Search

Cobalt doped nickel ferrites were fabricated by sol gel route and the dielectric constant, tangent loss and AC conductivity were investigated as a function of Co doping. The X-ray diffractometer characterization confirmed that the Co x Ni1−x Fe2O4 with doping concentration (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5) have cubic spinel structure. In the XRD spectrum there appear extra peaks of Fe2O3 as an impurity that is gradually disappear by increasing doping ratio of cobalt ions, which is an indication of high crystallinity. The structural parameters (lattice constant, grain size, dislocation density, X-rays density and packing factor) are greatly influenced by the doping of cobalt atoms i.e., lattice constant increases. The crystal size increases from 30 to 42.26 nm by cobalt substitution in the pure nickel ferrites. The Fourier Transform IR Spectroscopy indicate shift in peaks to lower frequency region because cobalt doping reduced binding energy between metal ion and oxygen ions. Atomic structure of cobalt doped nickel ferrites examined by the Raman spectroscopy. Co x Ni1−x Fe2O4 shows Raman mode at ∼285, ∼477, ∼563, ∼624 and ∼704 cm−1. There is unnoticeable Raman shift due to the doping of cobalt’s atoms.

This study focusses on the production of biodiesel by reacting the heterogeneous based nano-catalysts with used cooking oil in the presence of methanol. The CZO nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by co-precipitation method and characterized by different techniques. Biodiesel was characterized by the gas chromatograph (GC) and Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy (FTIR). Optimum conditions for the maximum biodiesel yield (90%) were 0.2% (w/w) catalyst dose, 3:1 methanol to oil ratio, 50 °C reaction temperature, 150 min reaction time and 136 rpm stirring speed. The kinetic modeling and the thermodynamic factors like enthalpy (ΔH), activation energy (Ea), entropy (ΔS) and free energy (ΔG) were operated on all the data. Mean and standard deviation was used for analysis of data. The results indicate the maximum biodiesel yield under the optimum reaction conditions, which is promising to reduce the pollution such as air pollution and greenhouse effect for sustainable environmetal development.

This study reports green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) from Sophora mollis leaf extract. The use of S. mollis extract for preparation of Ag NPs was investigated using different techniques. Dark brown color indicates formation of nanoparticles. Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) analysis revealed that plant extract act as a reducing and capping agent. Morphological aspects of Ag NPs were ascertained by means of SEM studies. Energy dispersive and FTIR spectroscopy results showed chemical composition and plant extract functionality respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed particle size of 70 nm. Antibacterial activity of NPs was investigated by disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration method. Antioxidant activity of NPs was shown by DPPH assay. The photo catalytic efficiency of synthesized Ag NPs was evaluated by degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye under UV irradiation. Ag NPs degraded MB dye up to 88% in 160 min. It is concluded that these NPs could be employed for degradation of toxic industrial effluents. Result proved the green synthesis of Ag NPs from S. mollis extract is clean, economical and safe method.

In view of promising sorption capacity, stability, biodegradability, cost-effectiveness, environmental friendly nature, regeneration and recycling ability, the chitosan (CS) based adsorbents are highly efficient for the sequestration of dyes. Since CS offers variable chemical structures and CS have been modified by incorporating different moieties. The CS composites with unique properties have been employed successfully for dye adsorption with reasonably high adsorption capacity versus other similar adsorbents. Modifications of CS were promising for the preparation of composites that are extensively studied for their adsorption capacities for various dyes. This review highlights the CS and its modification and their applications for the adsorption of dyes. The removal capacities of CS-based adsorbents, equilibrium modeling, kinetics studies and the thermodynamic characteristics are reported. Moreover, the FTIR, BET, SEM, TGA and XRD were employed for the characterization of CS modified adsorbents are also discussed. Results revealed that the modified CS is highly efficient and can be employed for the sequestration of dyes from effluents.

A series of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles were prepared using hydrothermal process by varying the reaction temperature. The structural, magnetic and dielectric properties have been studied with the help of X-ray diffractometer (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and impedance analyzer respectively. XRD spectra of all samples confirmed the formation of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles (NPs). The lattice constant ‘a’ for temperature series samples is averaged around 8.4023 Å. Crystallite size of temperature series is calculated by Debye–Scherer formula that lies in the range of 15.04–20.49 nm. Its values increase because the chance of coalescence increases by increasing temperature. The maximum packing factor is obtained for the sample with highest reaction temperature. From VSM data, we get the M–H hysteresis curves for complete temperature series which confirms the magnetic nature. The maximum saturation magnetization 150.67 emu/g is obtained for the sample prepared at highest temperature. Different magnetic parameter such as saturation magnetization, coercivity, retentivity, squareness ratio, anisotropy constant and magneton number has been calculated from VSM data. AC response of all prepared ferrites was studied with impedance analyzer of frequency range 20 Hz to 20 MHz. Ferrites are the insulating materials, so, eddy current does not induce in transformer cores made of ferrite materials. In the medical field cobalt ferrite is used for drug delivery, as a biosensor and in MRI.

