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60 results on '"Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC)"'

1. Ultraviolet Radiation modelling using output from the Chemistry Climate Model Initiative

Author: Slimane Bekki, Daniele Visioni, Hassan Bencherif, Laura E. Revell, Kohei Yoshida, Martyn P. Chipperfield, John A. Pyle, Andrea Stenke, Kengo Sudo, N. Butchart, Béatrice Josse, Thierry Portafaix, Alexander T. Archibald, Colette Brogniez, Patrick Jöckel, Eugene Rozanov, Makoto Deushi, Giovanni Pitari, Martine Michou, Luke D. Oman, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Michaela I. Hegglin, Glauco Di Genova, Taichu Tanaka, Fiona M. O'Connor, Oliver Kirner, Olaf Morgenstern, David Saint-Martin, Guang Zeng, Rong-Ming Hu, Douglas E. Kinnison, Kévin Lamy, David A. Plummer, N. Luke Abraham, Hideharu Akiyoshi, Virginie Marécal, Sandip Dhomse, Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones ( LACy ), Météo France-Université de la Réunion ( UR ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre national de recherches météorologiques ( CNRM ), Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 ( LOA ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), SHTI - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), School of Chemistry and Physics [Durban], University of KwaZulu-Natal ( UKZN ), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] ( IAC ), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich ( ETH Zürich ), Bodeker Scientific, School of Physical Chemical Sciences [Christchurch], University of Canterbury [Christchurch], National Institute for Environmental Studies ( NIES ), Department of Meteorology [Reading], University of Reading ( UOR ), DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre ( IPA ), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] ( DLR ), Steinbuch Centre for Computing [Karlsruhe] ( SCC ), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie ( KIT ), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] ( NIWA ), Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] ( CAM ), National Centre for Atmospheric Science [Leeds] ( NCAS ), Natural Environment Research Council ( NERC ), Met Office Hadley Centre ( MOHC ), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] ( SEE ), University of Leeds, Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences [L'Aquila] ( DSFC ), Università degli Studi dell'Aquila [L'Aquila] ( UNIVAQ.IT ), Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] ( MRI ), Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] ( NCAR ), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center ( GSFC ), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis ( CCCma ), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center ( PMOD/WRC ), Graduate School of Environmental Studies [Nagoya], Nagoya University, Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 (LOA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille, STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), University of Reading (UOR), DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Steinbuch Centre for Computing [Karlsruhe] (SCC), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), National Centre for Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (NCAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences [L'Aquila] (DSFC), Università degli Studi dell'Aquila (UNIVAQ), Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Northern Hemisphere, Noon, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Article, Aerosol, Latitude, Troposphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, [ PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Ultraviolet index, [ SDU.STU.CL ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Southern Hemisphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: We have derived values of the Ultraviolet Index (UVI) at solar noon using the Tropospheric Ultraviolet Model (TUV) driven by ozone, temperature and aerosol fields from climate simulations of the first phase of the Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative (CCMI-1). Since clouds remain one of the largest uncertainties in climate projections, we simulated only the clear-sky UVI. We compared the modelled UVI climatologies against present-day climatological values of UVI derived from both satellite data (the OMI-Aura OMUVBd product) and ground-based measurements (from the NDACC network). Depending on the region, relative differences between the UVI obtained from CCMI/TUV calculations and the ground-based measurements ranged between −5.9% and 10.6%. We then calculated the UVI evolution throughout the 21st century for the four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs 2.6, 4.5, 6.0 and 8.5). Compared to 1960s values, we found an average increase in the UVI in 2100 (of 2–4%) in the tropical belt (30°N-30°S). For the mid-latitudes, we observed a 1.8 to 3.4 % increase in the Southern Hemisphere for RCP 2.6, 4.5 and 6.0, and found a 2.3% decrease in RCP 8.5. Higher increases in UVI are projected in the Northern Hemisphere except for RCP 8.5. At high latitudes, ozone recovery is well identified and induces a complete return of mean UVI levels to 1960 values for RCP 8.5 in the Southern Hemisphere. In the Northern Hemisphere, UVI levels in 2100 are higher by 0.5 to 5.5% for RCP 2.6, 4.5 and 6.0 and they are lower by 7.9% for RCP 8.5. We analysed the impacts of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) on UVI from 1960 by comparing CCMI sensitivity simulations (1960–2100) with fixed GHGs or ODSs at their respective 1960 levels. As expected with ODS fixed at their 1960 levels, there is no large decrease in ozone levels and consequently no sudden increase in UVI levels. With fixed GHG, we observed a delayed return of ozone to 1960 values, with a corresponding pattern of change observed on UVI, and looking at the UVI difference between 2090s values and 1960s values, we found an 8 % increase in the tropical belt during the summer of each hemisphere. Finally we show that, while in the Southern Hemisphere the UVI is mainly driven by total ozone column, in the Northern Hemisphere both total ozone column and aerosol optical depth drive UVI levels, with aerosol optical depth having twice as much influence on the UVI as total ozone column does.
Published: 2018

