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Renewable powered dc microgrid is more cost-effective, simple, reliable, highly efficient, and scalable than the traditional electric grid. This paper provides an overview of high gain dc converter topologies for dc microgrids. This research's primary objective is to impart a unique extensive, comparative, and perceptive analysis in high gain converter configurations. The most recently reported research articles are considered for discussion in this paper. Initially, based on the structural configurations, the converters are segregated and are grouped into four categories, such as Replacement, Reduced Redundant Power Processing (R2P2), Incorporation, Integration (R2I2) techniques. Secondly, based on the dynamic and steady-state analysis, the topological converter configurations are comparatively analyzed. A few topologies' mathematical modeling is also discussed to obtain a comprehensive insight into the converter's dynamic behavior. An extensive analysis, comparisons, and assessment of these converters with diverse configurations are acquainted with tables and figures are presented for choosing an appropriate converter suitable for dc grid application. The pros and cons of the topology derivation under each categorization are presented for benefitting the researchers in selecting the topological configuration method. In the end, the comparison results of the high gain converter clusters are summarized, and recommendations are given, which leads to the guidelines for selecting a significant high gain topology for a specific application. Furthermore, the constraints considered for topology derivation with the type of analysis carried out are presented. This gives a way to find the scope for future research under this area which is finally offered. This study will also provide an insight into the derivation of several configurations of the novel high gain dc-dc converter in the field of dc microgrid.

The optimal generation for short-term hydrothermal scheduling (OGStHS) with the deliberation of various purposes is a complex non-linear constrained optimization problem. There exist numerous constraints, which make the OGStHS optimization problem more complicated. The considered constraints for this problem are mostly related to energy performance, operational conditions, water, and power infrastructure. All these constraints would generally influence the cost of fuel. In this study, a multi-objective optimization form of OGStHS is suggested to estimate the minimum cost of fuel, which mainly influences industrial operation. The water transfer delays among multi-related reservoirs and the thermal plants’ valve-point influences are considered for the accurate formulation of the OGStHS problem. Meantime, a grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA) is performed to handle the OGStHS problem by getting optimized for both objectives concurrently. A modern approach is shown in this study to get a solution to the OGStHS problem. Furthermore, to deal with the complex restraints efficiently, modern heuristic restriction treatment processes with no drawback impact frames have been offered in this study. Two hydrothermal power systems have illustrated the suggested GOA technique’s utility and performance. Compared with other available approaches, the analytical results are admitted that GOA can provide a better understanding by decreasing fuel cost and emission concurrently.

Boost type switched-capacitor inverter topologies are highly suitable for photovoltaic based distributed power generation and electric vehicle applications. This brief proposes a new single-stage boost type inverter topology with features of self-voltage balancing capability of floating capacitors (FCs), seven-level (7L) stepped output voltage generation with peak output voltage three times higher than the input voltage. The modes of operation are discussed in detail emphasizing the self-voltage balancing. Further, the proposed topology uses less number of semiconductor devices. A detailed comparison with other recent 7L inverter topologies is presented to attest to the merits of the proposed topology concerning a reduced number of components. Finally, a laboratory prototype is employed to validate the proposed topology’s operability, and the obtained experimental results are presented.

The conventional neutral point clamped (NPC) multilevel inverter topology needs voltage balancing circuits to balance the dc-link capacitor, the number of component count is high and output voltage is half of the input voltage which increase the size of the source side dc/dc converter in PV applications. In this paper, a new topology of seven level neutral point clamped inverter is developed. The proposed inverter has a self-voltage boosting capability using a floating capacitor to boost the output voltage one and half of the input voltage. In this proposed topology, no additional sensors are required for the floating capacitor voltage stability, which results in minimizing the complexity of designing the inverter. The direct link between the neutral point and the mid-point of the dc-link capacitors significantly reduces the leakage current and common mode voltage in this inverter. A thorough comparison between the developed topology and recent suggested topologies is carried out which set the benchmark for the proposed one due to its lower switch count and higher voltage gain. The proposed topology is verified in simulation and prototype hardware model and results are discussed with dynamic load variations. The efficiency of the inverter is 97.1% @200W and low as 88.1 % @ inductive load. The voltage THD is 17.01% for simulation and 19.3% I for experimental is results.

This work presents an investigation on Improved Extended Kalman Filter (IEKF) performance for induction motor drive without a speed sensor. The performance of a direct sensorless vector-controlled system through simulation and experimental work is tested. The proposed observer focuses on estimating rotor flux and mechanical speed of rotor from the stationary axis components. Extended Kalman Filters’ estimation performance depends on the system matrix’s proper value ( $Q$ ) and measurement error matrix ( $R$ ). These matrices are assumed to be persistent and are calculated by the trial-and-error method. But, the operating environment affects these matrix values. They must be updated based on the prevailing operating conditions to get high speed and accurate estimates. The values of Q and R in the Improved EKF (IEKF) algorithm are obtained using the genetic algorithm. Besides, IEKF is incorporated to reduce in computational burden for real-time applications.

