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Intention Mining has the purpose to manipulate of large volumes of data, integrate information from different sources and formats and extract useful insights as facts from this data in order to discover users’ intentions. It is used in different fields: Robotics, Network forensics, Security, Bioinformatics, Learning, Map Visualization, Game, etc. There is actually a large variety of intention mining techniques applied to different domains as information retrieval, security, robotics, etc. However, no systematic review had been conducted on this recent research domain. There is a need to understand what is Intention Mining, what is its purpose, what are the existing techniques and tools to mine intentions. In this paper, we propose a comparison framework to structure and to describe the domain °of Intention Mining for a further complete systematic literature review of this field. We validate our comparison framework by applying it to five relevant approaches in the domain.

There is an increasing interest in corporate sustainability and how companies should include it to satisfy user’s requirements concerning social, economic, and environmental impacts. Research about sustainability in computer science aims to offer methods, techniques and tools to lessen the impact of new technologies on the environment, to offer a better world, a smarter life, to the next generations. Information systems must participate in the collective effort to move towards sustainable development, and software and application companies must lead a CSR strategy to achieve this aim. Moreover, beyond an individual company approach, sustainability should be seen as an integral quality of any software (as well as safety, performance or reliability). All of this seem obvious at a time when applications and programs of all kinds are ubiquitous in everyday life. Nevertheless, the challenges of sustainable development have still not been considered in certain key sectors such as the development of information technology. A lot of ecolabels exist for a lot of different products, although not for software sustainability. We propose in this work an ecolabel for software sustainability, based on a set of relevant criteria found in different works.

International audience; Successful completion of the Industry 4.0 or Future Industry programs requires support for women and men to drive them. The challenge of aligning skills is complemented by the modernization of their practices and tools. All businesses are changing and change management techniques have become standard practice in most organizations. However, the so-called "traditional" methods are limited and it is now proposed change management methods called "agile", borrowing the philosophy of agile development methods to reduce the obstacles to change by injecting a bit of agility in their way of doing things. We first argue about this proposal with the results of a questionnaire to define the importance of people implication in a change project. We then propose a method based on the agile change model [1] by proposing tools adapted to each phase as well as an optimization of the experimentation phase. An evaluation of the proposed method is performed with a retrospective on a real case and the interview of an expert.

The European Union conducts a common security and defence policy (CSDP) that follows an integrated approach to external conflict and crisis. One means of the CSDP are external civilian missions, in some cases operating with military missions in the same operational environments. In order to better support the conduct of civilian missions, a Horizon 2020 project was awarded to propose design options for a ""Situational Awareness, Information Exchange and Operational Control Platform"", in short an ""operational control platform"" (OCP). The design of the OCP raises challenges that are relevant not only for European CSDP missions but also for crisis management operations in general, namely questions of situational awareness, interoperability, security and local versus remote operational control. The Civilex project has provided an overview of the actual state of operational control in CSDP missions, investigated current challenges, collected requirements for an OCP and, ultimately, proposed design options for a future platform with the goal to improve situational awareness, information exchange and operational control for CSDP missions. This paper presents the outcomes of the Civilex project.

Being related to the adoption of new beliefs, attitudes and, ultimately, behaviors, analyzing online communication is of utmost importance for medicine. Multiple health care, academic communities, such as information seeking and dissemination and persuasive technologies, acknowledge this need. However, in order to obtain understanding, a relevant way to model online communication for the study of behavior is required. In this paper, we propose an automatic method to reveal process models of interrelated speech intentions from conversations. Specifically, a domain-independent taxonomy of speech intentions is adopted, an annotated corpus of Reddit conversations is released, supervised classifiers for speech intention prediction from utterances are trained and assessed using 10-fold cross validation (multi-class, one-versus-all and multi-label setups) and an approach to transform conversations into well-defined, representative logs of verbal behavior, needed by process mining techniques, is designed. The experimental results show that: (1) the automatic classification of intentions is feasible (with Kappa scores varying between 0.52 and 1); (2) predicting pairs of intentions, also known as adjacency pairs, or including more utterances from even other heterogeneous corpora can improve the predictions of some classes; and (3) the classifiers in the current state are robust to be used on other corpora, although the results are poorer and suggest that the input corpus may not sufficiently capture varied ways of expressing certain speech intentions. The extracted process models of interrelated speech intentions open new views on grasping the formation of beliefs and behavioral intentions in and from speech, but in-depth evaluation of these conversational models is further required.