This paper focusses on the synthesis of cobalt vanadate (CoVO4) nanoparticles (NPs) by precipitation method. This was further augmented by assistance from microwave. Nanotechnology has been a wonderful tool with the promising application in different fields of life. The CoVO4 NPs synthesized by microwave assisted precipitation method was characterized by advanced techniques such as X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV–vis) techniques. Rhodamine B (RhB) dye was used to evaluate the photo catalytic activity (PCA) of NPs by degradation of dye. The conditions were optimized for maximum degradation of dye. The NPs were in the nano flowers form and the size was ≤100 nm. The results regarding degradation of RhB was through PCA were promising; 83% dye was degraded at pH 10, reaction time 160 min and catalyst dose 1 g. It may conclude that the synthesized NPs could further be employed for possible treatment of industrial effluents particularly textile industry.

In the present investigation, ZnO, CuO and Fe2O3 were prepared via green route and utilized for the sequestration of DGY (Direct Golden Yellow) dye. Affecting variables i.e., temperature, contact time, adsorbent dose and pH were optimized for maximum sequestration of dye from aqueous medium. The pH 2, adsorbent dose 0.1 g/50 mL dye solution, temperature 30 °C and 50 mg/L dye initial concentration were best levels for efficient dye adsorption and equilibrium was attained in 30 min reaction time. The dye sequestration on to ZnO, CuO and Fe2O3 was an exothermic process. Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherms explained well the dye adsorption onto nanoadsorbents and dye adsorption followed pseudo first order kinetic model. Effect of electrolytes and heavy metal ions was also investigated and both affected the adsorption process significantly. In the presences of surfactant/detergent, the removal of dye was reduced and 0.5 N NaOH efficiently desorbed the dye from nanoadsorbents. Findings depicted that the nanoadsorbents are effectual for the sequestration of DGY dye, which can be employed for the remediation of textile effluents.

This study focuses on evaluation of degradation aptitude of white rot fungus (Coriolus versicolor) against Indosol Turquoise FBL dye. The outcome of numerous parameters including pH, temperature, carbon sources, nitrogen sources, C/N ratio and effect of dye concentration were studied. Maximum decolorization (99.896%) of Indosol Turquoise FBL was obtained by C. versicolor under optimized conditions. After three days, the maximum dye degradation (98%) was observed at pH 4 and 30 °C. Six carbon sources fructose, glucose, maltose, sucrose, rice bran and wheat bran were used and 96.66% degradation was observed by maltose at its optimum growth concentration (0.1 g/100 mL). Various nitrogen sources were employed for decolorization but ammonium nitrate decolorized dye up to 98.05%. The activity of three different enzymes laccase, Lignin peroxidase (LiP) and Manganese peroxidase (MnP) were calculated. The dead biomass of White rot fungus (WRF) was used for biosorption experiments. Maximum q (36 mg/g) was obtained at pH 2, at 30 °C using 0.05 g biosorbent. An increase in the q value was observed with increase in dye concentration. Freundlich adsorption isotherm and pseudo second order kinetics were followed by the data. It can be concluded that C. versicolor could be an efficient source for degradation of dyes from industrial effluents.

Water gets polluted by industrial effluents, mainly composed of heavy metals and organic materials. Water soluble heavy metals can be taken up by living organisms. Chromium mainly occurs in the form of chromate and cationic hydroxo complexes in water. Apart from conventional methods of heavy metal removal, there are some novel approaches such as using dendrimers for removal of heavy metal. Dendrimers are extremely branched nano sized polymers with a three-dimensional symmetry around a core that imparts poly functionality. PAMAM (poly amido amine) dendrimers having ethylene diamine as core and methyl acrylate as repeating unit was divergently synthesized. Characterization of PAMAM dendrimers was evaluated by UV–Vis spectroscopy, zeta sizer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Zero generation dendrimers have amine terminal groups, showed intense amide group peak at 1596.76 cm−1. The λ max value was 278 nm. SEM exhibited spherical shape for full generation while needle like structure for −0.5 generation. Evaluation of chromium removal from wastewater has been done by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The data revealed that optimal removal of Cr occurs at dendrimer concentration of 5 mL, Cr concentration of 300 ppm, contact time of 2 min and pH 7. The synthesized dendrimers have effectively removed Cr from tannery wastewater.

Wastewater treatment coagulation is one of the most important physicochemical operations used in industry. The adsorption capability of marigold leaf powder, tea waste and ferrous sulfate was investigated for domestic and tannery effluents. These adsorbents significantly affected the pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and turbidity of wastewater. Maximum decrease in all the attributes was observed for 10 g of adsorbents application. All the adsorbents significantly affected the physiochemical attributes of both wastewaters. Similarly, maximum adsorption potential was observed in case of tea waste powder. Maximum decrease in all physiochemical attributes such as pH (15%), EC (21%), turbidity (54%), total dissolved solids (TDS; 36%), total suspended solids (TSS; 43%), total hardness (TH; 52%), chloride contents (59%) and phosphate contents (60%) was observed with the application of 10 g of tea waste. Regarding the heavy metals, maximum decrease for cadmium (Cd; 47%), lead (Pb; 81%), arsenic (As; 44%), copper (Cu; 75%), iron (Fe; 49%), chromium (Cr; 68%) and zinc (Zn; 64%) was observed in same treatment. The decreasing order in terms of their adsorption potential for coagulants was tea waste > marigold leaf powder > ferrous sulfate. However, for the wastewater, the maximum effect of adsorbents was observed in case of domestic wastewater as compared to the tannery water. Based on these data, it is suggested that tea waste has maximum adsorption potential for the remediation of wastewater.