For renewable sources application like smart grids, microgrids, etc. high voltage gain converter becomes a fundamental unit. In this article, a new hybrid circuit of zeta and boost converter based on active-quad-switched-inductor (AQSL) is proposed. The discontinuous input current in classical zeta circuit determines the less consumption of input source. However, the proposed hybrid zeta-boost converter provides a higher voltage gain with continuous input and output currents. It achieves higher voltage gain devoid of the high-frequency transformer, and multiple stages of diode and capacitor circuit. The mode of operation, boundary region, and non-ideal model of the proposed converter are presented. Design consideration and a comparison study with recent circuits are provided. The design circuitry of the proposed converter investigated and the functionality of the suggested circuit is validated.

The new inverter topologies based on switched capacitor concept with voltage boosting ability are attractive for the low voltage applications. Such low voltage requirements allow a single-stage dc-ac power conversion, improving overall system performance, reliability and power density. This brief proposes a new multilevel inverter topology based on the switched-capacitor (SC) with a single source of dc voltage. The proposed topology is ideal for low voltage renewable energy applications. Seven-level (7L) output voltage is accomplished with triple voltage gain using two switched capacitors and 10 switches. Other major features of the proposed topology are self-voltage balancing of capacitor voltages, reduced number of switches with lower voltage stress and generation of negative voltage levels without using backend H-bridge. To show the advantages of the proposed topology, a detailed comparison with other similar topologies with seven-level single-source configuration has been accomplished in this brief. The proposed topology has been tested using the traditional level-shifted sinusoidal pulse width modulation (LS-PWM) technique. This brief includes various experimental results with different operating conditions to prove the performance of the proposed topology.

In this brief, non-fragile fault alarm-based hybrid control design for the attitude quadrotor model with actuator saturation is developed. Specifically, the fault alarm-based signal is proposed based on the alarm threshold value to timely alert the controller to switch from the robust controller to fault-tolerant controller. More precisely, with the aid of extended Wirtinger’s integral inequality and new double integral inequality, a new set of stability conditions with delay-dependent terms in the form of linear matrix inequalities is derived to achieve the desired attitude performance of the quadrotor. At last, the efficiency of the developed theoretical result is validated by presenting the simulation result for the quadrotor model and also clearly shows the timely alert performance of the designed alarm signal to restrain the system stability.

In this paper, the stabilization problem for a class of periodic piecewise linear systems with uncertainties, time-varying delay, actuator faults and disturbances is discussed. Precisely, the resilient reliable control scheme is designed to stabilize the addressed system with satisfactory disturbance attenuation index. Moreover, the concerned system is a kind of periodic system which consists of many subsystems with constant state dynamics. Based on fixed dwell time approach, the addressed system is divided into many piecewise subsystems and activated periodically. Depending on the division of subintervals, the sufficient conditions are derived by constructing a proper Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional with piecewise time-varying positive definite matrices. Further, the periodic time-varying control gain matrices for individual subsystems are obtained via solving the developed constraints. Specifically, the potential and impact of the developed control scheme is examined by presenting two numerical examples including the periodic piecewise vibration systems.

Electric Vehicles (EV) offer eco-friendly transportation, but the growth of the electric vehicle market year over year is very minimal due to insufficient EV charging stations, slow charging time and grid instability during peak hours. This paper proposes a high gain, fast charging DC–DC converter and a control algorithm for grid integrated Solar PV based Electric Vehicle Charging Station (SPV-EVCS) with battery backup. The proposed converter and its control algorithm’s performance are investigated in three different modes using MATLAB/Simulink tool and the simulated results are validated with Real-Time Digital Simulation (RTDS) in OPAL-RT. The observed results meet the Power Quality limits of an IEC61000-3-2 standard and met the level-4 dc charging standard IEC61851.

In this work, the authors precisely concentrate on the subject of enhanced vehicle handling performance of the bicycle model with two-degrees-of-freedom via improved-equivalent-input-disturbance and repetitive control technique. To be specific, improved-equivalent-input-disturbance estimator is inserted into the controller design for attenuating the effect of the crosswind in the considered vehicle system with state-delay. A modified two-dimensional repetitive control design is implemented for improving the accurate tracking performance of the considered model. In particular, by combining an improved-equivalent-input-disturbance approach together with two-dimensional modified repetitive control design, steering angles of front and rear wheels of the considered vehicle have been controlled in order to achieve the accurate tracking performance of the vehicle states. The criteria for the robust asymptotic stability on the basis of Lyapunov stability theory is developed by means of the sufficient conditions which are obtained in the form of linear-matrix-inequalities. Simultaneously, through these inequality conditions, the parameters of proposed improved-equivalent-input-disturbance based repetitive control strategy are designed for improving the accurate tracking performance against the crosswind effect. Finally, simulation results are presented to show that the proposed control design is more effective when aperiodic disturbances occur.

