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182 results on '"Forest Research Institute"'

1. European primary forest database v2.0

Author: Ferenc Horváth, Olli-Pekka Tikkanen, Gintautas Mozgeris, Srđan Keren, Nikolaos Grigoriadis, Matthias Schickhofer, Tobias Kuemmerle, Sabina Burrascano, Dmitry Aksenov, Stjepan Mikac, Jerzy Szwagrzyk, Jonas Stillhard, Erik Buchwald, Tomáš Vrška, Asiya Zagidullina, Rein Midteng, Roman Volosyanchuk, Ángel B. Fernández López, Alen Kiš, Tzvetan Zlatanov, Matteo Garbarino, Elvin Toromani, Leónia Nunes, Momchil Panayotov, Fabio Lombardi, Laurent Larrieu, Radu Nicolae Melu, Martin Mikoláš, Inês Duarte, Mara Kitenberga, Bojan Simovski, Marcus Waldherr, Alejandro Ruete, Peter Meyer, Ann Kraut, José A. Atauri, Eugénie Cateau, Maxim Yermokhin, Rok Pisek, Pierre L. Ibisch, Hendrik Bluhm, Dejan Stojanović, Bratislav Matović, Zoltan Kun, Abdulla Diku, Francesco Maria Sabatini, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg (MLU), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Frankfurt Zoological Society, NGO 'Transparent World', Instituto Complutense de Estudios Internacionales (ICEI), Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), MINISTRY OF THE DANISH ENVIRONMENT NATURE AGENCY GRAESTED DNK, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Réserves Naturelles de France, PSEDA ILIRIA ORGANIZATION TIRANA ALB, Centre for Applied Ecology 'Prof. Baeta Neves' (CEABN – InBIO), School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Parque Nacional de Garajonay, Università degli studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienze Agarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), Forest Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Vassilika, Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Va´cra´to´t, Hungary, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Latvian State Forest Research Institute 'Silava', Institute for Nature Conservation of Vojvodina Province, University of Tartu, Dynamiques et écologie des paysages agriforestiers (DYNAFOR), École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), CNPF-CRPF Occitanie, Institute of Computer Science [University of Tartu, Estonie], University of Novi Sad, World Wide Fund for Nature, Northwest German Forest Research Institute, Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS) ETN-WIE-FZS-001, European Commission Joint Research Centre 658876, Department for Nature Protection of the Italian Ministry of the Environment, Land and Sea Protection, Region Pays de la LoireRegion OccitanieRegion Ile-de-France, Czech Science Foundation (Grant GACR) 21-27454S, institutional project EVA CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000803, Ministry of Education, Science & Technological Development, Serbia 451-03-9/2021-14/200197, German Research Foundation (DFG), Sabatini F.M., Bluhm H., Kun Z., Aksenov D., Atauri J.A., Buchwald E., Burrascano S., Cateau E., Diku A., Duarte I.M., Fernandez Lopez A.B., Garbarino M., Grigoriadis N., Horvath F., Keren S., Kitenberga M., Kis A., Kraut A., Ibisch P.L., Larrieu L., Lombardi F., Matovic B., Melu R.N., Meyer P., Midteng R., Mikac S., Mikolas M., Mozgeris G., Panayotov M., Pisek R., Nunes L., Ruete A., Schickhofer M., Simovski B., Stillhard J., Stojanovic D., Szwagrzyk J., Tikkanen O.-P., Toromani E., Volosyanchuk R., Vrska T., Waldherr M., Yermokhin M., Zlatanov T., Zagidullina A., and Kuemmerle T.
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Statistics and Probability, Data Descriptor, Conservation of Natural Resources, Databases, Factual, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Science, Forest management, Biodiversity, Potential natural vegetation, Library and Information Sciences, Forests, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Education, Databases, Forest ecology, ddc:550, Conservation of Natural Resource, Factual, database, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, European primary forest, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, geography.geographical_feature_category, Agroforestry, Conservation biology, 15. Life on land, Old-growth forest, Field (geography), 550 Geowissenschaften, Computer Science Applications, Europe, Geography, Disturbance (ecology), Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty, Information Systems
Abstract: Primary forests, defined here as forests where the signs of human impacts, if any, are strongly blurred due to decades without forest management, are scarce in Europe and continue to disappear. Despite these losses, we know little about where these forests occur. Here, we present a comprehensive geodatabase and map of Europe’s known primary forests. Our geodatabase harmonizes 48 different, mostly field-based datasets of primary forests, and contains 18,411 individual patches (41.1 Mha) spread across 33 countries. When available, we provide information on each patch (name, location, naturalness, extent and dominant tree species) and the surrounding landscape (biogeographical regions, protection status, potential natural vegetation, current forest extent). Using Landsat satellite-image time series (1985–2018) we checked each patch for possible disturbance events since primary forests were identified, resulting in 94% of patches free of significant disturbances in the last 30 years. Although knowledge gaps remain, ours is the most comprehensive dataset on primary forests in Europe, and will be useful for ecological studies, and conservation planning to safeguard these unique forests., Measurement(s)Geographic DistributionTechnology Type(s)digital curationFactor Type(s)countrySample Characteristic - Environmentprimary forestSample Characteristic - LocationEurope Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14540625
Published: 2021
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2. The contribution of insects to global forest deadwood decomposition

Author: David B. Lindenmayer, Michael D. Ulyshen, Wolfgang W. Weisser, Hassan Barimani Varandi, Jacques S. Rakotondranary, Jacques Beauchêne, Romina Daiana Fernandez, Gergely Boros, Jean-Baptiste Ramanamanjato, Stephen M. Pawson, Joakim Hjältén, Petr Baldrian, Grizelle González, Erika Berenguer, Jari Kouki, Naili Zhang, Hervé Brustel, Torsten Hothorn, Sung-Soo Yoon, John O'Halloran, Yu Liu, Sharif A. Mukul, Byambagerel Suran, Philip J. Burton, Pablo E. Martina, Liana Chesini Rossi, Sebastian Seibold, Jürgen Schmidl, Stefan Hotes, Tyler P. Cobb, Janina Lorz, Kurtis Nisbet, Jorge Castro, Stephen Seaton, Anne Oxbrough, Roxana Aragón, Jennifer Firn, Werner Rammer, Roland Brandl, Thibault Lachat, Tone Birkemoe, Jos Barlow, Nina Farwig, Mark Schulze, Martin M. Gossner, Jeev Nath Pandey, Soyeon Bae, Ya-Huang Luo, Simon Thorn, Baatarbileg Nachin, Tim Wardlaw, Kee Seng Gan, Yvonne Tété Cakpo-Tossou, Jie Liu, Claus Bässler, Ganesh Thyagarajan, Yagya Prasad Adhikari, Damasa M. Macandog, Claudia Hemp, Tomáš Pavlíček, Osmo Heikkala, Jan Christian Habel, Marisa J. Stone, Christian Hébert, Christoph Heibl, Nigel E. Stork, Rupert Seidl, Rodrigo Scarton Bergamin, Eugénie Cateau, Jörg Müller, Andreas Hemp, Anne Sverdrup-Thygeson, Marc W. Cadotte, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg [Wurtzbourg, Allemagne] (JMU), University of Toronto [Scarborough, Canada], Climate Change Institute at the Australian National University, Australian National University (ANU), University of Bayreuth, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales [Mendoza] (CONICET-IANIGLA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo [Mendoza] (UNCUYO), University of Würzburg, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences (MBU / CAS), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), University of Mazandaran, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), CENTRE FOR ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH VACRATOT HUN, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Philipps University of Marburg, Dynamiques et écologie des paysages agriforestiers (DYNAFOR), École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Northern British Columbia [Prince George] (UNBC), University of Abomey Calavi (UAC), University of Granada [Granada], Réserves Naturelles de France, Royal Alberta Museum, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET), Queensland University of Technology [Brisbane] (QUT), Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, University of Salzburg, Canadian Forest Service - CFS (CANADA), Bavarian Forest National Park, Eurofins Ahma Oy, Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), Technical University of Munich, Berchtesgaden National Park, University of Zurich, USDA Forest Service, University of Toronto Scarborough, The Australian National University, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Centre of Mazandaran, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Universite de Guyane, University of Oxford, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Centre for Ecological Research, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Marburg, UMR 1201 Dynafor, University of Northern British Columbia, University of Abomey-Calavi, University of Granada, Queensland University of Technology, Institute for Future Environments, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Canadian Forest Service, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Chuo University, University of Eastern Finland, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, East China Normal University, University of the Philippines Los Banos, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, University of the Sunshine Coast, National University of Mongolia, Griffith University, University College Cork, Edge Hill University, Tribhuvan University, University of Haifa, Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute), University of Canterbury, University of Hamburg, Université d’Antananarivo, Tropical Biodiversity and Social Enterprise, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), University Erlangen-Nuremberg, H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Murdoch University, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, University of Tasmania, National Institute of Ecology, and Beijing Forestry University
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Carbon Sequestration, Insecta, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate, International Cooperation, chemistry.chemical_element, Geographic Mapping, Forests, Atmospheric sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Decomposer, Carbon cycle, Carbon Cycle, Trees, Forest ecology, Temperate climate, Animals, Ecosystem, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Multidisciplinary, Taiga, 15. Life on land, Decomposition, Deadwood, Insects, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Ecosystem ecology, Carbon
Abstract: Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:44:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-09-02 The amount of carbon stored in deadwood is equivalent to about 8 per cent of the global forest carbon stocks1. The decomposition of deadwood is largely governed by climate2–5 with decomposer groups—such as microorganisms and insects—contributing to variations in the decomposition rates2,6,7. At the global scale, the contribution of insects to the decomposition of deadwood and carbon release remains poorly understood7. Here we present a field experiment of wood decomposition across 55 forest sites and 6 continents. We find that the deadwood decomposition rates increase with temperature, and the strongest temperature effect is found at high precipitation levels. Precipitation affects the decomposition rates negatively at low temperatures and positively at high temperatures. As a net effect—including the direct consumption by insects and indirect effects through interactions with microorganisms—insects accelerate the decomposition in tropical forests (3.9% median mass loss per year). In temperate and boreal forests, we find weak positive and negative effects with a median mass loss of 0.9 per cent and −0.1 per cent per year, respectively. Furthermore, we apply the experimentally derived decomposition function to a global map of deadwood carbon synthesized from empirical and remote-sensing data, obtaining an estimate of 10.9 ± 3.2 petagram of carbon per year released from deadwood globally, with 93 per cent originating from tropical forests. Globally, the net effect of insects may account for 29 per cent of the carbon flux from deadwood, which suggests a functional importance of insects in the decomposition of deadwood and the carbon cycle. Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Group School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich Berchtesgaden National Park Epidemiology Biostatistics and Prevention Institute University of Zurich Southern Research Station USDA Forest Service Field Station Fabrikschleichach University of Würzburg Biological Sciences University of Toronto Scarborough Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Department of Biogeography University of Bayreuth Department of Disturbance Ecology University of Bayreuth Instituto de Ecología Regional CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Tucumán Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology University of Würzburg Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology Institute of Microbiology The Czech Academy of Sciences Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Centre of Mazandaran Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Universidade Federal de Lavras Department of Biodiversity Conservation Goethe-University Frankfurt Bavarian Forest National Park CIRAD UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane (EcoFoG) AgroParisTech CNRS INRA Universite des Antilles Universite de Guyane Environmental Change Institute University of Oxford Grassland Vegetation Lab Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences Institute of Ecology and Botany Centre for Ecological Research Institute for Wildlife Management and Nature Conservation Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences Animal Ecology University of Marburg École d’Ingénieurs de Purpan Université de Toulouse UMR 1201 Dynafor Ecosystem Science and Management Program University of Northern British Columbia Laboratory of Applied Ecology University of Abomey-Calavi Department of Ecology University of Granada Réserves Naturelles de France Royal Alberta Museum Conservation Ecology University of Marburg Science and Engineering Faculty Queensland University of Technology Centre for the Environment Institute for Future Environments Forest Research Institute Malaysia International Institute of Tropical Forestry USDA Forest Service Forest Entomology Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Evolutionary Zoology University of Salzburg Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service Eurofins Ahma Oy Department of Plant Systematics University of Bayreuth Department of Wildlife Fish and Environmental Studies Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Applied Landscape Ecology Chuo University School of Forest Sciences University of Eastern Finland School of Agricultural Forest and Food Sciences Bern University of Applied Sciences CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences ECNU-Alberta Joint Lab for Biodiversity Study Tiantong National Station for Forest Ecosystem Research East China Normal University Institute of Biological Sciences University of the Philippines Los Banos Department of Thermodynamics Universidad Nacional del Nordeste Tropical Forests and People Research Centre University of the Sunshine Coast Forest Ecosystem Monitoring Laboratory National University of Mongolia School of Environment and Science Griffith University School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences University College Cork Edge Hill University Institute of Forestry Tribhuvan University Institute of Evolution University of Haifa Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute) School of Forestry University of Canterbury Institute of Zoology University of Hamburg Faculté des Sciences Université d’Antananarivo Tropical Biodiversity and Social Enterprise Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Estadual Paulista Ecology Group University Erlangen-Nuremberg H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest Environmental and Conservation Sciences Murdoch University Environmental Futures Research Institute Griffith University Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment ARC Centre for Forest Value University of Tasmania Terrestrial Ecology Research Group School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich EcoBank Team National Institute of Ecology College of Forestry Beijing Forestry University Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Estadual Paulista
Published: 2021
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3. Ecology, growth and management of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), a non-native species integrated into European forests

Author: Cornelia Hernea, Maria Cristina Monteverdi, Robert Brus, Branislav Cvjetković, Vasyl Lavnyy, Tibor Benčať, Radosław Wąsik, Dušan Roženbergar, Godefridus M. J. Mohren, Marcin Klisz, Jean Charles Bastien, Sanja Perić, Ljiljana Keca, Nicola La Porta, Valeriu-Norocel Nicolescu, Torsten Vor, William L. Mason, Károly Rédei, Elizabeth Pöetzelsberger, Martina Đodan, Dejan Mandžukovski, Brigitte Musch, Michal Pástor, Deborah Bartlett, Krasimira Petkova, Siniša Andrašev, Transylvania University of Brasov, Hungarian Forest Research Institute (ERTI), Forest Research, Northern Research Station, The Roslin Institute, Georg-August-University [Göttingen], University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Biologie intégrée pour la valorisation de la diversité des Arbres et de la Forêt (BioForA), Office National des Forêts (ONF)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Ljubljana, Technical University in Zvolen (TUZVO), Croatian Forest Research Institute, University of Banja Luka, Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment, University of Novi Sad, Fondazione Edmund Mach - Edmund Mach Foundation [Italie] (FEM), Ukrainian National Forestry University (UNFU), Makedonski Sumi, Forestry University of Sofia, UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FACULTY OF FORESTRY KRAKOW POL, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (CREA), Department of Forest Ecology, University of Belgrade [Belgrade], University of Greenwich, and Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (USAMVBT)
Subjects: Black locust biology, black locust ecology, silvicultural systems, 0106 biological sciences, Settore BIO/03 - BOTANICA AMBIENTALE E APPLICATA, Q1, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Invasive species, Basal shoot, Coppicing, [SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, Temperate climate, Climate change, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Silviculture, Black locust, Biomass (ecology), biology, Ecology, Robinia, Forestry, 15. Life on land, PE&RC, biology.organism_classification, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Invasiveness, Management, Agronomy, Black locust · Ecology · Invasiveness · Climate change · Management, Pruning, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), a species native to the eastern North America, was introduced to Europe probably in 1601 and currently extends over 2.3 × 106 ha. It has become naturalized in all sub-Mediterranean and temperate regions rivaling Populus spp. as the second most planted broadleaved tree species worldwide after Eucalyptus spp. This wide-spreading planting is because black locust is an important multipurpose species, producing wood, fodder, and a source of honey as well as bio-oil and biomass. It is also important for carbon sequestration, soil stabilization and re-vegetation of landfills, mining areas and wastelands, in biotherapy and landscaping. In Europe, black locust is drought tolerant so grows in areas with annual precipitation as low as 500–550 mm. It tolerates dry, nutrient poor soils but grows best on deep, nutrient-rich, well-drained soils. It is a fast-growing tree and the height, diameter and volume growth peak before the age of 20. It mostly regenerates vegetatively by root suckers under a simple coppice system, which is considered the most cost-effective management system. It also regenerates, but less frequently, by stool sprouts. Its early silviculture in production forests includes release cutting to promote root suckers rather than stool shoots, and cleaning-respacing to remove low-quality stems, reduce the number of shoots per stool, and adjust spacing between root suckers. In addition, early, moderate and frequent thinning as well as limited pruning are carried out focusing on crop trees. The species is regarded as invasive in several European countries and its range here is expected to expand under predicted climate changes.
Published: 2020
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4. Continental mapping of forest ecosystem functions reveals a high but unrealised potential for forest multifunctionality

Author: Stephan Kambach, Hervé Jactel, Yohan Charbonnier, Bart Muys, Ewa Chećko, Andrea Coppi, Lars Gamfeldt, Sandra Cristina Müller, Timo Domisch, Bastien Castagneyrol, Charles A. Nock, Sophia Ratcliffe, Josep Peñuelas, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Julia Koricheva, Fons van der Plas, Jan Stenlid, Bettina Ohse, Eric Allan, Jens Kattge, Stephan Hättenschwiler, Miguel A. Zavala, Lars Vesterdal, Lander Baeten, Alain Paquette, Kris Verheyen, Charlotte Grossiord, Damien Bonal, Monique Carnol, Jürgen Bauhus, François-Xavier Joly, Leena Finér, Rupert Seidl, Paloma Ruiz-Benito, Tommaso Jucker, Mariangela N. Fotelli, Luc Barbaro, Markus Fischer, Peter Manning, Georges Kunstler, Adam Benneter, Johan Van Keer, Aleksi Lehtonen, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Diem Nguyen, Evy Ampoorter, Arthur Gessler, Marc Deconchat, Bogdan Jaroszewicz, Kalliopi Radoglou, Olivier Bouriaud, Jonas Dahlgren, Christian Wirth, Pallieter De Smedt, Harriet Milligan, Virginie Guyot, Mario Liebergesell, Fernando Valladares, Martina Pollastrini, Raquel Benavides, Filippo Bussotti, Federico Selvi, Cristina C. Bastias, André Granier, Karsten Raulund-Rasmussen, Seid Muhie Dawud, Hans De Wandeler, Gerald Kaendler, Josephine Haase, Fabian Roger, Helge Bruelheide, German Research Foundation, European Commission, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación (España), UNIVESITY OF BERN CHE, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Fakultät für Physik und Geowissenschaften [Leipzig], Universität Leipzig [Leipzig], UNIVERSITY OF STIRLING GBR, UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG DEU, GHENT UNIVERSITY BEL, UNIVERSIDAD DE ALCALA ESP, Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), CSIC MNCN MADRID ESP, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), University Stefan cel Mare of Suceava (USU), GERMAN CENTRE FOR INTEGRATIVE BIODIVERSITY RESEARCH LEIPZIG DEU, UNIVERSITY OF FIRENZE ITA, UNIVERSITY OF LIEGE BEL, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), UNIVERSITY OF WARSAW POL, UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN DNK, CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN BEL, NATURAL RESOURCES INSTITUTE OF FINLAND JOENSUU FIN, FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THESSALONIKI VASSILIKA GRC, WSL BIRMENSDORF CHE, LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY USA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE GBR, MARTIN LUTHER UNIVERSITY HALLE DEU, FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE BADEN WURTTEMBERG DEU, ROYAL HOLLOWAY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON GBR, Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne (UR LESSEM), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), UNIVERSITY OF BERN CHE, UNIVERSITE DU QUEBEC MONTREAL CAN, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), and Systems Ecology
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, upscaling, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate, Forest management, Biodiversity, Forests, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, tree communities, Ecosystem services, Phylogenetic diversity, forest, Forest ecology, Upscaling, Large‐scale, Humans, Ecosystem, Forest, Recreation, climate, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ecosystem multifunctionality, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, SDG 15 - Life on Land, biodiversity, Ecosystem multifunctionality, Forest inventory, Land use, Ecology, FunDivEUROPE, Tree communities, 15. Life on land, Europe, Geography, Ecosystems Research, large-scale, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, phylogenetic diversity, ecosystem services
Abstract: Humans require multiple services from ecosystems, but it is largely unknown whether trade‐offs between ecosystem functions prevent the realisation of high ecosystem multifunctionality across spatial scales. Here, we combined a comprehensive dataset (28 ecosystem functions measured on 209 forest plots) with a forest inventory dataset (105,316 plots) to extrapolate and map relationships between various ecosystem multifunctionality measures across Europe. These multifunctionality measures reflected different management objectives, related to timber production, climate regulation and biodiversity conservation/recreation. We found that trade‐offs among them were rare across Europe, at both local and continental scales. This suggests a high potential for ‘win‐win’ forest management strategies, where overall multifunctionality is maximised. However, across sites, multifunctionality was on average 45.8‐49.8% below maximum levels and not necessarily highest in protected areas. Therefore, using one of the most comprehensive assessments so far, our study suggests a high but largely unrealised potential for management to promote multifunctional forests., This paper is a joint effort of the working group ‘Scaling biodiversity‐ecosystem functioning relations: a synthesis based on the FunDivEUROPE research platforms’ on the 24th–26th November 2014 in Leipzig, Germany, kindly supported by sDiv, the Synthesis Centre of the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig, funded by the German Research Foundation (FZT 118). The FunDivEUROPE project received funding from the European Union's Seventh Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreement No. 265171. We thank the MAGRAMA for access to the Spanish Forest Inventory, the Johann Heinrich von Thünen‐Institut for access to the German National Forest Inventories, the Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE) for making the Finnish NFI data available, the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences for making the Swedish NFI data available, and Hugues Lecomte, from the Walloon Forest Inventory, for access to the Walloon NFI data. The study was supported by the TRY initiative on plant traits (http://www.trydb.org).
Published: 2018
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5. Knowledge gaps about mixed forests : What do European forest managers want to know and what answers can science provide?