International audience; Understanding how sentences constitute conversations is still a matter of disagreement. The automatic analysis of corpora can bring new perspectives on this issue. We show that process mining, a computer science approach for analysing human behaviour, enables the inductive identification of within-turn regularities in digital conversations. We use speech acts as a way to discretise conversations and enable the analysis. To this end, we develop a fine-grained, corpus-independent classification of speech acts that we describe and validate. We perform a manual sentence-by-sentence multi-label contextual annotation of a corpus of digital conversations and we explore it with process mining. Our results suggest that speech act theory could be extended to include typicality conditions for sequences of utterances.

International audience; News organizations employ personalized recommenders to target news articles to speciic readers and thus foster engagement. Existing approaches rely on extensive user prooles. However frequently possible, readers rarely authenticate themselves on news publishers' websites. is paper proposes an approach for such cases. It provides a basic degree of personalization while complying with the key characteristics of news recommendation including news popularity, recency, and the dynamics of reading behavior. We extend existing research on the dynamics of news reading behavior by focusing both on the progress of reading interests over time and their relations. Reading interests are considered in three levels: short-, medium-, and long-term. Combinations of these are evaluated in terms of added value to the recommendation's performance and ensured news variety. Experiments with 17-month worth of logs from a German news publisher show that most frequent relations between news reading interests are constant in time but their probabilities change. Recommendations based on combined short-term and long-term interests result in increased accuracy while recommendations based on combined short-term and medium-term interests yield higher news variety.

The complexity of contemporary external action missions is increasing with a growing number of civilian and other non-military actors operating in a shared environment. There are currently not sufficient capabilities for civil-military cooperation in place which hinders operational effectiveness and the full exploitation of the information sharing potential. We contribute to the assessment of information exchange requirements by presenting findings from a case study which describes the current state of information sharing and management in a civilian led EU mission, namely EUCAP Somalia. These findings are foreseen to contribute to the development of a future interoperable ‘Situational Awareness, Information Exchange and Operational Control Platform’ (OCP) for European civilian missions. We will argue that in order to meet the requirements an OCP should be designed as a general framework for mission support rather than a stand-alone system.

The increasing population with chronic diseases and highly engaged in online communication has triggered an urge in healthcare to understand this phenomenon. We propose an automatic approach to analyze the perceived intentions behind public tweets. Our long-term goal is to create high-level, behavioral models of the health information consumers and disseminators, relevant to studies in narrative medicine and health information dissemination. The contributions of this paper are: (1) a validated intention taxonomy, derived from pragmatics and empirically adjusted to Twitter public communication; (2) a tagged health-related corpus of 1100 tweets; (3) an effective approach to automatically discover intentions from text, using supervised machine learning with discourse features only, independent of domain vocabulary. Reasoning on the results, we claim the transferability of our solution to other healthcare corpora, enabling thus more extensive studies in the concerned domains.

Online news readers exhibit a very dynamic behavior. News publishers have been investigating ways to predict such changes in order to adjust their recommendation strategies and better engage the readers. Existing research focuses on analyzing the evolution of reading interests associated with news categories. Compared to these, we study also how relations among news interests change in time. Observations over a 10-month period on a German news publisher indicate that overall, the relations amid news categories change, but stable periods spanning months are also found. The reasons of these changes and how news publishers could integrate this knowledge in their solutions are subject to further investigation.