In this work, a new control methodology is proposed for Type -IV wind energy conversion system (WECS) using a self-recurrent wavelet neural network (SRWNN) control with a Vienna rectifier as the machine side converter (MSC). A SRWNN combines excellent dynamic properties of recurrent neural networks and the fast convergence speed of wavelet neural network. Hidden neurons of SRWNN contains local self-feedback loops, which provide the memory feature and the necessary information of past values of the signals, allowing it to track maximum power from WECS under varying wind speeds. The Vienna rectifier allows unity power factor operation to increase electrical efficiency. Frame angle-controlled wavelet modulation is proposed for the grid side converter (GSC). Wavelet modulated inverter produces output voltage fundamental components with higher magnitudes than those obtained from the pulse width modulated inverters. The non-linear load compensation and power quality enhancement are achieved by executing frame angle control for WM inverter. The overall system is modeled, and performance is verified in MATLAB Simulink. The hardware prototype is developed, and the switching pulses for the rectifier and inverter are generated using dSPACE1104 controller. The results prove that the system provides low harmonic content and high magnitude of the fundamental current component at the machine and grid sides and ensures maximum power operation at various wind speeds.

This paper presents a binary hybrid multilevel inverter (BHMLI) based grid-connected solar energy conversion system (SECS), controlled by damped second-order generalized integral (DSOGI). The BHMLI architect has a cascaded half-bridge array, which modifies the DC-link of the H-bridge of the voltage source inverter, and results in approximate reference waveform. It reduces the dV/dt of the H-bridge switches and improves output waveform quality. The DSOGI control damps the oscillations and overshoots and provides longer service period of low power switches at transient conditions. It is implemented in the multilevel inverter application for the first time in literature. The SECS is designed to inject active power to the grid, and also mitigates the harmonic and reactive power demands of the load. The cascading of n' half-bridges and one H-bridge generate (2(nC1) - 1) output voltage levels. The maximum power extraction from solar photovoltaic (PV) array is achieved through incremental conductance (IC) algorithm based maximum point tracking (MPPT) operation of the DC-DC converter. An isolated single-input multiple-output single-ended primary inductance converter (SIMO-SEPIC) realizes it. SECS with 15-level BHMLI is analyzed with extensive simulation as well as with a hardware prototype. Moreover, the shunt active filter functionality of the system at various load conditions are verified and maintained the grid power quality within the IEEE-519 standard throughout the operation. The laboratory developed setup is tested for 5 kW, 400 V, three-phase system, and the experimental analysis at steady-state and dynamic variations of load-side and insolation variations validate the theoretical claims.

This paper proposes a Resistance perturbation based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) with an adaptive control limit algorithm to extract the maximum power from solar photovoltaic (PV) array. This algorithm consists of two main functions, namely 1) resistance perturbation & observation (RP&O) and 2) adaptive resistance control (ARC) limit. The RP&O operates the PV array at maximum power point (MPP), and the ARC limit continuously monitors the resistance of the PV Rpv to determine the operating limit of MPP. The ultimate aim of proposing this algorithm is to reduce the oscillations and improve MPP's tracking performance for sudden variation in temperature and irradiance conditions. Furthermore, it does not require an expensive pyranometer or temperature sensor to track the MPP of the PV array. This paper also compares the proposed and conventional MPPT algorithm's performance. Its validation results in both MATLAB/Simulink and experimental studies are presented under constant and sudden changes in irradiance conditions.

This article proposes a $\Delta $ -Modulator ( $\Delta $ -M) based quantised output feedback controller for linear networked systems. The proposed $\Delta $ -M is essentially a 2-level quantiser, in contrast to some of the existing quantisers such as $2^{p}$ level ( $p \geq 1$ ) uniform-interval-nearest-neighbour quantiser, and offers various advantages which include lower design complexity, less noisy and lower cost. The three key components of the control system: the controller , the filter and the quantiser are designed to achieve the desired performance. The stability conditions of the $\Delta $ -M are derived and conditions for the existence of zig-zag behaviour in steady-state are determined. The performance of the proposed controller is illustrated through simulations considering practical communication network based on ZigBee protocol. The results of the simulation demonstrate that the proposed controller could effectively achieve desired performance under various imperfections of the practical communication network.

One of the most challenging and interesting field in power electronics is the ability to mitigate the Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). A natural source of EMI includes the atmospheric discharge/charge phenomena and extra-terrestrial radiation. Man-made source of EMI are line radiation, auto ignition, radio frequency interference and power lines. Suppression of EMI and enhancing the Electro Magnetic Compatibility (EMC) has become essential in high frequency power electronic converters. This review article is a one stop solution for new researchers and practitioners to understand about the effects of EMI and its suppression techniques in detail.