Author: Maciej Pach, Zoran Govedar, Dejan Stojanović, Sanja Perić, Anna Barbati, Magnus Löf, Lluís Coll, Lauri Valsta, Andrés Bravo-Oviedo, Ervin Rasztovits, Marek Metslaid, Tzvetan Zlatanov, Kris Verheyen, Peter Spathelf, Catherine Collet, Mário Pereira, Barbara Ferrari, Hubert Sterba, Susana Barreiro, Jiri Kulhavy, Dagnija Lazdina, Ian Short, Bill Mason, Frits Mohren, Aitor Ameztegui, Quentin Ponette, Ioan Vasile Abrudan, Kamil Bielak, University of Lleida (UL), Forest Technology Centre of Catalonia, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Laboratoire d'Etudes des Ressources Forêt-Bois (LERFoB), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Forest Research, Northern Research Station, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Ghent University, University of Transilvania, Tuscia University, University of Lisbon, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Universitad de Valladolid, Spanish National Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), University of Banja Luka, Mendel University in Brno, Latvian State Forest Research Institute 'Silava', Estonian University of Life Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Center (WUR), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Croatian Forest Research Institute, University of Western Hungary, Teagasc Agriculture and Food Development Authority (Teagasc), Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development (HNE), Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), University of Novi Sad, Forest Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Department of Forest Sciences, Lauri Valsta / Principal Investigator, Forest Bioeconomy, Business and Sustainability, Forest Economics, Business and Society, Centre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria = National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Mendel University in Brno (MENDELU), Estonian University of Life Sciences (EMU), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), and Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, Sociology of scientific knowledge, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Review, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY, Marketing, media_common, 4112 Forestry, forêt mélangée, Environmental resource management, mixed forests, NORWAY SPRUCE, Forestry, Research challenges| Ecosystem services, PE&RC, BIODIVERSITY EXPERIMENTS, PRODUCTIVITY INCREASES, Process (engineering), media_common.quotation_subject, enquête auprès des professionnels, ECOSYSTEM MULTIFUNCTIONALITY, Resistance (psychoanalysis), TREE SPECIES-DIVERSITY, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, 010603 evolutionary biology, Adaptability, Goods and services, Participatory process, TEMPORAL DYNAMICS, BOREAL FORESTS, forester, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Set (psychology), SCOTS PINE, Forest management and functioning, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Nature and Landscape Conservation, RESEARCH QUESTIONS, business.industry, Citizen journalism, Research challenges, Forest stability, 15. Life on land, Species mixtures, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, forestier, Business, Species mixturesReviewForest management and functioningParticipatory processResearch challengesEcosystem servicesForest stability, gestionnaire de ressources
Abstract: Research into mixed-forests has increased substantially in the last decades but the extent to which the new knowledge generated meets practitioners' concerns and is adequately transmitted to them is unknown. Here we provide the current state of knowledge and future research directions with regards to 10 questions about mixed-forest functioning and management identified and selected by a range of European forest managers during an extensive participatory process. The set of 10 questions were the highest ranked questions from an online prioritization exercise involving 168 managers from 22 different European countries. In general, the topics of major concern for forest managers coincided with the ones that are at the heart of most research projects. They covered important issues related to the management of mixed forests and the role of mixtures for the stability of forests faced with environmental changes and the provision of ecosystem services to society. Our analysis showed that the current scientific knowledge about these questions was rather variable and particularly low for those related to the management of mixed forests over time and the associated costs. We also found that whereas most research projects have sought to evaluate whether mixed forests are more stable or provide more goods and services than monocultures, there is still little information on the underlying mechanisms and trade-offs behind these effects. Similarly, we identified a lack of knowledge on the spatio-temporal scales at which the effects of mixtures on the resistance and adaptability to environmental changes are operating. Our analysis may help researchers to identify what knowledge needs to be better transferred and to better design future research initiatives meeting practitioner's concerns. This article is based upon work from COST Action FP1206, EuMIXFOR, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). The authors want to specially thank the large number of forest managers that were involved in the participatory process and kindly responded to the surveys. The first author also thanks the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for funding the project AGL2015-70425-R which partly supported his contribution to this study. MM acknowledges support by grant IUT21-4 of the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research and DS support by project III 43007 (2011–2017) from Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Republic of Serbia.
Published: 2018
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6. Advanced spectroscopy-based phenotyping offers a potential solution to the ash dieback epidemic

Author: Rasmus Enderle, Berthold Metzler, Michelle Cleary, Erik Dahl Kjær, Lars-Göran Stener, Vytautas Suchockas, Luis E. Rodriguez-Saona, Pierluigi Bonello, Caterina Villari, Marjan Ghasemkhani, Alfas Pliūra, Lea Vig McKinney, Thomas Kirisits, Arnaud Dowkiw, Diana Marčiulynienė, Lene Rostgaard Nielsen, Facundo Muñoz, Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources, University of Georgia [USA], Biologie intégrée pour la valorisation de la diversité des arbres et de la forêt (BioForA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Office National des Forêts (ONF), Department Forest Protection, Forest Research Institute Baden-Wuerttemberg (FVA), Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Institute of Forest Entomology - Forest Pathology and Forest Protection (IFFF) - Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management [Copenhagen] (IGN), Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Institute of Forestry, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, The Forest Research Institute, Skogforsk, Department of Food Science and Technology, and Kasetsart University
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Biodiversité et Ecologie, lcsh:Medicine, Spectroscopie, Fraxinus, 01 natural sciences, phénotypage, Milieux et Changements globaux, lcsh:Science, Multidisciplinary, Geography, biology, Agroforestry, U10 - Informatique, mathématiques et statistiques, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, Modélisation et simulation, Europe, Population decline, medicine.drug_formulation_ingredient, Phenotype, Natural population growth, Modeling and Simulation, spectrométrie de fourier, Disease Susceptibility, résistance aux maladies, Resource (biology), spectrométrie infrarouge, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Dépérissement terminal, Article, chalarose, Biodiversity and Ecology, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, Epidemics, Keystone species, Plant Diseases, H20 - Maladies des plantes, Resistance (ecology), Spectrum Analysis, lcsh:R, Fraxinus excelsior, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Champignon pathogène, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, 030104 developmental biology, Modélisation, Threatened species, lcsh:Q, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Natural and urban forests worldwide are increasingly threatened by global change resulting from human-mediated factors, including invasions by lethal exotic pathogens. Ash dieback (ADB), incited by the alien invasive fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, has caused large-scale population decline of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) across Europe, and is threatening to functionally extirpate this tree species. Genetically controlled host resistance is a key element to ensure European ash survival and to restore this keystone species where it has been decimated. We know that a low proportion of the natural population of European ash expresses heritable, quantitative resistance that is stable across environments. To exploit this resource for breeding and restoration efforts, tools that allow for effective and efficient, rapid identification and deployment of superior genotypes are now sorely needed. Here we show that Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy of phenolic extracts from uninfected bark tissue, coupled with a model based on soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA), can robustly discriminate between ADB-resistant and susceptible European ash. The model was validated with populations of European ash grown across six European countries. Our work demonstrates that this approach can efficiently advance the effort to save such fundamental forest resource in Europe and elsewhere.
Published: 2018
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7. Tree diversity affects chlorophyllafluorescence and other leaf traits of tree species in a boreal forest

Author: Mariangela N. Fotelli, Ana Garcia Nogales, Charlotte Grossiord, Leena Finér, Arthur Gessler, Damien Bonal, Reto J. Strasser, Kalliopi Radoglou, Martina Pollastrini, Raquel Benavides, Filippo Bussotti, Dept Agri Food Prod & Environm Sci, Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence (UniFI), ept Phys Chem & Nat Syst, Universidad Pablo de Olavide [Sevilla] (UPO), University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Finnish Forest Research Institute, Forest Research Institute, Forest Dynam, Swiss Federal Research Institute, Earth and Environmental Sciences Division [Los Alamos], Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Unit Environm Sci & Management, North-West University [Potchefstroom] (NWU), Marie Curie IEF fellowship (FP7-PEOPLE-IEF), European Project: 265171, Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI), North West University, University of Florence (UNIFI), Albert Ludwigs University, and 22074996 - Strasser, Reto Jörg
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Canopy, Chlorophyll, Specific leaf area, Physiology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], canopée, fluorescence chlorophyllienne, Plant Science, Photosynthetic efficiency, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Fluorescence, forêt mixte, Trees, Species composition, PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACCLIMATION, peuplement monospécifique, Mixed forest, pure forest stand, Botany, boreal forest, Photosynthesis, SCOTS PINE, ELECTRON-TRANSPORT, canopy, EUROPEAN FORESTS, biology, peuplement forestier pur, Chlorophyll A, Crown (botany), WATER AVAILABILITY, FunDivEUROPE, Picea abies, Biodiversity, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, ISOTOPE COMPOSITION, Betula pendula, JUVENILE BEECH, Photosynthetic acclimation, FAGUS-SYLVATICA L, PINUS-SYLVESTRIS L, forêt boréale, Species richness, DROUGHT STRESS, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: An assemblage of tree species with different crown properties creates heterogeneous environments at the canopy level. Changes of functional leaf traits are expected, especially those related to light interception and photosynthesis. Chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) properties in dark-adapted leaves, specific leaf area, leaf nitrogen content (N) and carbon isotope composition (delta C-13) were measured on Picea abies (L.) H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L. and Betula pendula Roth. in monospecific and mixed boreal forests in Europe, in order to test whether they were affected by stand species richness and composition. Photosynthetic efficiency, assessed by induced emission of leaf ChlF, was positively influenced in B. pendula by species richness, whereas P. abies showed higher photosynthetic efficiency in monospecific stands. Pinus sylvestris had different responses when it coexisted with P. abies or B. pendula. The presence of B. pendula, but not of P. abies, in the forest had a positive effect on the efficiency of photosynthetic electron transport and N in P. sylvestris needles, and the photosynthetic responses were positively correlated with an increase of leaf d 13C. These effects on P. sylvestris may be related to high light availability at the canopy level due to the less dense canopy of B. pendula.The different light requirements of coexisting species was the most important factor affecting the distribution of foliage in the canopy, driving the physiological responses of the mixed species.Future research directions claim to enhance the informative potential of the methods to analyse the responses of pure and mixed forests to environmental factors, including a broader set of plant species' functional traits and physiological responses.
Published: 2017
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8. Molecular detection of oomycetes species in water courses

Author: Tomasz Oszako, Katarzyna Sikora, Lassaâd Belbahri, Justyna A. Nowakowska, Bialystok University of Technology, Faculty of Forestry in Hajnówka, Piłsudskiego 8, 17-200 Hajnówka, Poland, Forest Research Institute, Department of Forest Protection, Sękocin Stary, Braci Leśnej 3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland, University of Neuchâtel, Laboratory of Soil Biology, Rue Emile Argand 11, 2009 Neuchâtel, Switzerland, and Forest Research Institute, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Sękocin Stary, Braci Leśnej 3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Phytophthora, Pythium, Biology, forest nurseries, 01 natural sciences, water courses, 03 medical and health sciences, Plant science, Botany, its, pythium, TaqMan probes, Ecology, food and beverages, Forestry, sequencing, phytophthora, SD1-669.5, biology.organism_classification, taqman probes, 030104 developmental biology, ITS, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: In Poland, about 20% of forest nurseries use irrigation water coming from natural superficial reservoirs, presumed to be the first source of infection caused by harmful pathogens belonging to the Oomycota class, especially Phytophthora genus and Pythium genus. The forest nursery is the only place where forest managers can react before pathogens leave it with asymptomatic plants or soil attached to their roots. The aim of this research was detection and identification phytopathogens in water samples. In order to recognise genus Phytophthora or Pythium in water collected from 33 places in five different forest districts in Poland, two DNA-based approaches of identification were applied: (i) the TaqMan probes, and (ii) sequencing of the ITS6/4 region. The genomic DNA was obtained from 17 of 33 investigated water samples. TaqMan probes helped to identify 8 oomycetes present in 17 water samples. Based on ITS rDNA sequencing data, pathogens were identified in 17 cases, and this to the genus level (6 cases) and to the species level (11 cases). In total five Oomycetes species were identified, i.e. 3 Pythium species (Py. citrinum, Py. angustatum, Py. helicoides) and two Phytophthora species (P. lacustris sp. nov. – former taxon Salixsoil, P. gallica sp. nov.).
Published: 2016

9. Four different Phytophthora species that are ableto infect Scots pine seedlings in laboratory conditions

Author: Justyna A. Nowakowska, Ivan Milenković, Tomasz Oszako, Katarzyna Sikora, Miłosz Tkaczyk, Ewa Aniśko, Lassaâd Belbahri, Forest Research Institute, Department of Forest Protection, Braci Le?nej 3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland, e-mail: M.Tkaczyk@ibles.waw.pl, Forest Research Institute, Department of Forest Protection, Braci Le?nej 3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland, Forest Research Institute, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Braci Le?nej 3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland, Forest Research Institute, Department of Silviculture and Genetics of Forest Trees, Braci Le?nej 3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland, Technical University in Bia?ystok, Forest Faculty, Pi?sudskiego 8, 17-200 Hajn?wka, Poland, University of Neuchatel, Laboratory of Soil Biology, Rue Emile Argand 11, 2009 Neuch?tel, Switzerland, and Institute of Forestry Belgrade, Kneza Vi?eslava 3, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Phytophthora cactorum, pinus sylvestris, 01 natural sciences, phytophthora cambivora, 03 medical and health sciences, Phytophthora cambivora, phytophthora cactorum, pathogenicity, European commission, Cost action, Ecology, biology, fungi, Scots pine, food and beverages, Forestry, Pinus sylvestris, SD1-669.5, 030108 mycology & parasitology, biology.organism_classification, Scholarship, Christian ministry, Phytophthora, 010606 plant biology & botany, light microscopy
Abstract: To investigate susceptibility of young Scots pine seedlings to four Phytophthora species: Phytophthora cactorum, Phytophthora cambivora, Phytophthora plurivora and Phytophthora pini; seven-day-old seedlings of Scots pine (15 seedlings per experiment) were infected using agar plugs of the respective species. Control group also consisted of 15 seedlings and was inoculated with sterile agar plugs. Results unambiguously show that after 4.5 days, all seedlings show clear signs of infection and display severe symptoms of tissue damage and necrosis. Moreover, three and two seedlings in the P. cactorum and P. cambivora infected seedlings groups, respectively, collapsed. The length of largest necrosis measured 13.4±3.90 mm and was caused by P. cactorum. To rule out any putative contamination or infection by secondary pathogens, re-isolations of pathogens from infection sites were performed and were positive in 100% of plated pieces of infected seedlings. All re-isolations were, however, negative in the case of the control group. Detailed microscopic analyses of infected tissues of young seedlings confirmed the presence of numerous Phytophthora species inside and on the surface of infected seedlings. Therefore, our results suggest Phytophthora spp. and mainly P. cactorum and P. cambivora as aggressive pathogens of Scots pine seedlings and highlight a putative involvement of these species in the damping off of young Scots pine seedlings frequently observed in forest nurseries.
Published: 2016

10. Phytophthora quercina infections in elevated CO2 concentrations

Author: Małgorzata Borys, Katarzyna Sikora, Katarzyna Kubiak, Tomasz Oszako, Miłosz Tkaczyk, Technical University in Bia?ystok, Forest Faculty, Pi?sudskiego 8, 17-200 Hajn?wka, Poland, Forest Research Institute, Department of Forest Protection, S?kocin Stary, Braci Le?nej 3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland, Forest Research Institute, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, S?kocin Stary, Braci Le?nej 3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland, and Forest Research Institute, Department of Forest Protection, S?kocin Stary, Braci Le?nej 3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland, e-mail: M.Tkaczyk@ibles.waw.pl
Subjects: 040101 forestry, 0106 biological sciences, Actifos, Ecology, biology, European community, education, Forestry, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, SD1-669.5, biology.organism_classification, 01 natural sciences, carbon dioxide concentration, Plant science, Oomycetes, Environmental health, Phytophthora quercina, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Quercus robur, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: In the last decades, a new wave of oak decline has been observed in Poland. The most important pathogenic organisms involved in this phenomenon are probably soil-borne pathogens Phytophthoragenus, especially P. quercina. In this work, we sought to test the influence of elevated CO2 concentration on the susceptibility of oaks (Quercus robur L.) to infection by P. quercina. In order to test the susceptibility of oak fine roots to infection, we applied phosphite-based fertiliser Actifos in 0.6% concentration. One-year-old oak seedlings were grown for one year in greenhouse with either an ambient atmosphere (400 ppm CO2) or an elevated (800 ppm) concentration of CO2. Oaks grown at the elevated CO2 concentration developed longer shoots as proved by statistically significant differences. However, there was no difference in the development of root systems. The application of Actifos had a positive significant effect on the development of shoots and the surface area of fine roots under the elevated CO2 concentration. We would like to thank the ?Evaluation of the health state of forests and an effect of phosphite treatments with the use of photovoltaic SLE (HESOFF)? project, which is co-financed by The European Community according to LIFE + Program and by the National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management in Poland for financial support during this work. Przemys?aw Szmit
Published: 2016

11. Prospects for agricultural lands afforestation in Poland until 2020

Author: Wojciech Młynarski, Adam Kaliszewski, Piotr Gołos, Forest Research Institute, Department of Forest Resources Management, S?kocin Stary, Braci Le?nej 3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland, phone: +48 22 7150678, e-mail: a.kaliszewski@ibles.waw.pl, and Forest Research Institute, Department of Forest Resources Management, S?kocin Stary, Braci Le?nej 3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, Forest management, 01 natural sciences, forest cover expansion, Plant science, State (polity), Forest cover, Afforestation, Agricultural policy, agricultural policy, media_common, 040101 forestry, Ecology, business.industry, Environmental resource management, Forestry, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, forest policy, SD1-669.5, Rural development, Geography, Agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, business, rural development, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: The aim of the paper is to present the potential for afforestation of agricultural lands under the ?National Programme for Expanding of Forest Cover? (KPZL) in Poland until 2020. The analysis is based on the ongoing social and economic changes in rural areas in the past decade as well as factors limiting implementation of the Programme. The data used have been derived from annual reports of the Agricultural Property Agency (ANR), the Central Statistical Office and also other official documents and legal acts related to the issue. Assuming that the area of agricultural lands transferred by the ANR to the State Forests Holding ? an institution responsible for implementing the KPZL on state-owned lands ? remains approximately 350 ha per year, the overall extent of afforestation on state-owned lands will not exceed 4,500?4,600 ha until 2020. In case of private lands, a further decline in annual afforestation area will be observed. The lack of a stable financing system is a major reason for the decrease in the area of agricultural lands transferred for afforestation. The projections show that the average annual afforestation area on private lands will not exceed 2,500 ha until 2020. Altogether, it can be expected that during the period 2015?2020, approximately 20,000 ha of agricultural lands will be afforested. The study shows that the current rate of afforestation is insufficient for reaching the target defined in the KPZL (afforestation of 680,000 ha of lands during the period 2001?2020). Low supply of private lands for afforestation and insufficient financial support for farmers are the most important factors limiting the implementation of the KPZL. The situation could be improved by free transfer of public lands for afforestation from the ANR to the State Forests Holding and by implementing financial instruments for afforestation of private lands from the Forest Fund resources. The paper presents the results of the research implemented within the project ?Revision of the ?National Programme for Expanding of Forest Cover? 2014? financed by the National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management to the order of the Minister of the Environment (grant number DLP/16/2014). The authors would like to thank the personnel of the Department of Forest Management at the Directorate-General of the State Forests in Warsaw and to Mr. Stanis?aw ?azowy from the Regional Directorate of the State Forests in Gda?sk for their precious help throughout the project. Przemys?aw Szmit
Published: 2016

