to 1% of antioxidants are included for studying the performance of natural esters. The performances of natural esters without and with antioxidants are examined according to the international standards. From the investigation results, it is found that the natural esters based vegetable oils without and with antioxidants have the potential to replace the mineral oil as the insulating medium in the transformers. The mathematical functions for properties are developed based on the results obtained for various concentration of antioxidant. These functions are used to estimate the intermediate values of properties for different antioxidant concentrations.

Herein, the facile synthesis of sulphonic acid functioned benzimidazolium based poly(ionic liquid) (SBPIL) is reported for the first time and we investigated its efficacy towards the removal of Cr(VI). SBPIL was synthesized by co-polymerization of styrene and 1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-1H-benzimidazole, followed by reaction with 1,4-butane sultone and subsequent functionalization with sulphonic acid. The prepared SBPIL was characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR and NMR spectra, SEM-EDAX, TGA and X-ray diffraction techniques. The batch adsorption method was applied for examining the Cr(VI) removal and also to investigate the kinetics and thermodynamics of adsorption. The adsorption process was correlated with the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models and the Langmuir adsorption capacity was estimated to be 40.81 mg g−1. The thermodynamic study concluded that the adsorption process is exothermic and spontaneous and the adsorption kinetics were well fitted by a pseudo-second order kinetic model. Investigation on the effect of counter ions on the adsorption process revealed that Cl− ions had no influence on the adsorption, whereas SO42− and NO3− were found to affect the Cr(VI) adsorption by 3.6% and 19.5% respectively. SBPIL exhibited excellent stability and recyclability and the adsorbent could be easily regenerated using 1 M H2SO4 and examined for Cr(VI) removal from successive batches.

This paper signifies the study of modeling and simulation of a single phase matrix converter for induction heating system. The working principle and the control method, using PID are revealing in detail. The performance of the system is carried out in MATLAB/Simulink environment with pulse width modulation switching strategy by varying the duty cycle. PID control is employed to obtain the better performance for a specified input supply for various output frequencies. The proposed control strategy of AC to AC converter has been discussed with a wide range of operating frequencies and results in low Total Harmonic Distortion.

Of late researchers are putting stress on the active utilisation of solar energy to promote the use of renewable energy. Solar water heating is considered as an environmental friendly technique to harness the solar energy for heating application. In this research, the effects of using Phase Change Materials (PCM) doped CuO nanocomposite as storage medium on the performance of a solar water heater have been experimentally investigated. By varying the wt% of nano CuO, the gap between the absorber plate and the glazing, the effect on the outlet temperature is examined. The maximum temperature of outlet water has been recorded as 60.1 °C using nano CuO-PCM composite over base PCM under similar conditions. As the mass fraction/wt% of nano CuO increases in PCM, the thermal conductivity, heat flow and thermal efficiency increases. It has been found that better results have been achieved while using 1.00 wt% CuO-PCM nanocomposite. The thermal conductivity of pure wax is found to be about 0.21 W/mK while 1.00 wt% PCM CuO- nanocomposite has thermal conductivity of 0.36 W/mK. It is noticed that there is an appreciable increment in the efficiency of solar water heater under the variation of three observed parameters i.e. time, temperature and solar intensity.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are often used for observing physical world applications which performs the effective automation process. When the sensed data is transmitted to the sink then sensor nodes consumes the energy from battery. Since nodes are functioning by this battery power. The proposed algorithm of optimised radio energy algorithm (OREA) provides efficient energy dissipation and data transmission to the sink is quite faster. The quality of service metrics traffic load and packet delivery ratio has been compared OREA with existing algorithms such as random and homogenous selection. OREA provides better QOS delivery and also prolonged battery life time in order to achieve the efficient usage of power. The simulation of MATLAB results manifested to attain the network life time has prolonged in comparison with existing algorithms and also provides cloud security mechanism.

Routing in dynamic networks often suffers from link failure issues through mobile ad hoc networks (MANET), frequent link breaks that occur in the path due to unrestricted node mobility, and node failures which violate the quality of service (QOS) requirements. This paper proposes a location-based routing for route maintenance based on localization of link failure. It takes decision based on location of failure link of source route. The link failure minimizing technique using Robust Location-based Routing Protocol achieves better packet preserving and increases the number of delivered packets to destination compared to the conventional AODV.

For the several decades, petroleum-derived mineral oil has been used as liquid insulation due to its better operating properties, low cost and availability. Many research works have been performed over the years to find the potential replacement of traditional mineral oil to overcome its disadvantages such as poor biodegradability, environmental issues and scarcity of availability in future. In these aspects, various vegetable oil-based natural esters are investigated by the researchers throughout the world. With the objective of developing functional efficient liquid insulation for high-voltage transformers, investigation is carried out with natural esters (sunflower oil, rice bran oil, corn oil and olive oil), blended with traditional mineral oil and biomass-based pyrolysis oil. In this work, for ensuring the characteristics of investigating liquid insulation, properties such as breakdown voltage, flash point and viscosity are measured according to international standards. From the investigations, it is found that the natural esters and blended oil samples have the properties as nearer to standard values for liquid insulations used in high-voltage transformers and have the ability to replace traditional mineral oil as alternate liquid insulation.