This study presents optimization of dyeing variables for dyeing 100% cotton fabric with two novel bifunctional reactive dyes D-1 and D-2. These dyes have sulfatovinylsulfone and monochlorotriazine ...

Pure and palladium (Pd) doped Diamond-like carbon (DLC) thin films have been deposited on glass substrates by using KrF Excimer laser having 248 nm wavelength. The doping concentration of Pd in DLC is 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%. Internal structure, surface morphology, mechanical and electrical characteristics have been carried out by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Vickers hardening and four point probes, respectively. Using Raman spectra an improved graphitic behavior of DLC has been observed with increase of Pd contents. Some nano rods were observed at the surface of pure and Pd doped DLC thin films. With increase of Pd concentration in DLC, initially there is an accumulation of particles is observed and when the doping concentration is high i.e. at 2%, cracks formation takes place. The electrical resistivity is decreased by adding Pd into DLC thin films. Further, doping of Pd decreased the hardness of films. These characteristics of Pd doped DLC with increased hardness and electrical conductivity make it potential candidate for electronic devices. Also, doping enhance the graphitic behavior, therefore this material can be used for anti-bacterial and anti- cancerous activities.

A nanocomposite electrode, obtained by combining two high performance perovskite materials, such as lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite, La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3−δ (LSCF) and gadolinium doped ceria, Ce0.85Gd0.15O1.5 (GDC), were investigated as a promising cathode for moderate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The synthesized material has good conductivity and catalytic performance. The purpose of this synthesis was to prepare a stable and highly performing nanocomposite cathode material. In this research work, LSCF and GDC were separately synthesized by co-precipitation and solid-state reaction method to gain a homogeneous perovskite phase. Varying concentrations of LSCF–GDC composite with GDC (10 wt.%, 20 wt.% and 30 wt.%) were synthesized followed by calcination at 600 °C to remove water content and to achieve an adequate porous structure for oxygen absorption and desorption. These fabricated LSCF, GDC, and the nanocomposite specimens were characterized for microstructure, particle size etc. via. X-ray diffraction method (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the laser particle size analyzer. This procedural approach helps to expand new methods for generating bi-functional duel nano-sized perovskites with great performance and stability which can be utilized for advancement of renewable energy sectors especially for rechargeable fuel batteries.

In present investigation, organic manure was produced and characterized from liquorice residues using activated Effective Microoganism (AEM). The liquorice waste residues were fermented for the period of 6 months in the presence of activated AEM at the rate of 2.5% and 5% of total fermented mixture. Nitrogen (62.5 g) was used per 10 kg of liquorice and moister was maintained at 55–60% during fermentation. The AEM manure production efficiency was evaluated on the basis of pH, C/N ratio, electrical conductivity (EC) and mineral contents. The final pH of organic manure was 6.2, C/N ratio reduced from 13.5 to 6.5, EC and the mineral contents were increased of composted liquorice. Results revealed that the AEM are effective to produce organic manure from agricultural waste matter since the organic manure physico-chemical properties were within the permissible limit and AEM could be used for the production of compost liquorice. Moreover, this technique can also be extended to other agricultural waste materials for the production of organic manure.

Rapid industrialization is polluting the water resources and is becoming a serious environmental issue. In present study, the adsorption-desorption behavior of Direct Orange-26 (DO-26), Direct Red-31 (DR-31), Direct Blue-67 (DB-67) and Ever direct Orange-3GL (EDO-3) dyes on to native, modified rice husk (MRH), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and alginate (ALG) immobilized biomasses were investigated under different experimental conditions. For adsorbent modification, physical and chemical treatments were performed. The results showed that HCl pre-treatment considerably increased the sorption capacity of dyes versus native biomass. The sorption data were optimized using pseudo 1st order, intra-particle diffusion, pseudo 2nd order and Elovich models. The results revealed that the two-step rate equation was followed for the desorption kinetics of dyes. The involvement of -OH (hydroxyl), -COOH (carboxylic) and -NH2 (amino) groups in the adsorption of dyes onto biomasses was shown by FTIR analysis. Studies exhibited that among adsorbents employed, the MRH has the excellent potential for the dyes degradation from textile effluents.

Recently, natural dyes are used because these are environment-friendly, less lethal, and do not have any detrimental effect on health. For the present study, the cotton fabric and the mixed powder ...

