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This study provides a preliminary phylogeny of the Celtis species from the neotropical region with emphasis on the South American species. We analyzed 19 taxa using the plastid psbA-trnH and nuclear ITS 4-5, and FA16180b markers. The sequence data were analyzed using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference. The South American species were highly supported as monophyletic, while the North American species were recovered as paraphyletic. The endocarp morphology corroborated the lineages within the molecular phylogeny and helps to differentiate the species, to recognize a new species Celtis serratissima, and to reestablish two previously known species, Celtis clausseniana (Wedd.) Miq. and Celtis spinosissima (Wedd.) Miq. These three species emerged among one of the three lineages of the tropical South American species. Celtis serratissima is thus described, illustrated, and compared to its most closely related species.

El género Celtis L. (Celtidaceae) comprende unos 70 taxones de árboles o arbustos de regiones templadas y tropicales. En la Argentina habitan cuatro especies, todas pertenecientes al subgénero Mertensia Planch., cuya similitud y variabilidad inter e intraespecíicas han generado confusiones taxonómicas dentro del grupo. Un caso emblemático es el de C. pallida Torr. y C. tala Gillies ex Planch., considerados sinónimos de C. ehrenbergiana (Klotzsch) Liebm. Como estas entidades son claramente diferenciables a campo, se realizó la revisión taxonómica de dichos taxones. Tras un extenso muestreo, un estudio morfológico detallado y a través de un Análisis de Componentes Principales y de Conglomerados, se concluyó que lo considerado en Argentina como C. ehrenbergiana, abarca tres entidades: C. tala, C. pallida var. pallida y C. pallida var. discolor Hunz. & Dottori, y se propone la rehabilitación de dichos taxones. Asimismo, los resultados de los Análisis de la Varianza y de Similitud corroboran diferencias signiicativas (p-valor < 0.05) entre grupos. Se establecieron como caracteres de mayor importancia taxonómica: porte de los individuos, textura de corteza, pilosidad de láminas, nervaduras y pecíolos, espinas estipulares/ramas espinosas, abundancia y aspecto de domacios. Además, algunos especímenes de C. pallida son morfológicamente intermedios entre ambas variedades, por lo cual su identidad será esclarecida por medio del uso de herramientas moleculares. The genus Celtis (Celtidaceae) comprises around 70 temperate to tropical woody taxa . In Argentina there appear four species, all of them belonging in the subgenus Mertensia Planch., whose inter and intraspeciic morphological variability and similarity has generated widespread taxonomic confusions. One of the most emblematic cases is that of C. ehrenbergiana (Klotzsch) Liebm., considered a very ample taxon encompassing both C. pallida Torr. and C. tala Gillies ex Planch. Given that both latter entities are clearly distinguishable in the ield, a morphological and taxonomic revision was performed. After extensive sampling, a detailed morphological study and through a Principal Components and Conglomerates Analysis, it was concluded that what is considered as C. ehrenbergiana in Argentina, actually involves three entities: C. tala, C. pallida var. pallida and C. pallida var. discolor Hunz. & Dottori, and the rehabilitation of those taxa is proposed. The Variance and Similarity Analysis results support signiicant differences (p-value < 0.05) between groups. The following relevant taxonomical characters were established: habit of the individual, bark pattern, pubescence of leaf blades, nerves and petioles, stipular spines/spiny branches, domacia aspect and abundance. Besides, some C. pallida specimens are morphologically intermediate between both varieties, and therefore their proper identity will be clariied through the use of molecular tools. Fil: Asmus, Jorgelina Pamela. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Biología. Cátedra de Botánica Morfológica y Sistemática Agronómica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; Argentina Fil: Chamorro, Débora Cintia. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Biología. Cátedra de Botánica Morfológica y Sistemática Agronómica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; Argentina Fil: Mogni, Virginia Yanina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Biología. Cátedra de Botánica Morfológica y Sistemática Agronómica; Argentina Fil: Oakley, Luis Jorge. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Biología. Cátedra de Botánica Morfológica y Sistemática Agronómica; Argentina Fil: Prado, Darien Eros. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Biología. Cátedra de Botánica Morfológica y Sistemática Agronómica; Argentina