Increasing power demand forces the development of the high-rated power transformers. In a transformer, petroleum-based mineral oil is used as insulation currently. Transformer oil (TO) produces environmental and health issues because it is nonbiodegradable. The availability of petroleum products is decreasing in the present century. So it encourages researchers to find potential replacements for them. In this work, two natural ester oils (rice bran oil and corn oil) were taken up for investigation to find their suitability for use in transformers. Aging analysis was performed on the TO and natural esters. For this, properties like breakdown voltage, flash point, fire point, viscosity, acidity, resistivity, and loss factor of the natural esters were considered. From the investigations, it was evident that rice bran and corn oil have the ability to be used as alternatives for TO. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Developing highly nonlinear control system is a challenging task. In this paper the design and implementation of fuzzy based continuous skyhook controller in a quarter car model has been presented. Rash ride can cause fatigue to the passengers if vehicle is travelling for prolonged period of time. Higher suspension travel results in structural damage and deteriorates the ride comfort. Meanwhile limited road holding affects the entire stability of vehicle. The control methodology designed in this paper is focused to give edge in increasing ride comfort as well as good performance in road holding. Fuzzy control system is designed based on ride oriented continuous skyhook strategy. Robustness of controller is tested and verified using simulation and experimentation. The system is subjected to perform in sinusoidal disturbances. The results show that fuzzy logic gives an enhanced ride comfort, reduced suspension travel and considerable road holding.

Software Defined Networking (SDN) is the latest trend in the networking domain. In SDN, the control plane is decoupled from the data plane in network devices and controlled by the centralized controller using the OpenFlow Protocol. As the centralized controller does all the control functions, strong security support is mandatory. Firewall can be an effective means to protect the SDN controller from network security threats. The firewall rules can be predefined by using either the IP address or the MAC address filtering. In this paper, we propose a firewall implementation for SDN using the MAC filtering. Then, we compare the average packet delay performance for both IP filtering and MAC filtering firewall techniques. The results show that the security support (packet allow/deny) is pretty much the same in both types of firewall technique, whereas the MAC filtering firewall outperforms the IP filtering firewall for the delay performance analysis.

The global increase in population has simultaneously raised the awareness to maintain good health in most of the people. The poor quality of food taken and environmental pollution leads to occurrence of lung cancer in most of the people. It is highly important to detect the lung cancer in earlier stages with minimum time delay and provide a better solution to reduce the lung cancer. Early detection of lung cancer is also desirable for efficient analysis and it helps ophthalmologist to provide the treatment in early stages. Earlier researchers employed methods like Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) for image enhancement, thresholding approach for segmentation and Binarization approach for Extraction etc.,. Research work aiming at computerizing these selections, passing the available lung cancer images and its database in basic three stages like enhancement, segmentation and feature Extraction stage to achieve more quality and accuracy in detection of lung cancer. Approaches developed by the earlier researchers fail to produce accuracy in real time applications. Hence, to overcome the drawbacks of these approaches a new method to detect lung cancer using Gabor filters and watershed segmentation techniques is proposed in this work. The CT (Computed Tomography) images captured from lung cancer patients are analyzed by developing Digital Image processing technique. The results obtained are comparable with standard values obtained from the hospital for real time analysis. Hence, this new technique with Gabor filters and watershed segmentation approach can be used for quick detection of lung cancer. This approach is beneficial to the Medical Equipment's manufacturing industries and also helps the medical practitioners for early detection of lung cancer.

Fluid power systems using oil hydraulics in earth moving and construction equipment have been using proportional and servo control valves for a long time to achieve precise and accurate position control backed by system performance. Such valves are having feedback control in them and exhibit good response, sensitivity and fine control of the actuators. Servo valves and proportional valves are possessing less hysteresis when compared to on-off type valves, but when the servo valve spools get stuck in one position, a high frequency called as jitter is employed to bring the spool back, whereas in on-off type valves it requires lesser technology to retract the spool. Hence on-off type valves are used in a technology known as digital valve technology, which caters to precise control on slow moving loads with fast switching times and with good flow and pressure control mimicking the performance of an equivalent "proportional valve" or "servo valve".

Project planning plays a vital role in the successful completion of a project. The building block of any project is upright strategic planning and optimal resource utilization. There are many project management activities, which can be done by a project manager in order to achieve the organization's mission and vision. But the vital activities which have to be followed during a project planning phase in the stakeholder's view are discussed in this paper.