A high number of research work is being carried out in the field of DC-DC converters to improve the performance of microgrid operation. The DC microgrid has a high level of acceptance because of the integration of renewable energy sources. In DC Microgrid, there is a need for improved DC-DC converter topologies which offer high gain, small size, enhanced efficiency, reduced voltage stress and reduced component count etc. A new Triple-Mode Active-Passive Parallel Intermediate Links (TM-A2P-IL) converter is proposed in the paper. The A2P-IL is designed by a combination of an inductor, capacitor, diode, and control switch. The proposed converter is derived by inserting A2P-IL in conventional boost converter. The proposed TM-A2P-IL converter operates in three modes and provides a high voltage gain without using a transformer, voltage multiplier stages, coupled inductor, switched inductor/capacitor circuitry. The other benefits of the proposed TM-A2P-IL converters are flexibility in the selection of duty cycles, reduced voltage stress of devices, small reactive components, single-stage power conversion. The proposed converter circuit, operating principle, steady-state analysis is studied for both CCM and DCM, discussed. The comparison between available similar type converters and the proposed converter is provided. The operation and performance of the proposed A2P-IL converter are validated through simulation and experimental work.

The automobile companies are focusing on recent technologies such as growing Hydrogen (H2) and Fuel Cell (FC) Vehicular Power Train (VPT) to improve the Tank-To-Wheel (TTW) efficiency. Benefits, the lower cost, `Eco' friendly, zero-emission and high-power capacity, etc. In the power train of fuel cell vehicles, the DC-DC power converters play a vital role to boost the fuel cell stack voltage. Hence, satisfy the demand of the motor and transmission in the vehicles. Several DC-DC converter topologies have proposed for various vehicular applications like fuel cell, battery, and renewable energy fed hybrid vehicles etc. Most cases, the DC-DC power converters are viable and cost-effective solutions for FC-VPT with reduced size and increased efficiency. This article describes the state-of-the-art in unidirectional non-isolated DC-DC Multistage Power Converter (MPC) topologies for FC-VPT application. The paper presented the comprehensive review, comparison of different topologies and stated the suitability for different vehicular applications. This article also discusses the DC-DC MPC applications more specific to the power train of a small vehicle to large vehicles (bus, trucks etc.). Further, the advantages and disadvantages pointed out with the prominent features for converters. Finally, the classification of the DC-DC converters, its challenges, and applications for FC technology is presented in the review article as state-of-the-art in research.

The recent advancement in wireless body area networks (WBAN) plays an important role in remote health care systems. However, these networks are suffering from data security and privacy threats. Lack of anonymous authentication and secure data communication leads to operation failure in WBAN. Computational cost and privacy preservation are the two major hindrances for anonymous authentication in many existing schemes. Therefore, a secure and efficient privacy-preserving anonymous authentication scheme is proposed to provide data security and privacy to the users with low computational and communication cost. The performance analysis and experimental simulation results ensure that our proposed anonymous authentication method outperforms the existing systems in terms of providing data security and privacy with less computational overhead.

The main attention of this paper is to tackle the issue of robust tracking and disturbance estimation for the four wheel steering vehicle by implementing a feedback control design based on the improved-equivalent-input-disturbance technique and the Smith predictor approach. The intention of incorporating the Smith predictor into the controller design is to compensate the effect of input time-delay. In addition, the improved-equivalent-input-disturbance technique is applied for dealing with the nonlinear uncertainty and external disturbances. Based on the proposed controller, both front and rear steering angles of the considered model are controlled to trace the desired position of the vehicle. More precisely, the developed criterion that ensures the desired tracking performance of the vehicle is obtained in the form of linear-matrix-inequalities based on the construction of an appropriate Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional candidate. Numerical simulation results for vehicle dynamics are presented to examine the performance of the proposed control strategy.

Modular Multilevel Converters (MMC) are gaining importance because of their flexible structure, re-configurable property, and simplicity of operation. The operation of MMC at a low-switching frequency (LSF) helps in enhancing the performance of the converter. This paper proposes an improved harmonics mitigation scheme for a Multilevel DC-Link Inverter (MLDCLI), which is a variant of MMC. The proposed scheme is a modified version of the conventional Nearest Level Modulation (NLM) scheme, termed as modified Nearest Level Modulation (mNLM) Scheme. The proposed scheme is effective compared to NLM because of the choice of the switching angles obtained by the use of the algorithm proposed. The MLDCLI topology is operated for twelve different configurations, and mNLM is implemented on all the configurations. Using MATLAB software, the simulation results are validated, and the same is extended to a hardware prototype. The simulation and experimental results of NLM and mNLM schemes are compared. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is evident by the reduced voltage THD, increased rms voltage, increased rms current, and increased output power.

The present study proposes a new dynamic two-level quantizer, called as hybrid delta modulator ( $\Delta _{H} $-M), which combines the features of both delta-modulator and delta-sigma modulator. In the transient state, the $\Delta _{H} $-M exhibits the dynamical behaviour of delta modulator (Δ-M) while in steady state, its behaviour is similar to delta-sigma modulator ( $\Delta \Sigma $-M). This study investigates about various dynamics of the proposed $\Delta _{H} $-M in both continuous and discrete-time domains. The stability conditions of $\Delta _{H} $-M are derived using the theory of sliding and quasi-sliding mode. The theoretical results are validated through extensive simulations. Abbreviations: Δ-M: delta modulator; $\Delta _{H} $-M: hybrid delta modulator; $\Delta \Sigma $-M: delta sigma modulator; ADC: analogue to digital converter; CT: continuous-time; DAC: digital to analogue converter; DT: discrete-time; NCS: networked control system; QSM: quasi-sliding model; QSMD: quasi-sliding mode domain; SS: steady state; TP: transient process