12. Evolution-based approach needed for the conservation and silviculture of peripheral forest tree populations

Author: Hojka Kraigher, Hassan Sbay, Urs Mühlethaler, Marjana Westergren, Srdjan Stojnic, Fulvio Ducci, Annika Perry, Maria Carolina Varela, Bruno Fady, Matti Rousi, Colin T. Kelleher, Filippos A. Aravanopoulos, Csaba Mátyás, Sanja Perić, Abdelhamid Khaldi, Giovanni G. Vendramin, Paraskevi Alizoti, Magda Bou Dagher Kharrat, Branislav Cvjetković, Tzvetan Zlatanov, Ivaylo Tsvetkov, Martina Tijardović, Koen Kramer, Gerhard Huber, Piero Belletti, Georg von Wühlisch, Unité de Recherches Forestières Méditerranéennes (URFM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Faculty of Agriculture, Forest Science & Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Institute of Environmental and Earth Sciences [Sopron] (NRRC), University of West Hungary [Sopron], Institute of Forest Genetics, Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institut, Slovenian Forestry Institute, DISAFA Agricultural Genetics, University of Turin, Faculty of Forestry, University of Banja Luka, Forestry Research Centre, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (CREA), Bavarian Institute for Forest Seeding and Planting, DBN Plant Molecular Laboratory, National Botanic Gardens of Ireland, Institut National de Recherche en Génie Rural Eaux et Forêts (INRGREF), Ecole Nationale du Génie Rural, des Eaux et des Forêts (ENGREF)-Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles [Tunis] (IRESA), Faculty of Science, Laboratoire Caractérisation Génomique des Plantes, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth (USJ), Green World Research, Vegetation, Forest, and Landscape Ecology, ALTERRA, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Haute école des sciences agronomiques, forestières et alimentaires (HAFL), Croatian Forest Research Institute, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Natural resources institute Finland, Université Mohammed V de Rabat, Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment, University of Novi Sad, Forest Research Institute, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária = National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research [Oeiras, Portugal] (INIAV), Istituto di Bioscienze e BioRisorse [Palermo] (IBBR), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), COST Action FP1202 ‘‘Strengthening conservation: a key issue for adaptation of marginal/peripheral populations of forest trees to climate change in Europe (MaP-FGR)', projects AMTools (ANR-11-AGRO-005-04) and ERA-NET BiodivERsA 2011– 2012 ‘‘TipTree' (ANR-12-EBID-0003), National Research Institute of Rural Engineering, Water and Forests (INRGREF), Université de Carthage - University of Carthage, Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Natural Resources Institute Finland, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Range (biology), Ecology (disciplines), Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Forest management, forest tree genetics, forest management, Climate change, Context (language use), Conservation, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecology and Environment, Geographic distribution range, Geographic distribution range, Forest tree genetics, Ecology, Climate change, Forest management, Conservation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Vegetatie, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Local adaptation, Vegetation, Natural selection, Ecology, business.industry, geographic distribution range, ecology, climate change, conservation, Environmental resource management, Forest tree genetics, Forestry, 15. Life on land, PE&RC, Geography, Sustainability, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: The fate of peripheral forest tree populations is of particular interest in the context of climate change. These populations may concurrently be those where the most significant evolutionary changes will occur; those most facing increasing extinction risk; the source of migrants for the colonization of new areas at leading edges; or the source of genetic novelty for reinforcing standing genetic variation in various parts of the range. Deciding which strategy to implement for conserving and sustainably using the genetic resources of peripheral forest tree populations is a challenge. Here, we review the genetic and ecological processes acting on different types of peripheral populations and indicate why these processes may be of general interest for adapting forests and forest management to climate change. We particularly focus on peripheral populations at the rear edge of species distributions where environmental challenges are or will become most acute. We argue that peripheral forest tree populations are “natural laboratories” for resolving priority research questions such as how the complex interaction between demographic processes and natural selection shape local adaptation; and whether genetic adaptation will be sufficient to allow the long-term persistence of species within their current distribution. Peripheral populations are key assets for adaptive forestry which need specific measures for their preservation. The traditionally opposing views which may exist between conservation planning and sustainable forestry need to be reconciled and harmonized for managing peripheral populations. Based on existing knowledge, we suggest approaches and principles which may be used for the management and conservation of these distinctive and valuable populations, to maintain active genetic and ecological processes that have sustained them over time.
Published: 2016
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13. Widespread Phytophthora infestations in European nurseries put forest, semi-natural and horticultural ecosystems at high risk of Phytophthora diseases

Author: A. V. Sanz Ros, Ana Pérez-Sierra, Salvatore Moricca, Stephen Woodward, B. Henricot, G. Magnano di San Lio, Z. Á. Nagy, Anna Maria Vettraino, Panaghiotis Tsopelas, C. Olsson, Antonio Franceschini, Benoit Marçais, Anna Rytkönen, Milka Glavendekić, Bruno Scanu, D. Chavarriaga, A. Lyubenova, Andrea Vannini, Nenad Keča, A. G. Aday, G. Denton, Tomasz Oszako, C. Pintos Varela, M. L. Herrero, H. T. Doğmuş-Lehtijärvi, Antonella Pane, Sarah Green, O. Aguín Casal, Simone Prospero, Thomas Jung, M. Wenneker, G. Hartmann, Paloma Abad-Campos, Daniel Rigling, Slavtcho Slavov, Epaminondas J. Paplomatas, M. Horta Jung, Iryna Matsiakh, María Esperanza Sánchez, C. Rial Martínez, Santa Olga Cacciola, Jan Nechwatal, Venche Talgø, Z. Tomic, J. Bakonyi, Jarkko Hantula, Edmundo Sousa, T. Decourcelle, S. Diamandis, Alejandro Solla, Ivan Milenković, Hélio Rubens Machado, J. Schumacher, D. Ivic, A. Schlenzig, T. Cech, Cécile Robin, Arja Lilja, Tamara Corcobado, Volodymyr Kramarets, P. J. Mansilla Vázquez, Jan Stenlid, Leszek B. Orlikowski, Beatrice Ginetti, Alfredo Cravador, Universidade do Algarve (UAlg), Phytophthora Research and Consultancy, Partenaires INRAE, Research Institute of Horticulture, Royal Horticultural Society, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Faculty of Forestry, Süleyman Demirel University, EXCMA, Plant Protection Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Università degli Studi di Catania (UniCT), Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests Natural Hazards and Landscape, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Universidad de Extremadura (UEX), Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), National Agricultural Research Foundation (NAGREF), Università degli Studi di Sassari, Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI), Faculty of forestry, University of Belgrade [Belgrade], Vantaa Research Centre, Forest Research Institute of Lower Saxony, Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (Bioforsk), Institute for Plant Protection, Croatian Centre for Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Ukrainian National Forestry University (UNFU), AgroBioInstitute, IPIMAR - Instituto Nacional de Recursos Biológicos, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes (IAM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), National Technical University of Ukraine 'Kyiv Polytechnic Institute' [Kiev], Bavarian State Institute for Agriculture, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Forest Research Institute, University of Athens, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Universidad de Córdoba [Cordoba], Government, Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg - Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg, Université of Tunis, Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), and Forest Research [Great Britain]
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, PORT-ORFORD-CEDAR, Phytophthora, MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Biosecurity, Phytophthora, invasive species, Nurseries, Introduced species, DECLINING OAK TREES, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Invasive species, FLORICULTURE CROPS, 03 medical and health sciences, Ornamental plant, Infestation, medicine, PRODUCCION VEGETAL, Life Science, 2. Zero hunger, Ecology, biology, NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS, SPECIES CAUSING ROOT, SP-NOV, WESTERN-AUSTRALIA, MICROSATELLITE MARKERS, MULTILOCUS PHYLOGENY, Forestry, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, 030104 developmental biology, Agronomy, Collar rot, 010606 plant biology & botany, Woody plant, BBF Team Randwijk
Abstract: [EN] An analysis of incidence of Phytophthora spp. in 732 European nurseries producing forest transplants, larger specimen trees, landscape plants and ornamentals, plus 2525 areas in which trees and shrubs were planted, is presented based on work conducted by 38 research groups in 23 European countries between 1972 and 2013. Forty-nine Phytophthora taxa were recorded in 670 nurseries (91.5%); within these nurseries, 1614 of 1992 nursery stands (81.0%) were infested, although most affected plants appeared healthy. In forest and landscape plantings, 56 Phytophthora taxa were recovered from 1667 of 2525 tested sites (66.0%). Affected plants frequently showed symptoms such as crown thinning, chlorosis and dieback caused by extensive fine root losses and/or collar rot. Many well-known highly damaging host¿Phytophthora combinations were frequently detected but 297 and 407 new Phytophthora¿host associations were also observed in nurseries and plantings, respectively. On average, 1.3 Phytophthora species/taxa per infested nursery stand and planting site were isolated. At least 47 of the 68 Phytophthora species/taxa detected in nurseries and plantings were exotic species several of which are considered well established in both nurseries and plantings in Europe. Seven known Phytophthora species/taxa were found for the first time in Europe, while 10 taxa had not been previously recorded from nurseries or plantings; in addition, 5 taxa were first detections on woody plant species. Seven Phytophthora taxa were previously unknown to science. The reasons for these failures of plant biosecurity in Europe, implications for forest and semi-natural ecosystems and possible ways to improve biosecurity are discused., The authors are grateful to all public and private owners of nurseries and plantings who contributed to this extensive study. T. Jung acknowledges the support by the Regione Autonoma della Sardegna, Visiting Professor Program at the University of Sassari, Italy. The authors also thank the COST Office and the European Council for providing the European COST Actions FP0801 (http://www.cost.eu/domains_actions/fps/Actions/FP0801) and FP 1002 (http://www.cost.eu/domains_actions/fps/Actions/FP1002), the EU projects FOR-THREATS and ISEFOR, and BiodivERsA project RESIPATH as platforms for stimulating discussions on the nursery pathway and possible management solutions.
Published: 2016
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14. Global geographic distribution and host range of Dothistroma species: a comprehensive review

Author: Panaghiotis Tsopelas, A. Halasz, Helena Bragança, Julio J. Diez, V. Galovic, Rosie E. Bradshaw, Svetlana Markovskaja, L. S. Bulman, M. Markovic, Barbara Piškur, Margarita Georgieva, Irena Papazova-Anakieva, N. Anselmi, A. Angst, Valentyna Meshkova, Irene Barnes, Audrius Kačergius, Alejandro Solla, Thomas Kirisits, R. Baden, Alex J. Woods, T. Cech, András Koltay, D. Sadiković, Mihajlo Risteski, Martti Vuorinen, S. Schmitz, N. La Porta, Iben Margrete Thomsen, Valentin Queloz, Funda Oskay, Jan Stenlid, Kiril Sotirovski, Jorge Martín-García, S. Fraser, K.V. Tubby, V. Vasic, Michael J. Wingfield, Jelena Lazarević, Nenad Keča, Rodrigo Ahumada, Benoit Marçais, L. Poljakovic Pajnik, Kateryna Davydenko, Dragan Karadžić, Stephen Woodward, Petr Vahalík, Danut Chira, Emília Ondrušková, Piotr Boroń, Deborah Craig, Andrey V. Selikhovkin, Kalev Adamson, H. T. Doğmuş-Lehtijärvi, P. Pap, Timur S. Bulgakov, Libor Jankovský, Dmitry L. Musolin, A. V. Brown, Rein Drenkhan, Halvor Solheim, A. Lehtijärvi, Martin Mullett, H. Millberg, V. Tomešová-Haataja, R. Kiesnere, Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Pretoria (UPSpace), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Bio-Protection Research Centre - Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Department of Plant Production and Forest, Universitad de Valladolid, Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, Spanish National Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Forest Protection, New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Department of Genetics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center [Houston], Institute of Forest Entomology - Forest Pathology and Forest Protection (IFFF) - Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Department of Forest Protection, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Department of Life Sciences [Trieste], Università degli studi di Trieste, Forest Research Institute, Karnataka Forest Department, British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations, Concepción, Bioforest S.A., Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management [Copenhagen] (IGN), Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes (IAM), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Natural Resources Institute Finland, Institute of Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems, Hungarian Forest Research Institute (ERTI), National Food Chain Safety Office - Plant Health and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Directorate of Plant Protection and Soil Conservation, MOUNTFOR Project Centre, European Forest Institute = Institut Européen de la Forêt = Euroopan metsäinstituutti (EFI), Edmund Mach Foundation (FEM), Istituto Agrario di San Michele all'Adige (IASMA), Department for Innovation in Biological Agrofood and Forest Systems (DiBAF), Tuscia University, Latvian State Forest Research Institute 'Silava', Laboratory of Mycology, Archet II Hospital, Vokė Branch, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Faculty of Forestry, Czech University of Agriculture, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Department of Forest Pathology, Mycology and Tree Physiology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Marin Dracea National Forest Research-Development Institute, St. Petersburg State Forest Technical University, Saint Petersburg State University, Southern Federal University [Rostov-on-Don] (SFEDU), Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment, University of Novi Sad, Institute of Forest Ecology Zvolen - Branch for Woody Plants Biology Nitra, Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAS), Ingeniería Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad de Extremadura (UEX), Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Swiss Federal Research Institute, Bursa Technical University, Süleyman Demirel University, Çankırı Karatekin University, Ukrainian State Forest Protection Service, Ukrainian Research Institute of Forestry and Forest Melioration (URIFFM), Agri Food and Biosciences Institute, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, EU COST Action [FP1102 DIAROD], Norwegian Financial Mechanism [EMP162], [IUT21-04], Estonian University of Life Sciences (EMU), Mendel University in Brno (MENDELU), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria = National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Natural resources institute Finland, and Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária = National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research [Oeiras, Portugal] (INIAV)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Ecology, Host (biology), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Outbreak, Forestry, 15. Life on land, 030108 mycology & parasitology, Biology, Subspecies, Dothistroma needle blight, biology.organism_classification, 01 natural sciences, Mycosphaerella pini, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine.drug_formulation_ingredient, Taxon, Dothistroma septosporum, Pinaceae, medicine, Biological dispersal, Settore AGR/12 - PATOLOGIA VEGETALE, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Summary Dothistroma needle blight (DNB) is one of the most important diseases of pine. Although its notoriety stems from Southern Hemisphere epidemics in Pinus radiata plantations, the disease has increased in prevalence and severity in areas of the Northern Hemisphere, including Europe, during the last two decades. This increase has largely been attributed to expanded planting of susceptible hosts, anthropogenic dispersal of the causative pathogens and changes in climate conducive to disease development. The last comprehensive review of DNB was published in 2004, with updates on geographic distribution and host species in 2009. Importantly, the recognition that two species, Dothistroma septosporum and D. pini, cause DNB emerged only relatively recently in 2004. These two species are morphologically very similar, and DNA-based techniques are needed to distinguish between them. Consequently, many records of host species affected or geographic location of DNB prior to 2004 are inconclusive or even misleading. The objectives of this review were (i) to provide a new database in which detailed records of DNB from 62 countries are collated; (ii) to chart the current global distribution of D. septosporum and D. pini; (iii) to list all known host species and to consider their susceptibility globally; (iv) to collate the published results of provenance trials; and (v) to consider the effects of site factors on disease incidence and severity. The review shows that DNB occurs in 76 countries, with D. septosporum confirmed to occur in 44 and D. pini in 13. There are now 109 documented Pinaceae host taxa for Dothistroma species, spanning six genera (Abies, Cedrus, Larix, Picea, Pinus and Pseudotsuga), with Pinus being the dominant host genus, accounting for 95 host taxa. The relative susceptibilities of these hosts to Dothistroma species are reported, providing a resource to inform species choice in forest planting. Country records show that most DNB outbreaks in Europe occur on Pinus nigra and its subspecies. It is anticipated that the collaborative work described in this review will both underpin a broader global research strategy to manage DNB in the future and provide a model for the study of other forest pathogens.
Published: 2016
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15. Coupling a tree growth model with storm damage modeling - Conceptual approach and results of scenario simulations

Author: François Ningre, Ulrich Kohnle, Axel Albrecht, Mathieu Fortin, Forest Research Institute Baden-Wuerttemberg (FVA), Laboratoire d'Etudes des Ressources Forêt-Bois (LERFoB), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg - Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg, and AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Disturbance modeling, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Forest management, Winter storm, Risk avoidance, Windthrow, 01 natural sciences, Forest growth, Forest ecology, Storm damage, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrology, Ecological Modeling, Storm, 15. Life on land, Statistical modeling, Tree (data structure), Scenario simulation, Coupling (computer programming), Disturbance (ecology), Risk reduction, Environmental science, Software, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to develop, test and evaluate a software prototype capable of modeling forest growth in consideration of winter storm disturbance and to simulate storm damage in forests under different forest management regimes. The results of a test application showed that simulated storm damage was more strongly influenced by the input data (e.g. tree species and tree height) than by the different forest management regimes. However, early, intense thinnings as well as reducing target diameters by 10% led to reduced storm damage, with decreases as large as 50% of the damage in certain forest stands. The coupled modeling framework was able to simulate interactions between forest growth, storm damage and forest management regimes. Further testing of the prototype appears necessary to investigate a wider range of tree species, soil and site conditions. Also, the use of computational system resources needs improvement. We establish and evaluate a coupled forest growth and storm damage modeling system.The impact of forest management on storm damage risk can be simulated.Measures to stabilize forest ecosystems against storm disturbance were identified.Heavy thinnings and a 10% reduction of target diameters proved effective.Storm damage in coniferous forests could be lowered up to 50% by adapted management.
Published: 2015
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16. The Biology of Reaction Wood

Author: Pekka Saranpää, J. R. Barnett, Joseph Gril, Barry Gardiner, Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE - UR1263), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Finnish Forest Research Institute (FINLAND), Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil (LMGC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bois (BOIS), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Barry Gardiner, John Barnett, Pekka Saranpää, Joseph Gril, Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), Finnish Forest Research Institute (METLA), Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Finnish Forest Research Institute, and Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Materials science, technology, industry, and agriculture, [SPI.MECA.BIOM]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Biomechanics [physics.med-ph], 02 engineering and technology, 15. Life on land, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Pulp and paper industry, 01 natural sciences, complex mixtures, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, [SPI.MECA.MEMA]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Mechanics of materials [physics.class-ph], Composite material, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 0210 nano-technology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; The book is a fundamental reference source on reaction wood for wood scientists and technologists, plant biologists, silviculturists, forest ecologists, and anyone involved in the growing of trees and the processing of wood. It brings together our current understanding of all aspects of reaction wood, and is the first book to discuss both compression wood and tension wood.Trees produce reaction wood to maintain the vertical orientation of their stems and the optimum angle of each branch. They achieve this by laying down fibre cell walls in which differences in physical and chemical structure from those of normal fibres are expressed as differential stresses across the stem or branch. This process, while of obvious value for the survival of the tree, causes serious problems for the utilisation of timber. Timber derived from trees containing significant amounts of reaction wood is subject to dimensional instability on drying, causing twisting, bending and splitting. It is also difficult to work as timber, and for the pulp and paper industry the cost of removing the increased amount of lignin in compression wood is substantial. This has both practical and economic consequences for industry.Understanding the factors controlling reaction wood formation and its effect on wood structure is therefore fundamental to our understanding of the adaptation of trees to their environment and to the sustainable use of wood.The topics covered include:-Morphology, anatomy and ultrastructure of reaction wood-Cell-wall polymers in reaction wood and their biosynthesis-Changes in tree proteomes during reaction wood formation-The biomechanical action and biological functions of reaction wood- Physical and mechanical properties of reaction wood from the scale of cell walls to planks-The detection and characterisation of compression wood-Effects of reaction wood on the performance of wood and wood-based products- Commercial implications of reaction wood and the influence of forest management on its formation
Published: 2014
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17. Disparity in elevational shifts of European trees in response to recent climate warming

Author: Romà Ogaya, Fernando Valladares, Regino Zamora, Johan Bergh, Josep Maria Espelta, Wojciech Gil, Georges Kunstler, Sonia G. Rabasa, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Sławomir Ambroży, Wojciech Grodzki, Elena Granda, José A. Hódar, Josep Peñuelas, Raquel Benavides, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), MUSEO NACIONAL DE CIENCIAS NATURALES MNCN MADRID ESP, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Ecosystèmes montagnards (UR EMGR), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), CREAF CERDANYOLA DEL VALLES ESP, UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG DEU, FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE RASZYN POL, FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE KRAKOW POL, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), and UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA ESP
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Time Factors, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Range (biology), Altitudinal gradients, CLIMATE CHANGE, Species distribution, Climate change, Acer, Fagaceae, Global Warming, Models, Biological, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Generalized additive models, Trees, Species Specificity, Fagus sylvatica, Abundance (ecology), SPECIES DISTRIBUTION, Environmental Chemistry, Forest, Transect, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, biology, Plant Dispersal, Altitude, Global warming, Picea abies, 15. Life on land, Pinaceae, FOREST, biology.organism_classification, Europe, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, ALTITUDINAL GRADIENT, GENERALIZED ADDITIVE MODELS
Abstract: Predicting climate-driven changes in plant distribution is crucial for biodiversity conservation and management under recent climate change. Climate warming is expected to induce movement of species upslope and towards higher latitudes. However, the mechanisms and physiological processes behind the altitudinal and latitudinal distribution range of a tree species are complex and depend on each tree species features and vary over ontogenetic stages. We investigated the altitudinal distribution differences between juvenile and adult individuals of seven major European tree species along elevational transects covering a wide latitudinal range from southern Spain (37°N) to northern Sweden (67°N). By comparing juvenile and adult distributions (shifts on the optimum position and the range limits) we assessed the response of species to present climate conditions in relation to previous conditions that prevailed when adults were established. Mean temperature increased by 0.86 °C on average at our sites during the last decade compared with previous 30-year period. Only one of the species studied, Abies alba, matched the expected predictions under the observed warming, with a maximum abundance of juveniles at higher altitudes than adults. Three species, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris, showed an opposite pattern while for other three species, such as Quercus ilex, Acer pseudoplatanus and Q. petraea, we were no able to detect changes in distribution. These findings are in contrast with theoretical predictions and show that tree responses to climate change are complex and are obscured not only by other environmental factors but also by internal processes related to ontogeny and demography. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Financial support was provided by the European Union with the project BACCARA (FP7-226299, 7FP) and the Spanish Ministry for Innovation and Science with the grant Consolider Montes (CSD2008_00040).
Published: 2013
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18. Biogeographical patterns and determinants of invasion by forest pathogens in Europe

