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Potatoes&mdash, a global food security and staple crop&mdash, is threatened by dry spells in drought-prone areas. The use of physiological thresholds to save water while maintaining a reasonable tuber yield has been proposed, but their effects on physiological performances and usefulness under different irrigation methods are yet to be evaluated. In this study, photosynthetic traits were monitored to assess the effect of water restriction and rewatering under drip (DI) and furrow (FI) irrigations. The treatments consisted of two maximum light-saturated stomatal conductance (g s _ m a x ) irrigation thresholds (T2: 0.15 and T3: 0.05 mol H 2O m &minus, 2 s &minus, 1 ) compared with a fully irrigated control (g s _ m a x &gt, 0.3 mol H 2O m &minus, 1 ). DI used less water than FI but promoted early senescence and low percentage of maximum assimilation rate (PMA) at late developmental stages. FI caused no yield penalization in T2 and higher recovery of carbon isotope discrimination and PMA than DI. It is suggested that moderate water quantities of early and frequently water pulses in the irrigation, promote short-term water stress memory improvement, senescence delay and more capability of recovery at late stages.

Low radiation is one of the most important factors which limits potential yield in potato. Under humid conditions, the dominance of diffuse radiation not only imposes challenges for radiation use efficiency in crops but also limits the water status surveillance through non-invasive methods like infrared radiometry. This study was carried out in the humid desert of the Peruvian central coast with the aim to relate maximum stomatal conductance (gs_max, an important water status indicator) with leaf and air temperature (dT) and crop water stress index (CWSI). In a potted trial, gs_max vs. dT were compared along the day in well-irrigated (field capacity) and water restricted (half field capacity) plants. In an additional field experiment, CWSI was validated by testing two irrigation timing treatments with pre-established gs_max threshold (0.15 [T1] and 0.50 [T2] mol H2O m−2 s−1) against a control (frequently irrigated). An acute stomatal closure sensitivity was detected which drove a gs_max fall (gs↓) near the solar noon. The intense stomatal closure caused a dT rise which showed positive higher values (> 2 °C) after gs↓. The significant yield reduction of T1 in relation to the control (− 38.2 ± 10.7%) highlighted that gs_max values > 0.15 must be used to warrant a high potato yield. These findings support the use of CWSI values ≤ 0.3–0.4 as thresholds for an appropriate irrigation in potatoes with assessments taken at around 15:00 hours, time in which plants have accumulated enough radiation allowing an appropriate detection of thermal emission under humid conditions.

According to potato experts from ten Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries working together in a community of practice (CoP) over a 3-years period, potato farmers across SSA can increase their current annual production of 10.8 million metric tons by 140% if they had access to high quality seed along with improved management practices. This paper describes this innovative new methodology tested on potato for the first time, combining modelling and a comprehensive online survey through a CoP. The intent was to overcome the paucity of experimental information required for crop modelling. Researchers, whose data contributed to estimating model parameters, participated in the study using Solanum, a crop model developed by the International Potato Center (CIP). The first finding was that model parameters estimated through participatory modelling using experts’ knowledge were good approximations of those obtained experimentally. The estimated yield gap was 58 Mg ha-1, of which 35 corresponded to a research gap (potential yield minus research yield) and 24 to farmers’ gap (research yield minus farmer’s yield). Over a 6-month period, SurveyMonkey, a Web-based platform was used to assess yield gap drivers. The survey revealed that poor quality seed and bacterial wilt were the main yield gap drivers as perceived by survey respondents.

The definition of irrigation schedules depends on the understanding of the response of key plant traits to different water restriction characteristics with the aim to avoid physiological impairment. In this study, different timings (at tuber initiation and bulking) and intensities (four soil moisture levels) of water restriction were tested in the potato crop. The temporal patterns of mid-morning or maximum, light saturated stomatal conductance ( g s_max ), recovery of net photosynthesis ( A recovery ), stem water potential (Ψ stem ), carbon isotope discrimination in tubers (Δ tuber ), plant water concentration ( PWC ), photochemical reflectance index ( PRI ) and crop water stress index ( CWSI ) were analyzed. Early-severe water restriction caused a drastic yield reduction, with low recovery of physiological responses ( g s_max , Δ tuber , Ψ stem , CWSI , A recovery ) after 15 days of post-restriction irrigation and even a continued reduction of some of them ( PWC , PRI ). It also caused a prolonged g s_max reduction below 0.05 mol H 2 O m −2 s −1 (≈ 5 μmol CO 2 m −2 s −1 of net photosynthesis) suggesting that this value defines a physiological severity threshold in potato, under which a metabolic impairment occurs. CWSI and PRI showed a close linear (R 2 = 0.76) and no linear (natural logarithm function, R 2 = 0.67) relationship with g s_max respectively. In cloudless dry environments, irrigation schedules in potato should aim to avoiding CWSI values higher than 0.4, especially until before of maximum canopy cover establishment. A close relationship between A recovery at maximum stress moment and yield reduction was found. The strong relationship between the measured traits (except PWC and Ψ stem ) and final yield at maximum stress moment found in the present study warrants further research on drought phenotyping immediately before post-restriction irrigation or when the defined severity threshold in potato is reached.

Access to Water and Nitrogen (N) are key challenges in potato crop management that could be optimized through understanding related agronomic and physiological traits. The responses to water deficit and two levels of nitrogen (0 and 200 kg N.ha-1) were assessed here for agronomic and physiological traits for potato genotypes UNICA, Achirana-INTA, and CIP397077.16, chosen for their short vegetative period (90–-110 days) and tolerance to water deficit. Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) was greatly reduced in all genotypes under drought, even dropping to nearly zero. Despite this, the tuber yield and total biomass reduction of around 50 % for all genotypes could be alleviated with N application. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), chlorophyll content (SPAD), and Canopy cover (CC) were found to be good indicators for predicting nitrogen deficits and detecting early stress by drought. Overall, each genotype had different strategies to manage N and cope with drought stress. UNICA was the most efficient genotype at using the N present in the soil and tolerating drought stress, while Achirana-INTA was most affected by drought in terms of NUE. Based on the results, it is suggested that maximum fertilizer use efficiency can be obtained with low N rates applied under well-watered conditions. Improved NUE and a greater understanding of the physiological response of crops to drought stress and N fertilization will help to reduce fertilizer use, lessening the effects of water contamination and improving input efficiency.