The literature on engineering education research highlights the relevance of evaluating course learning outcomes (CLOs). However, generic and reliable mechanisms for evaluating CLOs remain challenges. The purpose of this project was to accurately assess the efficacy of the learning and teaching techniques through analysing the CLOs’ performance by using an advanced analytical model (i.e., the Rasch model) in the context of engineering and business education. This model produced an association pattern between the students and the overall achieved CLO performance. The sample in this project comprised students who are enrolled in some nominated engineering and business courses over one academic year at Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia. This sample considered several types of assessment, such as direct assessments (e.g., quizzes, assignments, projects, and examination) and indirect assessments (e.g., surveys). The current research illustrates that the Rasch model for measurement can categorise grades according to course expectations and standards in a more accurate manner, thus differentiating students by their extent of educational knowledge. The results from this project will guide the educator to track and monitor the CLOs’ performance, which is identified in every course to estimate the students’ knowledge, skills, and competence levels, which will be collected from the predefined sample by the end of each semester. The Rasch measurement model’s proposed approach can adequately assess the learning outcomes.

Multilevel inverters play an important role in extracting the power from renewable energy resources and delivering the output voltage with high quality to the load. This paper proposes a new single-stage switched capacitor nine-level inverter, which comprises an improved T-type inverter, auxiliary switch, and switched cell unit. The proposed topology effectively reduces the DC-link capacitor voltage and exhibits superior performance over recently switched-capacitor inverter topologies in terms of the number of power components and blocking voltage of the switches. A level-shifted multilevel pulse width modulation scheme with a modified triangular carrier wave is implemented to produce a high-quality stepped output voltage waveform with low switching frequency. The proposed nine-level inverter’s effectiveness, driven by the recommended modulation technique, is experimentally verified under varying load conditions. The power loss and efficiency for the proposed nine-level inverter are thoroughly discussed with different loads.

A new single-phase asymmetrical multilevel inverter (MLI) is presented in this study. The proposed topology generates a staircase output voltage waveform with a maximum number of levels using less number of components compared to several existing and recent topologies. The basic module consists of a combination of two isolated DC sources with ten switches that produce all the possible number of levels. Other advantages of the proposed MLI include improved output voltage performance and a low blocking voltage of the switches. The low switching frequency pulse width modulation (LSF-PWM) technique has been used for the generation of gate pulses. In the LSF technique, selective harmonic elimination (SHE) and fundamental switching frequency PWM techniques have been discussed for the better output voltage waveform. The optimised switching angles with SHEPWM has been calculated using particle swarm optimisation considering the different combination of the elimination of lower order harmonics. Simulation work was carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK, and a prototype was implemented to validate the proposed MLI module. Simulation and experimental results have been provided in the study to show the performance of the proposed topology with these modulation techniques.

For multilevel inverter topologies, the boosting feature is an important aspect for the application related to the low voltage input obtained from solar PV for high voltage application. The proposed RSC-BI aims for the higher voltage gain with lower device count. The proposed RSC-BI uses eight switches with two capacitors for seven-level (7L) waveform having triple voltage gain. In this paper, a detailed comparison has been included along with the simulation and experimental results. All these results and discussion shows the better performance of the proposed RSC-BI.

In this brief, a new cross-connected compact switched capacitor (C3SC) cell is introduced for multilevel inverter applications. The proposed CCS cell uses four switches and two diodes for interconnecting the input dc source and floating capacitors (FCs). A nine-level inverter is derived with the proposed C2SC cell requiring only ten switches and two FCs. The proposed C3SC cell-based MLI is self-balancing and has a voltage gain of two. All the switches of the proposed topology have a maximum blocking voltage within the input dc voltage (v $_{in}$ ) value. The operating principle is detailed, and a simple logic gate based gate pulse generation scheme is presented. Detailed simulations and experimental results obtained from an 850 W prototype with several test cases are presented to validate the operation of the proposed topology. Finally, a detailed comparative assessment is performed with other recent SCMLIs to demonstrate the merits and superiority of the proposed topology.

During the past two decades, a new paradigm in control engineering, called networked control system (NCS), has emerged. This has been shown to be a successful alternative to traditional control systems. The present study designs a reinforcement learning controller based on the concept of Dynamic Fuzzy Q-Learning (DFQL). This controls the rotor side converter (RSC) of a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) of a wind energy conversion system (WECS) through a communication network. A comparative performance investigation has been carried out with two other controllers; namely a conventional PID and Q-Learning controller. The performance of these controllers is studied considering various imperfections of the communication network such as random delay and packet dropout. Simulations are carried out considering a WECS consisting of 20-DFIGs of 5MW capacity each. The results of the study demonstrate that the DFQL controller shows better performance compared to Q-Learning and conventional PID controllers.