Author: Thomas Jung, Benoit Marçais, Luisa Ghelardini, Libor Jankovsky, I. Szabó, Stephen Woodward, Andrea Vannini, Marie-Laure Desprez-Loustau, Thomas R. Cech, O. Holdenrieder, T. Gaitniekis, Vaidotas Lygis, Andrej Kunca, Panaghiotis Tsopelas, Paolo Capretti, Anna Maria Vettraino, Jarkko Hantula, D. Jurc, Thomas Kirisits, S. Schmitz, Jan Stenlid, Joan Webber, Halvor Solheim, Anne Chandelier, M. Malecka, C. De Pace, S. Diamandis, Alejandro Solla, J. Schumacher, Alberto Santini, Danut Chira, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo], Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Florence (UNIFI), Centre Wallon de Recherches Agronomiques (CRA-W), Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests Natural Hazards and Landscape, Institutul de Cercetari si Amenajari Silvice (ICAS), Finnish Forest Research Institute (FINLAND), Institute for Integrative Biology [Zürich] (IBZ), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Mendel University in Brno, Slovenian Forestry Institute, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Institute of Botany Lithuania, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes (IAM), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Forest Research Institute Baden-Wuerttemberg (FVA), Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute, Universidad de Extremadura (UEX), University of West-Hungary, National Agricultural Research Foundation (NAGREF), Fisheries Research Institute, Forestry Commission, Alice Holt Lodge - Farnham, Forest Research, University of Aberdeen, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI), Finnish Forest Research Institute (METLA), Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Mendel University in Brno (MENDELU), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), and Forest Research [Great Britain]
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Time Factors, Databases, Factual, Physiology, Biogeography, Environmental diversity, Climate, Rain, invasiveness, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Introduced species, alien species, Plant Science, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Invasive species, determinants of invasion, Trees, biogeographical pattern of invasion, invasive forest pathogens (IFPs), Global mobility, Ecosystem, Alien species, Plant Diseases, Population Density, Principal Component Analysis, Land use, Geography, Ecology, analysis of invasive species variance (ANISVA), emerging infectious disease (EID), Fungi, Temperature, 15. Life on land, Europe, Socioeconomic Factors, Linear Models, Introduced Species, 010606 plant biology & botany, invasibility
Abstract: International audience; A large database of invasive forest pathogens (IFPs) was developed to investigate the patterns and determinants of invasion in Europe. Detailed taxonomic and biological information on the invasive species was combined with country-specific data on land use, climate, and the time since invasion to identify the determinants of invasiveness, and to differentiate the class of environments which share territorial and climate features associated with a susceptibility to invasion. IFPs increased exponentially in the last four decades. Until 1919, IFPs already present moved across Europe. Then, new IFPs were introduced mainly from North America, and recently from Asia. Hybrid pathogens also appeared. Countries with a wider range of environments, higher human impact or international trade hosted more IFPs. Rainfall influenced the diffusion rates. Environmental conditions of the new and original ranges and systematic and ecological attributes affected invasiveness. Further spread of established IFPs is expected in countries that have experienced commercial isolation in the recent past. Densely populated countries with high environmental diversity may be the weakest links in attempts to prevent new arrivals. Tight coordination of actions against new arrivals is needed. Eradication seems impossible, and prevention seems the only reliable measure, although this will be difficult in the face of global mobility.
Published: 2013
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19. The Use of Tree-Related Microhabitats as Forest Biodiversity Indicators and to Guide Integrated Forest Management

Author: Thomas Asbeck, Josef Großmann, Nathalie Winiger, Yoan Paillet, Jürgen Bauhus, University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg - Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg, Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne (UR LESSEM), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Department Wildlife Ecology and Wildlife Management, and Chair of Silviculture, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Retention forestry, Forest management, Biodiversity, Context (language use), [SDV.BID]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Abundance (ecology), Forest ecology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Sustainable development, Drivers of tree-related microhabitats, Ecology, business.industry, Environmental resource management, Forestry, 15. Life on land, Geography, Sustainability indicator, Habitat, Species richness, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, Habitat trees
Abstract: Purpose of the Review The concept of tree-related microhabitats (TreMs) is an approach to assess and manage multi-taxon species richness in forest ecosystems. Owing to their provision of special habitat features, TreMs are of special interest as a surrogate biodiversity indicator. In particular, in retention forestry, TreMs have gained attention over the past decade as a selection criterion for retained structural elements such as habitat trees. This review seeks to (a) address the suitability of TreMs as biodiversity indicator in the context of retention forestry, (b) summarize drivers of TreM occurrence and the status quo of the implementation of TreM-based retention concepts in forest management, and (c) discuss current and future challenges to the use of TreMs as biodiversity indicator. Recent Findings The TreM concept originated in Europe where it is now increasingly implemented. Most studies of the quantity, quality, and diversity of TreMs are focused on tree species from this region, although it is increasingly applied in other contexts. In addition to tree species, tree dimensions and live status have been identified as the main drivers of TreM occurrence. One major remaining research challenge is to verify relationships between the occurrence and abundance of forest-dwelling species from different taxonomic groups and TreMs to improve the evidence basis of this concept and thus increase its integration in forest conservation approaches. Summary TreMs are not the “silver bullet” indicator to quantify biodiversity of forest dwelling species, but they provide an important tool for forest managers to guide the selection of habitat trees for the conservation of the associated biodiversity.
Published: 2021
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20. Understanding the uncertainty in global forest carbon turnover

Author: T. A. M. Pugh, T. Rademacher, S. L. Shafer, J. Steinkamp, J. Barichivich, B. Beckage, V. Haverd, A. Harper, J. Heinke, K. Nishina, A. Rammig, H. Sato, A. Arneth, S. Hantson, T. Hickler, M. Kautz, B. Quesada, B. Smith, K. Thonicke, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences [Birmingham], University of Birmingham [Birmingham], Birmingham Institute of Forest Research (BIFoR), Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology [Cambridge] (OEB), Harvard University [Cambridge], School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems (SICCS), Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], Center for Ecosystem Science and Society (ECOSS), Geosciences and Environmental Climate Change Science Center, United States Geological Survey [Reston] (USGS), Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main-Senckenberg – Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research - Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Leibniz Association-Leibniz Association, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Universidad Austral de Chile, University of Vermont [Burlington], CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, CISRO Oceans and Atmosphere, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA IRVINE CA USA, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg - Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg, Universidad del Rosario [Bogota], DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY AND ECOSYSTEM SCIENCE LUND UNIVERSITY SWE, Western Sydney University, Seventh Framework Programme, FP7: 50 603542 European Research Council, ERC: 758873 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS Svenska ForskningsrÃ¥det Formas: 211-2009-1682 Helmholtz Association Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Financial support. This research has been supported by the Euro, pean Commission, European Research Council (TreeMort – grant no. 758873), Seventh Framework Programme (LUC4C – grant no. 50 603542), the Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas (Dnr. 211-2009-1682 and the strategic research areas BECC and MERGE), the Helmholtz Association ATMO programme, the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) of France through the programme 'Make Our Planet Great Again', the U.S. Geological Survey Land Change Science Program, and the Helmholtz Alliance 'Remote Sensing and Earth System Dynamics'., Harvard University, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Environmental change, lcsh:Life, 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, lcsh:QH540-549.5, ddc:550, Baseline (configuration management), Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Biomass (ecology), lcsh:QE1-996.5, Biosphere, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, Plant functional type, lcsh:Geology, Earth sciences, lcsh:QH501-531, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, 13. Climate action, Turnover, lcsh:Ecology, Physical geography, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: The length of time that carbon remains in forest biomass is one of the largest uncertainties in the global carbon cycle, with both recent historical baselines and future responses to environmental change poorly constrained by available observations. In the absence of large-scale observations, models used for global assessments tend to fall back on simplified assumptions of the turnover rates of biomass and soil carbon pools. In this study, the biomass carbon turnover times calculated by an ensemble of contemporary terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) are analysed to assess their current capability to accurately estimate biomass carbon turnover times in forests and how these times are anticipated to change in the future. Modelled baseline 1985–2014 global average forest biomass turnover times vary from 12.2 to 23.5 years between TBMs. TBM differences in phenological processes, which control allocation to, and turnover rate of, leaves and fine roots, are as important as tree mortality with regard to explaining the variation in total turnover among TBMs. The different governing mechanisms exhibited by each TBM result in a wide range of plausible turnover time projections for the end of the century. Based on these simulations, it is not possible to draw robust conclusions regarding likely future changes in turnover time, and thus biomass change, for different regions. Both spatial and temporal uncertainty in turnover time are strongly linked to model assumptions concerning plant functional type distributions and their controls. Thirteen model-based hypotheses of controls on turnover time are identified, along with recommendations for pragmatic steps to test them using existing and novel observations. Efforts to resolve uncertainty in turnover time, and thus its impacts on the future evolution of biomass carbon stocks across the world's forests, will need to address both mortality and establishment components of forest demography, as well as allocation of carbon to woody versus non-woody biomass growth.
Published: 2020
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21. Association between the DQA MHC class II gene and Puumala virus infection in Myodes glareolus, the bank vole

Author: Julie Deter, Jean-François Cosson, Juha Laakkonen, Liina Voutilainen, Alexis Ribas Salvador, Josef Bryja, Serge Morand, Maxime Galan, Heikki Henttonen, Nathalie Charbonnel, Antti Vaheri, Olli Vapalahti, Yannick Chaval, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Department of Population Biology, Academy of Sciences, Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa Research Unit, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Haartman Institute [Helsinki], Faculty of Medecine [Helsinki], University of Helsinki-University of Helsinki, Laboratori de Parasitologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Centre de biologie et de gestion des populations, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (ASCR), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Microbiology (medical), mites, Genotype, Genes, MHC Class II, Biology, Major histocompatibility complex, Puumala virus, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Microbiology, HLA-DQ alpha-Chains, hantavirus, MHC Class II Gene, Rodent Diseases, coinertia, 03 medical and health sciences, Seroepidemiologic Studies, HLA-DQ Antigens, Genetics, Nephropathia epidemica, medicine, Animals, Cowpox virus, Molecular Biology, Phylogeny, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, Hantavirus, helminths, 0303 health sciences, Arvicolinae, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Virology, SSCP, 3. Good health, Bank vole, Infectious Diseases, Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome, biology.protein, Myodes (Clethrionomys) glareolus, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: 8th International Congress on Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics of Infectious Diseases Bangkok, THAILAND, OCT 30-NOV 02, 2006; International audience; Puumala virus (PUUV) is a hantavirus specifically harboured by the bank vole, Myodes (earlier Clethrionomys) glareolus. It causes a mild form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in humans, called Nephropathia epidemica (NE). The clinical severity of NE is variable among patients and depends on their major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genetic background. In this study we investigated the potential role of class II MHC gene polymorphism in the susceptibility/resistance to PUUV in the wild reservoir M. glareolus. We performed an association study between the exon 2 of the DQA gene and PUUV antibodies considering a natural population of bank voles. Because immune gene polymorphism is likely to be driven by multiple parasites in the wild, we also screened bank voles for other potential viral and parasitic infections. We used multivariate analyses to explore DQA polymorphism/PUUV associations while considering the potential antagonist and/or synergistic effects of the whole parasite community. Our study suggests links between class II MHC characteristics and viral infections including PUUV and Cowpox virus. Several alleles are likely to be involved in the susceptibility or in the resistance of bank voles to these infections. Alternatively, heterozygosity does not seem to be associated with PUUV or any other parasite infections. This result thus provides no evidence in favour of the hypothesis of selection through overdominance. Finally this multivariate approach reveals a strong antagonism between ectoparasitic mites and PUUV, suggesting direct or indirect immunogenetic links between infections by these parasites. Other datasets are now required to confirm these results and to test whether the associations vary in space and/or time.
Published: 2008
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22. Kinship, dispersal and hantavirus transmission in bank and common voles

Author: Juha Laakkonen, Liina Voutilainen, Julie Deter, Maxime Galan, Heikki Henttonen, Nathalie Charbonnel, Serge Morand, Bertrand Gauffre, Jean-François Cosson, Yannick Chaval, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa Research Unit, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Haartman Institute [Helsinki], Faculty of Medecine [Helsinki], University of Helsinki-University of Helsinki, Centre de biologie et de gestion des populations, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Orthohantavirus, Hantavirus Infections, viruses, Population genetics, Zoology, Population biology, VIRUS-INFECTION, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, POPULATION BIOLOGY, SPATIAL GENETIC-STRUCTURE, Rodent Diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, Zoonoses, Virology, Animals, NORWAY RATS, Water vole, Microtus, CLETHRIONOMYS-GLAREOLUS, WATER VOLE, Disease Reservoirs, 030304 developmental biology, Hantavirus, 0303 health sciences, biology, Arvicolinae, Ecology, POLYMORPHIC MICROSATELLITE LOCI, MICROTUS-ARVALIS, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, Europe, Bank vole, SEOUL VIRUS, Biological dispersal, Vole, PUUMALA-HANTAVIRUS, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: Contact: deter@supagro.inra.fr; International audience; Hantaviruses are among the main emerging infectious agents in Europe. Their mode of transmission in natura is still not well known. In particular, social features and behaviours could be crucial for understanding the persistence and the spread of hantaviruses in rodent populations. Here, we investigated the importance of kinclustering and dispersal in hantavirus transmission by combining a fine-scale spatiotemporal survey (4 km2) and a population genetics approach. Two specific host-hantavirus systems were identified and monitored: the bank vole Myodes, earlier Clethrionomys glareolus––Puumala virus and the common vole Microtus arvalis—Tula virus. Sex, age and landscape characteristics significantly influenced the spatial distribution of infections in voles. The absence of temporal stability in the spatial distributions of viruses suggested that dispersal is likely to play a role in virus propagation. Analysing vole kinship from microsatellite markers, we found that infected voles were more closely related to each other than non-infected ones. Winter kin-clustering, shared colonies within matrilineages or delayed dispersal could explain this pattern. These two last results hold, whatever the host-hantavirus system considered. This supports the roles of relatedness and dispersal as general features for hantavirus transmission.
Published: 2008
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23. Hotspots of the European forests carbon cycle

Author: Richard Petritsch, Kęstutis Armolaitis, Emil Cienciala, Risto Sievänen, Zoltán Somogyi, Peter Biber, T. Pristova, Raisa Mäkipää, Joachim Rock, Edgar Kaufmann, Mart-Jan Schelhaas, Gert-Jan Nabuurs, Petter Nilsen, N. Heidema, Patrick Vallet, Esther Thürig, ALTERRA WAGENINGEN NLD, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), EUROPEAN FOREST INSTITUTE JOENSUU FIN, LITHUANIAN FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE KAUNAS DISTRICT LTU, TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITAT MUNCHEN FREISING DEU, INSTITUTE OF FOREST ECOSYSTEM RESEARCH JILOVE U PRAHY CZE, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, FINNISH FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE VANTAA FIN, NORWEGIAN FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE AS NOR, INSTITUTE OF FOREST GROWTH RESEARCH UNIVERSITY OF NATURAL RESSOURCES AND APPLIED LIFE SCIENCE VIENNA AUT, INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGY SYKTYVKAR RUS, POTSDAM INSTITUTE FOR CLIMATE IMPACT RESEARCH POTSDAM DEU, JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE CLIMATE CHANGE UNIT ISPRA ITA, Écosystèmes forestiers et paysages (UR EFNO), and Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Peat, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, stands, koolstofcyclus, whole-tree, bosecologie, Forest management, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Carbon sequestration, 01 natural sciences, storage, Environmental protection, compensatory fertilization, environmental policy, Forest ecology, carbon cycle, greenhouse gases, Wageningen Environmental Research, forest ecology, rotation length, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Land use, business.industry, Environmental resource management, Urban sprawl, Forestry, 15. Life on land, Centrum Ecosystemen, Centre for Ecosystem Studies, managed forests, europa, Geography, milieubeleid, Greenhouse gas, norway spruce, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, climate-change, Kyoto Protocol, picea-abies, business, europe, broeikasgassen, 010606 plant biology & botany, meta analysis
Abstract: International audience; This paper is the outcome of a group discussion held at the Savonlinna meeting Management of forest ecosystems and its impact on the GHG budget'. The aim of this break-out group discussion was to Characterize forest management impacts on the GHG budget of forest ecosystems in different European regions'. In this paper we briefly characterize different options that a forest owner has in order to maintain or maximize forest carbon pools and carbon sequestration. These hectare scale descriptions of measures are then regarded in connection to the current state of European forests and how they can be combined with ongoing management trends and local issues. We point out the various possibilities that exist in European forests, where they are located, and where they could possibly be combined with adaptation. We identify these hotspots for largest growing stocks, largest peat areas, and, e.g. largest risks for loss of carbon due to fire or urban sprawl. We conclude that one common strategy cannot be designed. Within each region, local solutions have to be found that optimize goals and aim at integrated and sustainable land use.
Published: 2008
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24. Encyclopedia of infectious diseases : modern methodologies

Author: Vincent Herbreteau, Jean-Paul Gonzalez, Jean-Pierre Hugot, Heikki Henttonen, Kumiko Yoshimatsu, Yupin Suputtamongkol, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UR 178 Fundamentals & Domains of Disease Emergence (IRD UR178), Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa Research Unit, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Mahidol University [Bangkok], Origine, structure et évolution de la biodiversité (OSEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Tibayrenc, Michel, and Tibayrenc, Michel (ed.)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Rodent, TRANSMISSION, MORPHOLOGIE, Zoology, TAXONOMIE, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, RONGEUR, 03 medical and health sciences, DIAGNOSTIC, SYMPTOME, biology.animal, PHYLOGENIE, PARASITE, Coevolution, SEROLOGIE, 030304 developmental biology, Hantavirus, 0303 health sciences, biology, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], BIOLOGIE MOLECULAIRE, HOTE VERTEBRE, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, BIOGEOGRAPHIE, VIRUS, ETUDE EXPERIMENTALE, REPARTITION GEOGRAPHIQUE
Published: 2007

25. Corythucha arcuata (Say, 1832) (Hemiptera, Tingidae) in its invasive range in Europe: perception, knowledge and willingness to act in foresters and citizens

Author: Bălăcenoiu, Flavius, Japelj, Anže, Bernardinelli, Iris, Castagneyrol, Bastien, Csóka, György, Glavendekić, Milka, Hoch, Gernot, Hrašovec, Boris, Krajter Ostoic, Silvija, Paulin, Marton, Williams, David, Witters, Johan, de Groot, Maarten, Transilvania University of Brasov, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of West Hungary [Sopron], University of Belgrade [Belgrade], Austrian Research Centre for Forests (BFW), University of Zagreb, Croatian Forest Research Institute, Forest Research [Great Britain], and Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Belgium
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Evropa, Insecta, Range (biology), Plant Science, Attitude, citizen knowledge, Europe, forest health, IAS control measures, invasive alien species, survey, 01 natural sciences, Tingidae, Biology (General), udc:630*4, anketa, 0303 health sciences, Corythucha arcuata, Ecology, biology, Ecological Modeling, zdravje gozda, Hemiptera, Biota, Geography, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, invazivne tujerodne vrste, Arthropoda, QH301-705.5, Aquatic Science, 010603 evolutionary biology, Corythucha, 03 medical and health sciences, znanje državljanov, Animalia, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Tingoidea, attitude, Insect Science, ukrepi nadzora nad ITV, Animal Science and Zoology
Abstract: The oak lace bug (OLB) Corythucha arcuata (Say, 1832) is an invasive alien species (IAS) that potentially could have many negative impacts on European oak health. Certain measures can be applied to counteract these effects. However, these measures may not be acceptable for forest managers or other stakeholder groups, such as private forest owners, environmental NGOs or the general public. Thereby, we set out to study the perception and knowledge of foresters and other stakeholders on the health status of European oak forests affected by oak lace bug and to investigate what forest health management measures would be acceptable to these target groups. An online survey questionnaire was designed and distributed via social networks, as well as professional networks via e-mails. The survey questionnaire was completed by 2084 respondents from nine European countries: Austria, Croatia, Belgium, France, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Serbia and Slovenia. Even though only a little over 60% of respondents reported they had noticed the discolouration of oak leaves caused by OLB, almost all (93%) considered it to be a problem. As respondents come from a country where C. arcuata is widespread and established, people’s general knowledge and awareness of OLB began to increase. The survey revealed that foresters thought that the insect affected photosynthesis, acorn crop and the aesthetics of the trees, but cannot cause death of trees. However, they assume that the value of the wood would decrease (this fact is also supported by the respondents who are connected to an environmental NGO), but that OLB does not affect property value. However, forest owners claim that the value of the property can be affected and that people would avoid entering the forest. In terms of potential control methods, respondents preferred biological or mechanical measures over chemical ones. We consider this study to be a good basis for further research on the topic of perception, knowledge and attitudes related to OLB since we can expect that the IAS, such as OLB, will certainly spread to European countries that were not included in this survey.
Published: 2021
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26. Tree-rings, genetics and the environment: Complex interactions at the rear edge of species distribution range