This study focusses on the synthesis of carboxymethyl guar gum (CMG) via monochloroacetic acid under alkaline conditions. The reaction conditions were also optimized during the course of experiment. Guar derivative with variable degree of substitution (DS) were prepared and were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The DS was determined quantitatively by titration method for each derivative. The synthesized guar gum derivatives, being the natural thickners, have been used in textile printing technology. Substituted guar gum has been proved environmental friendly thickener as compared to synthetic thickeners. Penetration properties, fixation ability, colour fastness, levelness and fabric handling was compared with alginate thickener (commercially available). Guar gum thickeners showed enhanced properties versus alginate thickener and can be used as an alternative to synthetic thickeners in view of its green, non-hazardous and economical derivatives. Guar gum is the outstanding natural thickener, stabilizer, gelling agent and could possibly be used in various industrial units including food, cosmetic, textile, oil fracturing and mining.

In this study, different organic (moringa and neem leaf powder) and inorganic (alum) coagulants were used for the wastewater treatment. Results revealed that all the coagulants at various doses significantly affected the pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and turbidity of wastewater. The maximum decrease in all the attributes was observed when 10 g of coagulants were used. Similarly, maximum adsorption potential was observed in case of moringa leaf powder. Maximum decrease in all physiochemical attributes such as pH (13%), EC (65%), turbidity (75%), total dissolved solids (TDS; 51%), total suspended solids (TSS; 48%), total hardness (TH; 29%), chloride contents (66%) and phosphate contents (44%) was observed. Regarding the heavy metals, maximum decrease for Cadmium (Cd; 96%), Lead (Pb; 88%), Arsenic (As; 23%), Iron (Fe; 90%), Manganese (Mn; 96%) and Zinc (Zn; 48%) was observed in same treatment. The decreasing order in terms of their adsorption potential for coagulants was moringa leaf powder > Alum > neem leaf powder. However, the maximum effect of coagulants was observed in case of textile wastewater as compared to the hospital wastewater. Based on the analyses, it is concluded that the moringa leaf powder has maximum adsorption potential for the remediation of wastewater.

The degradation of disperse V-26 in solution using UV; UV/H2O2, UV/H2O2/TiO2 and UV/H2O2/ZnO were investigated. The impacts of various key parameters i.e. initial pH, concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) dose and the dye concentration effect on degradation were studied. The maximum degradation of 93 % was optimized using UV/H2O2/TiO2 at pH 3 in 60 min. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) were applied to check the products obtained after complete degradation. The removal of peaks of certain groups present in dye molecule assured the maximum degradation of dispersive V-26. In biological treatment, cytotoxicity reduction and Ames test were used to check the toxicity level of products. Certain water parameters i.e. dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) were also performed to ensure the maximum degradation of DV-26. DO was increased up to 82 %. The COD and BOD were reduced considerably owing to the treatment of disperse dye Violet 26 at optimum settings of process variables. The degradation of disperse dye V-26 with UV/H2O2/ZnO was 90.1 % which increased up to 93 % with the alternative photo-catalyst UV/H2O2/TiO2. Keywords: Disperse V-26, UV, H2O2, TiO2, ZnO, FTIR, GC–MS, Toxicity

Nickel is a toxic metal and present in the effluents of electroplating industries. Conventional methods to remove nickel are expensive and ineffective. Heavy metals can be easily adsorbed by dendrimers. Dendrimers are radially symmetric, nano-sized molecules with homogeneous, mono-dispersed and well-defined structures consisting of the tree-like branches, characterized by terminal poly functionality. The present study was focused on the synthesis of PAMAM dendrimers by divergent method and their use for the removal of nickel from aqueous solution. Characterization of synthesized dendrimers were carried out by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-visible spectroscopy and zeta sizer analysis. Different parameters such as contact time, concentration of dendrimers, pH and metal concentration have been optimized. Therefore, equilibrium isotherms and adsorption kinetics were determined. Estimation of extent of metal removal was carried out by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Results have revealed that PAMAM dendrimers could possibly be used for the removal of nickel from industrial effluents. Keywords: Heavy metals, Dendrimers, SEM, FTIR, Adsorption, Equilibrium isotherms

The present study describes the potential use of 3D MnO2 nanofibrous mesh as photocatalyst for removal of organic dye. The MnO2 nanofibrous mesh has synthesized through facile, one-pot and cost-effective hydrothermal approach without using any template or other structure directing compounds. 3D MnO2 patterns clearly depict the well-dispersed nanofibers having diameter in the range of 10–25 nm, and several microns in length; the unique mesh morphology offers a large surface area to promote enhanced photocatalytic activity, and also provided a macro porous network that supported efficient oxidation. Moreover, the strong electronic cloud and high aspect ratio (HAR) MnO2 nanofibers facilitated the fast oxidation of dyes molecule in a very short period of time. The designed nanostructured material was found to possess heterogeneous photocatalytic potential against the oxidative degradation of Crystal Violet (CV) dye taken as model pollutant. The photocatalytic performance of these materials was evaluated under ultra-violet as well as visible light. Best photocatalytic performance was achieved under visible light with almost complete degradation (97%) exhibited within 90 min of irradiation time. Furthermore, the degradation efficiency of prepared photocatalyst was determined in presence and absence of initiator, hydrogen peroxide, and under different pH conditions. Finally, this technique can be easily scaled-up for removal of various polycyclic organic wastes that might be of potential industrial and environmental interests. Keywords: Manganese oxide, Nanofibrous mesh, Hydrothermal, Photocatalysis, Organic dyes, Visible light, Ultra violet light

The study focusses on investigation of source rock generative characteristics and nature of crude oils from Upper Indus Basin (UIB), Pakistan. The source rock sediments and crude oil samples were g...