Nowadays, power quality becomes an essential concern in the field of power system networks due to the use of sensitive devices. The problem associated with power quality is voltage sag, damage to power equipment, product quality degradations, voltage swell, etc. But one of the severe disturbances in the power system is the problem of voltage sag. To mitigating these disturbances, the use of custom power devices or FACTS devices with the help of power electronic devices is presented. Hence an economical and proficient power device called as the Series Compensator Circuit (SCC) is employed in power distribution networks. This device helps in injecting the voltage in synchronism with the standard system voltage to compensate the voltage influences in the situation of voltage disturbance. This article deals with modelling, methodology and simulation of a Series Compensator Circuit (SCC). A simulation is modelled using MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation results are presented, which validates the functionality and the concept effectively.

In DC microgrid, the combination of energy source, especially renewable with the unit for storage and utility load rely heavily upon the electronics power converters. This paper proposes a novel DC to DC converter called Quad-Switched-Inductor Double-Switch (QSI-DS) converter for microgrid voltage step-up applications. The non-isolated topology utilizes Quad-Switched-Inductors network to develop to proposed converter configuration to achieve high voltage gain. Two switches used to control the flow of energy from input to the output of the converter. Reduced voltage stress across the switches and high gain are the merits of the proposed converter in this work. Principle of operation for continuous, and discontinues modes of the suggested converter, also elaborated. Analysis for gain calculation, comparison with recently suggested converters is presented. The theoretical analysis and performance of the suggested topology of converter validated through Simulink model.

Highly efficient passive Light Emitting Diode (LED) driver configurations are studied and examined in this paper. The technology based on the LED becomes a promising lighting technology to exchange inefficient energy lamps. For outdoor applications, the LED drivers based on passive elements are appropriate in extreme weather conditions. A comparison of LED driver configurations is presented. Each LED driver configuration is validated through simulation, and their waveform characteristics are examined and analyzed.

With the advent of distributed generation (DG), the need for efficient power electronic converter is increasing as the incorporation of renewables with battery unit and loads rely heavily on them. This paper suggests an original structure of high-gain DC to DC converter named as 'Two-Tier converter' with the reduction in voltage stress. The configuration is resultant of stacking two-stage of the classical boost converter. The voltage gain offered is high for even lower values of duty cycle as the relation of gain is quadratic. Also, the converter current at the input is continuous, and the load configuration offered is grounded. Analysis and operational modes of the proposed converters and effect of the effective series resistance of inductors on voltage gain are presented in detail. A comparative analysis of suggested and new high-gain converters is presented in detail. The suggested configuration is confirmed using detailed simulation studies.

In significant cases, the generated voltage needs to be step-up with high conversion ratio by using the DC-DC converter as per the requirement of the load. The drawbacks of traditional boost converter are it required high rating semiconductor devices and have high input current ripple, low efficiency, and reverse recovery voltage of the diodes. Recently, the family of Multilevel Boost Converter suggested and suitable configuration to overcome the above drawbacks. In this article, hybrid DC-DC non-isolated and non-inverting Nx Interleaved Multilevel Boost Converter (Nx-IMBC) is analyzed in Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) and Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) with boundary condition and investigated in detail. The Nx-IMBC circuit combined the features of traditional Interleaved Boost Converter (IBC) and Nx Multilevel Boost Converter (Nx-MBC). The modes of operation, design of Nx-IMBC and the effect of the internal resistance of components are presented. The comparison study with various recent DC-DC converters is presented. The experimental and simulation results are presented with or without perturbation in input voltage, output power and output reference voltage which validates the design, feasibility, and working of the converter.

Water hammering is a significant problem in pumping systems. It damages the pipelines of the pump drastically and needs to identify with an intelligent method. Various conventional methods such as the method of characteristics and wave attenuation methods are available to identify water hammering problems, and the predictive control method is one of the finest and time-saving methods that can identify the anomalies in the system at an early stage such that the device can be saved from total damage and reduce energy loss. In this research, a machine learning (ML) algorithm has used for a predictive control method for the identification of water hammering problems in a pumping system with the help of simulations and experimental-based works. A linear regression algorithm has been used in this work to predict water hammering problems. The efficiency of the algorithm is almost 90% compared to other ML algorithms. Through a Vib Sensor app-based device at different pressures and flow rates, the velocity of the pumping system, a fluctuation between healthy and faulty conditions, and acceleration value at different times have been collected for experimental analysis. A fault created to analyze a water hammering problem in a pumping system by the sudden closing and opening of the valve. When the valve suddenly closed, the kinetic energy in the system changed to elastic resilience, which created a series of positive and negative wave vibrations in the pipe. The present work concentrates on the water hammering problem of centrifugal pumping AC drive systems. The problem is mainly a pressure surge that occurs in the fluid, due to sudden or forced stops of valves or changes in the direction and momentum of the fluid. Various experimental results based on ML tool and fast Fourier transformation (FFT) analysis are obtained with a Vib Sensor testbed set-up to prove that linear regression analysis is the less time-consuming algorithm for fault detection, irrespective of data size.

