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The microwave enhanced advanced oxidation process (MW-AOP) has been applied to pre-treat different sludge types and high solids content. Secondary sludge not only had the highest solids and nutrient content but also yielded higher treatment efficiency than primary or mixed sludge. In the case of secondary sludge with 4% total solids (TS), the total suspended solids (TSS) concentration was reduced by 32% while soluble chemical oxygen demand concentration increased from 1% to 40% after treatment at 110°C. A high level of nutrient release was also achieved; about 65% total phosphate (TP) solubilized at 110°C. The degree of secondary sludge disintegration was dictated by temperature and hydrogen peroxide dosage. The optimal operating temperature for the system was 110°C, and sludge containing TS up to 8% was treated effectively. Secondary sludge with 8% TS had a TSS reduction of 41% after treatment at 110°C while COD solubilization was about 45%; about 55% TP was solubilized at 10 min holding time. Treatment of sludge with higher solids content would allow for handling larger amounts of sludge at a given period and reduce heating cost per unit of treated sludge. The inter-relationship between the degree of sludge disintegration and changes in chemical and physical properties was also clearly demonstrated here. The treated sludge would be an ideal substrate for anaerobic digestion or phosphorous recovery processes. High levels of nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) and metal release, and solids disintegration from sludge containing high solids content would make subsequent resource recovery processes more effective and economical.

The advanced oxidation process (AOPs) has caused great concern in recent years. Among them, biochar has been widely studied as a catalyst for advanced oxidation process because of its low price and low environmental risk. In this study, a novel ball milling assisted KOH activation biochar (MKBC) was prepared and applied in peroxydisulfate (PDS) activation to degrade tetracycline hydrochloride (TC-H). In comparison with the oxidation (3.48%) by PDS alone and adsorption (36.19%) by MKBC alone, the removal rate of TC-H was increased to 84.15% in the MKBC/PDS system, indicating that MKBC can successfully activate PDS. Besides, the catalytic activity of the MKBC to activate PDS for the degradation of TC-H is 58.33% higher than that of pristine biochar (PBC). In addition, MKBC has outstanding stability that after three repeated experiments, the removal rate of TC-H by the MKBC/PDS system still remains 77.35%. Meanwhile, the mechanism was investigated that the singlet oxygen (1O2) seized the principal position in the degradation of TC-H in the PDS/MKBC system. This study explored a novel, solvent-free and economic method to propose this extraordinary biochar, which provided a new strategy for the future research of biochar.

Stable and recyclable catalysts are crucial to the peroxymonosulfate (PMS) based advanced oxidation process (AOPs) for wastewater treatment. Herein, nitrogen-rich carbon wrapped Fe3C (Fe3C@CN) on carbon felt (CF) substrate was synthesized by using Prussian blue (PB) loaded CF as the precursors. The obtained Fe3C@CN/CF catalyst was applied for degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) via the heterogeneous catalytic activation of PMS. Results showed that ~91.7%, 95.2%, 98.1% and 99.1% of BPA (20 mg/L) were eliminated in the Fe3C@CN/CF + PMS system within 4, 10, 20 and 30 min, respectively. The fast degradation kinetics is attributed to the production of abundant reactive species ( OH, SO4 − and 1O2) in the Fe3C@CN/CF + PMS system, as demonstrated by the electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and quench experiments. The Fe3C@CN/CF catalyst was stable and can be easily recycled by using an external magnet. The results indicated that the nanoconfined Fe3C endowed Fe3C@CN/CF with high stability and magnetic property and enabled the efficient electron transfer for PMS activation. This study provides a cost-effective approach for the fabrication of stable and recyclable Fe3C@CN/CF catalyst, and shed a new light on the rational design of multifunctional catalyst for advanced water remediation.

We present an electrochemical advanced oxidation process (eAOP) reactor employing expanded graphite, potassium iodide (KI), and electrical current, which demonstrates an exceptionally high rate of ...

Electrochemical oxidation of water to produce highly reactive hydroxyl radicals ( OH) is the dominant factor that accounts for the organic compounds removal efficiency in water treatment. As an emerging carbon-based material, the investigation of electrocatalytic of water to produce OH on Graphdiyne (GDY) anode is firstly evaluated by using first-principles calculations. The theoretical calculation results demonstrated that the GDY anode owns a large oxygen evolution reaction (OER) overpotential (ηOER = 1.95 V) and a weak sorptive ability towards oxygen evolution intermediates (HO*, not OH). The high Gibbs energy change of HO* (3.18 eV) on GDY anode makes the selective production of OH (ΔG = 2.4 eV) thermodynamically favorable. The investigation comprises the understanding of the relationship between OER to electrochemical advanced oxidation process (EAOP), and give a proof-of-concept of finding the novel and robust environmental EAOP anode at quantum chemistry level.

Carboxylic acids are the main pollutant of industrial wastewater during the advanced oxidation process (AOPs). In this study, a resin-based spherical activated carbon (RSAC, AF5) as an adsorbent was examined and acetic acid was used as a model substrate for adsorption investigation. The pH = 3, temperature = 298 K were fixed by batch technique. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model, the intraparticle and external models are fitted well, and it was found that the adsorption of acetic acid onto AF5 was controlled by liquid film diffusion. A Freundlich model indicated that the adsorption process was heterogeneous multimolecular layer adsorption on the surface. AF5 shows good regenerative ability; the recovery rate of adsorption capacity was ∼88% after five cycles. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) adsorption removal rate could be maintained at 100% for over 35 h in an actual AOPs effluent, and could be eluted for 100% after 8 h by 0.8wt% NaOH. Characterizations, including XRF, XRD, TG/DSC,FTIR, SEM and N2 adsorption, showed that the excellent adsorption performance was mainly due to the microporous structure and large specific surface area (1,512.88 m2/g), the adsorption mechanism mainly included pore filling effect and electrostatic attraction. After five adsorption recycles, AF5's pore characteristic did not change significantly. This study provides a scientific basis for the wastewater standard discharge process of AOPs coupled adsorption. HIGHLIGHTS The reusability of the acetic acid wastewater was increased by adsorption methods.; Resin-spherical activated carbon was used as an adsorbent in acetic acid diluent.; Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics were the most suitable models.; The effluent of CWAO/adsorption process effluent could reach the discharge standard.