2. Multi-model comparison of the volcanic sulfate deposition from the 1815 eruption of Mt. Tambora

Author: Lauren Marshall, Anja Schmidt, Matthew Toohey, Ken S. Carslaw, Graham W. Mann, Michael Sigl, Myriam Khodri, Claudia Timmreck, Davide Zanchettin, William Ball, Slimane Bekki, James S. A. Brooke, Sandip Dhomse, Colin Johnson, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Allegra LeGrande, Michael J. Mills, Ulrike Niemeier, Virginie Poulain, Alan Robock, Eugene Rozanov, Andrea Stenke, Timofei Sukhodolov, Simone Tilmes, Kostas Tsigaridis, Fiona Tummon, Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (ICAS), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds-University of Leeds, Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, National Centre for Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (NCAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry [Villigen] (LUC), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Processus de la variabilité climatique tropicale et impacts (PARVATI), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics [Venezia], University of Ca’ Foscari [Venice, Italy], Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Chemistry [Leeds], University of Leeds, Met Office Hadley Centre (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory (ACOML), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Center for Climate Systems Research [New York] (CCSR), Columbia University [New York], Department of Environmental Sciences [New Brunswick], School of Environmental and Biological Sciences [New Brunswick], Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science [Leeds] ( ICAS ), Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften ( IFM-GEOMAR ), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie ( MPI-M ), National Centre for Atmospheric Science [Leeds] ( NCAS ), Natural Environment Research Council ( NERC ), Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry [Villigen] ( LUC ), Paul Scherrer Institute ( PSI ), Processus de la variabilité climatique tropicale et impacts ( PARVATI ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques ( LOCEAN ), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology ( MPI-M ), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] ( IAC ), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich ( ETH Zürich ), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center ( PMOD/WRC ), SHTI - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Met Office Hadley Centre ( MOHC ), Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory ( ACOML ), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] ( NCAR ), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center ( GSFC ), Center for Climate Systems Research [New York] ( CCSR ), and Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] ( RUTGERS )
Subjects: [ PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 13. Climate action, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 01 natural sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The eruption of Mt. Tambora in 1815 was the largest volcanic eruption of the past 500 years. The eruption had significant climatic impacts, leading to the 1816 “year without a summer”, and remains a valuable event from which to understand the climatic effects of large stratospheric volcanic sulfur dioxide injections. The eruption also resulted in one of the strongest and most easily identifiable volcanic sulfate signals in polar ice cores, which are widely used to reconstruct the timing and atmospheric sulfate loading of past eruptions. As part of the Model Intercomparison Project on the climatic response to Volcanic forcing (VolMIP), five state-of-the-art global aerosol models simulated this eruption. We analyse both simulated background (no Tambora) and volcanic (with Tambora) sulfate deposition to polar regions and compare to ice core records. The models simulate overall similar patterns of background sulfate deposition, although there are differences in regional details and magnitude. However, the volcanic sulfate deposition varies considerably between the models with differences in timing, spatial pattern and magnitude. Mean simulated deposited sulfate on Antarctica ranges from 19 to 264 kg km−2 and on Greenland from 31 to 194 kg km−2, as compared to the mean ice-core-derived estimates of roughly 50 kg km−2 for both Greenland and Antarctica. The ratio of the hemispheric atmospheric sulfate aerosol burden after the eruption to the average ice sheet deposited sulfate varies between models by up to a factor of 15. Sources of this inter-model variability include differences in both the formation and the transport of sulfate aerosol. Our results suggest that deriving relationships between sulfate deposited on ice sheets and atmospheric sulfate burdens from model simulations may be associated with greater uncertainties than previously thought. ISSN:1680-7375 ISSN:1680-7367
Published: 2017

3. Multimodel climate and variability of the stratosphere

Author: Darryn W. Waugh, Steven Pawson, Paul J. Kushner, N. Butchart, Judith Perlwitz, Hella Garny, Eugene Rozanov, A. J. G. Baumgaertner, Rolando R. Garcia, Kiyotaka Shibata, Lei Wang, John A. Pyle, Veronika Eyring, Kirstin Krüger, Marion Marchand, Scott Osprey, Steven C. Hardiman, Jean-Francois Lamarque, John Austin, Ch. Brühl, Martine Michou, H. Teyssèdre, Paul A. Newman, David A. Plummer, Tetsu Nakamura, Hideharu Akiyoshi, Slimane Bekki, Peter H. Haynes, Sandip Dhomse, Dan Smale, Olaf Morgenstern, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Patrick Jöckel, Martin Dameris, P. Braesicke, Theodore G. Shepherd, W. Tian, Andrew Charlton-Perez, Yousuke Yamashita, Irene Cionni, Michael Sigmond, John F. Scinocca, Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Department of Meteorology [Reading], University of Reading (UOR), DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), NCAS-Climate [Cambridge], Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM)-University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP), University of Oxford, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Met Office Hadley Centre ( MOHC ), University of Reading ( UOR ), DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre ( IPA ), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] ( DLR ), University of Cambridge [UK] ( CAM ) -University of Cambridge [UK] ( CAM ), Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften ( IFM-GEOMAR ), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center ( GSFC ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] ( AOPP ), University of Oxford [Oxford], Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences ( CIRES ), University of Colorado Boulder [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ), National Institute for Environmental Studies ( NIES ), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory ( GFDL ), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ), University Corporation for Atmospheric Research ( UCAR ), SHTI - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Max Planck Institute for Chemistry ( MPIC ), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] ( SEE ), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] ( NCAR ), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique ( CNRM-GAME ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] ( NIWA ), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis ( CCCma ), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center ( PMOD/WRC ), Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] ( MRI ), Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ), Johns Hopkins University ( JHU ), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: quasi-biennial oscillation, Atmospheric Science, polar night jet, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil Science, Aquatic Science, Sudden stratospheric warming, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Geochemistry and Petrology, Polar vortex, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), General circulation model, Southern Hemisphere, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Ecology, Polar night, Northern Hemisphere, Paleontology, Forestry, Jet stream, stratospheric warmings, Geophysics, [ PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Climatology, Environmental science, Polar, Dynamik der Atmosphäre, Stratospheric climate
Abstract: The stratospheric climate and variability from simulations of sixteen chemistry-climate models is evaluated. On average the polar night jet is well reproduced though its variability is less well reproduced with a large spread between models. Polar temperature biases are less than 5 K except in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) lower stratosphere in spring. The accumulated area of low temperatures responsible for polar stratospheric cloud formation is accurately reproduced for the Antarctic but underestimated for the Arctic. The shape and position of the polar vortex is well simulated, as is the tropical upwelling in the lower stratosphere. There is a wide model spread in the frequency of major sudden stratospheric warnings (SSWs), late biases in the breakup of the SH vortex, and a weak annual cycle in the zonal wind in the tropical upper stratosphere. Quantitatively, "metrics" indicate a wide spread in model performance for most diagnostics with systematic biases in many, and poorer performance in the SH than in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). Correlations were found in the SH between errors in the final warming, polar temperatures, the leading mode of variability, and jet strength, and in the NH between errors in polar temperatures, frequency of major SSWs, and jet strength. Models with a stronger QBO have stronger tropical upwelling and a colder NH vortex. Both the qualitative and quantitative analysis indicate a number of common and long-standing model problems, particularly related to the simulation of the SH and stratospheric variability. Copyright 2011 by the American Geophysical Union.
Published: 2016