Author: Renzo Motta, Christopher Carcaillet, Martin P. Girardin, Johann Housset, Endre Gy. Tóth, Francine Tremblay, Yves Bergeron, Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), EPHE PSL Research University (EPHE PSL), Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), Sarl ALCINA, Forest Research Institute (FRI), University of Sopron (UOS), Department DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino –, Équipe 6 - Paléontologie, Paléoécologie, Paléobiogéographie, Évolution (P3E), Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Dendrochronology, Range (biology), Species distribution, Climate change, Plant Science, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Genetic diversity, Subalpine forest, food, Dendrochronology Grow-climate relationship Functional trait Genetic diversity Subalpine forest, Precipitation, Genetic variability, Ecology, Pinus cembra, 15. Life on land, Functional trait, Grow-climate relationship, food.food, 13. Climate action, Adaptation, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Under climate change, modifications on plants’ growth are expected to be the strongest at species margins. Therein, tree acclimation could play a key role as migration is predicted to be too slow to track shifts of bioclimatic envelops. A requirement is, however, that intra-population genetic diversity be high enough for allowing such adaptation of tree populations to climate change. In this study, we tested for the existence of relationships between genetic diversity, site environmental conditions, and the response of annual tree growth to climate of Pinus cembra at its southern limit in the Alps. Site-specific climatic and environmental factors pre- dominantly determined the response of trees along the precipitation gradient. The growth-climate interactions were chiefly linked to mean annual precipitation and temperature, slope and tree-size, and less to genetic di- versity. We show that genetic background of Pinus cembra has exclusively indirect modulating power with limited effects on tree-ring formation, and within the southern limit in the Alps, genetic variability is not necessarily well expressed in the patterns of annual tree growth. Our results may imply little adaptive capacity of these pop- ulations to future changes in the water balance.
Published: 2021
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27. Improving the Fagacées growth model with an expanded common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) data series from France and Germany

Author: François Ningre, Gilles Le Moguédec, Axel Albrecht, Sidonie Artru, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF BADEN WURTTEMBERG FREIBURG DEU, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), SILVA (SILVA), AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and ANR-11-LABX-0002,ARBRE,Recherches Avancées sur l'Arbre et les Ecosytèmes Forestiers(2011)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Model calibration, Forest management, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 01 natural sciences, Basal area, Growth model, Set (abstract data type), [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Fagus sylvatica, Germany, Applied mathematics, Beech, Mathematics, Forest inventory, Ecology, biology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Aggregate (data warehouse), Forestry, 15. Life on land, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, biology.organism_classification, Fagus sylvatica L, Data set, France, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Key message: The Fagacées growth model was originally designed for application in the Northern half of France. It is a robust model with potential applicability to a larger area, though this potential has not yet been verified. We added new data to the original parameterization data set and our results show that the Fagacées formalism can be generalized. Context :The Fagacées growth and yield model was designed for the management of pure even-aged stands of European beech and served as a prototype to build models for other tree species. Aims: The objective of this study was to improve the growth components of the Fagacées model with additional data from NorthWestern France to SouthWestern Germany. Material and methods: Our model was calibrated on several forest inventory data sets. The first one (F) is the original data set that was used to elaborate the equations in the Fagacées model. The second one (F+) is the original data set extended with additional measurements on the same sites and on new sites in Northern France. The third (G) adds complementary data from a forest network in Southwestern Germany. The last one (A) is the aggregate of all these data sets. Results: Fitting the original model equations on the extended F+ dataset led us to modify the equation for stand basal area increment. This new equation also fit the German dataset well. The other equations could be applied to all datasets, some with the same parameter values and some after recalibrating according to the dataset. Conclusion: We conclude that the general form of the model's equations is appropriate for application to other regions, but that a recalibration of the equations is preferable in order to reflect local conditions. The advantage of our approach is that fewer data are required to recalibrate an existing equation than to establish an entirely new one.
Published: 2021
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28. Growth resistance and resilience of mixed silver fir and Norway spruce forests in central Europe: Contrasting responses to mild and severe droughts

Author: Ulrich Kohnle, James Ryder, Jürgen Bauhus, Matthias Cuntz, Arthur Gessler, Arun K. Bose, Andreas Rigling, Mathieu Lévesque, Alessandra Bottero, David I. Forrester, Harald Bugmann, Juan Carlos Zamora-Pereira, Rasoul Yousefpour, Marc Hanewinkel, Julia Schwarz, Loïc Gillerot, Julien Sainte-Marie, Dominic Michel, Maxime Cailleret, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Risques, Ecosystèmes, Vulnérabilité, Environnement, Résilience (RECOVER), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Forest Research Institute of Baden-Württemberg FVA, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, ETH Zürich, Forest Ecology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, IT Services Group, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), SILVA (SILVA), AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Forest Management & Silviculture, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, ANR-16-SUMF-0001,ForRISK,Forest density reduction to minimize the vulnerability of Norway spruce and silver fir to extreme drought – a risk assessment(2016), and European Project: 606803,EC:FP7:KBBE,FP7-ERANET-2013-RTD,SUMFOREST(2014)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Biodiversity & Conservation, forest management, Forests, 01 natural sciences, ALPINE TIMBERLINE, Basal area, adaptation strategies, BARK THICKNESS, [SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, WATER, Primary Research Article, General Environmental Science, Global and Planetary Change, TREE GROWTH, CLIMATE-CHANGE, biology, Ecology, Norway, food and beverages, PICEA-ABIES, ABIES-ALBA, Abies alba, Droughts, Europe, climate change, FAGUS-SYLVATICA L, Biodiversity Conservation, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Climate Change, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Forest management, Environmental Sciences & Ecology, 010603 evolutionary biology, STANDS, parasitic diseases, Environmental Chemistry, Beech, Ecosystem, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, species interaction, Science & Technology, Resistance (ecology), Thinning, inventory data, Picea abies, tree rings, fungi, Interspecific competition, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Primary Research Articles, EXTREME DROUGHTS, 13. Climate action, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Environmental Sciences
Abstract: Extreme droughts are expected to increase in frequency and severity in many regions of the world, threatening multiple ecosystem services provided by forests. Effective strategies to adapt forests to such droughts require comprehensive information on the effects and importance of the factors influencing forest resistance and resilience. We used a unique combination of inventory and dendrochronological data from a long‐term (>30 years) silvicultural experiment in mixed silver fir and Norway spruce mountain forests along a temperature and precipitation gradient in southwestern Germany. We aimed at examining the mechanisms and forest stand characteristics underpinning the resistance and resilience to past mild and severe droughts. We found that (i) fir benefited from mild droughts and showed higher resistance (i.e., lower growth loss during drought) and resilience (i.e., faster return to pre‐drought growth levels) than spruce to all droughts; (ii) species identity determined mild drought responses while species interactions and management‐related factors strongly influenced the responses to severe droughts; (iii) intraspecific and interspecific interactions had contrasting effects on the two species, with spruce being less resistant to severe droughts when exposed to interaction with fir and beech; (iv) higher values of residual stand basal area following thinning were associated with lower resistance and resilience to severe droughts; and (v) larger trees were resilient to mild drought events but highly vulnerable to severe droughts. Our study provides an analytical approach for examining the effects of different factors on individual tree‐ and stand‐level drought response. The forests investigated here were to a certain extent resilient to mild droughts, and even benefited from such conditions, but were strongly affected by severe droughts. Lastly, negative effects of severe droughts can be reduced through modifying species composition, tree size distribution and stand density in mixed silver fir‐Norway spruce forests., We examined mechanisms and stand characteristics underpinning the growth resistance (Rt), recovery (Rc) and resilience (Rs) to past mild and severe droughts in mixed silver fir and Norway spruce mountain forests in southwestern Germany. We found that the forests investigated were to a certain extent resilient to mild droughts, and even benefited from such conditions, but were strongly affected by severe droughts (especially those stands with higher residual basal area and larger trees). Lastly, negative effects of severe droughts can be reduced through modifying species composition, tree size distribution and stand density in mixed silver fir‐Norway spruce forests.
Published: 2021
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29. From genomes to forest management – tackling invasivePhytophthoraspecies in the era of genomics

Author: Kelsey L. Søndreli, Javier F. Tabima, Susanna Keriö, Mireia Gomez-Gallego, Jared M. LeBoldus, Rebecca McDougal, Nari Williams, Hazel Daniels, Niklaus J. Grünwald, Ryan R. Lenz, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University (OSU), Scion - New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology (AUT), Horticultural Crops Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, and United States Department of Agriculture
Subjects: Phytophthora, 0106 biological sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Forest management, Biosecurity, resistance breeding, Plant Science, Phytophthora cinnamomi, 01 natural sciences, Phytophthora pluvialis, transcriptomics, forest diseases, Phytophthora ramorum, Forest ecology, genomics, medicine, forest pathology, 2. Zero hunger, biology, Agroforestry, fungi, food and beverages, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, medicine.drug_formulation_ingredient, Phytophthora lateralis, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Agronomy and Crop Science, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Species of Phytophthora pose one of the most serious biosecurity threats to forest ecosystems worldwide. Despite management efforts and increased awareness of forest pathogens, there is continued introduction and spread of Phytophthora species. Uncertainty about the center of origin for many of the invasive species hampers disease control efforts. Additionally, the management efforts are often made impossible either by the vast host range or the extreme susceptibility of naïve hosts. In this review, we discuss how genomics has shed light on the extent of spread and destruction caused by invasive Phytophthora species, and how approaches leveraged by genomics can be applied to enhance the management of these invasive forest pathogens. Four case studies, Phytophthora ramorum, Phytophthora lateralis, Phytophthora cinnamomi, and Phytophthora pluvialis are used to illustrate how genomics can be applied to forest management. We urge researchers, governmental research institutes, private companies, and citizens to collaborate in order to stop the spread of invasive Phytophthora species. To accomplish this, we see the following themes as critical parts of resolving this forest health crisis: i) integration of DNA-based pathogen detection into forest inventory programs; ii) development of practical and affordable DNA-based diagnostic methods; iii) sequence hosts as models for resistance gene identification; iv) prediction of pathogen impact based on genomic data; and v) increase collaborative projects and outreach to raise awareness of forest diseases.; Les espèces de Phytophthora représentent une des plus graves menaces en matière de risques pour la biosécurité des écosystèmes forestiers, et ce, partout dans le monde. Malgré les efforts de gestion et une plus grande prise de conscience à l’égard des agents pathogènes forestiers, des espèces de Phytophthora continuent d’être introduites et disséminées. L’incertitude quant au lieu d’origine de plusieurs des espèces envahissantes entrave les efforts de lutte contre les maladies. De plus, les efforts de gestion sont souvent anéantis soit par la vaste gamme d’hôtes ou l’extrême réceptivité des hôtes indigènes. Au cours de cet examen, il est question de génomique et de comment celle-ci a jeté un nouvel éclairage sur l’ampleur de la dissémination des espèces envahissantes de Phytophthora et de la destruction qui s’en suit, et comment les approches soutenues par la génomique peuvent être appliquées pour améliorer la gestion de ces agents pathogènes forestiers envahissants. Quatre études de cas, Phytophthora ramorum, Phytophthora lateralis, Phytophthora cinnamomi et Phytophthora pluvialis, sont utilisées pour illustrer comment la génomique peut être appliquée à la gestion des forêts. Nous conseillons vivement aux chercheurs, aux instituts de recherche gouvernementaux, aux compagnies privées et aux citoyens de collaborer afin d’enrayer la propagation des espèces envahissantes de Phytophthora. Pour y parvenir, nous considérons les thèmes suivants comme éléments essentiels en vue de la résolution de la crise sanitaire qui frappe les forêts: i) intégration de la détection des agents pathogènes basée sur l’ADN dans les programmes d’inventaire; ii) conception de méthodes diagnostiques pratiques et abordables basées sur l’ADN; iii) reséquençage des hôtes en tant que modèles pour répertorier les gènes de résistance; iv) prédiction des répercussions des agents pathogènes en se basant sur les données de génomique; et v) accroître le nombre de projets collaboratifs et les efforts de vulgarisation afin de sensibiliser davantage les parties prenantes aux maladies forestières.
Published: 2019
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30. Sex differences in condition dependence of natal dispersal in a large herbivore: dispersal propensity and distance are decoupled

Author: Jean-Michel Gaillard, Nicolas Morellet, Benedikt Gehr, Francesca Cagnacci, Stefano Focardi, Aurélie Coulon, A. J. M. Hewison, Bruno Cargnelutti, Luca Börger, Max Kröschel, Petter Kjellander, Lucie Debeffe, Marco Heurich, Unité de recherche Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage (CEFS), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Fondazione Edmund Mach - Edmund Mach Foundation [Italie] (FEM), Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg - Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg, University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la COnservation (CESCO), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Swansea University, National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi [Firenze] (ISC), ANR-15-CE02-0008,DISPCOST,Impacts des changements globaux sur les coûts de la dispersion(2015), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Male, Range (biology), media_common.quotation_subject, Population, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Competition (biology), 03 medical and health sciences, Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA, [SDV.BA.ZV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Vertebrate Zoology, philopatry, Animals, Humans, Inbreeding, Behaviour, roe deer, Herbivory, education, 030304 developmental biology, General Environmental Science, media_common, 0303 health sciences, Herbivore, education.field_of_study, Sex Characteristics, General Immunology and Microbiology, Ecology, Deer, General Medicine, body mass, individual optimization, Spatial heterogeneity, Biological dispersal, Philopatry, Female, France, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Abstract: International audience; Evolution should favour plasticity in dispersal decisions in response to spatial heterogeneity in social and environmental contexts. Sex differences in individual optimization of dispersal decisions are poorly documented in mammals, because species where both sexes commonly disperse are rare. To elucidate the sex-specific drivers governing dispersal, we investigated sex differences in condition dependence in the propensity and distance of natal dispersal in one such species, the roe deer, using fine-scale monitoring of 146 GPS-collared juveniles in an intensively monitored population in southwest France. Dispersal propensity increased with body mass in males such that 36% of light individuals dispersed, whereas 62% of heavy individuals did so, but there was no evidence for condition dependence in dispersal propensity among females. By contrast, dispersal distance increased with body mass at a similar rate in both sexes such that heavy dispersers travelled around twice as far as light dispersers. Sex differences in the strength of condition-dependent dispersal may result from different selection pressures acting on the behaviour of males and females. We suggest that females disperse prior to habitat saturation being reached, likely in relation to the risk of inbreeding. By contrast, natal dispersal in males is likely governed by competitive exclusion through male–male competition for breeding opportunities in this strongly territorial mammal. Our study is, to our knowledge, a first demonstration that condition dependence in dispersal propensity and dispersal distance may be decoupled, indicating contrasting selection pressures drive the behavioural decisions of whether or not to leave the natal range, and where to settle.
Published: 2021
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31. Recent advances toward the sustainable management of invasive Xylosandrus ambrosia beetles

Author: You Li, Daniel Carrillo, Davide Rassati, Nicolas Meurisse, J.P. Egonyu, Christopher M. Ranger, Peter H. W. Biedermann, Antonio Biondi, Louela A. Castrillo, Lukasz L. Stelinski, Hisashi Kajimura, Antonio Gugliuzzo, Naoto Kamata, Jason B. Oliver, Roanne Sutherland, Jiri Hulcr, Khalid Haddi, Giovanna Tropea Garzia, Hervé Jactel, Mark G. Wright, D. Gallego, Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Ecología, University of Catania [Italy], University of Freiburg [Freiburg], University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), ICIPE, Universidad de Alicante, Federal University of Lavras, Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Nagoya City University [Nagoya, Japan], The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), New Zealand Forest Research Institute, SCION, Tennessee State University, USDA Agricultural Research Service [Maricopa, AZ] (USDA), DAFNAE, Universita degli Studi di Padova, and University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Integrated pest management, Ambrosia fungi, Biological pest control, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Invasive species, Xyleborini, Forest health, biology, business.industry, Agroforestry, Xylosandrus compactus, fungi, Pest control, Ecología, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Scolytinae, 010602 entomology, Curculionidae, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, business, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract: We provide an overview of both traditional and innovative control tools for management of three Xylosandrus ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), invasive species with a history of damage in forests, nurseries, orchards and urban areas. Xylosandrus compactus, X. crassiusculus and X. germanus are native to Asia, and currently established in several countries around the globe. Adult females bore galleries into the plant xylem inoculating mutualistic ambrosia fungi that serve as food source for the developing progeny. Tunneling activity results in chewed wood extrusion from entry holes, sap outflow, foliage wilting followed by canopy dieback, and branch and trunk necrosis. Maintaining plant health by reducing physiological stress is the first recommendation for long-term control. Baited traps, ethanol-treated bolts, trap logs and trap trees of selected species can be used to monitor Xylosandrus species. Conventional pest control methods are mostly ineffective against Xylosandrus beetles because of the pests’ broad host range and rapid spread. Due to challenges with conventional control, more innovative control approaches are being tested, such as the optimization of the push–pull strategy based on specific attractant and repellent combinations, or the use of insecticide-treated netting. Biological control based on the release of entomopathogenic and mycoparasitic fungi, as well as the use of antagonistic bacteria, has yielded promising results. However, these technologies still require validation in real field conditions. Overall, we suggest that management efforts should primarily focus on reducing plant stress and potentially be combined with a multi-faceted approach for controlling Xylosandrus damage. This research was supported by the University of Catania (Project Emergent Pests and Pathogens and Relative Sustainable Strategies - 5A722192113; PhD fellowship to AG). P.H.W.B. was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG Emmy Noether Grant BI 1956/1–1). Funding to MGW: USDA-NIFA, ARS and APHIS; ISDA Hatch; Hawaii Dept. of Agriculture. JH and YL were funded by the USDA APHIS and USDA Forest Service. HK was partially supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research, KAKENHI, Nos. 18KK0180, 19H02994 and 20H03026). KH was partially supported by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes, Brazil; Finance code 001). Open access funding provided by Università degli Studi di Catania within the CRUI-CARE Agreement.
Published: 2021
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32. Concerns about reported harvests in European forests

Author: Pieter Johannes Verkerk, Gherardo Chirici, Antti Asikainen, Bas Lerink, Antoni Trasobares, Peter Potapov, Janis Donis, Thomas A. M. Pugh, Hervé Jactel, Ruben Valbuena, Minna Korhonen, Tomáš Hlásny, Jonas Fridman, Rupert Seidl, Gert-Jan Nabuurs, Håkan Olsson, Jürgen Bauhus, Marco Marchetti, Róbert Marušák, Jonathan P. Sadler, Davide Ascoli, Marc Palahí, Göran Berndes, Marc Hanewinkel, Cornelius Senf, Saverio Francini, Nezha Acil, Barry Gardiner, Douglas Sheil, Margarida Tomé, Lauri Hetemäki, José Ramón González Olabarria, Marcus Lindner, European Forest Institute (EFI), Bangor University, Technical University of Munich (TUM), University of Birmingham [Birmingham], School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences [Birmingham], University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System, Institut Européen de la Forêt Cultivée, Partenaires INRAE, Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI), Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (CZU), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Joint Research Unit CTFC – AGROTECNIO, Solsona, Spain, University of Turin, Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Chalmers University of Technology [Gothenburg, Sweden], Latvian State Forest Research Institute 'Silava', Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Molise [Campobasso] (UNIMOL), University of Molise, Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), Centre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), and Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Multidisciplinary, Vegetation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, MEDLINE, 15. Life on land, PE&RC, 01 natural sciences, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Geography, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Life Science, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Environmental impact assessment, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Environmental planning, Vegetatie, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 010606 plant biology & botany, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Ceccherini et al.1 reported an abrupt increase in harvested forest—in terms of both biomass and area—in Europe from 2016, and suggested that this reflected expanding wood markets encouraged by the bioeconomy policies of the European Union (EU). They used Global Forest Watch2 and GlobBiomass3 data together with an analysis that sought to remove natural disturbances from forest losses, which overall resulted in estimates of 49% for the increase in harvested forest area and 69% for the increase in harvested forest biomass. We argue that the reported changes reflect analytical artefacts, with inconsistencies in the forest change time series, misattribution of natural disturbances as harvests, and a lack of causality with the suggested bioeconomy policy frameworks. There is an urgent need to re-examine available forest information that can accurately and reliably inform the ongoing policy discussions in the framework of the EU Green Deal, particularly the upcoming post-2020 EU Forest Strategy.
Published: 2021
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33. The seeds of invasion: enhanced germination in invasive European populations of black locust ( Robinia pseudoacacia L.) compared to native American populations