In the present paper, a new approach for detonation nanodiamond (DND) deagglomeration is proposed. DND agglomerates of the size from 20 to 200 nm have been exposed to wet sonication assisted oxidat...

The combination of sulfate radical-mediated advanced oxidation process (SA-AOP) and photocatalysis is researched as a highly efficient strategy for pollutant degradation in recent decades. To systematically study the synergistic effect between photocatalysis and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) induced SA-AOP, graphene oxide (GO) coupled graphitic carbon nitride (CN) composites were synthesized as catalyst. About 98% of bisphenol A was decomposed in CNGO/PMS/light system, which was significantly higher than that in CNGO/PMS or CNGO/light system, demonstrating the strong synergistic effect between photocatalysis and SA-AOP. CNGO was deactivated in catalyst/PMS system, but not in catalyst/PMS/light system, showing that the deactivation of CNGO in the presence of sulfate radicals was inhibited by the photocatalysis. The photogenerated electrons may directly reduce the oxidized GO, or react with the oxidative species which may oxidize GO, and thus maintain the activity of CNGO. In addition, the system temperature was elevated due to the light-to-heat conversion on GO. The increased reaction temperature accelerated the degradation reaction due to the improved the charge separation and molecular collision. This work explains the synergy effect between photocatalysis and SA-AOP from different perspectives, and provides a new idea to improve the reusability of carbonaceous catalyst.

2–4 Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid is most publicly applied from chlorinated phenoxy acids herbicides. In this research, central composite design for optimization of photo-Elecro/persulfate/nZVI process to degradation and mineralization of this herbicide in aqueous solution to environment protection was applied. The initial pH (2–4), persulfate anion concentration (0.25–0.5 mg/L), direct electrical (0.5–1 A), herbicide concentration (50–100 mg/l), nZVI dose (0.05–1 mg/L), and reaction time (50–100 mg/l) are independent variables optimized. Also, the synergist effect, COD and TOC removal, the effect of radical scavengers, and by-products were investigated. The fitting of the model, suggested a quadratic model (R(2) = 0.9926). F-value and P value of ANOVA were 719.81 and 0.0001 respectivelty. After optimizing the PEP/nZVI process, the proposed optimal conditions was pH = 3.4, persulfate concentration equal to 0.49 mg/l, in 1 A direct current, nZVI dose equal to 0.1 mg/l, in 50.05 mg/l herbicide concentration as an initial concentration, in 80 min reaction time. The theoretical and actual removal was evaluated 91.99% and 92%, respectively. In the optimum condition, 45.4% synergist effect indicated. 78.3% and 66.5% of initial COD and TOC were decreased. 39.02% of Cl ion was released form 2,4-D structure. The presence of radical scavengers have an adverse impact on the performance of process. The highest amount of radical scavenging was in methanol, tert-butyl alcohol and bicarbonate ions at concentrations at 50 mM/l. The kinetic data was fitted via pseudo-first-order reaction (R(2) = 0.99).The direct and indirect oxidation process lead to formation of several organic by-products which were confirmed by GC-MS analysis.

The present study is a “first-of-its-kind” work on an integrated process consisting of a hydrodynamic cavitation (HC)-assisted advanced oxidation process and vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) for ...

A photocatalytic sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation process was studied to degrade 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) using persulfate (PS) catalyzing UV light and heterogeneous catalyst. In this regards, ferroferric oxide nanoparticles anchored on activated carbon (FOC) was applied as a supporter of TiO2 nanoparticles for fabricating of a recoverable photocatalyst (FOCT). Some analysis techniques including PL, UV–vis DRS, XRD, FESEM-EDS, BET, TEM and VSM were utilized to determine the optical, structural, textural and physicochemical characteristics of FOCT. The reaction mechanisms of PS activation and the generation of free radicals were described in details. Moreover, degradation intermediate products were identified and reaction pathway were proposed. It was found that photocatalytic activity and oxidation performance of pure TiO2 were improved after decoration on FOC. An excellent elimination efficiency was achieved in coupling of FOCT and UV irradiation with PS. Over 99 % of 4-CP (60 mg/L) and 49 % of TOC were removed by FOCT/UV/PS at optimum operational conditions. Furthermore, high PCP decontamination rate (> 86 %) was obtained, even at high concentrations (100 mg/L). During consecutive five runs of catalyst use, the degradation rate was decreased slightly to 88 % with a negligible decline in Fe and Ti leaching, demonstrating the excellent reusability and durability of FOCT in oxidation process. SO4 – and HO radicals were detected as main reactive species that involved in the degradation of 4-CP over FOCT/UV/PS system. Thanks to good performance and easy recovery of catalyst, FOCT/UV/PS hybrid system has a great potential for environmental remediation perspectives.

In this research work, we investigated the ability of the oxidative degradation of 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid herbicide via ultrasonic-assisted in electro-activation of the persulfate system in the presence of nano-zero valent iron. The effect of experimental parameters such as pH value [4–8], electrical current (0.5–1 A), persulfate concentration (0.25–0.5 mg.l(−1)), nano zero-valent iron dose (0.05–0.1 mg.l(−1)), and initial organic pollutant concentration (50–100 mg.l(−1)) on the ultrasonic-electropersulfate process performance was assessed via central composite design. The combination of ultrasonic waves with the electrochemical process to activation of persulfate showed better efficiency into 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid herbicide degradation compared to their implementation in individual and binary systems. Following optimal conditions (pH = 5.62, 0.80 A applied electrical current, 0.39 mg/L persulfate concentration, 0.07 mg/L nano-zero valent iron, and 50 mg/L 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid concentration in 40 min reaction), nearly 91% removal was done. Moreover, the complete removal of 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid, 92% COD, and 88% TOC removal was achieved by this process near 140 min reaction. The scavenging experiment confirmed the role of free oxidizing species in the degradation of 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid during the process. Approximately 50% improved 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid removal in the process against the inclusive efficiency of single mechanisms. The obtained results were fitted to the pseudo-first-order kinetic model with a high correlation coefficient (R(2) = 0.96). Five important intermediate products of 2, 4-D oxidation were 2, 4-dichlorophenol (2, 4-DCP), 2, 6-dichlorophenol (2, 6-DCP), 4, 6 dichlororesorcinol (4, 6-DCR), 2-chlorohydroquinone (2-CHQ), and 2-chloro-1, 4-benzoquinone (2-CBQ). In the end, can be employed as a satisfactory advanced oxidation process in high mineralization of 2, 4-D and refractory organic pollutants.