4. Recent variability of the solar spectral irradiance and its impact on climate modelling

Author: I. Ermolli, K. Matthes, T. Dudok de Wit, N. A. Krivova, K. Tourpali, M. Weber, Y. C. Unruh, L. Gray, U. Langematz, P. Pilewskie, E. Rozanov, W. Schmutz, A. Shapiro, S. K. Solanki, G. Thuillier, T. N. Woods, INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma ( OAR ), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica ( INAF ), GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] ( GEOMAR ), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace ( LPC2E ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung ( MPS ), Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics [Thessalonikis], Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Institut für Umweltphysik [Bremen] ( IUP ), Universität Bremen, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] ( AOPP ), University of Oxford [Oxford], Institut für Meteorologie [Berlin], Freie Universität Berlin [Berlin], Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] ( LASP ), University of Colorado Boulder [Boulder], Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center ( PMOD/WRC ), European Project : 284461,EC:FP7:SPA,FP7-SPACE-2011-1,EHEROES ( 2012 ), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma (OAR), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Institut für Umweltphysik [Bremen] (IUP), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP), Freie Universität Berlin, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), School of Space Research, Kyung Hee University (KHU), European Project: 284461,EC:FP7:SPA,FP7-SPACE-2011-1,EHEROES(2012), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics [Thessaloniki], University of Oxford, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] ( IAC ), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich ( ETH Zürich ), and Kyung Hee University
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Irradiance, Climate change, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, lcsh:Chemistry, Atmosphere, 0103 physical sciences, Range (statistics), Stratosphere, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], lcsh:QC1-999, [ SDE.MCG ] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Physics - Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, lcsh:QD1-999, [ PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (physics.ao-ph), Satellite, [ SDU.STU.CL ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Shortwave, lcsh:Physics, [ SDU ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Abstract: The lack of long and reliable time series of solar spectral irradiance (SSI) measurements makes an accurate quantification of solar contributions to recent climate change difficult. Whereas earlier SSI observations and models provided a qualitatively consistent picture of the SSI variability, recent measurements by the SORCE satellite suggest a significantly stronger variability in the ultraviolet (UV) spectral range and changes in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) bands in anti-phase with the solar cycle. A number of recent chemistry-climate model (CCM) simulations have shown that this might have significant implications on the Earth's atmosphere. Motivated by these results, we summarize here our current knowledge of SSI variability and its impact on Earth's climate. We present a detailed overview of existing SSI measurements and provide thorough comparison of models available to date. SSI changes influence the Earth's atmosphere, both directly, through changes in shortwave (SW) heating and therefore, temperature and ozone distributions in the stratosphere, and indirectly, through dynamical feedbacks. We investigate these direct and indirect effects using several state-of-the art CCM simulations forced with measured and modeled SSI changes. A unique asset of this study is the use of a common comprehensive approach for an issue that is usually addressed separately by different communities. Omissis. Finally, we discuss the reliability of the available data and we propose additional coordinated work, first to build composite SSI datasets out of scattered observations and to refine current SSI models, and second, to run coordinated CCM experiments., 34 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in ACP
Published: 2013

5. Stereoscopic Measurements of Coronal Doppler Velocities

Author: Cristina Hemilse Mandrini, L. Dolla, Krzysztof Barczynski, F. Auchère, Susanna Parenti, Marilena Mierla, O. Podladchikova, Eric Buchlin, Louise K. Harra, Luciano Rodriguez, David Berghmans, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Solar Influences Data Analysis Center [Brussels] (SIDC), Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), Institute of Geodynamics of the Romanian Academy, and Romanian Academy
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Imaging spectrometer, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Orbiter, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, medicine, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Spectrometer, Spacecraft, business.industry, Ecliptic, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Coronal loop, [PHYS.ASTR.SR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Spectral imaging, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Physics::Space Physics, Solar rotation, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, business
Abstract: The Solar Orbiter mission, with an orbit outside the Sun Earth line and leaving the ecliptic plane, opens up opportunities for the combined analysis of measurements obtained by solar imagers and spectrometers. For the first time, different space spectrometers will be located at wide angles to each other, allowing three-dimensional (3D) spectroscopy of the solar atmosphere. The aim of this work is to prepare the methodology to facilitate the reconstruction of 3D vector velocities from two stereoscopic LOS Doppler velocity measurements using the Spectral Imaging of the Coronal Environment (SPICE) onboard the Solar Orbiter and the near-Earth spectrometers, while widely separated in space. We develop the methodology using the libraries designed earlier for the STEREO mission but applied to spectroscopic data from the Hinode mission and the Solar Dynamics Observatory. We use well-known methods of static and dynamic solar rotation stereoscopy and the methods of EUV stereoscopic triangulation for optically thin coronal EUV plasma emissions. We develop new algorithms using analytical geometry in space to determine the 3D velocity in coronal loops. We demonstrate our approach with the reconstruction of 3D velocity vectors in plasma flows along "open" and "closed" magnetic loops. This technique will be applied to an actual situation of two spacecraft at different separations with spectrometers onboard (SPICE versus the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) and Hinode imaging spectrometer) during the Solar Orbiternominal phase. We summarise how these observations can be coordinated., Comment: accepted to be published in Astronomy and Astrophysics
Published: 2021
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6. Toward the creation of an ontology for the coupling of atmospheric electricity with biological systems

Author: Pablo Fdez-Arroyabe, Snezana Savoska, Lluis M. Mir, Snezana Dragovic, Michal Cifra, Keri Nicoll, Kostas Kourtidis, E. Rozanov, Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution and Pollution Control Engineering of Atmospheric Pollutants, Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Vectorologie et transfert de gènes (VTG / UMR8121), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Vectorologie et thérapeutiques anti-cancéreuses [Villejuif] (UMR 8203), Aspects métaboliques et systémiques de l'oncogénèse pour de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques (METSY), Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Europe
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Exposome, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Emerging technologies, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Ecology (disciplines), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Context (language use), Ontology (information science), 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 0302 clinical medicine, Electromagnetic Fields, Electricity, Atmospheric electric fields (AEF), Humans, Satellite Internet access, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Reusability, Retrospective Studies, 030203 arthritis & rheumatology, Ecology, Biological systems, Information Dissemination, Ontology, Data science, Semantics, Data sharing, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences
Abstract: International audience; Atmospheric electric fields (AEFs) are produced by both natural processes and electrical infrastructure and are increasingly recognized to influence and interfere with various organisms and biological processes, including human well-being. Atmospheric electric fields, in particular electromagnetic fields (EMFs), currently attract a lot of scientific attention due to emerging technologies such as 5G and satellite internet. However, a broader retrospective analysis of available data for both natural and artificial AEFs and EMFs is hampered due to a lack of a semantic approach, preventing data sharing and advancing our understanding of its intrinsic links. Therefore, here we create an ontology (ENET_Ont) for existing (big) data on AEFs within the context of biological systems that is derived from different disciplines that are distributed over many databases. Establishing an environment for data sharing provided by the proposed ontology approach will increase the value of existing data and facilitate reusability for other communities, especially those focusing on public health, ecology, environmental health, biology, climatology as well as bioinformatics.
Published: 2020