Author: R. Ségura, A. J. Porté, F. Moret, Marcin Klisz, J. Pino, T. Wojda, A. Martinik, Arnaud Monty, S. Mariette, M. van Loo, X. P. Bouteiller, Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg - Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg, Mendel University in Brno (MENDELU), Université de Liège, CREAF - Centre for Ecological Research and Applied Forestries, and Austrian Research Centre for Forests (BFW)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, quantitative genetics, Zoology, biological invasion, Plant Science, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, phenotypic plasticity, Trees, 03 medical and health sciences, Humans, American Indian or Alaska Native, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, Local adaptation, 0303 health sciences, Phenotypic plasticity, Robinia, seedlings, General Medicine, Quantitative genetics, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, life-history traits, Genetic distance, germination, Robinia pseudoacacia, Seedling, Germination, black locust, Seeds, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, genetic differentiation, Locust
Abstract: International audience; Local adaptation and the evolution of phenotypic plasticity may facilitate biological invasions. Both processes can enhance germination and seedling recruitment, which are crucial life-history traits for plants. The rate, timing and speed of germination have recently been documented as playing a major role during the invasion process. Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is a North American tree, which has spread widely throughout Europe. A recent study demonstrated that a few populations are the source of European black locust. Thus, invasive populations can be compared to native ones in order to identify genetic-based phenotypic differentiation and the role of phenotypic plasticity can thereby be assessed. A quantitative genetics experiment was performed to evaluate 13 juvenile traits of both native and invasive black locust populations (3000 seeds, 20 populations) subjected to three different thermal treatments (18 degrees C, 22 degrees C and 31 degrees C). The results revealed European populations to have a higher germination rate than the native American populations (88% versus 60%), and even when genetic distance between populations was considered. Moreover, this trait showed lower plasticity to temperature in the invasive range than in the native one. Conversely, other studied traits showed high plasticity to temperature, but they responded in a similar way to temperature increase: the warmer the temperature, the higher the growth rate or germination traits values. The demonstrated genetic differentiation between native and invasive populations testifies to a shift between ranges for the maximum germination percentage. This pattern could be due to human-mediated introduction of black locust.
Published: 2021
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34. Molecular Phylogenomics and Population Structure of Phytophthora pluvialis

Author: Mireia Gomez-Gallego, Niklaus J. Grünwald, Preeti Panda, Javier F. Tabima, Nari Williams, Rebecca McDougal, Everett M. Hansen, Jared M. LeBoldus, Lilah Gonen, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University (OSU), Clark University, Scion - New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes (IAM), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Plant & Food Research, and USDA-ARS : Agricultural Research Service
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Pluvialis, Range (biology), Radiata, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Population, radiata pine, Plant Science, Population biology, Phytophthora pluvialis, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 01 natural sciences, Population genomics, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, education, education.field_of_study, biology, Ecology, Douglas-fir, phylogenomics, biology.organism_classification, medicine.drug_formulation_ingredient, 030104 developmental biology, Genetic distance, invasive disease, epidemiology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Agronomy and Crop Science, 010606 plant biology & botany, [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis
Abstract: International audience; Phytophthora pluvialis is an oomycete that was first isolated from soil, water, and tree foliage in mixed Douglas-fir-tanoak forests of the US Pacific Northwest (PNW). It was then identified as the causal agent of red needle cast (RNC) of radiata pine (Pinus radiata) in New Zealand (NZ). Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) was used to obtain 1,543 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across 145 P. pluvialis isolates to characterize the population structure in the PNW and NZ. We tested the hypothesis that P. pluvialis was introduced to NZ from the PNW using genetic distance measurements and population structure analyzes among locations between countries,. The low genetic distance, population heterozygosity, and lack of geographic structure in NZ, suggest a single colonization event from the US followed by clonal expansion in NZ. The PNW Coast Range was proposed as a presumptive center of origin of the currently known distribution of P. pluvialis based on its geographic range and position as the central cluster in a minimum spanning network. The Coastal cluster of isolates were located at the root of every US cluster, and emerged earlier than all NZ clusters. The Coastal cluster had the highest degree of heterozygosity (Hs = 0.254) and median pairwise genetic distance (0.093) relative to any other cluster. Finally, the rapid host diversification between closely related isolates of P. pluvialis in New Zealand, indicate that this pathogen has the potential to infect a broader range of hosts than is currently recognized.
Published: 2021
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35. The greater resilience of mixed forests to drought mainly depends on their composition: Analysis along a climate gradient across Europe

Author: Maciej Pach, Kamil Bielak, Xavier Morin, Hervé Jactel, Rafael Calama, Antonio Tomao, M. del Río, Marta Pardos, Quentin Ponette, Arne Nothdurft, L. Jansone, Kristoffel Jacobs, José Riofrío, Loredana Oreti, Ricardo Ruiz-Peinado, Markus Engel, Enno Uhl, Aris Jansons, Felipe Bravo, Hans Pretzsch, Kšištof Godvod, Gediminas Brazaitis, Emmanuel Defossez, Centro de Investigacion Forestal (INIA-CIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria = National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Universidad de Valladolid [Valladolid] (UVa), Technische Universität München [München] (TUM), Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Higher Technical School of Agricultural Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Vytautas Magnus University - Vytauto Didziojo Universitetas (VDU), Institute of Biology of the University of Neuchâtel, Université de Neuchâtel (UNINE), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Latvian State Forest Research Institute 'Silava', Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Department for Innovation in Biological Agrofood and Forest Systems (DiBAF), Tuscia University, AGH University of Science and Technology [Krakow, PL] (AGH UST), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Bayerische Landesanstalt für Wald und Forstwirtschaft - Bavarian State Institute of Forestry (LWF), Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), European Commission, Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Poland), Pardos, M. [0000-0002-5567-5406], del Río, M. [0000-0001-7496-3713], Pretzsch, H. [0000-0002-4958-1868], Jactel, H. [0000-0002-8106-5310], Bielak, K. [0000-0002-1327-4911], Bravo, F. [0000-0001-7348-6695], Brazaitis, G. [0000-0003-0234-9292], Defossez, E. [0000-0002-3279-9190], Godvod, K. [0000-0002-9736-1544], Jacobs, K. [0000-0002-9693-729X], Jansons, A. [0000-0001-7981-4346], Nothdurft, A. [0000-0002-7065-7601], Ponette, Q. [0000-0002-2726-7392], Pach, M. [0000-0002-9833-867X], Ruíz-Peinado, R. [0000-0003-0126-1651], Calama, R. [0000-0002-2598-9594], Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Universität für Bodenkultur Wien = University of Natural Resources and Life [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo], UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences, Pardos, M., del Río, M., Pretzsch, H., Jactel, H., Bielak, K., Bravo, F., Brazaitis, G., Defossez, E., Godvod, K., Jacobs, K., Jansons, A., Nothdurft, A., Ponette, Q., Pach, M., Ruíz-Peinado, R., and Calama, R.
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Mediterranean climate, Monitoring, Lloret indices, Range (biology), Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Biology, Functional diversity, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Basal area, Ecosystem services, Mixing effects, ddc:630, Ecosystem, Resilience (network), Nature and Landscape Conservation, Policy and Law, Hemiboreal, Resistance (ecology), Ecology, floret indices, treer-ring data, Forestry, Drought event, 15. Life on land, Management, ddc, Tree-ring data, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Centro de Investigación Forestal (CIFOR), Despite growing evidence that diverse forests play an important role in ecosystem functioning, ensuring the provision of different ecosystem services, whether such diversity improves their response to drought events remains unclear. In this study, we use a large tree-ring database from thirty case studies across nine European countries and eleven species, covering from Mediterranean to hemiboreal forests, to test if the growth response to site specific drought events that occurred between 1975 and 2015 varied between mixed and monospecific stands. In particular, we quantify how stands resist those specific drought events and recover after them, thus analyzing their resilience. For each drought event and forest stand we calculated resistance, recovery, resilience and relative resilience and we related the variation in these indices between monospecific and mixed stands with type of admixture, tree species identity, site aridity gradient, stand basal area and stand age. We found a large variability among case studies, even for those that share similar species composition and have similar climates. On average, mixed stands showed higher resistance, resilience and relative resilience to drought events than monospecific stands. However, the beneficial effect of mixtures could not be generalized, being greatly modulated by the type of admixture and tree species identity, and depending on site water supply and stand characteristics, such as basal area and age. The increase in resilience in mixtures compared with monocultures was greater on the conifer-broadleaved admixtures, and to a lesser extent in the broadleaved-broadleaved combinations. The observed response patterns to drought largely varied among the eleven studied species, thus revealing the importance of functional traits for understanding a species’ response to drought across its distribution range. Along the site aridity gradient, resilience and relative resilience to drought increased in drier sites for both monospecific and mixed stands, with an observed trend towards higher resilience in mixed stands in the drier and hotter sites. Our results confirm the complexity of the relationships found of resistance, recovery, resilience and relative resilience with drought when comparing pure vs mixed stands., The study was supported by the ERA-Net SUMFOREST project REFORM “Mixed species forest management. Lowering risk, increasing resilience” (PCIN2017-026) and Marie Sklodowska Curie Actions-RISE , CARE4C . Special thankW117/H2020/2018s to Nuria Simón and Guillermo Madrigal for their assistance building up the common database. All coauthors thank their national funding institutions for supporting the establishment, measure and analysis of core data in the studied plots. Research at the Polish case studies was additionally supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland (No W117/H2020/2018 )., 15 Pág.
Published: 2020
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36. Quercus species divergence is driven by natural selection on evolutionarily less integrated traits

Author: Yousry A. El-Kassaby, Omnia Gamal El-Dien, Antoine Kremer, Pauline Garnier-Géré, Blaise Ratcliffe, Jaroslav Klápště, Kornel Burg, Ilga Porth, New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Austrian Institute of Technology [Vienna] (AIT), Alexandria University [Alexandrie], University of British Columbia (UBC), and Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Genetic correlation, Article, Quercus robur, 03 medical and health sciences, Quercus, Genetics, Humans, Leaf size, Selection, Genetic, Genetics (clinical), Natural selection, 15. Life on land, Heritability, biology.organism_classification, Adaptation, Physiological, Biological Evolution, Plant Leaves, 030104 developmental biology, Evolutionary biology, Sympatric speciation, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Quercus petraea, Adaptation
Abstract: Functional traits are organismal attributes that can respond to environmental cues, thereby providing important ecological functions. In addition, an organism’s potential for adaptation is defined by the patterns of covariation among groups of functionally related traits. Whether an organism is evolutionarily constrained or has the potential for adaptation is based on the phenotypic integration or modularity of these traits. Here, we revisited leaf morphology in two European sympatric white oaks (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. and Quercus robur L.), sampling 2098 individuals, across much of their geographical distribution ranges. At the phenotypic level, leaf morphology traditionally encompasses discriminant attributes among different oak species. Here, we estimated in situ heritability, genetic correlation, and integration across such attributes. Also, we performed Selection Response Decomposition to test these traits for potential differences in oak species’ evolutionary responses. Based on the uncovered functional units of traits (modules) in our study, the morphological module “leaf size gradient” was highlighted among functionally integrated traits. Equally, this module was defined in both oaks as being under “global regulation” in vegetative bud establishment and development. Lamina basal shape and intercalary veins’ number were not, or, less integrated within the initially defined leaf functional unit, suggesting more than one module within the leaf traits’ ensemble. Since these traits generally show the greatest species discriminatory power, they potentially underwent effective differential response to selection among oaks. Indeed, the selection of these traits could have driven the ecological preferences between the two sympatric oaks growing under different microclimates.
Published: 2020
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37. Radial growth anisotropy and temporality in fast-growing temperate conifers

Author: Raphaël Ségura, Damien Sellier, New Zealand Forest Research Institute, SCION, Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), and Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: Dendrometer, 0106 biological sciences, Environmental forcing, Ecology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Pinus radiata, Radiata, Forestry, Soil science, 15. Life on land, Biology, biology.organism_classification, Circumference, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Spatial heterogeneity, Conifers, Tree stems, Radial growth, Temperate climate, Anisotropy, Growth rate, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; AbstractKey messageRadial growth in a group ofPinus radiataD. Don. trees varies in magnitude around the circumference and follows synchronous but arrhythmic dynamics.ContextEccentric and irregular girth growth is typically associated to specific growth responses, but it is generally assumed to be small or absent during normal development. The dynamics by which excess growth is formed are unclear.AimsThe objective of this study is to determine if growth anisotropy is a commonly occurring phenomenon without apparent mechanical imbalance of the tree and to document the temporality of differential radial growth.MethodsSix mature P. radiata trees were equipped with point dendrometers at different circumferential positions. Growth rates and periods of activity were monitored over 4 months.ResultsThe highest growth differential on a single tree exceeded a factor of two. The direction of the highest growth varied between trees. In one case, that direction switched over time. The amount of anisotropy was explained by differences in the number of growing days and growth rate entropy.ConclusionTree stem formation in fast-growing softwoods is a biological process characterized by high spatial heterogeneity and intermittent temporal activity.
Published: 2020
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38. Mouvements Individuels - Méthode d'analyse de séquences (IM-SAM): caractérisation des patrons spatio-temporels de l'utilisation de l'habitat par les animaux à travers le paysage

Author: De Groeve, Johannes, Cagnacci, Francesca, Ranc, Nathan, Bonnot, Nadège C, Gehr, Benedikt, Heurich, Marco, Hewison, A J Mark, Kroeschel, Max, Linnell, John D C, Morellet, Nicolas, Mysterud, Atle, Sandfort, Robin, Van De Weghe, Nico, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Fondazione Edmund Mach - Edmund Mach Foundation [Italie] (FEM), Harvard University [Cambridge], Ecosystèmes forestiers (UR EFNO), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), Bavarian Forest National Park, University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Unité de recherche Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage (CEFS), Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg - Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), University of Oslo (UiO), Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), FEM-FIRST : 01sf2313, Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds : 01sf2313, FWO : V417616N, Autonomous Province of Trento : 3479, Research Council of Norway : 251112, ANR-16-CE02-0010,Mov-It,Le mouvement des ongulés au sein de paysages hétérogènes: identification des processus comportementaux reliant les changements globaux aux performances démographiques et à la gestion spatialement explicite(2016), University of Zurich, and De Groeve, Johannes
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, EUROPE, Sequence analysis, Geography, Planning and Development, Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480 [VDP], Library and Information Sciences, 1710 Information Systems, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, SPATIO-TEMPORAL HABITAT USE, DENDROGRAM, 10127 Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, 3305 Geography, Planning and Development, Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA, ungulates, Planning and Development, UNGULATES, Geography, Movement (music), dendrogram, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, MECHANISTIC MOVEMENT MODEL, 15. Life on land, mechanistic movement model, Sequence dissimilarity, SEQUENCE DISSIMILARITY, Habitat, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 570 Life sciences, biology, 590 Animals (Zoology), 3309 Library and Information Sciences, spatio-temporal habitat use, Cartography, Information Systems
Abstract: We present methodological advances to a recently developed framework to study sequential habitat use by animals using a visually-explicit and tree-based Sequence Analysis Method (SAM), derived from molecular biology and more recently used in time geography. Habitat use sequences are expressed as annotations obtained by intersecting GPS movement trajectories with environmental layers. Here, we develop IM-SAM, where we use the individual reference area of use as the reference spatial context. To assess IM-SAM’s applicability, we investigated the sequential use of open and closed habitats across multiple European roe deer populations ranging in landscapes with contrasting structure. Starting from simulated sequences based on a mechanistic movement model, we found that different sequential patterns of habitat use were distinguished as separate, robust clusters, with less variable cluster size when habitats were present in equal proportions within the individual reference area of use. Application on real roe deer sequences showed that our approach effectively captured variation in spatio-temporal patterns of sequential habitat use, and provided evidence for important behavioral processes, such as day-night habitat alternation. By characterizing sequential habitat use patterns of animals, we may better evaluate the temporal trade-offs in animal habitat use and how they are affected by changes in landscapes. Sequence dissimilarity; dendrogram; ungulates; spatio-temporal habitat use; mechanistic movement model
Published: 2020
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39. Light-Weight Portable Electroantennography Device as a Future Field-Based Tool for Applied Chemical Ecology

Author: Dominique Martinez, Brooke C. O’Connor, Tara M. Strand, Jeremy D. Allison, Stephen M. Pawson, Philippe Lucas, Jessica L. Kerr, New Zealand Forest Research Institute, School of Forestry, University of Canterbury [Christchurch], Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Department of Complex Systems, Artificial Intelligence & Robotics (LORIA - AIS), Laboratoire Lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications (LORIA), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE)C04X1501, and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: Arthropod Antennae, Male, 0106 biological sciences, Agrotis ipsilon, Moths, [INFO.INFO-NE]Computer Science [cs]/Neural and Evolutionary Computing [cs.NE], 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Electroantennography, Species Specificity, Animals, Field based, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Abiotic component, biology, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, Lymantria dispar dispar, Electrophysiological Phenomena, Chemical ecology, Electrophysiology, 010602 entomology, Odor, 13. Climate action, Biosecurity, Pheromone, Biological system, Biosensor, 010606 plant biology & botany, Electroantennogram
Abstract: International audience; Portable electroantennograms (pEAG) can further our understanding of odor plume dynamics and complement laboratory-based electroantennogram tools. pEAG's can help to address important questions such as the influence of plume structure on insect behavior, the active space of semiochemical-baited traps, and the impact of biotic and abiotic factors on this active space. Challenges associated with pEAGs include their miniaturization and sensitivity, confounding environmental odors, and processing of data. Here, we describe a pEAG built with modern engineering hardware and techniques that is portable in being both light in weight (516 g) and smaller (12 x 12 x 8 cm, volume 1152 cm(3)) than earlier models. It is able to incorporate insects of a range of sizes (4 to 30 mm antennal length), has wireless communication (communication range of 600 m urban, 10 km line of sight), a stand-alone power supply, and uses both antennae of the test insect. We report normalized antennal responses fromEpiphyas postvittanain a dose response experiment where our pEAG compared favorably with traditional laboratory EAG equipment for this species. Dose-response comparisons betweenE. postvittana,Agrotis ipsilon, andLymantria dispar disparshowed mean detection limits from a pheromone source dose of 100, 100, and 1 ng, respectively, for our pEAG. This pEAG should allow future real-time analysis of EAG responses in the field in research on how insects interact with odor plumes and the factors that influence the active space of semiochemical-baited traps.
Published: 2020
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40. No carbon limitation after lower crown loss in Pinus radiata

Author: Martin K.-F. Bader, Sebastian Leuzinger, Peter Scott, Nari Williams, Mireia Gomez-Gallego, Scion - New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology (AUT), Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), and The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited [Auckland] (Plant & Food Research)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, leaf area, Leaf mass, Radiata, growth, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Growing season, Plant Science, Photosynthesis, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Trees, Sugar, root:shoot, Abiotic component, Pinus radiata, A/Ci curves, defoliation, photosynthesis, biology, biomass, AcademicSubjects/SCI01210, Forest Science, Botany, food and beverages, Original Articles, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Pinus, Carbon, Plant Leaves, Horticulture, non-structural carbohydrates, Shoot, foliar pathogens, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Background and Aims Biotic and abiotic stressors can cause different defoliation patterns within trees. Foliar pathogens of conifers commonly prefer older needles and infection with defoliation that progresses from the bottom crown to the top. The functional role of the lower crown of trees is a key question to address the impact of defoliation caused by foliar pathogens. Methods A 2 year artificial defoliation experiment was performed using two genotypes of grafted Pinus radiata to investigate the effects of lower-crown defoliation on carbon (C) assimilation and allocation. Grafts received one of the following treatments in consecutive years: control–control, control–defoliated, defoliated–control and defoliated–defoliated. Results No upregulation of photosynthesis either biochemically or through stomatal control was observed in response to defoliation. The root:shoot ratio and leaf mass were not affected by any treatment, suggesting prioritization of crown regrowth following defoliation. In genotype B, defoliation appeared to impose C shortage and caused reduced above-ground growth and sugar storage in roots, while in genotype A, neither growth nor storage was altered. Root C storage in genotype B decreased only transiently and recovered over the second growing season. Conclusions In genotype A, the contribution of the lower crown to the whole-tree C uptake appears to be negligible, presumably conferring resilience to foliar pathogens affecting the lower crown. Our results suggest that there is no C limitation after lower-crown defoliation in P. radiata grafts. Further, our findings imply genotype-specific defoliation tolerance in P. radiata.
Published: 2020
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41. Hyperspectral VNIR-spectroscopy and imagery as a tool for monitoring herbicide damage in wilding conifers

Author: Henning Buddenbaum, Robin Hartley, Rebecca C. Scholten, Willy Werner, Michael S. Watt, Grant D. Pearse, Jonathan P. Dash, Honey Jane Estarija, Carol A. Rolando, Mireia Gomez Gallego, Joachim Hill, Trier University, Scion - New Zealand Forest Research Institute, and Earth and Climate
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Pinus contorta, Stomatal conductance, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Triclopyr, Biology, Photochemical Reflectance Index, Photosynthesis, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Diquat, chemistry.chemical_compound, Partial least squares regression, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Stress detection, Lodgepole pine, Ecology, Herbicides, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Wildings, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Horticulture, chemistry, Hyperspectral, Phytotoxicity, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, SDG 6 - Clean Water and Sanitation, Invasion ecology
Abstract: Wilding conifers, the naturally regenerated scions of exotic conifer species, are a major ecological and economic issue in New Zealand. Hyperspectral imagery could provide a useful means of monitoring the efficacy of wilding control measures but little research has examined this possibility. Data were collected from an experiment, that included thirty-nine young Pinus contorta (Douglas) trees allocated to a control and two herbicide treatments (triclopyr butoxyethyl ester and diquat dibromide monohydrate). The objectives of this research were to examine the temporal impacts of herbicide on needle discolouration, spectral properties and tree physiology and to develop models to predict photosynthetic parameters from hyperspectral data. In accordance with obvious discolouration on the first day after treatment, values of net photosynthesis rate (A), electron transport rate (ETR), stomatal conductance (G) and optimal quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) declined rapidly for plants treated with diquat. Discolouration following application of triclopyr was not evident before the second week, and values of A, ETR, G and Fv/Fm declined slower than those of diquat. Of the tested narrow-band spectral indices calculated from needle spectra photochemical reflectance index (PRI) exhibited the strongest correlation with the four photosynthetic parameters and R2 values between PRI and A, Fv/Fm, ETR and G were, respectively, 0.53, 0.46, 0.68 and 0.29. Models that used raw spectra as inputs showed that sparse partial least squares (SPLS) outperformed the three other approaches tested (PLS, Support Vector Machines, Elastic Net) and R2 values using this approach for A, Fv/Fm, ETR and G were, respectively, 0.64, 0.62, 0.65 and 0.42.
Published: 2019
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42. Truly sedentary? The multi-range tactic as a response to resource heterogeneity and unpredictability in a large herbivore