The release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from stationary and mobile sources increases the concentration of these pollutants in the environment. These compounds have the potential to cause adverse effects on human health and the environment. The adoption of management and engineering procedures to control the emission of these pollutants to the air has become essential. The aim of this study was to use an advanced oxidation process namely the catalytic ozonation to reduce the concentration of these pollutants in industrial output. In this experimental study, the catalytic ozonation process in the presence of ZnO nanoparticles coated on zeolite media was used in a laboratory scale to treat the air contaminated with BTEX compounds as indicators of VOCs. For this purpose, First the nanocomposites were synthesized based on chemical co-precipitation method. SEM, XRD, BET and FT-IR analyses were performed to investigate the characteristics of nanocomposites. The variables including initial concentrations of BTEX (50–200 ppm), polluted air flow rate (5–20 l/h), humidity (0–75%) and ozone dose (0.25–1 g/h) were investigated. The concentration of BTEX compounds was measured by the Gas Chromatography (GC) technique according to the NIOSH 1501 manual. The results of SEM, XRD, BET and FT-IR analyses showed the proper synthesis of nanocomposites. According to the laboratory results, the optimal conditions of the process were found to be as follows: the initial concentration of pollutants equal to 50 ppm, inlet air flow rate of 5 l/h, relative air humidity of 25–35%, and inlet ozone concentration equal to 1 g/h. Under these conditions, the removal efficiency of the compounds: benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene were obtained 98, 96, 92 and 91%, respectively. Simple ozonation and adsorption processes were less efficient than catalytic ozonation. This process had the ability to reduce the concentration of BTEX compounds to standard level.

In this study, we introduced SnO2-Sb2O3 intermediate layer and Bi oxide into the PbO2 electrode based on Ti mesh, and investigated the improvement of electrochemical decolorization efficiency and i...

In this work, a flower-shaped ZnO/GO/Fe3O4ternary nanocomposite was synthesized via the co-precipitation method. Two significant goals of the study were boosting the degradation efficiency of ZnO and achieving a fast and simple synthesis approach. The structure, properties, and morphology of the product were characterized, and the effect of the ZnO flower-shaped structure in combination with GO nanosheets and magnetite nanoparticles was investigated on the photocatalytic activity. The structure and quality of the prepared nanocomposite were assessed by X-ray diffraction pattern, UV-visible DRS spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). The catalytic activity of the nanocomposite was assessed by spectrophotometric analysis. The developed nanocomposite offered high photodegradation efficiency in Rhodamine B degradation under UV-C light in comparison with pure ZnO. At a specific period, the efficiency of the synthesized sample was about two times greater than that of pristine ZnO particles. Our nanocomposite is anticipated to have practical benefits in wastewater treatment given its good performance, economic savings through reducing the amount of catalyst consumption and saving time, and being a facile and fast synthesis method.

Utilization of the advanced oxidation process (AOP) for degradation of antibiotics into byproducts with low toxicity for enhancing the quality of drinking water and wastewater has remained a huge challenge for environmental aim. In this study, a nanocomposite based on Cobalt zeolite imidazolate framework (ZIF-67), and Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared using the simple sol-gel method. In this nanocomposite, Fe3O4 NPs were used as an ideal platform for microporous ZIF-67 growth, aiming to create an efficient heterogeneous catalyst with magnetic separation for the activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to expeditiously degrade ciprofloxacin (CIP) antibiotics. The catalytic activity of the proposed nanocomposite was systematically evaluated with several operational factors, such as nanocatalyst and oxidant dosage, initial pH, co-existing anions, and the stability of the catalyst. Furthermore, scavenging technique and electron spin resonance (ESR) demonstrate that the sulfate and hydroxyl radicals play a major role in the degradation process. The findings indicate that ZIF-67/Fe3O4 nanocomposite is a greener and more suitable option for large scale applications and creates new insights into the removal of contaminants from the ecosystem.

The ultraviolet photochemical degradation process is widely applied in wastewater treatment due to its low cost, high efficiency and sustainability. In this study, a novel rotating flow reactor was developed for UV-initiated photochemical reactions. The reactor was run in a continuous flow mode, and the tangential installation of the inlet and outlet on the annular reactor improved reaction rates. Numerical modelling, which combined solute transport, radiation transfer and photochemical kinetic degradation processes, was conducted to evaluate improvement compared to current reactor designs. Methylene Blue (MB) decomposition efficiency from the modelling results and the experimental data agreed well with each other. The model results showed that a rotational motion of fluid was well developed inside the designed reactor for a wide range of inflow rates; the generation of ·OH radicals significantly depended on UV irradiation dose, and thus the degradation ratio of MB showed a strong correlation with the UV irradiation distribution. In addition, the comprehensive numerical modelling showed promising potential for the simulation of UV/H2O2 processes in rotating flow reactors.

Water contamination is a critical and severe issue all over the world. The nano-based particles have the potency to overcome water contamination. In the present work, CuO and Ag/CuO nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by Cyperus pangorei extract using the co-precipitation method. The plant extract acts as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The purpose of plant extract is to reduce the negative impact of the synthesis method and its derivatives. The Ag+ and Cu+ reduction were confirmed through the surface plasmon resonance in the DRS spectrum. The bandgap decreasing is informed that the results have opted in the optical and catalytical applications. CuO bandgap is higher than the Ag/CuO NPs (∆Eg = 0.55 eV) reveals the Ag/CuO NPs have remarkable optical and catalytic applications. The NPs crystalline nature and size were analyzed by XRD. SEM and TEM analyses characterized the morphology and size variation of the CuO and Ag/CuO NPs. The EDX analysis analyzed the composition of the elements in the synthesized NPs. The FTIR analysis was performed to confirm the possible functional groups of plant extract involved in chemical reduction and bondings. Copper and silver metals and oxygen valencies and binding energies were examined by XPS. Occasionally, contagious diseases shake the world and affected human healthiness because of their pathogenic activity. Mostly, they are resolved by nanoparticles. The biosynthesized CuO and Ag/CuO NPs were performed against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus—S. aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli—E. coli) bacteria. The results showed better activity in E. coli compared to S. aureus in both CuO and Ag/CuO NPs. The photocatalytic activity of CuO and Ag/CuO NPs were analyzed against Rhodamine B (Rh-B) dye under visible light irradiation. The metallic Ag-doped with CuO NPs improves the catalytic compared to pure CuO NPs. The pseudo-first-order kinetics were found to increase the rate of dye degradation by adding Ag ions to the CuO surface. The advanced oxidation process would increase the electron–hole pair activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. The AOP photocatalyst is widely used to remove the toxicity of wastewater. There is no secondary product formation and rich activated electrons. The obtained results indicate the CuO and Ag/CuO NPs may further use in wastewater treatment and biomedical applications.