7. The Solar Orbiter EUI instrument: The Extreme Ultraviolet Imager

Author: J. Hansotte, R. Müller, M. Hailey, P. Schlatter, A. Lawrenson, M. Monecke, Hardi Peter, Julien Rosin, Koen Stegen, Jean-Claude Vial, S. Parenti, Ali BenMoussa, Etienne Renotte, N. Szwec, Marie-Laure Hellin, R. Enge, M. Haberreiter, A. Philippon, P. Coker, B. Giordanengo, L. Dolla, K. Heerlein, Werner Schmutz, Matthew J. West, K. Ruane, J.-F. Hochedez, M. Chaigneau, M. Kahle, Emmanuel Mazy, J. Scanlan, J. Tandy, J. Barbay, B. Chares, T. Appourchaux, Laurence Rossi, C. Dumesnil, E. Pylyser, R. Aznar Cuadrado, Louise K. Harra, S. Meyer, F. Cabé, Benoit Marquet, Evgueni Meltchakov, Andrei Zhukov, D. Westwood, Bogdan Nicula, G. Willis, M.-F. Ravet-Krill, B. Borgo, S. Hemsley, Isabelle Tychon, N. Guerreiro, D. Linder, R. Mercier, Sylvie Liébecq, Thomas Wiegelmann, Philip J. Smith, M. Gyo, L. Mountney, G. Davison, Frédéric Rabecki, Jean-Marie Gillis, P. Langer, P. Roth, Sami K. Solanki, Luciano Rodriguez, Jean-Philippe Halain, L. Cadiergues, P. Addison, V. Büchel, D. Markiewicz-Innes, X. Zhang, Daniel Pfiffner, M. Roulliay, Antoine Rousseau, Stéphane Roose, Udo Schühle, M. Spescha, Jean-Yves Plesseria, Lionel Jacques, J. C. Le Clec’h, Yvan Stockman, G. Del Zanna, T. Kennedy, C. Beurthe, B. Mampaey, Franck Delmotte, C. Theobald, C. Choque Cortez, S. Meining, S. François, David Long, M. Bergmann, F. Rouesnel, S. Koller, C. Tamiatto, M. Bouzit, David Berghmans, D. Bates, L. Bradley, E. Kotsialos, A. Hafiz, D. Davies, J. B. L. Jones, S. Smit, Véronique Delouille, Gilles Morinaud, Aline Hermans, S. Coumar, J. Rebellato, Yvette Houbrechts, Stephan Werner, Werner Curdt, J. Cutler, K. Bonte, Daniel B. Seaton, Jean-Marc Defise, F. Moron, M. Klaproth, Eric Buchlin, J.-J. Fourmond, I. Phillips, Jörg Büchner, Pierre Rochus, M. Kolleck, Christophe Hecquet, Sarah A. Matthews, L. van Driel-Gesztelyi, Lucie M. Green, Cis Verbeeck, S. Gissot, F. Dürig, M. Condamin, Cedric Lenaerts, F. Auchère, K. Ihsan, K. Silliman, A. Guilbaud, Luca Teriaca, E. Kraaikamp, F. Monfort, A. Jérôme, Andreas Zerr, E. Marsch, Berend Winter, D. N. Baker, Alexandra Mazzoli, A. Spencer, V. Hervier, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay, Centre Spatial de Liège (CSL), Université de Liège, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL), University College of London [London] (UCL), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Laboratoire Charles Fabry / Optique XUV, Laboratoire Charles Fabry (LCF), Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Faculty of mathematics Centre for Mathematical Sciences [Cambridge] (CMS), and University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Field of view, Context (language use), Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, law.invention, Orbiter, law, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Aerospace engineering, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Chromosphere, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, business.industry, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Ecliptic, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Corona, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Extreme ultraviolet, Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, business, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Heliosphere
Abstract: Context.The Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) is part of the remote sensing instrument package of the ESA/NASA Solar Orbiter mission that will explore the inner heliosphere and observe the Sun from vantage points close to the Sun and out of the ecliptic. Solar Orbiter will advance the “connection science” between solar activity and the heliosphere.Aims.With EUI we aim to improve our understanding of the structure and dynamics of the solar atmosphere, globally as well as at high resolution, and from high solar latitude perspectives.Methods.The EUI consists of three telescopes, the Full Sun Imager and two High Resolution Imagers, which are optimised to image in Lyman-αand EUV (17.4 nm, 30.4 nm) to provide a coverage from chromosphere up to corona. The EUI is designed to cope with the strong constraints imposed by the Solar Orbiter mission characteristics. Limited telemetry availability is compensated by state-of-the-art image compression, onboard image processing, and event selection. The imposed power limitations and potentially harsh radiation environment necessitate the use of novel CMOS sensors. As the unobstructed field of view of the telescopes needs to protrude through the spacecraft’s heat shield, the apertures have been kept as small as possible, without compromising optical performance. This led to a systematic effort to optimise the throughput of every optical element and the reduction of noise levels in the sensor.Results.In this paper we review the design of the two elements of the EUI instrument: the Optical Bench System and the Common Electronic Box. Particular attention is also given to the onboard software, the intended operations, the ground software, and the foreseen data products.Conclusions.The EUI will bring unique science opportunities thanks to its specific design, its viewpoint, and to the planned synergies with the other Solar Orbiter instruments. In particular, we highlight science opportunities brought by the out-of-ecliptic vantage point of the solar poles, the high-resolution imaging of the high chromosphere and corona, and the connection to the outer corona as observed by coronagraphs.
Published: 2020