This study focuses on application of advanced oxidation (Photo-Fenton) processes to decolorize Basic Turquise Blue (BTB) X-GB 250% and Basic Blue (BB) X-GRRL 250% dyes. The percent decolorization was studied in terms of effect of variation in intensity of UV light at optimum conditions of all the parameters (pH = 3.0, H2O2 = 4.8 mM, FeSO4 = 1.6 mM, temperature = 50 °C, time = 80 min for BTB X-GB, and pH = 5.0, H2O2 = 5.6 mM, FeSO4 = 2.0 mM, temperature = 40 °C, time = 60 min for BB X-GRRL). Maximum decolorization was obtained at maximum intensity (15660 counts/min) of UV light as 96.17% for BTB X-GB and 88.48% for BB X-GRRL. First order, 2nd order and BMG kinetic models were used to analyze the data obtained for intensity of UV light. BMG model gives us the higher values of correlation coefficients for all data of both the dyes. The results have shown that Photo-Fenton oxidation process is the beneficial and effective for oxidation treatment of waste water effluents containing dyes as main pollutants.

Biosorption is one of the effective technique for removal of metals from aqueous solutions/industrial effluents. Present work is aimed to use low cost and ecofriendly material to remove the iron metal from aqueous solution which could possibly be used at industrial level. For this purpose, Bougainvillea spectabilis leaves were used for the production of charcoal. This charcoal was activated using HCl and HNO3. The AC shows promising efficiency for the adsorption of Fe II as a function of medium pH, contact time, adsorbent dose and temperature. Maximum adsorption was observed with 0.5–0.9 g adsorbent dose, 30 min contact time and at pH 3. Adsorption showed independence of temperature in the range of 30–70 °C. Among, Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms, the adsorbate followed Langmuir isothermal model. Among kinetics models, adsorbate followed pseudo second order kinetic model with R2 values of 0.9985 and 0.9996 for HCl treated and HNO3 treated AC, respectively. These data suggest that AC synthesized from Bougainvillea leaves proved to be an excellent adsorbent for the removal of iron metal from aqueous solution.

Nanotechnology is an art for application and handling of materials at very small scales i.e. 1–100 nm. The materials at this scale exhibit significantly different properties compared to same materials at larger scales. There are so many physical and chemical methods for the synthesis of nanoscale materials but the most appropriate are the ones that synthesize materials using green chemistry eco-friendly techniques. Recently, the collaboration between nanotechnology and biology has opened up new horizons of nanobiotechnology that integrates the use of biological materials in a number of biochemical and biophysical processes. This approach has significantly boosted up nanoparticles (NPs) production without employing harsh and toxic conditions and chemicals. This review is aimed to provide an outline of latest developments in synthesis of NPs through biotic entities and their potential applications.

In view of low cost and efficient adsorbents exploration, present study was aimed to evaluate the possibility of Pitpapra waste biomass (roots, leaves, stem) for adsorption of Zn (II) and Co (II) metals in single metal system (SMS) and binary metal system (BMS). The process variables were optimized for the maximum adsorption of metal ions. Pitpapra stem, leaves and root biomasses showed promising efficiency for the adsorption of Co (II) and Zn (II) ions and at optimized conditions of process variable, 225 mg/g and 230 mg/g of Co (II) and Zn (II) ions were removed from aqueous media, respectively. The behavior of Zn (II) in BMS changed, however, Co (II) did not show any change in BMS versus SMS. Freundlich isotherm fitted well to the adsorption data of Co (II) and Zn (II). In view of efficient adsorption of Co (II) and Zn (II) ions, the use of Pitpapra biomass is suggested for the adsorption of heavy metals from wastewater.

The potential of an economically cheap raw material (rice husk) was evaluated in the present study to remove dyes including reactive yellow 15 (RY15) and reactive red 241 (RR241) in single and multi-component systems. The adsorbent was modified and functionalized chemically using glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, sulfur and silane to enhance the removal efficiency of pollutants. The modified rice husk was evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Batch adsorption study showed that the modified rice husk with silane graft (RHSi) had highest removal efficiency of both dyes with 20% more removal compared to raw rice husk. The sorption correlated well with Langmuir, Freundlich, SIPS and Redlich-Peterson models for adsorption. Highest sorption was obtained at 10 mg L−1 of dye, 50 °C, 200 mg g−1 of adsorbent dose and pH 4. The mixture of two dyes poorly fit to the original Langmuir but fit best to the Langmuir-like model. This indicates that competitive Langmuir-like model considers that the capacities of adsorbents are equal. Results showed that the components compete for the available binding sites on adsorbent surface. It was also indicated that silane grafting can offer comparatively more binding sites compared to the raw rice husk and single-solute isotherm parameters cannot used for multi-component solute system.