The current study focuses on a prime effect of pH changes in the catalytic ozonation process (COP) by using three main classes of catalysts such as zeolites (alumina-silicates), alumina (metal oxides), and activated carbons for decolorization of Reactive Red 241 (RR-241). The role of pH changes, point of zero charges and the effect of catalyst dose on pH change was studied. The results reveal that the overall removal efficiency of RR-241 in the case of COPs was the highest compared with single ozonation process (at pH = 7 the efficiency was 80, 65 65.5 and 60% for AC/O3, Al2O3/O3, Zeolite/O3 and O3 respectively). At initial acidic pH 4, the highest pH variations in COPs and ozonation processes were observed. Moreover, the pH changes were not found to be significant near the point of zero charges of materials (pHpzc = 6.8, 8.4 and 8.8 for zeolite, activated carbons and Al2O3, respectively. The COP in the presence of activated carbon shows the highest removal efficiency (82%) at pH 7. The material dose effect indicates that increasing the amount of catalyst (from 1 gm to 2 gm) significantly leads to a change in the pH of the solution. Results reveal the prominent effect and significance of pH changes on the efficiency of COP to determine true catalytic efficiency.

Different technologies such as physical, chemical, biological, advanced oxidations and electro-chemical methods are involved in the treatment of industrial effluent. The widely followed biological treatment techniques are required more time, wide operational space and are not effective for wastewater contains heavy metal and hazardous elements. The advanced oxidation process needs tremendous operational cost and is usually procure high immaculate water. The chemical coagulation process is time delaying and brings about a huge volume of sludge. In the electrostatic coagulation process, the electrode plates are dissolved in the wastewater by a direct current source of metal electrodes immersed in the effluent. Electrocoagulation (EC) has a newly followed method used for treating industrial effluent due to its adaptability and cost-effective eco-friendly method. EC has been used for treating a wide range of industrial effluent. These metal ions combine with hydroxide ions to form metal hydroxide which acts as the coagulant for the destabilization of suspended as well as dissolved pollutants in the industrial wastewater. Therefore, the intention of this review paper is the possibility of EC for the treatment of industrial effluents as well as energy consumption in the EC.

Catalytic ozonation with nano-perovskite oxides is a more efficient and advanced oxidation process for the mineralization of organic pollutants. In this study, by regulating the amount of polyethylene glycol during the synthesis of CaZrO3 perovskite-type oxides by the co-precipitation method, efficient surface oxygen vacancies were formed in CaZrO3. Owing to the presence of abundant oxygen vacancies, CaZrO3 modified by PEG exhibited a much higher catalytic activity than unmodified CaZrO3. It was further discovered from the EPR results that the main active oxygen species depend on the surface structure of CaZrO3. The variation of oxygen vacancies on the surface of the catalyst with PEG addition stimulated ozone decomposition to generate a large number of superoxide radicals. This study not only proposed a method to improve the activity of the catalyst, but also further studied the reaction mechanism of CaZrO3 catalyzed ozonation. It provides a solid theoretical basis for the industrial application of catalytic ozonation technology.

To investigate the effectiveness of advanced treatment methods such as Electro coagulation (EC) and advanced oxidation process (AOP) in order to minimize the Colour, concentration of chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand for the samples collected from textile dyeing waste water. Experiments carried out at lab scale model. The EC process was conducted by varying voltages such as 8 V, 10 V, 12 V, 14 V, 16 V and for duration of 60 mins each. AOP involves oxidation process in the wastewater using Fenton’s reagent (Fe2+/H2O2). The experiment was conducted at three different dosages such as 3 g + 30 ml, 4 g + 40 ml and 5 g + 50 ml of Fe2+ and H2O2. From the results obtained, the removal efficiency was determined by comparing the important parameters such as COD, BOD and Colour of treated water as well as untreated waste water. The obtained results from the treatments were in accordance with the standards given by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) of India for textile wastewater discharge.

Different types of organic impurities such as dyes, acids, and alcohols are discharged into potable water sources. The removal of these hazardous organic pollutants from wastewater is an important task globally. However, the conventional methods used to remove organic impurities suffer from low efficiency and recycling problems. Photocatalysis is a promising advanced oxidation process for the degradation of organic compounds in aqueous solution. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is commonly used as a photocatalyst. However, the wide bandgap of TiO2 means that it is activated by ultraviolet light, which restrains its ability to harvest solar energy. In this study, a simple water-based precipitation method was used to synthesize TiO2@nanodiamond composites. The ability of the composites to degrade bisphenol A as a model organic pollutant was investigated. It was found that 10 ppm of bisphenol A was completely degraded in 100 min by the TiO2@nanodiamond photocatalyst under ultraviolet illumination.