8. Coordination within the remote sensing payload on the Solar Orbiter mission

Author: O. C. St. Cyr, D. Orozco Suárez, Ester Antonucci, Sunil Sidher, Marina Battaglia, Phillip C. Chamberlin, V. Andretta, David Long, Johann Hirzberger, A. Giunta, Silvano Fineschi, N. Bach, Simon Plunkett, C. Watson, B. Mampaey, S. Fahmy, I. Tanco, S. Caminade, Andrei Zhukov, Andreas Lagg, David Berghmans, Joachim Woch, David R. Williams, G. J. Hurford, M. Haberreiter, T. Grundy, Shane A. Maloney, Donald M. Hassler, S. Parenti, J. J. Cerullo, Eric Buchlin, Sami K. Solanki, Federico Landini, A. Pacros, J. Carlyle, A. De Groof, Angelos Vourlidas, V. Martinez-Pillet, J. Lefort, Alexis P. Rouillard, Cis Verbeeck, S. Lodiot, Mats Carlsson, Gianalfredo Nicolini, T. Straus, M. Kolleck, L. Etesi, D. R. McMullin, L. Sanchez, R. A. Howard, J. C. del Toro Iniesta, Daniel Müller, Joseph M. Davila, F. Marliani, Robin C. Colaninno, F. Auchère, Lucia Kleint, A. Philippon, Andrzej Fludra, Luca Teriaca, Louise K. Harra, Udo Schühle, Marco Romoli, William T. Thompson, Holly Gilbert, Maurizio Pancrazzi, Alessandro Bemporad, P. Rochus, Säm Krucker, N. Rich, I. Zouganelis, Hardi Peter, Daniele Spadaro, Thomas Wiegelmann, Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Umeå University, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], GSFC Laboratory for Solar and Space Physics, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (OATo), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Space Science and Technology Department [Didcot] (RAL Space), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)-Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL), University College of London [London] (UCL), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), Trinity College Dublin, Space Systems Research Corporation (SSRC), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad de Cantabria [Santander], INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania (OACT), University of Kansas [Kansas City], Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence [Brussels] (STCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Space Agency (ESA), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), and European Space Agency (European Space Agency) (ESA)
Subjects: Sun: general, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Context (language use), Instrumentation: spectrographs, Instrumentation: polarimeters, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, instruments [Space vehicles], Orbiter, law, 0103 physical sciences, general [Sun], Space vehicles: instruments, spectrographs [Instrumentation], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, Physics, Earth's orbit, Data processing, polarimeters [Instrumentation], Spacecraft, instruments, instrumentation: polarimeters, instrumentation: spectrographs, telescopes [space vehicles], business.industry, Payload, Suite, Bandwidth (signal processing), Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, business, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Telescopes
Abstract: Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.-- Full list of authors: Auchère, F.; Andretta, V.; Antonucci, E.; Bach, N.; Battaglia, M.; Bemporad, A.; Berghmans, D.; Buchlin, E.; Caminade, S.; Carlsson, M.; Carlyle, J.; Cerullo, J. J.; Chamberlin, P. C.; Colaninno, R. C.; Davila, J. M.; De Groof, A.; Etesi, L.; Fahmy, S.; Fineschi, S.; Fludra, A.; Gilbert, H. R.; Giunta, A.; Grundy, T.; Haberreiter, M.; Harra, L. K.; Hassler, D. M.; Hirzberger, J.; Howard, R. A.; Hurford, G.; Kleint, L.; Kolleck, M.; Krucker, S.; Lagg, A.; Landini, F.; Long, D. M.; Lefort, J.; Lodiot, S.; Mampaey, B.; Maloney, S.; Marliani, F.; Martinez-Pillet, V.; McMullin, D. R.; Müller, D.; Nicolini, G.; Orozco Suarez, D.; Pacros, A.; Pancrazzi, M.; Parenti, S.; Peter, H.; Philippon, A.; Plunkett, S.; Rich, N.; Rochus, P.; Rouillard, A.; Romoli, M.; Sanchez, L.; Schühle, U.; Sidher, S.; Solanki, S. K.; Spadaro, D.; St Cyr, O. C.; Straus, T.; Tanco, I.; Teriaca, L.; Thompson, W. T.; del Toro Iniesta, J. C.; Verbeeck, C.; Vourlidas, A.; Watson, C.; Wiegelmann, T.; Williams, D.; Woch, J.; Zhukov, A. N.; Zouganelis, I., Context. To meet the scientific objectives of the mission, the Solar Orbiter spacecraft carries a suite of in-situ (IS) and remote sensing (RS) instruments designed for joint operations with inter-instrument communication capabilities. Indeed, previous missions have shown that the Sun (imaged by the RS instruments) and the heliosphere (mainly sampled by the IS instruments) should be considered as an integrated system rather than separate entities. Many of the advances expected from Solar Orbiter rely on this synergistic approach between IS and RS measurements. Aims. Many aspects of hardware development, integration, testing, and operations are common to two or more RS instruments. In this paper, we describe the coordination effort initiated from the early mission phases by the Remote Sensing Working Group. We review the scientific goals and challenges, and give an overview of the technical solutions devised to successfully operate these instruments together. Methods. A major constraint for the RS instruments is the limited telemetry (TM) bandwidth of the Solar Orbiter deep-space mission compared to missions in Earth orbit. Hence, many of the strategies developed to maximise the scientific return from these instruments revolve around the optimisation of TM usage, relying for example on onboard autonomy for data processing, compression, and selection for downlink. The planning process itself has been optimised to alleviate the dynamic nature of the targets, and an inter-instrument communication scheme has been implemented which can be used to autonomously alter the observing modes. We also outline the plans for in-flight cross-calibration, which will be essential to the joint data reduction and analysis. Results. The RS instrument package on Solar Orbiter will carry out comprehensive measurements from the solar interior to the inner heliosphere. Thanks to the close coordination between the instrument teams and the European Space Agency, several challenges specific to the RS suite were identified and addressed in a timely manner. © 2020 F. Auchère et al., A. V. is supported by NRL grant N00173-16-1-G029. D. M. L. is grateful to the Science Technology and Facilities Council for the award of an Ernest Rutherford Fellowship (ST/R003246/1).
Published: 2020