Author: Benedikt Gehr, Atle Mysterud, Francesca Cagnacci, Marco Heurich, Petter Kjellander, A. J. Mark Hewison, Max Kroeschel, Pavel Sustr, Sandro Nicoloso, Ferdinando Urbano, Leif Soennichsen, John D. C. Linnell, Wibke Peters, Anne Berger, Simon Chamaillé-Jammes, Robin Sandfort, Nicolas Morellet, Ophélie Couriot, Sonia Saïd, Unité de recherche Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage (CEFS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage (ONCFS), Fondazione Edmund Mach - Edmund Mach Foundation [Italie] (FEM), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), LWF BAVARIAN STATE INSTITUTE OF FORESTRY FREISING DEU, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Independent Consultant, Bavarian Forest National Park, University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)-Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Research, Ecology and Environment Dimension ((D.R.E.Am. Italia)), Research, Ecology and Environment Dimension, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Leibniz Association, Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), National Park Sumava, Department of Soil and Environment, Forest Research Institute of Baden-Wuerttemberg, Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), CNERA Cervidés Sanglier (ONCFS), Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Centre d'études biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Science, Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Dipartimento delle Arti e del Disegno Industriale [Venice], IUAV University Venice, Nationalparkverwaltung Bayerischer Wald, Swedish University of Agricultural Science (SLU), Service d'oncologie médicale [CHU HEGP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou [APHP] (HEGP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO), Laboratoire de Comportement et d'Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage, INRA, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France, University of Zurich, and Couriot, Ophélie
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Resource (biology), Range (biology), Resource distribution, migration, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 10127 Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Homing Behavior, Capreolus, Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA, biology.animal, Animals, roe deer, Herbivory, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 2. Zero hunger, Herbivore, biology, Ecology, Deer, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, sub-seasonal functional home range, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Europe, Roe deer, 1105 Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, plasticity, 570 Life sciences, 590 Animals (Zoology), Local environment, Seasons, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, residency
Abstract: Much research on large herbivore movement has focused on the annual scale to distinguish between resident and migratory tactics, commonly assuming that individuals are sedentary at the within-season scale. However, apparently sedentary animals may occupy a number of sub-seasonal functional home ranges (sfHR), particularly when the environment is spatially heterogeneous and/or temporally unpredictable. The roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) experiences sharply contrasting environmental conditions due to its widespread distribution, but appears markedly sedentary over much of its range. Using GPS monitoring from 15 populations across Europe, we evaluated the propensity of this large herbivore to be truly sedentary at the seasonal scale in relation to variation in environmental conditions. We studied movement using net square displacement to identify the possible use of sfHR. We expected that roe deer should be less sedentary within seasons in heterogeneous and unpredictable environments, while migratory individuals should be seasonally more sedentary than residents. Our analyses revealed that, across the 15 populations, all individuals adopted a multi-range tactic, occupying between two and nine sfHR during a given season. In addition, we showed that (i) the number of sfHR was only marginally influenced by variation in resource distribution, but decreased with increasing sfHR size; and (ii) the distance between sfHR increased with increasing heterogeneity and predictability in resource distribution, as well as with increasing sfHR size. We suggest that the multirange tactic is likely widespread among large herbivores, allowing animals to track spatio-temporal variation in resource distribution and, thereby, to cope with changes in their local environment. Migration · Residency · Sub-seasonal functional home range · Plasticity · Roe deer
Published: 2018
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43. Global rise in emerging alien species results from increased accessibility of new source pools

Author: Stephanie L. Rorke, Shyama Pagad, Giuseppe Brundu, Tim M. Blackburn, Wayne Dawson, Alain Roques, Michael Ansong, Laura Celesti-Grapow, Silvia Rossinelli, Heinke Jäger, Alexander Mosena, Wolfgang Rabitsch, Franz Essl, Kateřina Štajerová, Helen E. Roy, Jonathan M. Jeschke, Hanno Seebens, John Kartesz, David Pearman, Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, Marc Kenis, Mark van Kleunen, Sven Bacher, Dietmar Moser, Riccardo Scalera, Margarita Arianoutsou, Eckehard G. Brockerhoff, Ingolf Kühn, Andrew M. Liebhold, Ellie E. Dyer, Bernd Lenzner, Piero Genovesi, Nicol Fuentes, Jan Pergl, Philip E. Hulme, Bernd Blasius, Kevin J. Walker, Evan P. Economo, Marten Winter, Stefan Dullinger, Darren F. Ward, Misako Nishino, Petr Pyšek, César Capinha, Stefan Schindler, Barbara Tokarska-Guzik, Benoit Guénard, Wolfgang Nentwig, Charlotte E. Causton, Takehiko Yamanaka, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main-Senckenberg – Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research - Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Leibniz Association-Leibniz Association, University of Vienna [Vienna], Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Centre for Biodiversity and Environment, Research, University College of London [London] (UCL), Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), International Union for Conservation of Nature, Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Biology and Inland Fisheries, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), University of Auckland [Auckland], Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University [Prague] (CU), University of Konstanz, Taizhou University, Halle Jena Leipzig, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology [GHANA] (KNUST), Department of Ecology and Systematics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Department of Biology, Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), University of Oldenburg, New Zealand Forest Research Institute, SCION, Department of Agriculture, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Universidade do Porto, Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon (NOVA), Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Charles Darwin Foundation, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Universidad de Concepción, University of Hong Kong, Biota of North America Program (BONAP), CABI Europe Switzerland, Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Department of Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg (MLU), Northern Research Station, Forest Research [Great Britain], Universität Bielefeld = Bielefeld University, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland (BSBI), Environment Agency Austria, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Unité de recherche Zoologie Forestière (URZF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), University of Silesia, School of Biological Sciences, Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research [Lincoln], Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, and National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, source species pools, Multidisciplinary, Environmental change, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Biosecurity, Alien, drivers, 15. Life on land, globalization, invasive species, time series, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Species pool, Taxon, Geography, 13. Climate action, ddc:570, source species pools, invasive species, drivers, time series, globalization, Alien species
Abstract: International audience; Our ability to predict the identity of future invasive alien species is largely based upon knowledge of prior invasion history. Emerging alien species-those never encountered as aliens before-therefore pose a significant challenge to biosecurity interventions worldwide. Understanding their temporal trends, origins, and the drivers of their spread is pivotal to improving prevention and risk assessment tools. Here, we use a database of 45,984 first records of 16,019 established alien species to investigate the temporal dynamics of occurrences of emerging alien species worldwide. Even after many centuries of invasions the rate of emergence of new alien species is still high: Onequarter of first records during 2000-2005 were of species that had not been previously recorded anywhere as alien, though with large variation across taxa. Model results show that the high proportion of emerging alien species cannot be solely explained by increases in well-known drivers such as the amount of imported commodities from historically important source regions. Instead, these dynamics reflect the incorporation of new regions into the pool of potential alien species, likely as a consequence of expanding trade networks and environmental change. This process compensates for the depletion of the historically important source species pool through successive invasions. We estimate that 1-16% of all species on Earth, depending on the taxonomic group, qualify as potential alien species. These results suggest that there remains a high proportion of emerging alien species we have yet to encounter, with future impacts that are difficult to predict.
Published: 2018
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44. Effects of crown architecture and stand structure on light absorption in mixed and monospecific Fagus sylvatica and Pinus sylvestris forests along a productivity and climate gradient through Europe

Author: Maciej Pach, Ignacio Barbeito, Tzvetan Zlatanov, Jan den Ouden, Christian Ammer, Mário Pereira, Miroslav Svoboda, Benjamin N. E. Plaga, Peter Annighöfer, Quentin Ponette, Michael Heym, Andrés Bravo-Oviedo, Hans Pretzsch, Kamil Bielak, Jerzy Skrzyszewski, David I. Forrester, Magnus Löf, Lluís Coll, Hubert Sterba, Miren del Río, Václav Hurt, Lars Drössler, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Georg-August-University [Göttingen], Laboratoire d'Etudes des Ressources Forêt-Bois (LERFoB), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria = National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Universidad de Valladolid [Valladolid] (UVa), Universitat de Lleida, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), Mendel University in Brno (MENDELU), Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Université d’Agriculture de Chine, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Czech University of Life Science, Forest Research Institute, Czech Republic Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (COST CZ - LD14063), COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) COST Action EuMIXFOR, and German Research Foundation (FO 791/4-1)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Canopy, Range (biology), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Population, Plant Science, Complementarity, Atmospheric sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Resource availability, Maestra model|Plant–plant interactions, Fagus sylvatica, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Mixing (physics), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, education.field_of_study, Maestra model, Ecology, biology, Phenology, Crown (botany), Biodiversity, 15. Life on land, Tree height, biology.organism_classification, PE&RC, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Allometric equation, Plant-plant interactions, Plant–plant interactions, Allometry, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: 1. When tree‐species mixtures are more productive than monocultures, higher light absorption is often suggested as a cause. However, few studies have quantified this effect and even fewer have examined which light‐related interactions are most important, such as the effects of species interactions on tree allometric relationships and crown architecture, differences in vertical or horizontal canopy structure, phenology of deciduous species or the mixing effects on tree size and stand density. 2. In this study, measurements of tree sizes and stand structures were combined with a detailed tree‐level light model (Maestra) to examine the contribution of each light‐related interaction on tree‐ and stand‐level light absorption at 21 sites, each of which contained a triplet of plots including a mixture and monocultures of Fagus sylvatica and Pinus sylvestris (63 plots). These sites were distributed across the current distribution of these species within Europe. 3. Averaged across all sites, the light absorption of mixtures was 14% higher than the mean of the monocultures. At the whole community level, this positive effect of mixing on light absorption increased as canopy volume or site productivity increased, but was unrelated to climate. At the species population or individual tree levels, the mixing effect on light absorption resulted from light‐related interactions involving vertical canopy structure, stand density, the presence of a deciduous species (F. sylvatica), as well as the effects of mixing on tree size and allometric relationships between diameter and height, crown diameter and crown length. 4. The mixing effects on light absorption were only correlated with the mixing effects on growth for P. sylvestris, suggesting that the mixing effects on this species were driven by the light‐related interactions, whereas mixing effects on F. sylvatica or whole community growth were probably driven by non‐light‐related interactions. 5. Synthesis. The overall positive effect of mixing on light absorption was the result of a range of light‐related interactions. However, the relative importance of these interactions varied between sites and is likely to vary between other species combinations and as stands develop. Czech Republic Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports. Grant Number: COST CZ ‐ LD14063 and and LD14074; COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). Grant Number: COST Action EuMIXFOR; German Research Foundation. Grant Number: FO 791/4‐1
Published: 2018
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45. High gellan gum concentration and secondary somatic embryogenesis: two key factors to improve somatic embryo development in Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.]

Author: Caroline Teyssier, Jean-François Trontin, Claire Le Metté, Marie-Anne Lelu-Walter, Anne-Marie Lomenech, Kateřina Eliášová, Cathie Reeves, Leopoldo Sanchez, Cathy Hargreaves, Florian Gautier, Biologie intégrée pour la valorisation de la diversité des arbres et de la forêt (BioForA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Office National des Forêts (ONF), Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (LCSN), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST FR CNRS 3503), Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IEB / CAS), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Université de Bordeaux (UB), New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Pôle Biotechnologie et Sylviculture Avancée, Institut Technologique Forêt Cellulose Bois-construction Ameublement (FCBA), Future Forests Research Limited, the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research, The Ministry of Business Innovation and Employment in New Zealand, the University of Limoges, and The Chair of Excellence Forest Resources and Wood Uses, and Lelu-Walter, Marie-Anne
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, [SDV.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology, Cell density, Cleavage polyembryony, Douglas-fir, Embryogenic potential, Protein pattern, Vegetative propagation, Somatic embryogenesis, Somatic cell, Biotechnologies, Horticulture, Biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Botany, Storage protein, [SDV.BDD]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Development Biology, cellule en suspension, caractère embryogène, chemistry.chemical_classification, Zygote, Embryogenesis, Biologie du développement, maturation de l'embryon, gomme gellane, Embryo, cellule cotyledonaire, Meristem, embryogénèse somatique, pseudotsuga menziesii, masse embryonnaire, Development Biology, Cell biology, densité, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, protéine, propagation végétative, profil protéique, Suspensor, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Douglas-fir is a conifer species of major economic importance worldwide, including Western Europe and New Zealand. Herein we describe some characterization and significant refinement of somatic embryogenesis in Douglas-fir, with focus on maturation. The most typical structures observed in the embryonal masses were large polyembryogenic centres (up to 800-1500 μm) with a broad meristem, creating a compact ce ll “package” with suspensor cells. Singulated somatic embryos composed of both a embryonal head (300-400 μm) and long, tightly arranged suspensor were also frequent. Embryo development was enhanced following embryonal mass dispersion on filter paper discs at low density (50-100 mg fresh mass). Moreover, increasing gellan gum concentration in maturation medium (up to 10 g L-1) improved both the quantity and quality of cotyledonary somatic embryos (SEs), which were subsequently able to germinate and develop into plantlets at high frequency. Embryogenic yield was highly variable among the seven embryogenic lines tested (27-1544 SE g-1 fresh mass). Interestingly secondary somatic embryogenesis could be induced from cotyledonary SEs of both low- and highly-productive lines with some useful practical outcomes: secondary lines from low-performance lines (30-39 478 SE g-1) displayed significantly higher embryogenic yield (148-1343 SE g-1). In our best conditions, the total protein content in cotyledonary SEs increased significantly with maturation 41 duration (up to 150 μg mg-1 fresh mass after 7 weeks) but remained below that of mature zygotic embryos (300 μg mg-1). The protein pattern was similar in both somatic and zygotic embryos, with major storage proteins identified as 7S-vicilin- and legumin-like proteins.
Published: 2017
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46. Growth parameters and resistance to Sphaerulina musiva-induced canker are more important than wood density for increasing genetic gain from selection of Populus spp. hybrids for northern climates

Author: Barb R. Thomas, Marzena Niemczyk, Forest Research Institute, and University of Alberta
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Age-age genetic correlation, 020209 energy, 02 engineering and technology, Plant disease resistance, Tree breeding, 01 natural sciences, Heritability, [SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, medicine, Populus balsamifera, Selection (genetic algorithm), Hybrid, Canker, Mean annual increment, Ecology, biology, fungi, Diameter at breast height, Forestry, 15. Life on land, Sphaerulina musiva-induced canker, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, [SDV.BV.PEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Phytopathology and phytopharmacy, Horticulture, [SDV.BV.AP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Plant breeding, Genetic gain, Poplars, Wood density, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Key message New genotypes of hybrid poplars from theAigeirosandTacamahacasections have great potential for increasing genetic gain from selection. The most promising traits are associated with productivity and resistance toSphaerulina musiva-induced canker while wood density can be selected for secondarily. A minimum age of 8 years is reliable to select fast-growing resistant clones in northern climates. Context Productivity, wood density, and disease resistance of hybrid poplar clones are important traits when selecting for cultivation at an industrial scale. Aims We studied 1978 hybrid poplar clones from 63 families, bred from poplars native (Populus balsamifera and Populus deltoides) and non-native to Canada from the Aigeiros and Tacamahaca sections, to improve economically important traits for plantations in northern Alberta. Methods Genetic parameters for diameter at breast height (DBH), height, resistance to Sphaerulina musiva-induced canker, and wood density were determined up to age 10. Results A mean annual increment of 16.5 m3 ha−1 year−1 was achieved at age 10 in the best-performing clones. The potential genetic gain for DBH, height, and canker resistance, 37%, 26%, and ~ 13%, respectively, was achieved when selecting the top 10% of the tested clones. The genetic effect for wood density was weak. The age-age genetic correlations identified age eight as a reliable selection age. Conclusion The new hybrid poplar clones tested exhibited great potential for tree improvement. The next phase of selection should test a reduced number of clones on different site types, identifying stable clones for productivity and resistance, while wood density can be selected for secondarily. In northern regions, a minimum age of 8 years is reliable to select fast-growing resistant clones for commercial deployment.
Published: 2020
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47. Seedling development and regeneration success after 10 years following group selection harvesting in a sessile oak (Quercus petraea [Mattuschka] Liebl.) stand

Author: Patrick Pyttel, Ulrich Kohnle, Jürgen Bauhus, Tobias Modrow, Christian Kuehne, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, and Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg - Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Canopy, Forest management, Growing season, Biology, Rubus spp, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, [SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, Mast (botany), Natural regeneration, Close-to-nature forest management, Canopy opening, Ecology, Forestry, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Seedling density, Agronomy, Interspecific competition, Seedling, Forest gap, Quercus petraea, Rubus, Tree species, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: This study showed that regeneration success (presence of oaks ≥ 150 cm in total height) in artificial canopy openings of a mature mixed sessile oak stand was mainly driven by initial oak seedling density. Small-scale harvesting methods as practiced in close-to-nature forestry may disadvantage the regeneration of more light-demanding tree species including sessile oak (Quercus petraea [Mattuschka] Liebl.) and thus cause regeneration failure. However, owing to the short-term nature of many previous studies, regeneration success of sessile oak could not be properly ascertained. This study examined oak seedling development over a time period of ten growing seasons in canopy openings of 0.05 to 0.2 ha in size created through group selection harvesting in a mature mixed sessile oak forest in southwestern Germany. We tried to answer the following research questions: (i) how do initial stand conditions relate to and interact with oak seedling density and seedling height growth, and (ii) what are the driving factors of regeneration success under the encountered site conditions. We evaluated the influence of solar radiation, Rubus spp. cover, initial oak seedling density, and competition from other tree species on change in density and height of oak seedlings, as well as overall regeneration success (oak seedlings ≥ 150 cm in height). Regeneration success increased with initial oak seedling density and solar radiation levels and decreased with early Rubus spp. cover. Density and maximum height of oak seedlings was negatively related with competition of other woody species. Results of our longer-term study demonstrate that forest management activities to regenerate sessile oak naturally are only successful in stands (i) without advance regeneration of other woody species and without established, recalcitrant ground vegetation, (ii) with a sufficiently high initial oak seedling density in larger patches following mast years, and (iii) where periodic monitoring and control of competing woody individuals can be ensured. Our findings further corroborate the view that natural regeneration of sessile oak in small-scale canopy openings is possible in principle.
Published: 2020
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48. Comparison of forest above-ground biomass from dynamic global vegetation models with spatially explicit remotely sensed observation-based estimates

Author: Michael O'Sullivan, Stephen Sitch, Pierre Friedlingstein, Vanessa Harverd, Peter Anthoni, Ana Bastos, Emilie Joetzjer, Maurizio Santoro, A. Arneth, Yilong Wang, Philippe Ciais, Wei Li, N. Vuichard, Daniel S. Goll, Markus Kautz, Sebastian Lienert, Yuanyuan Huang, Vivek K. Arora, Dan Zhu, Andy Wiltshire, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Hui Yang, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Gamma Remote Sensing Research and Consulting AG, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Department für Geo-und Umweltwissenschaften [München], Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Department of Geography, University of Augsburg, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Climate Research Division [Toronto], Environment and Climate Change Canada, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Météo France-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg - Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg, Physics Institute [Bern], University of Bern, Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Swiss National Science Foundation, SNSF: 20020_172476 European Space Agency, ESA Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020: 821003, This study was supported by the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) biomass projects. S.L. has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 821003 (project 4C, Climate-Carbon Interactions in the Coming Century) and SNSF (grant no. 20020_172476)., Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, model evaluation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Forests, remote sensing-based biomass, Atmospheric sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Population density, Standard deviation, Carbon cycle, Trees, carbon cycle, Forest ecology, Environmental Chemistry, Humans, Precipitation, Biomass, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Global and Planetary Change, Biomass (ecology), Ecology, forest ecosystems, Tropics, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, South America, 13. Climate action, human disturbances, Africa, Environmental science, AGB density deficits
Abstract: International audience; Gaps in our current understanding and quantification of biomass carbon stocks, particularly in tropics, lead to large uncertainty in future projections of the terrestrial carbon balance. We use the recently published GlobBiomass data set of forest above-ground biomass (AGB) density for the year 2010, obtained from multiple remote sensing and in situ observations at 100 m spatial resolution to evaluate AGB estimated by nine dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs). The global total forest AGB of the nine DGVMs is 365 ± 66 Pg C, the spread corresponding to the standard deviation between models, compared to 275 Pg C with an uncertainty of ~13.5% from GlobBiomass. Model-data discrepancy in total forest AGB can be attributed to their discrepancies in the AGB density and/or forest area. While DGVMs represent the global spatial gradients of AGB density reasonably well, they only have modest ability to reproduce the regional spatial gradients of AGB density at scales below 1000 km. The 95th percentile of AGB density (AGB95) in tropics can be considered as the potential maximum of AGB density which can be reached for a given annual precipitation. GlobBiomass data show local deficits of AGB density compared to the AGB95, particularly in transitional and/or wet regions in tropics. We hypothesize that local human disturbances cause more AGB density deficits from GlobBiomass than from DGVMs, which rarely represent human disturbances. We then analyse empirical relationships between AGB density deficits and forest cover changes, population density, burned areas and livestock density. Regression analysis indicated that more than 40% of the spatial variance of AGB density deficits in South America and Africa can be explained; in Southeast Asia, these factors explain only ~25%. This result suggests TRENDY v6 DGVMs tend to underestimate biomass loss from diverse and widespread anthropogenic disturbances, and as a result overestimate turnover time in AGB.
Published: 2019
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49. Contrasting the Pathogen Loads in Co-Existing Populations of Phytophthora pluvialis and Nothophaeocryptopus gaeumannii in Douglas Fir Plantations in New Zealand and the Pacific Northwest United States