International audience; Situational Method Engineering aims at constructing methods adapted to a given situation, either by a construction from a set of predefined method components or by a customization of an existing method using different techniques: configuration, extension, reduction, and so on. However, these techniques are still limited in practice, as considered complicated and heavy to implement. In this paper, we describe a practitioner experience of a gradual integration of different method components (issued from agile methods of software development). In a real case of a development company, we have practiced and observed the progressive introduction of agile method components instead of the construction or customization of methods in one go. We discuss the lessons learned from this experience and define different research perspectives.

International audience; The strategic transition of media organizations to personalized information delivery has urged the need for richer methods to analyze the customers. Though useful in supporting the creation of recommender strategies, the current data mining techniques create complex models requiring often an understanding of techniques in order to interpret the results. This situation together with the recommender technologies deluge and the particularities of the news industry pose challenges to the news organization in making decisions about the most suitable strategy. Therefore, we propose process mining as a high-level, end-to-end solution to provide insights into the consumers' behavior and content dynamics. Specifically, we explore if it allows news organizations to analyze independently and effectively their data in order to support them in defining recommender strategies. The solution was implemented in a case study with the third largest news provider in Norway and yielded preliminary positive results. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to apply a process mining methodology and adapt the techniques to support media industry with the recommender strategies.

International audience

International audience; Variability has proved to be a central concept in different engineering domains, manufacturing, software development etc. in order to develop solutions that can be easily adapted to different organizational settings and different sets of customer at a low price. Teleological processes have, by nature, a high level of variability. Our position is that the integration of "context-awareness" in that kind of processes increases their intrinsic variability with specific criteria. We propose an indicator typology with an usage process and illustrate it with the MAP intentional process model.

Process mining has been successfully used in automatic knowledge discovery and in providing guidance or support. The known process mining approaches rely on processes being executed with the help of information systems thus enabling the automatic capture of process traces as event logs. However, there are many other fields such as Humanities, Social Sciences and Medicine where workers follow processes and log their execution manually in textual forms instead. The problem we tackle in this paper is mining process instance models from unstructured, text-based process traces. Using natural language processing with a focus on the verb semantics, we created a novel unsupervised technique TextProcessMiner that discovers process instance models in two steps: 1.ActivityMiner mines the process activities; 2.ActivityRelationshipMiner mines the sequence, parallelism and mutual exclusion relationships between activities. We employed technical action research through which we validated and preliminarily evaluated our proposed technique in an Archaeology case. The results are very satisfactory with 88% correctly discovered activities in the log and a process instance model that adequately reflected the original process. Moreover, the technique we created emerged as domain independent.

International audience; — Software implementation is one of the important steps in a software engineering process. It consists of integrating software based services or components in business alignment with the organizational view and acceptance from the users' perspectives. However, this step is complex and not supported in detail by the existing design and implementation methods. When implementing a software product in a customer organization with a specific context, the problem of the choice of the method or its adaptation is crucial to ensure the implementation success. Software producing organizations have difficulty with the creation of the most suitable implementation method for their software products. Situational Method Engineering (SME) proposes solutions to create methods adapted to the project at hand. We propose an approach to build an implementation method based on the association of method fragments, offering two advantages: it facilitates (a) the modeling of fragments by using the Process Deliverable Diagram formalism (PDD) that has proved its efficacy and simplicity, and (b) the selection of fragments by using metrics to analyze them. We illustrate our proposal with a case study to create an implementation method for a personal health management software product. Keywords— Software product implementation method, situational method engineering, method association, feature, method fragment, project situation

International audience; Understanding people's goals is a challenging issue that is met in many different areas such as security, sales, information retrieval, etc. Intention Mining aims at uncovering intentions from observations of actual activities. While most Intention Mining techniques proposed so far focus on mining individual intentions to analyze web engine queries, this paper proposes a generic technique to mine intentions from activity traces. The proposed technique relies on supervised learning and generates intentional models specified with the Map formalism. The originality of the contribution lies in the demonstration that it is actually possible to reverse engineer the underlying intentional plans built by people when in action, and specify them in models e.g. with intentions at different levels, dependencies, links with other concepts, etc. After an introduction on intention mining, the paper presents the Supervised Map Miner Method and reports two controlled experiments that were undertaken to evaluate precision, recall and F-Score. The results are promising since the authors were able to find the intentions underlying the activities as well as the corresponding map process model with satisfying accuracy, efficiency and performance.