Nanoparticles (NPs) of Gd1−xMxCrO3 (M = La, Co, Bi) were synthesized by microemulsion techniques, involving simultaneous single ion substitution philosophy. Structural, magnetic, dielectric properties, morphology, elemental analysis and distribution size of fabricated nano-crystalline were determined. The techniques employed for investigation are X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), dielectric measurement and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), photoluminescence (PL) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. XRD pattern confirm that all the as-synthesized NPs have orthorhombic structure and successfully substituted of different metal ions into the regular crystal structure of GdCrO3. The lattice parameters X-ray density, bulk density, porosity and grain size were calculated from XRD pattern of Gd1−xMxCrO3 (M = La, Co, Bi) substituted and un-substituted GdCrO3. The magnetic hysteresis loop of fabricated product confirmed that the entire sample exhibits ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature. It was also found that the fabricated NPs show excellent photocatalytic activity (PCA) against Congo-red, about 78.24% after 55 min of incubation.

Present study deals with use of agricultural based waste material Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) seeds for removal of toxic Acid orange 7 (AO7) dye from aqueous streams. Batch mode experiments were conducted as function of pH, initial dye concentration, contact time and dosage of adsorbent. Biomass was used in native, pretreated and immobilized forms. Maximum removal was observed at pH 2. Desorption studies were done in order to determine degree of stability and regeneration of immobilized biomass. For equilibrium studies, Langmuir and Freundlich models were applied. Pseudo 1st & 2nd order models were applied on experimental data for reaction kinetics evaluation. Pseudo 2nd order model was best fit for present experiments. Biomass characterization was done by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) techniques for elucidation of biomass constituents and surface morphology before and after dye loading. It was observed that loquat seeds may be potential adsorbent for removal of toxic dyes from wastewater.

Fluorescence assays have been widely engaged to assess the affinity of metallic ions. Dansyl chloride or 5-(dimethyl amino)-naphthalene-1-sulfonyl chloride is considered to be the reagent having potential to react with amino groups to yield stable sulfonamide adducts. A fluorescent sensor associated with crown ether moiety could have a potential to be developed as metal ions radar; cations, anions and other biological moieties. This can be further employed to observe relevant biotic processes. The reaction of dansyl sulfonyl chloride with di-ethoxy amine 1 chain in presence of potassium carbonate base resulted in a formation of compound 2. No change was observed on addition of aliquots of anions with compound 2. However, cation binding studies was performed using the series of metallic cations of constant concentration and its influence on a series of cations has been monitored using fluorescence spectrometry. This has been recorded that highest quenching effect was observed for antimony (Sb) and thallium (Tl) while other anions and cations were having no effect. The fluorescent compound 2 was further confirmed with proton-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, 13C NMR spectroscopy and ultra violet spectroscopy. It has been concluded that compound 2 is very much selective for the detection of toxic metals like antimony (Sb) and thallium (Tl) even at parts per billion (ppb) levels. This study could be considered as a contemporary development in design and applications of fluorescent investigations containing crown ethers. Keywords: Synthesis, Fluorescence, Ultra-violet, Spectroscopy, Stability constant, Metal and anion complexation

In the present study, sorption efficacy of chitosan (β-(1→4)-linked d-glucosamine and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine) composite for synthetic direct Rose FRN dye removal from aqueous media was investigated. Chitosan and clay were subjected to chemical modifications to prepare chitosan/clay composite. Batch sorption affecting parameters like pH, composite dose, volume, initial dye concentration, time and temperature were optimized. Maximum sorption capacity (17.18 mg/g) was found within first 40 min of contact. Point of zero charge was found to be 7.0. Linearized and non-linearized regression forms of pseudo 1st and 2nd order kinetic models were used to predict the nature of rate limiting steps involved in the sorption process. Sorption equilibrium data was revealed by applying linear and non-linear equilibrium Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich–Peterson isotherm models. Calculated values of thermodynamic factors showed that sorption process is exothermic, spontaneous and feasible. Desorption studies were performed for the regeneration of chitosan/clay composite by using different eluting agents. The synthesized composite were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface analysis (Brunauer, Emmett and Teller: BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The developed method was also applied on the real textile effluent for the efficient removal of dyes. Keywords: Chitosan, Composite, Batch sorption, Linear regression, Nonlinear regression

A series of chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol)/guar gum (CS/PVA/GG) blends were prepared. The synthesis was carried out using different combinations of CS and GG, while keeping PVA constant by casting solution method. The effect of formaldehyde as a crosslinking agent was also evaluated. The blends were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). Additionally, the swelling ratio along with antimicrobial activity was also studied. SEM exhibited the phenomenon that surface morphology was mostly affected by blend ratios and cross-linker. The XRD shows the crystalline structure of blends. The FTIR confirmed the strong intermolecular bonding between polymers. Swelling exhibits that cross-linking affects the hydrophilicity of blends and swelling was excellent for S4 blend. The prepared blends showed promising antimicrobial activity against P. multocida, S. aureus, E. coli, and B. subtilis bacterial agents. The data concludes that GG, CS and PVA ternary blends could possibly be used for the biomedical applications.