9. The Solar Orbiter SPICE instrument: An extreme UV imaging spectrometer

Author: P. Schlatter, Craig DeForest, A. H. Gabriel, M. Anderson, S. Meining, Richard A. Harrison, Eckart Marsch, C. Tamiatto, Udo Schühle, S. Guest, David R. Williams, C. Mercier, G. Del Zanna, Sami K. Solanki, Martin E. Caldwell, S. Tustain, R. Speight, Stein Vidar Hagfors Haugan, Gareth J. Marshall, J. Davenne, Robert F. Wimmer-Schweingruber, Donald M. Hassler, Karine Bocchialini, D. Drummond, C. Dumesnil, B. Borgo, J. Dubau, D. Kouliche, M. Gyo, Luca Teriaca, Werner Curdt, F. Baudin, Eric Buchlin, J. Barbay, G. Burton, C. Howe, A. Philippon, Jean-Claude Vial, Miho Janvier, Roman Klein, S. Parenti, Daniel Pfiffner, Hardi Peter, Joseph M. Davila, Sarah A. Matthews, Ian Tosh, T. Grundy, K. Rogers, B. Walls, S. Woodward, N. Szwec, A. Marshall, Mats Carlsson, N. Waltham, Werner Schmutz, Paul Eccleston, R. Aznar Cuadrado, T. Fredvik, Andrzej Fludra, Douglas Griffin, C. Sawyer, S. Caminade, S. Koller, Peter R. Young, G. Dunn, S. Beardsley, Viggo Hansteen, C. Pastor-Santos, G. Munro, T. Morse, A. Richards, William T. Thompson, A. De Groof, M. Haberreiter, Therese A. Kucera, C. McQuirk, A. Giunta, Alexander Gottwald, M. Spescha, F. Auchere, A. Pacros, B. Shaughnessy, N. Morris, D. Bruzzi, Sunil Sidher, Daniel Müller, P. Phelan, V. Büchel, T. Appourchaux, Space Science and Technology Department [Didcot] (RAL Space), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)-Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), University of Oslo (UiO), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Southwest Research Institute [Boulder] (SwRI), Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP), University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt [Berlin] (PTB), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL), University College of London [London] (UCL), ESR Technology Ltd (ESR), Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), School of Space Research, Kyung Hee University (KHU), ADNET Systems, Inc., Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik [Kiel] (IEAP), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Newcastle University [Newcastle], European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), European Space Agency (ESA), and European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC)
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Spice, Imaging spectrometer, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Orbiter, Data acquisition, law, 0103 physical sciences, medicine, Calibration, Electronics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Astronomy and Astrophysics, Spectral imaging, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Extreme ultraviolet, Systems engineering, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: The Spectral Imaging of the Coronal Environment (SPICE) instrument is a high-resolution imaging spectrometer operating at extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelengths. In this paper, we present the concept, design, and pre-launch performance of this facility instrument on the ESA/NASA Solar Orbiter mission. The goal of this paper is to give prospective users a better understanding of the possible types of observations, the data acquisition, and the sources that contribute to the instrument's signal. The paper discusses the science objectives, with a focus on the SPICE-specific aspects, before presenting the instrument's design, including optical, mechanical, thermal, and electronics aspects. This is followed by a characterisation and calibration of the instrument's performance. The paper concludes with descriptions of the operations concept and data processing. The performance measurements of the various instrument parameters meet the requirements derived from the mission's science objectives. The SPICE instrument is ready to perform measurements that will provide vital contributions to the scientific success of the Solar Orbiter mission., Comment: A&A, accepted 19 August 2019; 26 pages, 25 figures
Published: 2020

10. Model physics and chemistry causing intermodel disagreement within the VolMIP-Tambora Interactive Stratospheric Aerosol ensemble

Author: M. Clyne, J.-F. Lamarque, M. J. Mills, M. Khodri, W. Ball, S. Bekki, S. S. Dhomse, N. Lebas, G. Mann, L. Marshall, U. Niemeier, V. Poulain, A. Robock, E. Rozanov, A. Schmidt, A. Stenke, T. Sukhodolov, C. Timmreck, M. Toohey, F. Tummon, D. Zanchettin, Y. Zhu, O. B. Toon, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Boulder] (ATOC), University of Colorado [Boulder], Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Geoscience and Remote Sensing [Delft], Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, National Centre for Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (NCAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Environmental Sciences [New Brunswick], School of Environmental and Biological Sciences [New Brunswick], Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Department of Geography [Cambridge, UK], Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies [Saskatoon] (ISAS), Department of Physics and Engineering Physics [Saskatoon], University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S)-University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics [Venezia], University of Ca’ Foscari [Venice, Italy], European Project: 603557,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2013-two-stage,STRATOCLIM(2013), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), This research has been supported by the National Science Foundation (grant nos. PLR1643701 and AGS-1430051), the Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (grant nos. 20F121_138017, 200021_169241, and 200020_182239), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (grant nos. TO 967/1-1 and FOR2820), the Seventh Framework Programme (grant no. STRATOCLIM (603557)), the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (grant no. SOLSPEC), and the Natural Environment Research Council (grant nos. NE/N006038/1, NE/S000887/1 and NE/N018001/1)., Océan et variabilité du climat (VARCLIM), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Settore GEO/12 - Oceanografia e Fisica dell'Atmosfera, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Sulfate, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Effective radius, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], geography, Vulcanian eruption, geography.geographical_feature_category, Chemistry, Grid cell, Radiative forcing, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, lcsh:QD1-999, Volcano, 13. Climate action, Climate model, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: As part of the Model Intercomparison Project on the climatic response to Volcanic forcing (VolMIP), several climate modeling centers performed a coordinated pre-study experiment with interactive stratospheric aerosol models simulating the volcanic aerosol cloud from an eruption resembling the 1815 Mt. Tambora eruption (VolMIP-Tambora ISA ensemble). The pre-study provided the ancillary ability to assess intermodel diversity in the radiative forcing for a large stratospheric-injecting equatorial eruption when the volcanic aerosol cloud is simulated interactively. An initial analysis of the VolMIP-Tambora ISA ensemble showed large disparities between models in the stratospheric global mean aerosol optical depth (AOD). In this study, we now show that stratospheric global mean AOD differences among the participating models are primarily due to differences in aerosol size, which we track here by effective radius. We identify specific physical and chemical processes that are missing in some models and/or parameterized differently between models, which are together causing the differences in effective radius. In particular, our analysis indicates that interactively tracking hydroxyl radical (OH) chemistry following a large volcanic injection of sulfur dioxide (SO2) is an important factor in allowing for the timescale for sulfate formation to be properly simulated. In addition, depending on the timescale of sulfate formation, there can be a large difference in effective radius and subsequently AOD that results from whether the SO2 is injected in a single model grid cell near the location of the volcanic eruption, or whether it is injected as a longitudinally averaged band around the Earth.
Published: 2020