International audience; Research on guidance and method engineering has highlighted that many method engineering issues, such as lack of flexibility or adaptation, are solved more effectively when intentions are explicitly specified. However, software engineering process models are most often described in terms of sequences of activities. This paper presents a novel approach, so-called Map Miner Method (MMM), designed to automate the construction of intentional process models from process logs. To do so, MMM uses Hidden Markov Models to model users' activities logs in terms of users' strategies. MMM also infers users' intentions and constructs fine-grained and coarse-grained intentional process models with respect to the Map metamodel syntax (i.e., metamodel that specifies intentions and strategies of process actors). These models are obtained by optimizing a new precision-fitness metric. The result is a software engineering method process specification aligned with state of the art of method engineering approaches. As a case study, the MMM is used to mine the intentional process associated to the Eclipse platform usage. Observations show that the obtained intentional process model offers a new understanding of software processes, and could readily be used for recommender systems.

International audience; Besides the benefits of flexible processes, practical implementations of process aware information systems have also revealed difficulties encountered by process participants during enactment. Several support and guidance solutions based on process mining have been proposed, but they lack a suitable semantics for human reasoning and decisions making as they mainly rely on low level activities. Applying design science, we created FlexPAISSeer, an intention mining oriented approach, with its component artifacts: 1) IntentMiner which discovers the intentional model of the executable process in an unsupervised manner; 2) In-tentRecommender which generates recommendations as intentions and confidence factors, based on the mined intentional process model and probabilistic calculus. The artifacts were evaluated in a case study with a Netherlands software company, using a Childcare system that allows flexible data-driven process enactment.

Process mining aims to discover, enhance or check the conformance of activity-oriented process models from event logs. A new field of research, called intention mining, recently emerged. This field has the same objectives as process mining but specifically addresses intentional process models (processes focused on the reasoning behind the activities). This paper aims to highlight the differences between these two fields of research and illustrates the use of mining techniques on a dataset of event logs, to discover an activity process model as well as an intentional process model.

International audience; The paper addresses the problem of the low quality of the process/product in the software development industry. In particular it deals with the issue of the low usage of software development methods, which is empirically proved to be one of the reasons for failures in software development projects and a contributor to the low quality of software. In this paper, we outline an approach that could help to improve the maturity of software development processes by circumventing the problems that hinder the use of disciplined approaches in the software development practice. The approach is based on the method engineering principles and represents a continuation of our past research in this field.

International audience; Declarative techniques such as Constraint Program- ming are very useful in modeling complex requirements. They have the added benefit of being executable specifications and, when properly tuned, high-performance ones. In this paper we argue that Information Systems ought to include constraint-based techniques in their design and imple- mentation. We support this claim by introducing tools based on constraint programming, which we apply to an actual use-case: the academic timetable construction and maintenance problem, asdevelopedattheUniversityofE ́vora.Thesystemwebuiltwas implemented using the GNU Prolog language. Moreover, Constraints have the potential to describe global properties that a model must observe, which makes them a semantically very interesting extension to the capabilities of present model-driven techniques and tools.

International audience; Map formalism allows specifying processes with a high level of variability. However, this means many variation points, and therefore we need guidance to enact maps by customizing them. Traditional guidance consists in raising decision points to navigate in a map. The limit is that many decision points are raised at the same time, and the user (who enacts the map) does not know which decision to make first. Another kind of guidance, yet to be explored, consists in providing recommendations to the user. Such recommendations can be drawn from collections of profiles collected from map enactment traces using techniques from the data mining domain. This paper proposes a trace management system adapted to maps that was designed to support recommendation-based guidance. The paper shows how data mining algorithms can be used to find profile clusters in a collection of map enactment traces, used then to provide recommendations to the users.