The biological profiling (antibacterial and antifungal) and photocatalytic activity (PCA) was evaluated of newly synthesized Zinc-doped SiO2 nanoparticles (Zn-d-SiO2 NPs) under the effect of different solvents (n-hexane, acetonitrile, isoamyl alchol). Antibacterial potential against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli, and antifungal activities against Candida parapsilosis and Aspergilus niger were investigated by the Disc diffusion method. The advanced techniques including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermo-gravimeteric Analysis (TGA), Atomic forced microscopy (AFM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) were used for the characterization of Zn-d-SiO2 NPs. FT-IR characterization confirmed the presence of metal bond SiO2, while XRD showed the hexagonal structure with 7.93 nm average particle size of Zn-d-SiO2 NPs. SEM and TEM analysis revealed the variation in morphology of NPs prepared in different solvents. The Zn-d-SiO2 NPs prepared in the presence of acetonitrile showed highest antibacterial activities (6% and 4.5%) followed by isoamyl alchol (3% and 2.4%) and n-hexane (2%and 1%) against B. subtilis and E. coli, respectively. The antifungal activities were recorded in following order; n-hexane (0.34% and 0.43%)

Tin doped zinc oxide (Sn-ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized by precipitation-deposition method in different polar and non-polar solvents (2-propanol, acetonitrile, n-hexane and 3-Methyl-1-butanol). As-synthesized Sn-ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) techniques. Solvents showed variable effect on Sn-ZnO NPs physico-chemical characteristics. Sn-doped ZnO NPs showed smaller particle size in n-hexane versus 2-proponol and 3-methyl-l-butanol (isoamyl alcohol). Moreover, the doping of Sn was more favorable in the presence of non-polar solvent. As-synthesized Sn-ZnO NPs also showed a significant photocatalytic activity (PCA), which was more promising for Sn-ZnO versus ZnO. Results revealed that solvents (polar and non-polar) have variable effect for the doping of Sn with ZnO and Sn-ZnO NPs proved to be highly active photocatalyst.

Nanotechnology and nanomaterials have various applications in everyday life due to their versatile properties. Researchers are unswervingly working on the method development for the synthesis of NPs. Under the existing state of environmental pollution, the eco-friendly methods are preferred. Bio-inspired synthesis of NPs is considered highly efficient since it is cost effective, eco-benign and one-pot procedure. The other advantages may include less reaction time, ambient conditions and less energy requirements. Different types of bio-inspired NPs have been efficaciously prepared for applications in diverse fields. This article emphases on the bio-inspired synthesis and applications of Au NPs owing to their catalytic and bioactivities. The bio-inspired synthesis includes plant extract, algae, fungi and biomolecules, which finished Au NPs at nano-scale (2.5–100 nm) and different shapes. Moreover, the Au showed promising catalytic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antidiabetic, anticoagulant, anthelmintic and sensing activities. The effect of reaction conditions in bio-inspired synthesis of Au is discussed along with the structure, sizes, applications and future prospects of Au NPs in different field.

In this study, effluents from four different fertilizer industrial units, producing different fertilizers have been analyzed for various physicochemical features. The color, odour, temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), chloride (Cl − ), fluoride (F − ), carbonate (CO 3 2 − ), bicarbonate (HCO 3 1 − ), ammonia (NH 3 ), nitrate (NO 3 − ), nitrite (NO 2 − ), phosphate (PO 4 3 − ), sulphate (SO 4 2 − ), sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb) were determined using standard analytical procedures. The values of measured parameters were found significantly ( P

Laser stimulation effect on L. siceraria seed mucilage, biochemicals and enzymatic activities during early growth stages were investigated. The laser density power of 1mW/cm2 for 3 and 5min treatments were performed and various responses i.e., seedlings mucilage, biochemical and enzymatic activities were studied. Laser treatment of L. siceraria seeds enhanced the biochemical as well as the enzymatic activities. TPC (total phenolic contents),TFC (total flavonoids contents), TSS (total soluble sugar), reducing sugar, proline contents, total soluble protein and nitrogen contents were recorded higher in laser treated groups versus control. Mucilage from L. siceraria seed coat was also characterized. The pre-sowing seeds were treated with laser radiation for 3 and 5min. TPC, TFC, proline contents, total soluble protein and nitrogenous compounds contents, ascorbic acid contents were recorded higher at 3min. The laser irradiation effect on TSS, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA) was insignificant versus control. The SOD (superoxide dismutase) and POD (peroxidase), AMY (amylase), CAT (catalase) activities were recorded higher for 5min laser treatment. Results revealed that He-Ne continuous wave-laser pre-sowing seed irradiation affected the seed coat mucilage, biochemical and enzymatic activities positively and this treatment could possibly be used to enhance the L. siceraria productivity. Future study will be focused on growth at later stages and yield characteristics of L. siceraria.