11. No robust evidence of future changes in major stratospheric sudden warmings: a multi-model assessment from CCMI

Author: B. Ayarzagüena, L. M. Polvani, U. Langematz, H. Akiyoshi, S. Bekki, N. Butchart, M. Dameris, M. Deushi, S. C. Hardiman, P. Jöckel, A. Klekociuk, M. Marchand, M. Michou, O. Morgenstern, F. M. O'Connor, L. D. Oman, D. A. Plummer, L. Revell, E. Rozanov, D. Saint-Martin, J. Scinocca, A. Stenke, K. Stone, Y. Yamashita, K. Yoshida, G. Zeng, Departamento Fisica de la Tierra, Astronomía y Astrofísica [Madrid], Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), Instituto de Geociencias [Madrid] (IGEO), Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid] (UCM)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Columbia University [New York], Freie Universität Berlin, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Australian Antarctic Division (AAD), Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Energy, Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE-CRC), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Bodeker Scientific, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), School of Earth Sciences [Melbourne], Faculty of Science [Melbourne], University of Melbourne-University of Melbourne, ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW)-Australian Research Council [Canberra] (ARC), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), European Commission, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, German Research Foundation, National Science Foundation (US), Ministry of Business, Innovation, and Employment (New Zealand), Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Deep South National Science Challenge (New Zealand), German Climate Computing Center, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), Ministry of Environment (Japan), Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency (Japan), Ayarzagüena, Blanca, Polvani, Lorenzo M., Akiyoshi, Hideharu, Bekki, Slimane, Jöckel, Patrick, Morgenstern, Olaf, Revell, Laura, Saint-Martin, David, Stenke, Andrea, Stone, Kane, Yamashita, Yousuke, Yoshida, Kohei, Zeng, Guang, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), Ayarzagüena, Blanca [0000-0003-3959-5673], Polvani, Lorenzo M. [0000-0003-4775-8110], Akiyoshi, Hideharu [0000-0001-6463-9004], Bekki, Slimane [0000-0002-5538-0800], Jöckel, Patrick [0000-0002-8964-1394], Morgenstern, Olaf [0000-0002-9967-9740], Revell, Laura [0000-0002-8974-7703], Saint-Martin, David [0000-0002-8478-6914], Stenke, Andrea [0000-0002-5916-4013], Stone, Kane [0000-0002-2721-8785], Yamashita, Yousuke [0000-0002-6813-4668], Yoshida, Kohei [0000-0002-2422-5584], Zeng, Guang [0000-0002-9356-5021], Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Forcing (mathematics), 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Article, Troposphere, lcsh:Chemistry, MESSy, multi-model, Erdsystem-Modellierung, stratospheric dynamics, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], EMAC, Polar night, stratospheric warming, lcsh:QC1-999, The arctic, Arctic, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, CCMI, Climatology, stratosphere, Environmental science, ESCiMo, stratospheric sudden warming, Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: Major mid-winter stratospheric sudden warmings (SSWs) are the largest instance of wintertime variability in the Arctic stratosphere. Because SSWs are able to cause significant surface weather anomalies on intra-seasonal timescales, several previous studies have focused on their potential future change, as might be induced by anthropogenic forcings. However, a wide range of results have been reported, from a future increase in the frequency of SSWs to an actual decrease. Several factors might explain these contradictory results, notably the use of different metrics for the identification of SSWs and the impact of large climatological biases in single-model studies. To bring some clarity, we here revisit the question of future SSW changes, using an identical set of metrics applied consistently across 12 different models participating in the Chemistry–Climate Model Initiative. Our analysis reveals that no statistically significant change in the frequency of SSWs will occur over the 21st century, irrespective of the metric used for the identification of the event. Changes in other SSW characteristics – such as their duration, deceleration of the polar night jet, and the tropospheric forcing – are also assessed: again, we find no evidence of future changes over the 21st century., Blanca Ayarzagüena was funded by the European Project 603557-STRATOCLIM under the FP7-ENV.2013.6.1-2 programme and “Ayudas para la contratación de personal postdoctoral en formación en docencia e investigación en departamentos de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid”. Blanca Ayarzagüena and Ulrike Langematz wish to acknowledge the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) within the research programme SHARP under the grant LA 1025/15-1. Lorenzo M. Polvani is grateful for the continued support of the US National Science Foundation. The work of Neal Butchart, Steven C. Hardiman, and Fiona M. O'Connor was supported by the Joint BEIS/Defra Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme (GA01101). Neal Butchart and Steven C. Hardiman were supported by the European Community within the StratoClim project (grant 603557). Olaf Morgenstern and Guang Zeng acknowledge the UK Met Office for use of the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM). This research was supported by the New Zealand Government's Strategic Science Investment Fund (SSIF) through the NIWA programme CACV. Olaf Morgenstern acknowledges funding by the New Zealand Royal Society Marsden Fund (grant 12-NIW-006) and by the Deep South National Science Challenge (http://www.deepsouthchallenge.co.nz, last access: 21 March 2018). The authors wish to acknowledge the contribution of New Zealand eScience Infrastructure (NeSI) high-performance computing (HPC) facilities to the results of this research. New Zealand's national facilities are provided by NeSI and funded jointly by NeSI's collaborator institutions and through the Ministry of Business, Innovation & Employment's Research Infrastructure programme (https://www.nesi.org.nz, last access: 21 March 2018). The EMAC simulations were performed at the German Climate Computing Centre (DKRZ) through support from the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF). DKRZ and its Scientific Steering Committee are gratefully acknowledged for providing the HPC and data archiving resources for the consortial project ESCiMo (Earth System Chemistry integrated Modelling). CCSRNIES's research was supported by the Environment Research and Technology Development Funds of the Ministry of the Environment (2-1303) and Environment Restoration and Conservation Agency (2-1709), Japan, and computations were performed on NEC-SX9/A(ECO) and NEC SX-ACE computers at the Center for Global Environmental Research, NIES. The authors wish to thank two anonymous referees for their helpful comments.
Published: 2018