In this paper, we consider the stability and various dynamical behaviors of both discrete-time delta modulator ( &Delta, M) and adaptive &Delta, M. The stability constraints and conditions of &Delta, M and adaptive &Delta, M are derived following the theory of quasi-sliding mode. Furthermore, the periodic behaviors are explored for both the systems with steady-state inputs and certain parameter values. The results derived in this paper are validated using simulated examples which confirms the derived stability conditions and the existence of periodicity.

Sliding mode quantisers (SMQs), where signals are converted to switching signals represented by the sequence of binary values −1's and +1's, are increasingly being used in various applications incl...

This paper proposes an $H_{\infty }$ robust state-feedback controller design for uncertain Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy systems using a nonmonotonic Lyapunov function. In the nonmonotonic approach, the monotonicity requirement of the Lyapunov function is relaxed by allowing it to increase locally. Based on the nonmonotonic Lyapunov function approach, sufficient conditions for the existence of a robust state-feedback $H_{\infty }$ controller that guarantees stability and a prescribed $H_{\infty }$ performance are given in terms of linear matrix inequalities. The proposed design technique is shown to be less conservative than the existing $k$ -samples variations of the Lyapunov function. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is further illustrated via numerical examples.

This paper deals with the problem of designing a controller for a class of discrete-time nonlinear systems which is represented by discrete-time polynomial fuzzy model. Most of the existing control...

Fault tolerant control of affine class of multi-input multi-output (MIMO) nonlinear systems has not received considerable attention of researchers compared to other class of nonlinear syste...

This brief proposes a novel adaptive two-level quantizer, which generates 1-b per sample and can be used for a class of industrial networked control systems (NCSs). The adaptive quantizer is introduced to automatically estimate the input of the quantizer using equivalent control-based sliding mode control. The stability condition of the proposed quantizer is derived analytically with the help of a sliding-mode analysis. The effectiveness of the proposed quantized NCS is illustrated experimentally by designing a quantized feedback controller to control the position of a dc motor, where signals with 1-b per sample are utilized to interconnect the controller with the plant. Simulation results from a laboratory prototype illustrate that the proposed quantizer with the feedback controller controls the system effectively, introduces less quantization noise, and minimizes the data rate.

Bidirectional Inductive power transfer (IPT) systems behave as high order resonant networks and hence are highly sensitive to changes in system parameters. Traditional PID controllers often fail to maintain satisfactory power regulation in the presence of parametric uncertainties. To overcome these problems, this paper proposes a robust controller which is designed using linear matrix inequality (LMI) techniques. The output sensitivity to parametric uncertainty is explored and a linear fractional transformation of the nominal model and its uncertainty is discussed to generate a standard configuration for μ-synthesis and LMI analysis. An H∞ controller is designed based on the structured singular value and LMI feasibility analysis with regard to uncertainties in the primary tuning capacitance, the primary and pickup inductors and the mutual inductance. Robust stability and robust performance of the system is studied through μ-synthesis and LMI feasibility analysis. Simulations and experiments are conducted to verify the power regulation performance of the proposed controller.

Power inverters produce common mode voltage (CMV) and common mode current (CMC) which cause high-frequency electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise, leakage currents in electrical drives application and grid-connected systems, which consequently drops the efficiency of the system considerably. This CMV can be mitigated by designing suitable EMI filters and/or investigating the effects of different modulation strategies. In this paper, the effect of various modulation techniques over CMV and CMC are investigated for two-level and three-level inverters. It is observed that the modified third harmonic injection method reduced the CMV and CMC in the system by 60%. This modified pulse width modulation (PWM) technique is employed along with EMI chokes which results in reduced distortion of the system.

Optimal siting and sizing of Distributed generators (DGs) and capacitors helps in enhancing the overall performance of distribution system. A proficient method to optimally allocate DGs and shunt capacitors in distribution system is proposed in this paper. The major objectives of the work are power loss reduction, voltage profile improvement and operating cost minimization. A standard IEEE 33 bus test system with constant power load at various load levels is considered for the analysis. Optimal siting of DGs and capacitors is carried out using sensitivity analysis technique. Further Flower pollination algorithm is employed for optimal sizing of DGs and capacitors and the results are compared with few other noteworthy methods. Scopus

During the past decade, networked control systems (NCS) has emerged as a viable alternative to traditional control systems due to various advantages it offers which include a reduction in system wiring, increase of system agility etc. However, the performance of various existing controllers such as PID degrades in the networked environment due to the existence of random time-varying delay, packet-dropouts which may cause instability. The present study designs a neural network (NN) based controller for NCS and investigates its performance under random time-varying delay, packet-dropouts. The performance of this controller is compared with both the classical PID and ΔΣ-based PID controllers. The robustness of the NN based controllers in the networked environment is studied under different degree of parametric uncertainties considering an example of a DC servo mechanism. The results of the comparative investigation demonstrate that the performance of the NN based controller is superior compared to other controllers.