The Gran Chaco is a wide ecologic-geographic region comprising northern Argentina, western Paraguay, southern Bolivia and the southwestern extreme of Brazil. This region exhibits extreme temperatures, annually regular frosts, and sedimentary soils; it has been dramatically threatened by agriculture expansion in recent decades. Therefore, increasing knowledge of plant diversity is critical for conservation purposes. We present a Legume checklist of the Gran Chaco ecoregion including conservation status of its endemic species. Leguminosae is the third most diverse plant family in the Neotropics. Assuming a rigorous spatial definition of the Gran Chaco, we recorded 98 genera, 362 species, and 404 specific and infraspecific taxa. Endemic/typical taxa were 17%, comparable to adjacent tropical plant formations, and they were found in higher percentages in Caesalpinioideae (24%) and Cercidoideae (33%) than Papilionoideae (11%) subfamily. We also analyzed the plant diversity comparing lineages and subregions. The Gran Chaco Legumes are predominantly widespread generalists, or they belong to either Chaco sensu stricto or Neotropical Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest (SDTF) lineages. Though the Humid Chaco registered the highest species richness, Dry Chaco and Sierra Chaco, the most threatrened subregions, exhibited the highest percentages of exclusive and proper Chaco-lineage species. These results suggest that diversification of Legumes has been most relevant in Dry Chaco and Sierra Chaco, probably by their more demanding and harsh environmental conditions limiting the dispersion of generalists or intrusive-invading species. This study is paramount to reach an improved delimitation of the Gran Chaco ecoregion in transitional areas with the SDTF and Cerrado formations. Conservation status is critical in genera of high economic interest, such as Arachis, Mimosa and Prosopis. At least one third of endemic taxa exhibit a critical status of conservation or are endangered, many of them being relevant to inbreeding program or exhibiting multiple economic uses. Fil: Morales, Matias. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Morón. Facultad de Agronomía y Ciencias Agroalimentarias; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales. Instituto de Recursos Biológicos; Argentina Fil: Oakley, Luis Jorge. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. International Union for Conservation of Nature; Reino Unido Fil: Sartori, Ángela L. B.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales. Instituto de Recursos Biológicos; Argentina. Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul; Brasil Fil: Mogni, Virginia Yanina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina Fil: Atahuachi, Margoth. Universidad Mayor de San Simón; Bolivia Fil: Vanni, Ricardo Oscar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Fortunato, Renée Hersilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales. Instituto de Recursos Biológicos; Argentina Fil: Prado, Darien Eros. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; Argentina

Cynophalla polyantha (Capparaceae), new record for the Argentine flora. This paper records for the first time the presence in the Argentine flora of the small tree Cynophalla polyantha (Triana & Planch.) Cornejo & Iltis (Capparaceae), which was recently found in the north of the province of Salta, close to the Bolivian border.

WE AGREE WITH Kuemmerle et al. that the forests in the Gran Chaco region are under massive threat, underprotected, and deserving of greater attention from scientists and conservationists. We could have included the Chaco woodlands in our analyses, and their distinctive flora would have reinforced

The Anacardiaceae is an important and worldwide distributed family of ecological and socio-economic relevance. Notwithstanding that, molecular studies in this family are scarce and problematic because of the particularly high concentration of secondary metabolites—i.e. tannins and oleoresins—that are present in almost all tissues of the many members of the group, which complicate the purification and amplification of the DNA. The objective of this work was to improve an available DNA isolation method for Schinopsis spp. and other related Anacardiaceae, as well as the PCR protocols for DNA amplification of the chloroplast trnL-F, rps16 and ndhF and nuclear ITS–ETS fragments. The modifications proposed allowed the extraction of 70–120 µg of non-degraded genomic DNA per gram of dry tissue that resulted useful for PCR amplification. PCR reactions produced the expected fragments that could be directly sequenced. Sequence analyses of amplicons showed similarity with the corresponding Schinopsis accessions available at GenBank. The methodology presented here can be routinely applied for molecular studies of the group aimed to clarify not only aspects on the molecular biology but also the taxonomy and phylogeny of this fascinating group of vascular plants. Fil: Mogni, Virginia Yanina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina Fil: Kahan, Mariano Ariel. SINERGIUM Biotech; Argentina Fil: de Queiroz, Luciano Paganucci. Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana; Brasil Fil: Vesprini, Jose Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina Fil: Ortiz, Juan Pablo Amelio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina Fil: Prado, Darien Eros. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina

Seasonally dry tropical forests are distributed across Latin America and the Caribbean and are highly threatened, with less than 10% of their original extent remaining in many countries. Using 835 inventories covering 4660 species of woody plants, we show marked floristic turnover among inventories and regions, which may be higher than in other neotropical biomes, such as savanna. Such high floristic turnover indicates that numerous conservation areas across many countries will be needed to protect the full diversity of tropical dry forests. Our results provide a scientific framework within which national decision-makers can contextualize the floristic significance of their dry forest at a regional and continental scale., This paper is the result of the Latin American and Caribbean Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest Floristic Network (DRYFLOR), which has been supported at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh by a Leverhulme Trust International Network Grant (IN-074). This work was also supported by the U.K. Natural Environment Research Council grant NE/ I028122/1; Colciencias Ph.D. scholarship 529; Synthesys Programme GBTAF-2824; the NSF (NSF 1118340 and 1118369); the Instituto Humboldt (IAvH)–Red colombiana de investigación y monitoreo en bosque seco; the Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI; Tropi-Dry, CRN2-021, funded by NSF GEO 0452325); Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR); and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). The data reported in this paper are available at www.dryflor.info. R.T.P. conceived the study. M.P., A.O.-F., K.B.-R., R.T.P., and J.W. designed the DRYFLOR database system. K.B.-R. and K.G.D. carried out most analyses. K.B.-R. R.T.P., and K.G.D. wrote the manuscript with substantial input from A.D.-S., R.L.-P., A.O.-F., D.P., C.Q., and R.R.