Electrochemical degradation of a resistant pharmaceutical, Phenazopyridine hydrochloride (PhP), was evaluated on three different dimensionally stable anodes. The main objective of this study was to investigate the catalytic performance of the three Ti-based multilayer IrO2/Ta2O5 coated anodes which were made up by thermal decomposition method. The effect of operative parameters including current intensity (mA), initial pH of the solution, initial concentration of PhP (mg L−1) and electrolysis time were investigated comprehensively. This comparative study demonstrated that PhP mineralization was occurred consequently on the Ti/IrO2-Ta2O5 (70–30) and Ti/IrO2-Ta2O5 (50–50) electrodes rapidly but it was much slower on the Ti/IrO2-Ta2O5 (30–70) electrode. The performance of the electrodes revealed that the percentage of anodic materials alters the PhP degradation rate. The developed electrodes were characterized by scanning electronic microscope and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies were performed to investigate the efficiency of the electrodes. Decolorization of Php samples were carried out with UV-Vis spectroscopy. Furthermore, complete mineralization of PhP on Ti/IrO2-Ta2O5 (70–30) was confirmed by total organic carbon (TOC) analysis. The TOC results have shown higher mineralization of PhP (72.2%) in 180 min of electrolysis. Moreover, the intermediates were identified during electrochemical degradation of PhP by GC-MS.

Sonochemistry is a significant contributor to green science as it includes: (i) the use of less toxic compounds and environmentally safe solvents, (ii) improvement of reaction conditions and selectivity, (iii) no toxic sludge generation, (iv) reduction in the energy use for chemical transformations, (v) reusability of materials. In water and wastewater treatment, ultrasound is used as an advanced oxidation process to eliminate refractory pollutants. Ultrasound is also used as a very effective sludge pretreatment technology in wastewater treatment plants to facilitate biogas production. Moreover, sonochemical synthesis of nanoparticles has recently attracted great attention as a greener protocol. This paper presents the main applications of ultrasound in environmental remediation and protection. The study also introduces mechanism for the degradation of pollutants from water via sonication in aqueous media and the principle factors affecting the cavitational effect.

Laundry sector consumes a huge amount of water which is usually discharged as wastewater instead of being reused. The application of biological treatment of laundry wastewater coupled with post-treatment utilizing advanced oxidation processes creates a possibility to recycle water to the washing process. However, the investigations on such systems are very limited. In the present work, a novel approach of post-treatment of laundry wastewater utilizing solar photo-Fenton operated at a pilot scale in a compound parabolic collector (CPC) photoreactor is proposed. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used as a representative of surfactants applied in the laundry system. The effect of feed matrix was investigated using distilled water as a reference matrix and synthetic wastewater simulating the composition of biologically pre-treated laundry wastewater. Different concentrations of H2O2 (50–400 mg/L) and ferrous iron (2.75–10 mg/L) were assayed. For comparison purpose, experiments at neutral pH using ethylenediamine-N,N′-disuccinic acid (EDDS) as an iron complexing agent were carried out. A high SDS removal efficiency was obtained under both neutral and acidic pH, reaching 89% and 96%, respectively, in just 8 min. However, the remaining organic load originating from EDDS needs application of further post-treatment steps. Therefore, the solar photo-Fenton operated under acidic pH was found to be a more promising approach of post-treatment of laundry wastewater aimed at its reuse.

The article is related to sunlight and UV–visible mineralization of harmful magenta-O (FB) dye. The nanocomposite used is a cross linked network of acrylic acid synthesized inside poly(acrylamide) grafted Guggul gum in the presence of UV–visible respondent bismuth ferrite nanoparticles. The synthesis of poly(acrylamide) grafted Guggul gum (Sample I) and synthesizing a crosslinked network inside it (Sample II) involved a two-step synthesis for optimizing various reaction parameters. The maximum % water uptake obtained for polymeric samples I and II was calculated as 1227.78% and 387.97%, respectively. Average particle size of bismuth ferrite nanoparticles was 47.34 nm. The nanocomposite could maximum uptake-mineralize FB dye as 97.3% and 98.8% under sunlight and photochemical reactor, respectively for 500 mg nanocomposite dose in 10 mg/L concentrated FB solution. Dye uptake occurs through ionic interactions. However, mineralization is a consequence of advanced oxidation process involving free radical species (OH and O2-.). The overall process of uptake-mineralization resembled second order kinetics and Langmuir theorem (monolayer adsorption). Intraparticle diffusion model gave an idea about the multistep (three steps) process of adsorption. Physico-chemical properties of FB dye got changed after mineralization except for the pH. The maximum uptake-mineralization was observed to be 76.2% after consecutive reuse of the nanocomposite hydrogel for five cycles.

Although MoS2 has been proved to be a very ideal cocatalyst in advanced oxidation process (AOPs), the activation process of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) is still inseparable from metal ions which inevitably brings the risk of secondary pollution and it is not conducive to large-scale industrial application. In this study, the commercial MoS2, as a durable and efficient catalyst, was used for directly activating PMS to degrade aromatic organic pollutant. The commercial MoS2/PMS catalytic system demonstrated excellent removal efficiency of phenol and the total organic carbon (TOC) residual rate reach to 25%. The degradation rate was significantly reduced if the used MoS2 was directly carried out the next cycle experiment without any post-treatment. Interestingly, the commercial MoS2 after post-treated with H2O2 can exhibit good stability and recyclability for cyclic degradation of phenol. Furthermore, the mechanism for the activation of PMS had been investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The renewable Mo4+ exposed on the surface of MoS2 was deduced as the primary active site, which realized the direct activation of PMS and avoided secondary pollution. Taking into account the reaction cost and efficient activity, the development of commercial MoS2 catalytic system is expected to be applied in industrial wastewater.

Activated persulfate oxidation is an emerging advanced oxidation process for organic pollutant degradation. Own to different molecular structures and oxidation potentials, persulfate (PDS) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) may show different degradation performances due to various catalytic mechanisms even by the same catalysts. In this study, the nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon (N-OMC) was applied to activate PDS and PMS for degrading a model organic pollutant phenol to reveal their activation mechanisms. Results show that both PDS and PMS could be efficiently activated by N-OMC. The degradation of phenol fitted well with pseudo-first-order kinetics, whose kinetic constants increased with the increase of pH, PDS/PMS dosage, and N-OMC dosage. Based on quenching experiments and electron spin resonance spin-trapping technique, the N-OMC was found to activate PDS and PMS via non-radical process of electron transfer and singlet oxygen formation, respectively, instead of the commonly observed radical process. This work will be useful to understand the activation processes of PDS and PMS, and benefit for the development of catalysts for pollutant degradation.