Among the total energy consumed by presently installed utilities, pumping systems contributes nearly 30% of them that are controlled through induction motor. The flow rate of centrifugal pump is directly proportional to the speed of induction motor. Induction motor based electric drives are a complex nonlinear system to control due to their varying nature of speed with respect to changes in load. Thus, controllers are required for the speed control and performance enhancement of the induction motors. In this paper, a comparison of various controllers is discussed for the flow rate control of the pumping system. Among all the conventional controllers the proportional integral derivative (PID) is the mostly preferred for induction motor speed control. However, high overshoot, fixed gain constants and sluggish response are the disadvantages of the PID controller. So, automatic gain tuned PI controllers (i.e., adaptive PI controllers) are introduced to overcome the drawbacks of the conventional PID controllers. Further advancements in the field of artificial intelligence lead to the development of fuzzy logic based controllers. These controllers are simple, compatible and can be modelled without detailed mathematical model of the system. Thus, they are gaining more popularity than other controllers. The rules and membership functions (MFs) are responsible for performance of fuzzy logic controllers are designed using trial and error method. The result comparison of all the controllers is presented and the performance of each controller is analyzed. From the observations, fuzzy logic controller provides better performance than the conventional controllers.

In recent years, delta (Δ-M) and delta-sigma modulators (ΔΣ-M) are increasingly being used as efficient data converters due to numerous advantages they offer. This paper investigates various dynamical features of these modulators/systems (both in continuous and discrete time domain) and derives their stability conditions using the theory of sliding mode. The upper bound of the hitting time (step) has been estimated. The equivalent mode conditions, i.e. where the outputs of the modulators are equivalent to the inputs, are established. The results of the analysis are validated through simulations considering a numerical example.

This study proposes a robust dynamic output feedback controller design for a class of discrete-time non-linear systems described by Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) fuzzy models using a non-monotonic Lyapunov approach. In the non-monotonic Lyapunov approach, the monotonicity requirement of the standard Lyapunov approach is not required. Based on the non-monotonic Lyapunov approach, sufficient conditions for the existence of an output stabilising feedback controller for discrete T–S fuzzy systems with and without uncertainties are derived in terms of linear matrix inequalities. The proposed design significantly reduces the conservativeness of the existing output feedback controller designs. An numerical example is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed design.

The scope for water-based photovoltaic (WPV) installations has raised questions related to its performance in comparison to traditional land-based photovoltaic (LPV) installations. In literature, few studies exist, and they mainly highlighted the performance of WPV and LPV based on energy analysis but fails to give a detailed understanding. In this paper, the exergy based parametric approach is used to understand the realistic performance and the energy conversion process of the photovoltaic (PV) module in both water and land environments. Three amorphous silicon thin-film PV modules installed in ground-mount PV (GMPV), floating PV (FPV), and submerged PV (SPV) methods are considered for experimentation to understand the exergy performance. The experimental results show that the exergy efficiency is varied for each installation method. It is observed that the exergy efficiency of SPV is 3.07% higher than the FPV and 43.65% higher than GMPV installation methods, respectively. Overall, the thermodynamic analysis of the thin-film PV module provided in this study delivered a critical understanding of the performance, and this study will serve as a useful reference in selecting the best installation methods.

The solar photovoltaic (PV) system is emerging energetically in meeting the present energy demands. A rise in PV module temperature reduces the electrical efficiency, which fails to meet the expected energy demand. The main objective of this research was to study the nature of OM29, which is an organic phase change material (PCM) used for PV module cooling during the summer season. A heat transfer network was developed to minimize the experimental difficulties and represent the working model as an electrical resistance circuit. Most existing PV module temperature (TPV) reduction technology fails to achieve the effective heat transfer from the PV module to PCM because there is an intermediate layer between the PV module and PCM. In this proposed method, liquid PCM is filled directly on the back surface of the PV module to overcome the conduction barrier and PCM attains the thermal energy directly from the PV module. Further, the rear side of the PCM is enclosed by tin combined with aluminium to avoid any leakages during phase change. Experimental results show that the PV module temperature decreased by a maximum of 1.2 &deg, C using OM29 until 08:30. However, after 09:00, the OM29 PCM was unable to lower the TPV because OM29 is not capable of maintaining the latent heat property for a longer time and total amount of the PCM experimented in this study was not sufficient to store the PV module generated thermal energy for an entire day. The inability of the presented PCM to lower the temperature of the PV panel was attributed to the lower melting point of OM29. PCM back sheet was incapable of dissipating the stored PCM&rsquo, s thermal energy to the ambient, and this makes the experimented PCM unsuitable for the selected location during summer.

In recent years, wireless power transfer systems have successfully been used in various industrial applications due to their contactless power transfer feature. However, these systems behave as higher order resonant networks and hence are highly sensitive to changes in system parameters. Traditional PID controllers often fail to maintain satisfactory power regulation in the presence of parametric uncertainties which include load and circuit parameter variations, variations in magnetic coupling between the primary and secondary coils. To overcome these problems, this paper designs a robust H ∞ output feedback controller for a bi-directional inductive power transfer system. The control design is carried out following Ricatti approach. Simulations are conducted to verify the power regulation performance of the proposed controller and it is compared with a classical PID controller. The results show that the H ∞ output feedback controller could successfully regulate the power in both directions in the presence of large uncertainties in various circuit parameters.