International audience; Information Systems (IS) engineering (ISE) processes contain steps where decisions must be made. Moreover, the growing role of IS involves requirements for their engineering, such as quality, cost, time, and so on. On the one hand, considering these aspects implies that the number of researches dealing with decision-making (DM) in ISE increasingly grows. On the other hand, many DM methods exist and are applied in several fields of ISE. The main characteristic of these applications is that they resolve one DM problem at a time. We have developed a generic DM approach MADISE, which aims at guiding IS engineers through DM activities. The goal of this paper is to check the completeness and flexibility of MADISE by comparing it with the five well-known requirements prioritization approaches.

International audience; The role of variability in Software engineering grows increasingly as it allows developing solutions that can be easily adapted to a specific context and reusing existing knowledge. In order to deal with variability in the method engineering (ME) domain, we suggest applying the notion of method families. Method components are organized as a method family, which is configured in the given situation into a method line. In this paper, we motivate the concept of method families by comparing the existing approaches of ME. We detail then the concept of method families and illustrate it with a family of decision-making (DM) methods that we call MADISE.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 4th IFIP WG 8.1 Working Conference on Method Engineering, ME 2011, held in Paris, France, in April 2011. The 13 revised full papers and 6 short papers presented together with the abstracts of two keynote talks were carefully reviewed and selected from 30 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on situated method engineering, method engineering foundations, customized methods, tools for method engineering, new trends to build methods, and method engineering services.

International audience; Method Engineering (ME) is a discipline which aims to bring effective solutions to the construction, improvement and modification of the methods used to develop Information Systems (IS). Situational Method Engineering (SME) promotes the idea of retrieving, adapting and tailoring components, rather than complete methodologies, to the specific context. Existing SME approaches use the notion of context for characterizing situations of IS development projects and for guiding the method components selection from a repository. However, in the reviewed literature, there is no proposed approach to specify the specific context of method components. This paper provides a detailed vision of context and a process for contextualizing methods in the IS domain. This proposal is illustrated with three case studies: scenario conceptualization, project portfolio management, and decision-making.

The pattern notion has been widely used lately to define techniques allowing the existing knowledge reuse. A pattern solves a specific problem of a software system life cycle. There is three patterns types: the analysis patterns help to express the requirements, the design patterns solve specific design problems and the implementation patterns translate solutions into target languages [1]. The knowledge encapsulated in these modules are generally stored in classic library repositories that quickly become overcrowded. As a result, the difficulties to access an information increase and the user is quickly lost. It is often the same patterns (the simpler and the more widely used) that are used. This paper deals with this problem with a process meta-model, called Map P], that allows to guide engineers when using patterns.

International audience; Information Systems (IS) engineering (ISE) processes contain steps where decisions must be made. Moreover, the growing role of IS in organizations involves requirements for ISE such as quality, cost and time. Considering these aspects implies that the number of researches dealing with decision-making (DM) in ISE increasingly grows. As DM becomes widespread in the ISE field, it is necessary to build a representation, shared between researchers and practitioners, of DM concepts and their relations with DM problems in ISE. In this paper, we present a DM ontology which aims at formalizing DM knowledge. Its goal is to enhance DM and to support DM activities in ISE. This ontology is illustrated within the requirements engineering field.

International audience; Variability has proved to be a central concept in different engineering domains to develop solutions that can be easily adapted to different organizational settings and different sets of customers at a low price. The MAP formalism has a high level of variability as it is expressed in an intentional manner through goals and strategies. However, a high level of variability means a high number of variation points. A process customization is then required to offer a better guidance. The Product lines have appeared with this management of variability and customization. Furthermore, we propose the Process line concept to represent the processes that may be customized to a given project. Our goal is to enhance the Map guidance by specifying the MIG (Map Indicator-based Guidance) approach. We suggest several guidance approaches based on an indicators' typology. We illustrate our proposal with an example from the requirement engineering field.