Methotrexate (MTX) is one of the most consumed anti-cancer drugs in the pharmaceutical market around the world. The widespread occurrence of MTX in aquatic environment through hospital effluent has attracted increasing concern due to its potential to induce water pollution. In the present study, the degradation of MTX in aqueous medium was investigated by UV-activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS). A significant improvement in degradation rate by increasing UV intensity and PMS concentration while the decrease in degradation efficiency with the increase of solution pH and initial concentration of MTX was observed. The proposed UV/PMS process could achieve more than 90% MTX degradation in 30 min with a good mineralization degree (65%). A pseudo-first order kinetic model was employed and successfully predicted the degradation of MTX. The effect of other operational parameters such as the initial concentration of the targeted compound, dosage of oxidant (PMS), solution pH and UV intensity on the degradation rate were investigated. At the last, the main transform intermediates were identified using LC–MS and possible degradation pathways were proposed. The results show that UV/PMS can be used as an efficient technology to treat pharmaceuticals such as methotrexate containing water and wastewater.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of dissolved ozone flotation (DOF) in comparison to dissolved air flotation (DAF) for treatment of milk industry wastewater (MW). In the first phase of the experiment, a synthetic milk wastewater (SMW) was used to evaluate DOF and DAF, with and without addition of hydrogen peroxide, at pH 4.0 and pH 11.4. In the DOF tests, the concentration of ozone was equal to 19 (± 0.5) mg L-1 and in the tests with addition of hydrogen peroxide, the H2O2/O3 ratios tested were 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5. In the second phase, tests were performed using three MW from three different industries to validate the results obtained and to determine the DOF system's ability to treat this type of effluent. The parameters tested during validation were turbidity, total suspended solids, oils and greases (O&G), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP). It was observed that the efficiency of the treatments was better at pH 4.0. The results showed a reduction of the efficiency with the use of DOF. The addition of H2O2 in DAF and DOF also resulted in reduced system efficiency. The results obtained with SMW only approximated those obtained with the MW from one of the industries that contained the largest traces of milk and cheese. Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência da flotação por ar e ozônio dissolvido (FAOD) em comparação à flotação por ar dissolvido (FAD) no tratamento da água residuária de laticínios (ARL). Na primeira fase do experimento foi utilizada água residuária de laticínios sintética (ARLS) para avaliar a FAD e a FAOD, com e sem a adição de peróxido de hidrogênio em dois valores de pH, 4,0 e 11,4. Nos testes de FAOD, a concentração de ozônio utilizada no ar foi igual a 19 (± 0,5) mg L-1 e nos testes com adição de peróxido de hidrogênio, as relações H2O2/O3 testadas foram de 0,5, 1,0 e 1,5. Na segunda parte do experimento, foram realizados testes com três ARL de três diferentes laticínios para validar os resultados obtidos e determinar a capacidade do sistema FAOD para tratar esse tipo de efluente. Os parâmetros testados durante a validação foram: turbidez, sólidos totais suspensos, óleos e graxas (O&G), demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO), nitrogênio total (NT) e fósforo total (PT). Ao final do experimento, observou-se que a eficiência dos tratamentos foi melhor em pH 4. Os resultados mostraram uma redução da eficiência com o uso da FAOD. A adição de H2O2 na FAD e FAOD também resultou em menor eficiência nos dois sistemas. Os resultados obtidos com ARLS aproximaram-se apenas dos obtidos com o ARL de uma das indústrias que continham os maiores traços de leite e queijo.

In this study, we investigated the degradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) by an ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2) process. In a collimated beam experiment with UV light of wavelen...

The impact of various mineral anions, diverse organic substrates and different environmental matrices on the removal of C.I. reactive green 12 (RG12), a refractory textile dye, by UV/chlorine emerging advanced oxidation process (AOP) was performed. The co-exposure of RG12 (20 mg L

The current work emphasized the facile fabrication of PCN/GO nanocomposites via a straight forward sonochemical method. The thermal polycondensation method was used for the preparation of graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) and phosphorous doped graphitic carbon nitride (PCN) photocatalysts using melamine and BmimPF6 (1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate) precursors. Phosphorous doped g-C3N4 with different wt % ratio of phosphorous (0.05, 0.1, and 0.3%) was successfully fabricated and coupled with graphitic oxide (GO) for malathion degradation and bacterial disinfection. Phosphorous doping improved the electronic and textual properties of g-C3N4 and augmented solar light-responsive range. On the other hand, simultaneously, the GO support simultaneously facilitated the charge separation and transportation, which was validated by PL and EIS analysis. The extremely organized porous structure of PCN/GO nanosheets expanded active sites, quickened electron transmission rate, and caused strong adsorption of pollutants. Specific surface area (SBET) of 0.1 wt% PCN/GO and PCN photocatalysts was 13.6840 and 2.8401 m2 g−1, respectively. The addition of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) in photodegradation processes augmented the photodegradation ability of nanocomposites due to the triggering of sulfate radical (SO4•−) based advanced oxidation process. The influence of different reaction parameters, including a concentration of PMS, catalyst dosage, initial concentration of the pesticide, and pH, was also assessed in the photodegradation process. All the photodegradation processes followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics as the regression coefficient (R2), and values of linear graphs were from 0.95 to 0.98. The nanocomposite 0.1 wt% PCN/GO/PMS displayed the highest photodegradation efficiency, i.e., 98%, followed by 0.1 wt% PCN/GO (95%) and other photocatalysts. Similarly, 98% Escherichia coli (E. Coli) bacterial disinfection was observed for 0.1 wt% PCN/GO nanocomposite.

Boron-doped diamond anodes and stainless-steel cathodes were employed in an electrochemical flow cell and evaluated for inactivation efficacy on the plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn [Thanatephorus cucumeris (A.B. Frank) Donk] in hydroponic fertigation water. The electrochemical system showed promise as an electrochemical advanced oxidation process (EAOP) in that significant reductions in R. solani (AG-8) were achieved; however, to achieve complete inactivation the system required supplemental chloride (20 mg L−1), while using 9.09 mA cm−2. The chloride allowed for low levels of free chlorine (≤0.17 mg L−1) that were more active in the bulk solution, complementing the electrode surface EAOP reactions. Perchlorate production was an initial concern but was found to be negligible under the conditions tested. Small but significant increases in nitrate, ammonium, and sulphate were observed following treatment. These increases are hypothesized to originate from the degradation of proteins and amino acids released during pathogen cell disruption.