Heavy metals contamination is a global issue and is a severe threat to living organisms. Present study was designed to analyze heavy metals distribution in soil, forage, blood and milk from Livestock station, Khizerabad, Sargodha, Pakistan. Statistical analysis was performed to access the variation in metals concernments in different types of samples as well as variation among sampling seasons. The concentration of heavy metals varied significant ( P − 1 in soil, 0.93–10.26 mg L − 1 in blood and 0.93–10.26 mg L − 1 in milk sample and similar trend was observed in case of Co, Cd, Cr and Pb. Concentration of Cr in soil, forage, blood and milk was recorded within the permissible limits, whereas Co and Cd contents were beyond the permissible limits. Pb and Ni contents were within the permissible limits in soil and forage samples. In comparison to previous study conducted in adjoining areas, it was observed that the heavy metals in the environment have been increased, which might be serious threat to the soil, environmental and livings organisms.

The sediment samples from Cretaceous sequences, Lower Indus Basin, were investigated using biomarkers approach to predict the source, depositional environment and lithology of organic matter. The Parh and Upper Goru Formations demonstrate the presence of algal organic matter deposited under anoxic and suboxic conditions. The interpretation was supported by relatively high distribution of C27 5α (H), 14α (H), 17α (H) 20R (ααα-20R) steranes. The samples of Lower Goru Formation reveal mixed organic matter, predominantly terrestrial and oxic, as apparent from biomarkers distribution. The Sembar Formation specifies mixed input of organic matter more terrigenous input at intervals, deposited under anoxic and suboxic conditions. Geochemical analyses performed on Cretaceous strata show that hydrocarbons were derived from organic matter of mixed origin, predominantly terrestrial, deposited under anoxic and oxic conditions.

The study aims at coal desulphurization prior to its combustion to reduce the environmental hazards. The process of desulphurization was performed by using microwave-assisted technology in alkaline medium. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed for the optimization of the removal of sulfur from coal samples by microwave treatment in order to study the interactive and simple effects of operational variables. The parameters, that is, coal particle size, power of microwave, and time of irradiation, were examined. Precipitation method with barium chloride was used for the estimation of sulfur removal. Samples of coal were ground into different particle sizes and then slurries of coal were made in aqueous media and finally irradiated with microwaves in the presence of KOH medium. The measured response was sulfur reduction up to 60%. Time of irradiation and power of microwave have significant effect on desulphurization of coal.

The sediment samples from cretaceous sequences, Lower Indus basin, were analyzed using diagnostic biomarkers to predict the thermal maturity of organic matter. The sediments were tested for aliphatic biomarkers ratios, i.e. homohopanes and steranes isomerization ratios and carbon preference indices. These biomarker maturity parameters reveal that the Lower Goru (including its members Upper shale, Lower shale, and Talhar shale) and Sembar Formations in the Lower Indus Basin of Cretaceous age have reached the maturity level equivalent to the main zone of hydrocarbons generation, whereas Parh and Upper Goru Formations are immature and far from oil window. Geochemical analyses carried out stresses that hydrocarbons derived from the Sembar and Lower Goru Formations (particularly deeper Members) are within the zone of peak oil generation.

Combustion of coal produces oxides of sulfur that is harmful for the environment. Present research work was aimed to appraise the desulfurization of coal using high-energy radiations. Gamma radiations (γ-rays) and ultraviolet radiations (UV) were employed for the desulfurization of coal under different media conditions. Coal slurries in these media were treated for different time intervals of UV radiation and γ-rays doses (50, 100, 150 kGy). The maximum sulfur removal was achieved up to 54 and 36% by γ-radiation and UV radiation, respectively, which is due to the more ionizing power of γ-rays treatment. To effectively and efficiently remove sulfur from coal, the use of high-energy radiations is suggested for the desulfurization of coal.

The mechanism of coal desulfurization by photo-catalytic oxidation treatment is expatiated. This work describes the desulfurization of coal by photocatalysis oxidation treatment; slurries of coal in aqueous media were mixed with H2O2, nano-catalyst (ZnO) and irradiated with a UV radiation source. Sulfur removal was estimated by the barium precipitation method. The interactive effects of operational parameters such as coal particle size, catalyst concentration, time of irradiation, and concentration of hydrogen peroxide were also investigated. The interactive and simple linear effect of each operational parameter was analyzed by using the response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite rotatable design (CCRD). The results demonstrated that particle size had a weak correlation with the magnitude of desulfurization while positive impact has been generated by hydrogen peroxide.

Sediment samples from three boreholes namely Paniro-II, North Akri, and Bhadmi of Sembar Formation, Southern Indus Basin were geochemically analyzed. The Soxhlet extracted bitumen were fractionated by column chromatography. The saturate fractions were further analyzed to evaluate type and quality of organic matter (OM). Total organic carbon, determined by a wet combustion titration method, indicates fair-to-good source rock potential. The plot of isoprenoids/n-Alkanes shows a mixed source of OM. Pristane/Phytane values and distribution of hydrocarbons showed dysoxic depositional environment. Carbon preference indices suggested increase in maturity with depth.

This study includes geochemical characterization of source rock samples from the Upper shale, Lower shale, Talhar shale units of Sembar Formation and Badin shale, Turk shale units of Lower Goru For...