International audience; Method Engineering (ME) for Information Systems (IS) is a response to the necessity to better fit methods with development activities requirements. Situational method engineering allows defining new methods constructed on the fly following the situation at hand. However, in the reviewed literature, the situation is not always described and there is no proposed approach to handle the specific context of method components. This paper provides a detailed vision of context and a process for contextualizing methods in the IS domain. Our proposal is illustrated with a case study of project portfolio management in the domain of IT governance.

The MAP model was introduced in information system engineering in order to model processes on a flexible way. The intentional level of this model helps an engineer to execute a process with a strong relationship to the situation of the project at hand. In the literature, attempts for having a practical use of maps are not numerous. Our aim is to enhance the guidance mechanisms of the process execution by reusing graph algorithms. After clarifying the existing relationship between graphs and maps, we improve the MAP model by adding qualitative criteria. We then offer a way to express maps with graphs and propose to use Graph theory algorithms to offer an automatic guidance of the map. We illustrate our proposal by an example and discuss its limitations.

International audience; The work presented in this paper is related to the area of Situational Method Engineering (SME) which focuses on project-specific method construction. We propose a faceted framework to understand and classify issues in system development SME. The framework identifies four different but complementary viewpoints. Each view allows us to capture a particular aspect of situational methods. Inter-relationships between these views show how they influence each other. In order to study, understand and classify a particular view of SME in its diversity, we associate a set of facets with each view. As a facet allows an in-depth description of one specific aspect of SME, the views show the variety and diversity of these aspects.

International audience; The work presented in this paper considers how Method Engineering (ME) helps in method changes that are required by Information Systems (IS) changes. In fact, ME provides different approaches allowing to construct situation-specific methods by adapting, extending, improving existing methods or by assembling method components. All these approaches use a set of operations to realize these method changes. Our objective in this paper is to provide a meta-tool for change-centric ME which takes the form of a typology of generic ME operators. The operators for each specific ME approach are instantiated from the generic ones. The paper illustrates and discusses the instantiation of the generic typology for two assembly-based ME approaches.

International audience; The work presented in this paper is related to the area of Situational Method Engineering (SME), which focuses on project-specific method construction. We propose a generic process model supporting the integration of different existing SME approaches. This model shall help the method engineer either selecting one SME approach or combining several approaches that best fit the situation of the method engineering project at hand. The generic model presented in this paper already contains three SME techniques: (1) to assemble method chunks (2) to extend an existing method and (3) to generate a method by abstraction/instantiation of a model/meta-model. The paper presents and illustrates these three techniques and show how other SME techniques could be integrated in the model.

International audience; The pattern notion defines techniques allowing the existing knowledge reuse. Usually, the knowledge encapsulated in these patterns is stored in classic library repositories that quickly become overcrowded. To solve this problem, [1] proposes the use of process maps in order to organize and select them. But the completeness of the maps is a very important problem that has to be solved in order to offer a useful guidance to the method engineer. This paper proposes a guideline pattern construction technique guiding engineers when creating the maps.

We identify a set of generic patterns which can be used to introduce temporal features in existing OO models. Patterns are generic in the sense that they are applicable to any OO model having the basic features of class, attribute, domain and class association. The paper shows the application of these patterns to the O* model.

International audience; Configuring and applying complex requirements processes in organisations remains a challenging problem. This paper reports the application of the Map-driven Modular Method Re-engineering approach (MMMR) to a research-based requirements process called RESCUE. RESCUE had evolved in the light of research findings and client requests. The MMMR approach was applied to model the RESCUE process, identify omissions and weaknesses, and to reason about improvements to RESCUE that are currently being implemented. Results have implications for both the scalability and effectiveness of the MMMR approach and for innovative requirements processes such as RESCUE.