The removal of cyanotoxins, microcystin-LR (MLR), anatoxin-a (ANA), and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) in Detroit River water (DRW) was investigated by ozone and advanced oxidation process (AOP). Enhance...

A two-step process involving coagulation-flocculation followed by solar photocatalysis – based Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) using TiO2-Reduced Graphene Oxide (TRGO) nanocomposite as catalyst ha...

Purpose: The review article discusses the title topic describing mostly authors' work on green chemical, photochemical and electrochemical methods for the treatment of organic wastes present in different matrices. Emphasis is mainly placed on the importance of the matrix, associated compounds and the method's selection. Methodology: Different green methods of treatment for organic waste available are reviewed with an outline of scientific principles. Different case studies, from the authors, work, involving the treatment of organic waste present in different matrices are discussed. Available green chemical, photochemical, and electrochemical methods are reviewed, and results obtained are described and discussed. The rationale behind the choice of method was discussed in detail. Laboratory to plant adoption and the considerations therein are considered. Main findings: The selection of treatment method depends on the nature of the organic waste and the matrix in which it is present. This has been brought out in the study. Advanced oxidation and electrochemical oxidation processes are practically useful methods for waste treatment and discussed with case studies. The optimization of the advanced oxidation process is still an empirical approach. It needs a sound scientific base. Applications of the work: The case studies described in the paper enable the proper choice of treatment method among several available options. The study covers the essential green chemical techniques, viz., photochemical and electrochemical techniques. The novelty of the work: Many of the organic substrates subjected to treatment study were rarely reported in the open literature. Laboratory to plant scale development and the factors involved therein have been brought in many places.

Research evidence has shown that pollution of surface and underground waters is the leading sources of environmental and health-related problems. Disposed unused therapeutic drugs have been known to contaminate underground water and also offer drug resistance to infection-causing bacterial. This research seeks to evaluate the use of US/PS/Fe3O4 for the removal of ciprofloxacin (CIP-F) from aqueous solutions. The research also seeks to obtain the optimum set of conditions about which the highest removal efficiency of CIP-F is obtained by monitoring the used pH, Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) concentration, PS concentration, CIP-F concentration, and contact time. The analysis was done using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer (Cecil model CE102) set at 280 nm. The result shows that a 98.43% removal efficiency is achievable after optimization if the separation parameters were set to the optimum conditions (pH = 5, CIP-F concentration = 200 mg/L, PS concentration = 0.15 mol/L, Fe3O4 concentration = 0.01 g/L and contact time = 45 min). The reaction was also observed to follow the pseudo-first-order reaction model. Since the results obtained show that US/PS/Fe3O4 can effectively and efficiently aid the surface adsorption of CIP-F from aqueous solutions, it is therefore recommended based on experimental findings that US/PS/Fe3O4 be used for removing CIP-F from effluents.

Treatment to crystallization mother liquor containing high concentration of organic and inorganic substances is a challenge in zero liquid discharge of industrial wastewater. Acid precipitation coupled membrane-dispersion advanced oxidation process (MAOP) was proposed for organics degradation before salt crystallization by evaporation. With acid-MAOP treatment CODCr in mother liquor of pulping wastewater was eliminated by 55.2% from ultrahigh initial concentration up to 12,500 mg·L−1. The decolorization rate was 96.5%. Recovered salt was mainly NaCl (83.3 wt%) having whiteness 50 brighter than industrial baysalt of whiteness 45. The oxidation conditions were optimized as CO3 = 0.11 g·L−1 and CH2O2 = 2.0 g·L−1 with dispersing rate 0.53 mL·min−1 for 100 min reaction toward acidified liquor of pH = 2. Acidification has notably improved evaporation efficiency during crystallization. Addition of H2O2 made through membrane dispersion has eliminated hydroxyl radical “quench effect” and enhanced the degradation capacity, in particular, the breakage of carbon-chloride bonds (of both aliphatic and aromatic). As a result, the proposed coupling method has improved organic pollutants reduction so as the purity of salt from the wastewater mixture which can facilitate water and salt recycling in industry.

In this study, NiFe2O4 and Ag0.1Ni0.95Fe2O4 were successfully prepared by the sol–gel method and applied to catalyze ozone for dibutyl phthalate (DBP) degrading. The synthesized catalysts were char...

Mixtures of fats, oils and grease (FOG) either with dairy manure or with thickened waste secondary sludge (TWSS) were treated using microwave enhanced advanced oxidation process (MW-AOP). For both dairy manure and TWSS mixtures, the maximum increase in soluble COD (SCOD) resulted from the 1:1 mixture by total solids (TS) weight. In the TWSS mixtures, production of volatile fatty acid (VFA) increased with greater FOG content, while there was a decreasing production trend in VFA in dairy manure mixtures. Nutrients and metals were also released for all sets. The degradation followed peroxidation mechanism to produce lower molecular weight substrates such as short-chain fatty acids which would be less inhibitory to microbes. Nutrients and metals in the treated solution would sustain microbial growth in a biological system. FOG content for the mixtures in the MW-AOP treatment should be less than 75% by TS weight to prevent oxidation to CO

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) involving the conjugation of H2O2 with metal oxide catalysts such as TiO2 have been studied for a long time because they enable efficient degradation of pollutan...

The presence of dyes in industrial effluents is of public health concern. A considerable attention was paid to remove the dyes from the aquatic environment. This study focusses on the degradation of reactive red (RR-147) dye under UV irradiation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nano photo catalyst (TiO2). Effect of different parameters like dye concentration, pH, H2O2, UV irradiation time and TiO2 was studied. The maximum degradation of 92% for 50 ppm dye concentration, pH 3.4, H2O2 0.9 mL, TiO2 0.6 g and UV irradiation time 60 min was observed. The UV/Vis spectrophotometer was used to investigate the change in absorbance after UV irradiation. The 57 % reduction in COD was achieved when the dye aqueous solution was exposed to UV/H2O2/TiO2 process under optimized conditions. The FTIR was used for the identification of degraded product after UV irradiation treatment. The FTIR study showed that most of the functional group peaks were disappeared after the UV/H2O2/TiO2 treatment. LCMS/GCMS analyses scrutinized the intermediates and a mechanistic degradation pathway has also been proposed. The cytotoxicity of the irradiated dye samples was assessed using hemolytic test while mutagenic evaluation was carried out using the Ames test before and after treatment. The UV/H2O2/TiO2 is proved to be more capable and efficient system for the degradation of the RR-147 dye as compared to UV/H2O2 alone.