Author: Jared M. LeBoldus, Lloyd Donaldson, Martin K.-F. Bader, Mireia Gomez-Gallego, Nari Williams, Everett M. Hansen, Scion - New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology (AUT), Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, and Oregon State University (OSU)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, redneedle cast, media_common.quotation_subject, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Plant Science, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Competition (biology), Phytophthora pluvialis, medicine, oomycete, Pathogen, Douglas fir, media_common, Oomycete, Ecology, multiple infection, ascomycete, biology.organism_classification, Multiple infections, medicine.drug_formulation_ingredient, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Agronomy and Crop Science, competition, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; The emergence of Phytophthora pluvialis as a foliar pathogen of Douglas fir in New Zealand and the Pacific Northwest United States has raised questions about its interaction with the widespread Swiss needle cast (SNC) disease. During Spring 2017, we repeatedly sampled 30 trees along an environmental gradient in each region and 292 additional trees in a longitudinal transect to assess the P. pluvialis epidemic and the association between P. pluvialis and Nothophaeocryptopus gaeumannii, which are causal agents of SNC. Both pathogens were consistently more abundant in the host’s exotic environment in New Zealand. In both areas, the two pathogens co-exist in different spatial scales for regions and needles. The relative abundance of both pathogens was negatively correlated in the Pacific Northwest, where both presumably have co-existed for longer. Our findings confirmed the interaction of P. pluvialis and N. gaeumannii as foliar pathogens of Douglas fir and suggest a within-site spatial variation in the Pacific Northwest.
Published: 2019
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50. Global distribution of earthworm diversity

Author: André L.C. Franco, Michiel Rutgers, Miguel Á. Rodríguez, Thomas W. Crowther, Helen Phillips, Tunsisa T. Hurisso, Olaf Schmidt, Matthew W. Warren, Shishir Paudel, Michael B. Wironen, Mónica Gutiérrez López, Basil V. Iannone, Aidan M. Keith, Amy Choi, Esperanza Huerta Lwanga, Boris Schröder, Olga Ferlian, Jaswinder Singh, Javier Rodeiro-Iglesias, Martin Holmstrup, Geoff H. Baker, Yahya Kooch, Rosa Fernández, Konstantin B. Gongalsky, Lindsey Norgrove, Eric Blanchart, Madhav P. Thakur, Felicity Crotty, Steven J. Vanek, Thomas Bolger, Jan Hendrik Moos, Guillaume Xavier Rousseau, Marie Luise Carolina Bartz, Iñigo Virto, Michael Steinwandter, Kelly S. Ramirez, Veikko Huhta, Ulrich Brose, Michel Loreau, Davorka K. Hackenberger, David J. Russell, Loes van Schaik, Salvador Rebollo, Jonatan Klaminder, Gerardo Moreno, Benjamin Schwarz, Julia Seeber, Yvan Capowiez, David A. Wardle, Bernd Blossey, Franciska T. de Vries, Christoph Emmerling, Robert L. Bradley, Courtland Kelly, Liliana B. Falco, Alexander M. Roth, Michael J. Gundale, Radim Matula, Andrea Dávalos, Lorenzo Pérez-Camacho, Johan Neirynck, Monika Joschko, Marta Novo, Dolores Trigo, Jérôme Mathieu, Adrian A. Wackett, Anne W. de Valença, Elizabeth M. Bach, Daniel R. Lammel, Devin Routh, Madalina Iordache, Luis M. Hernández, Johan Pansu, Juan B. Jesús Lidón, Alejandro Morón-Ríos, Maxim Shashkov, Ehsan Sayad, Martine Fugère, Nobuhiro Kaneko, Mark E. Caulfield, Klaus Birkhofer, Wim H. van der Putten, Iurii M. Lebedev, Alberto Orgiazzi, Miwa Arai, H. Lalthanzara, Raphaël Marichal, Andrew R. Holdsworth, Steven J. Fonte, Maria J. I. Briones, Raúl Piñeiro, Jean-François Ponge, Nick van Eekeren, Takuo Hishi, Julia Krebs, Joanne M. Bennett, George G. Brown, Birgitta König-Ries, Carlos Fragoso, Victoria Nuzzo, Anna Rożen, Scott R. Loss, Bart Muys, Bryant C. Scharenbroch, Michael Schirrmann, Radoslava Kanianska, Irina V. Zenkova, Maria Kernecker, Abegail T Fusilero, Sandy M. Smith, Shaieste Gholami, Robin Beauséjour, Mac A. Callaham, Nathaniel H. Wehr, Yiqing Li, Kristine N. Hopfensperger, Mujeeb Rahman P, Andrés Esteban Duhour, Erin K. Cameron, Diana H. Wall, Muhammad Rashid, José Antonio Talavera, Matthias C. Rillig, Armand W. Koné, Johan van den Hoogen, Darío J. Díaz Cosín, Anahí Domínguez, Thibaud Decaëns, Fredrick O. Ayuke, Carlos A. Guerra, Guénola Pérès, Volkmar Wolters, Jiro Tsukamoto, Nico Eisenhauer, José Camilo Bedano, Weixin Zhang, Noa Kekuewa Lincoln, Visa Nuutinen, Joann K. Whalen, Christian Mulder, Sanna T. Kukkonen, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Universidade Positivo, Departamento de Ecología y Biología Animal, Universidad de Vigo, Crowther Lab, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Department of Biology [Fort Collins], Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Étude et compréhension de la biodiversité (ECODIV), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] (RIVM), Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR210, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin [Dublin] (UCD), Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles (PSH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centro International de Agricultura Tropical, Red de Biodiversidad y Sistemática, Instituto de Ecología, Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Fluides, automatique, systèmes thermiques (FAST), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Universidad de Extremadura (UEX), Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Leuven] (EES), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)-Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Vigo [ Pontevedra], Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la COnservation (CESCO), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Dept Ciencias Vida, Universidad de Alcalá - University of Alcalá (UAH), Faculty of Business Administration and Economics, DS&OR-Lab, University of Paderborn, Laboratoire d'oncogénétique moléculaire, Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, University of Innsbruck, Independent, Universidad Pública de Navarra [Espagne] (UPNA), McGill University, Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen (JLU), Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Université de Leipzig, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Leipzig University, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg (MLU), Universidade de Vigo, Embrapa Forestry, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Biometry and Environmental System Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institute of Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli studi di Catania = University of Catania (Unict), Department of Terrestrial Ecology [Wageningen], Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, Senckenberg – Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research - Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Leibniz Association-Leibniz Association, Global Soil Biodiversity Initiative and School of Global Environmental Sustainability, Colorado State University, Asian School of the Environment (ASE), Nanyang Technological University [Singapour], Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Department of Land Resource Management and Agricultural technology (LARMAT), College of 80 Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi (LARMAT), CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Département de biologie [Sherbrooke] (UdeS), Faculté des sciences [Sherbrooke] (UdeS), Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS)-Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS), Geology Department, FCEFQyN, ICBIA-CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), National University of Río Cuarto, Department of Ecology, Brandenburg University of Technology, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Cornell University [New York], UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Environnement Méditerranéen et Modélisation des Agro-Hydrosystèmes (EMMAH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Avignon Université (AU), Farming Systems Ecology, Wageningen University and Research, Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Department of Biological Sciences, SUNY Cortland, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution [Madrid], Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), Laboratorio de Ecología, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Louis Bolk Institute (LBI), Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Regional & Environmental Sciences, University of Trier, Ciencias Básicas, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable -INEDES, Universidad Nacional de Lujan, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva [Barcelona] (IBE / UPF - CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona] (UPF), Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Biodiversity and Systematic Network, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Department of Biological Science and Environmental Studies, University of the Philippines - Mindanao, Natural Resources Department, Razi University, Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Biology, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Agricultural Engineering, Postgraduate Program in Agroecology, Maranhão State University, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Agricultura Sociedad y Ambiente, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Soil Physics and Land Management degradation, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen University, Department of Biological and Environmental Science [Jyväskylä Univ] (JYU), University of Jyväskylä (JYU), College of Agriculture, Environmental and Human Sciences, Lincoln University of Missouri, School of Forest Resources and Conservation [Gainesville] (UF|IFAS|FFGS), Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences [Gainesville] (UF|IFAS), University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF)-University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), Sustainable Development and Environment Engineering, Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine 'King Michael the 1st of Romania', Experimental Infrastructure Platform, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Matej Bel University (UMB), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Lancaster] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Land Use and Governance, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Climate Impacts Research Centre (CIRC), Umeå University, UR Gestion Durable des Sols, UFR Sciences de la Nature, Université Nangui Abrogoua, Tarbiat Modares University [Tehran], Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Department of Zoology, Pachhunga University College, Soil Science, ESALQ-USP, Universidade de São Paulo, College of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resource Management, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Performance des systèmes de culture des plantes pérennes (UPR Système de pérennes), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (CZU), Department of Soil and Environment, Forest Research Institute of Baden-Wuerttemberg, Thuenen-Institute of Organic Farming, Forestry School - INDEHESA, University of Extremadura, Conservación de la Biodiversidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences (BFH), Natural Area Consultants, Department of Zoology, Pocker Sahib Memorial Orphanage College, CSIRO Ocean & Atmosphere, CSIRO, Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (AD2M), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecology and Forest Restoration Group, Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, Computing, ESEI, Vigo, Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University, Life Sciences, Sciences Faculty, University of Alcalá, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System, Friends of the Mississippi River, Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity and Conservation, Federal University of Maranhão, Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie = Jagiellonian University (UJ), Institute of Ecology, Technical University of Berlin, College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin, Engineering for Crop Production, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Landscape Ecology and Environmental Systems Analysis, Institute of Geoecology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Universität Innsbruck [Innsbruck], Institute for Alpine Environment, Eurac Research, Laboratory of Ecosystem Modelling, Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Sciences, Russian Academy of Science, Laboratory of Computational Ecology, Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology RAS – the Branch of Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Khalsa College Amritsar, John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design, University of Toronto, Universidad de La Laguna [Tenerife - SP] (ULL), Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, Food & Agriculture, WWF-Netherlands, Universidad Pública de Navarra [Espagne] = Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, Earth Innovation Institute, Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Management, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], The Nature Conservancy, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen = Justus Liebig University (JLU), Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Kola Science Centre, Institute of the North Industrial Ecology Problems, Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University), Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Department of Environmental Science, Saint Mary’s University, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences [Helsinki], Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, ANR-11-IDEX-0002,UNITI,Université Fédérale de Toulouse(2011), Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Senckenberg Museum for Natural History Görlitz, Department of Soil Zoology, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Faculty of Natural Resources & Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Production Systems, Horticulture Technologies, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Soil Ecosystems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Station biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Departamento de Informática, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Informática, Universidad de Vigo, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Department of Animal Biology (Zoology area), Science Faculty, University of La Laguna, Dpto. Ciencias, IS-FOOD, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Department of Animal Ecology, Justus Liebig University, University of Helsinki, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität = Friedrich Schiller University Jena [Jena, Germany], Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), University of Nairobi (UoN), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), National University of Río Cuarto = Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Brandenburg University of Technology [Cottbus – Senftenberg] (BTU), Department of Natural Resources & The Environment [CALS], College of Agriculture and Life Sciences [Cornell University] (CALS), Cornell University [New York]-Cornell University [New York], School of Biology and Environmental Sciences (SBES), USDA Forest Service, University of Toronto, Aberystwyth University, Universidad Nacional de Luján [Buenos Aires], Trier University of Applied Sciences, Razi University of Kermanshah, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão = State University of Maranhão (UEMA), Kyushu University, Aarhus University [Aarhus], Northern Kentucky University, Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (ADMM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics (IBED, FNWI), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft - German Research Foundation (DFG), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Department of Biology, University of Minho [Braga], University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Free University of Berlin (FU), Senckenberg Research Institute, European Project: 227161,EC:FP7:KBBE,FP7-KBBE-2008-2B,BIOBIO(2009), Biometry and Environmental System Analysis, University of Freiburg, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, Université de Sherbrooke, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Cornell University, UMR 1114 'EMMAH', INRA, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Climate Impacts Research Centre, Umeå University, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Performance des systèmes de culture des plantes pérennes (Cirad-Persyst-UPR 34 Système de pérennes), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences, UMR7144 Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS-Sorbonne Universite, AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Mécanismes adaptatifs : des organismes aux communautés (MECADEV), Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), European Research Council, Academy of Finland, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Slovak Research and Development Agency, Wageningen University and Research Centre, International Atomic Energy Agency, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Royal Canadian Geographical Society, Irish Government, University of Hawaii, U.S. Navy, Department of Science and Technology (India), Department of Defense (US), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Brasil), Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (Czech Republic), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Austrian Science Fund, Welsh Government, Science Foundation Ireland, University of Kentucky, Higher Education Commission (Pakistan), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Grains Research and Development Corporation (Australia), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (Argentina), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Brasil), Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (France), University of Minho, Università degli Studi di Catania (UniCT), Terrestrial Ecology (TE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, LITTER, Earth, Planet, Climate, Biologie du sol, Biodiversity, Facteur climatique, 01 natural sciences, Ver de terre, Ecosystem services, purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], Soil, Abundance (ecology), FORESTS, 11. Sustainability, DRIVERS, Biomass, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, Biomass (ecology), Multidisciplinary, biology, Ecology, Earth, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, POPULATION-DENSITY, earthworm, distribution, diversity, pattern, PE&RC, MINHOCAS, Habitat, Plant Production Systems, international, L20 - Écologie animale, Biodiversité, Écosystème, Zone tropicale, Soil biology, Biocénose, Invertebrados, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, Models, Biological, 010603 evolutionary biology, Ecology and Environment, Zone tempérée, 03 medical and health sciences, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Life Science, Animals, Ecosystem, PLANT, Oligochaeta, purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6 [https], 030304 developmental biology, Earthworm, Tropics, P34 - Biologie du sol, Species diversity, SHIFTS, Farm Systems Ecology Group, Bodemfysica en Landbeheer, 15. Life on land, Ecología, biology.organism_classification, Soil Physics and Land Management, SOIL, Agriculture and Soil Science, 13. Climate action, Plantaardige Productiesystemen, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, PATTERNS, Linear Models, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, BIODIVERSITY, Species richness, Planet, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, COMMUNITIES, Zoology, Animal Distribution, Models Biological
Abstract: Soil organisms, including earthworms, are a key component of terrestrial ecosystems. However, little is known about their diversity, their distribution, and the threats affecting them. We compiled a global dataset of sampled earthworm communities from 6928 sites in 57 countries as a basis for predicting patterns in earthworm diversity, abundance, and biomass. We found that local species richness and abundance typically peaked at higher latitudes, displaying patterns opposite to those observed in aboveground organisms. However, high species dissimilarity across tropical locations may cause diversity across the entirety of the tropics to be higher than elsewhere. Climate variables were found to be more important in shaping earthworm communities than soil properties or habitat cover. These findings suggest that climate change may have serious implications for earthworm communities and for the functions they provide., 677232 to N.E.). K.S.R. and W.H.v.d.P. were supported by ERC-ADV grant 323020 to W.H.v.d.P. Also supported by iDiv (DFG FZT118) Flexpool proposal 34600850 (C.A.G. and N.E.); the Academy of Finland (285882) and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (postdoctoral fellowship and RGPIN-2019-05758) (E.K.C.); DOB Ecology (T.W.C., J.v.d.H., and D.R.); ERC-AdG 694368 (M.R.); and the TULIP Laboratory of Excellence (ANR-10-LABX-41) (M.L.). In addition, data collection was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (12-04-01538-a, 12-04-01734-a, 14-44-03666-r_center_a, 15-29-02724-ofi_m, 16-04-01878-a 19-05-00245); Tarbiat Modares University; Aurora Organic Dairy; UGC(NERO) (F. 1-6/Acctt./NERO/2007-08/1485); Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (RGPIN-2017-05391); Slovak Research and Development Agency (APVV-0098-12); Science for Global Development through Wageningen University; Norman Borlaug LEAP Programme and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); São Paulo Research Foundation - FAPESP (12/22510-8); Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station; INIA - Spanish Agency (SUM 2006-00012-00-0); Royal Canadian Geographical Society; Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland) (2005-S-LS-8); University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa (HAW01127H; HAW01123M); European Union FP7 (FunDivEurope, 265171); U.S. Department of the Navy, Commander Pacific Fleet (W9126G-13-2-0047); Science and Engineering Research Board (SB/SO/AS-030/2013) Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, India; Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) of the U.S. Department of Defense (RC-1542); Maranhão State Research Foundation (FAPEMA); Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES); Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic (LTT17033); Colorado Wheat Research Foundation; Zone Atelier Alpes, French National Research Agency (ANR-11-BSV7-020-01, ANR-09-STRA-02-01, ANR 06 BIODIV 009-01); Austrian Science Fund (P16027, T441); Landwirtschaftliche Rentenbank Frankfurt am Main; Welsh Government and the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (Project Ref. A AAB 62 03 qA731606); SÉPAQ; Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Finland; Science Foundation Ireland (EEB0061); University of Toronto (Faculty of Forestry); National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Haliburton Forest and Wildlife Reserve; NKU College of Arts and Sciences Grant; Österreichische Forschungsförderungsgesellschaft (837393 and 837426); Mountain Agriculture Research Unit of the University of Innsbruck; Higher Education Commission of Pakistan; Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Kerala; UNEP/GEF/TSBF-CIAT Project on Conservation and Sustainable Management of Belowground Biodiversity; Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Finland; Complutense University of Madrid/European Union FP7 project BioBio (FPU UCM 613520); GRDC; AWI; LWRRDC; DRDC; CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council) and FONCyT (National Agency of Scientific and Technological Promotion) (PICT, PAE, PIP), Universidad Nacional de Luján y FONCyT [PICT 2293 (2006)], Fonds de recherche sur la nature et les technologies du Québec (131894), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [SCHR1000/3-1, SCHR1000/6-1, 6-2 (FOR 1598), WO 670/7-1, WO 670/7-2, and SCHA 1719/1-2], CONACYT (FONDOS MIXTOS TABASCO/PROYECTO11316); NSF (DGE-0549245, DGE-0549245, DEB-BE-0909452, NSF1241932); Institute for Environmental Science and Policy at the University of Illinois at Chicago; Dean’s Scholar Program at UIC; Garden Club of America Zone VI Fellowship in Urban Forestry from the Casey Tree Endowment Fund; J. E. Weaver Competitive Grant from the Nebraska Chapter of The Nature Conservancy; the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at DePaul University; Elmore Hadley Award for Research in Ecology and Evolution from the UIC Dept. of Biological Sciences; Spanish CICYT (AMB96-1161; REN2000-0783/GLO; REN2003-05553/GLO; REN2003-03989/GLO; CGL2007-60661/BOS); Yokohama National University; MEXT KAKENHI (25220104); Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI (25281053, 17KT0074, 25252026); ADEME (0775C0035); Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of Spain (CGL2017-86926-P); Syngenta Philippines; UPSTREAM; LTSER (Val Mazia/Matschertal); Marie Sklodowska Curie Postdoctoral Fellowship (747607); National Science and Technology Base Resource Survey Project of China (2018FY100306); McKnight Foundation (14-168); Program of Fundamental Researches of Presidium of Russian Academy of Sciences (AAAA-A18-118021490070-5); Brazilian National Council of Research CNPq; and French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs. Author contributions: H.R.P.P. led the analysis, data curation, and writing of the original manuscript draft. C.A.G. assisted in analyses and writing of the original manuscript draft. E.K.C. and N.E. revised subsequent manuscript drafts. J.v.d.H., D.R., and T.W.C. provided additional analyses. E.K.C., N.E., and M.P.T. acquired funding for the project. J.K., K.B.G., B.S., M.L.C.B., M.J.I.B., and G.B. contributed to data curation. H.R.P.P., C.A.G., M.L.C.B., M.J.I.B., G.B., O.F., A.O., E.M.B., J.B., U.B., T.D., F.T.d.V., B.K.-R., M.L., J.M., C.M., W.H.v.d.P., K.S.R., M.C.R., D.R., M.R., M.P.T., D.H.W., D.A.W., E.K.C., and N.E. contributed to the project conceptualization. All authors reviewed and edited the final draft manuscript. The majority of the authors provided data for the analyses. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Data and materials availability: Data and analysis code are available on the iDiv Data repository (DOI: 10.25829/idiv.1804-5-2593) and GitHub (https://github.com/helenphillips/GlobalEWDiversity; DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3386456).
Published: 2019
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