The paper reports the oxidative decolorization of the direct blue 14 (DB-14) dye in an aqueous phase via an ecologically friendly electrochemical advanced oxidation process. The investigation of several experimental conditions such as the solution pH, initial concentrations of the oxidant, the dye, and current density was carried out in a single-compartment electrolytic cell with the use of an iron sheet as anodic material, the graphite plate being the cathodic material. The optimal operating conditions were found to be as follows: (DB-14)0—500 mg/L; (H2O2)0—35 mM concentration; pH 3 using 0.1 M Na2SO4 salt as supportive electrolyte at room temperature. It has been observed that the dissolved iron (Fe2+) content from the anode was continuously increasing in aqueous media on passing a constant current to it. Initially, it was 1.58 mM, then 4.46 mM (after 30 min of reaction time), and 5.35 mM of dissolved Fe2+ for 60 min of the reaction time. The study of kinetics for the decolorization of DB-14 shows that the degradation kinetics follows the second order, with the reaction rate being constant: k2—0.5 × 10–4 mgL–1 min–1. Electrochemical oxidation of DB-14 reduces the chemical oxygen demand of the colored solution. The unit energy demand, expressed in kWh/kg of the chemical oxygen demand reduced, for optimum experimental parameters have also been determined.

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are promising water treatment technologies used to destroy trace organic compounds. Yet, the inability to predict the degradation fate of trace organic compounds due to their diverse chemical structures and potential for transformation byproducts greatly limits AOP effectiveness. Current prediction methods are time consuming and discontinuous because they rely on conventional kinetic models that often require solving ‘stiff’ ordinary differential equations numerically. In this study, we present a novel approach to AOP degradation prediction that uses an agent-based model to represent the chemical entities of individual molecular species and to simulate the movement and reactions of these entities over time in a defined space. Predicted time-dependent concentration profiles of a parent test compound, acetone, and its transformation products in UV/H2O2 AOP are shown to be consistent with our experimental observations.

Iodoform (CHI3) is one of the disinfection by-products (DBPs) that is formed in the pre-oxidation and disinfection processes of drinking water treatment. In this study, Fe(II)-activated persulfate oxidation (Fe2+/PS) was employed to degrade iodoform, the effects of initial reactants concentration, reaction parameters, kinetics model were investigated, and the underlying mechanisms of CHI3 degradation in Fe2+/PS oxidation process was unveiled. The results showed that the mole ratio Fe2+/PS of 1:5, initial PS concentration of 15 μmmol/L, and pH of 3.0 were identified as the optimum operating parameters. In addition, a relatively higher temperature could enhance CHI3 removal and deiodination. The kinetic model has two different reaction steps: a fast one during the first ten minutes of reaction; then followed by a much slower one. Suppression of the reaction by TBA and MeOH showed that the combined effects of SO4−· and ·OH contributed to the degradation of CHI3, but ·OH played a dominant role. The degradation pathways and the products of total liberated iodine species demonstrate that the applicability of the Fe2+/PS oxidation process for CHI3 degradation. These results indicated that the Fe2+/PS oxidation process is an effective advanced oxidation process for CHI3 removal in water treatment. Keywords: Fe2+/PS oxidation process, Iodoform degradation, Optimal operating conditions, Kinetics

The present study focusses on improving the performance of a Continuous Bipolar Mode Electrocoagulation (CBME) system for removal of recalcitrant total organic carbon (TOC) and total phosphorus (TP...

Nowadays, several advanced oxidation and enzymatic processes are available for the removal of organic compounds. Mathematical models are crucial to optimize the operating conditions and to reduce the costs associated with the studied oxidation process. The present work deals with a procedure to develop COD/DOC balanced models to represent the oxidation process of organic compounds. The procedure is of general nature since no hypothesis is made regarding the identity of the organic compounds or the oxidant employed. Using the developed procedure, proposed oxidation pathways always fulfill elemental and electron balances. Several examples of oxidation pathways were studied to demonstrate the usefulness of the procedure. From the analysis of a particular pathway, several restrictions regarding the range of possible values of the model coefficients can be found. These restrictions can be used to enhance the robustness of the fitting procedure of the model by using different types of data, such as COD, DOC and/or the actual concentration of some relevant species. This work will help researchers in areas related to the removal of organic compounds using any oxidation process. Fil: Contreras, Edgardo Martin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales; Argentina

This study was aimed at evaluating bentonite (BEN) and vermiculite (VER) clays as photoactive materials for photodegrading a low-concentration (100 μg L−1) mixture of four emerging contaminants (ECs): trimethoprim (TMP), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), carbamazepine (CBZ) and diclofenac (DCF), using a solar advanced oxidation process. The experiments were performed in a stirred magnetic batch reactor (SMBR) and a solar pilot plant compound parabolic collector (CPC). The effect of mass, type of catalyst clay and H2O2 dose were evaluated, and the photodegradation of ECs was followed by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) and Dissolved Organic Carbon content (DOC). The results showed that the optimal dose of clays for EC degradation in both SMBR and CPC reactors was 0.2 g L−1. The photodegradation of ECs at optimal conditions by BEN and VER in the CPC decreased in the following order: DCF > TMP > SMX > CBZ and DCF > SMX > TMP > CBZ, respectively. The photodegradation rate constants for VER were 2, 32 and 1.1 times higher than those for BEN when SMX, CBZ and DCF were photodegraded with the optimal dose of clay, correspondingly. The percentage removal of DCF and SMX in experiments using BEN or VER was similar to TiO2. The TMP, SMX, CBZ and DCF degradation rate constants increased 9.05, 18.9, 2.08 and 23 times by adding [H2O2] = 200 mg L−1 and VER. The percentage removal of DOC was 16, 40 and 48% when VER and 50, 100 or 200 mg L−1 of hydrogen peroxide were added into the system, respectively. Similar results were obtained by adding BEN.