12. Stereoscopy of extreme UV quiet Sun brightenings observed by Solar Orbiter/EUI

Author: A. N. Zhukov, M. Mierla, F. Auchère, S. Gissot, L. Rodriguez, E. Soubrié, W. T. Thompson, B. Inhester, B. Nicula, P. Antolin, S. Parenti, É. Buchlin, K. Barczynski, C. Verbeeck, E. Kraaikamp, P. J. Smith, K. Stegen, L. Dolla, L. Harra, D. M. Long, U. Schühle, O. Podladchikova, R. Aznar Cuadrado, L. Teriaca, M. Haberreiter, A. C. Katsiyannis, P. Rochus, J.-P. Halain, L. Jacques, D. Berghmans, Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence [Brussels] (STCE), D.V. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics (SINP), Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, University of Northumbria at Newcastle [United Kingdom], Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)
Subjects: Physics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], F300, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Stereoscopy, F500, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Orbiter, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, law, Extreme ultraviolet, QUIET, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Context. The three-dimensional fine structure of the solar atmosphere is still not fully understood as most of the available observations are taken from a single vantage point. Aims. The goal of the paper is to study the three-dimensional distribution of the small-scale brightening events (“campfires”) discovered in the extreme-UV quiet Sun by the Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) aboard Solar Orbiter. Methods. We used a first commissioning data set acquired by the EUI’s High Resolution EUV telescope on 30 May 2020 in the 174 Å passband and we combined it with simultaneous data taken by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) aboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory in a similar 171 Å passband. The two-pixel spatial resolution of the two telescopes is 400 km and 880 km, respectively, which is sufficient to identify the campfires in both data sets. The two spacecraft had an angular separation of around 31.5° (essentially in heliographic longitude), which allowed for the three-dimensional reconstruction of the campfire position. These observations represent the first time that stereoscopy was achieved for brightenings at such a small scale. Manual and automatic triangulation methods were used to characterize the campfire data. Results. The height of the campfires is located between 1000 km and 5000 km above the photosphere and we find a good agreement between the manual and automatic methods. The internal structure of campfires is mostly unresolved by AIA; however, for a particularly large campfire, we were able to triangulate a few pixels, which are all in a narrow range between 2500 and 4500 km. Conclusions. We conclude that the low height of EUI campfires suggests that they belong to the previously unresolved fine structure of the transition region and low corona of the quiet Sun. They are probably apexes of small-scale dynamic loops heated internally to coronal temperatures. This work demonstrates that high-resolution stereoscopy of structures in the solar atmosphere has become feasible.
Published: 2021

13. Large-scale tropospheric transport in the Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative (CCMI) simulations

Author: C. Orbe, H. Yang, D. W. Waugh, G. Zeng, O. Morgenstern, D. E. Kinnison, J.-F. Lamarque, S. Tilmes, D. A. Plummer, J. F. Scinocca, B. Josse, V. Marecal, P. Jöckel, L. D. Oman, S. E. Strahan, M. Deushi, T. Y. Tanaka, K. Yoshida, H. Akiyoshi, Y. Yamashita, A. Stenke, L. Revell, T. Sukhodolov, E. Rozanov, G. Pitari, D. Visioni, K. A. Stone, R. Schofield, A. Banerjee, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory (ACOML), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Météo France-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), University of L'Aquila [Italy] (UNIVAQ), Centre of Excellence CETEMPS, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila (UNIVAQ), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW)-Australian Research Council [Canberra] (ARC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Università degli Studi dell'Aquila = University of L'Aquila (UNIVAQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Convection, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Latitude, lcsh:Chemistry, Troposphere, Atmosphere, MESSy, Erdsystem-Modellierung, Southern Hemisphere, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], EMAC, Northern Hemisphere, lcsh:QC1-999, lcsh:QD1-999, troposphere, CCMI, 13. Climate action, Middle latitudes, transport, ESCiMo, Environmental science, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: Understanding and modeling the large-scale transport of trace gases and aerosols is important for interpreting past (and projecting future) changes in atmospheric composition. Here we show that there are large differences in the global-scale atmospheric transport properties among the models participating in the IGAC SPARC Chemistry–Climate Model Initiative (CCMI). Specifically, we find up to 40 % differences in the transport timescales connecting the Northern Hemisphere (NH) midlatitude surface to the Arctic and to Southern Hemisphere high latitudes, where the mean age ranges between 1.7 and 2.6 years. We show that these differences are related to large differences in vertical transport among the simulations, in particular to differences in parameterized convection over the oceans. While stronger convection over NH midlatitudes is associated with slower transport to the Arctic, stronger convection in the tropics and subtropics is associated with faster interhemispheric transport. We also show that the differences among simulations constrained with fields derived from the same reanalysis products are as large as (and in some cases larger than) the differences among free-running simulations, most likely due to larger differences in parameterized convection. Our results indicate that care must be taken when using simulations constrained with analyzed winds to interpret the influence of meteorology on tropospheric composition.
Published: 2019

14. The Model Intercomparison Project on the climatic response to Volcanic forcing (VolMIP): experimental design and forcing input data for CMIP6

Author: Ulrike Niemeier, Slimane Bekki, Graham Mann, Matthew Toohey, Sandip Dhomse, Lauren Marshall, Susanne E. Bauer, Allegra N. LeGrande, Marion Marchand, Myriam Khodri, Angelo Rubino, William T. Ball, Virginie Poulain, Kostas Tsigaridis, Claudia Timmreck, Andrea Stenke, Francesco S. R. Pausata, Edwin P. Gerber, Anja Schmidt, Davide Zanchettin, Gabriele C. Hegerl, Michael J. Mills, Alan Robock, Eugene Rozanov, Fiona Tummon, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics [Venezia], University of Ca’ Foscari [Venice, Italy], Processus de la variabilité climatique tropicale et impacts (PARVATI), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (ICAS), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds-University of Leeds, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences [New York] (CIMS), New York University [New York] (NYU), NYU System (NYU)-NYU System (NYU), School of Geosciences [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh, Department of Environmental Sciences [New Brunswick], School of Environmental and Biological Sciences [New Brunswick], Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Department of Meteorology [Stockholm] (MISU), Stockholm University, Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Center for Climate Systems Research [New York] (CCSR), Columbia University [New York], STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Centre for Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (NCAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Atmospheric Chemistry Division [Boulder], National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), European Union, ANR-10-LABX-0018,L-IPSL,LabEx Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL): Understand climate and anticipate future changes(2010), ANR-13-SENV-0002,MORDICUS,Oscillations et rétroactions climatiques aux échelles décennales : mécanismes, sensibilité et incertitudes(2013), European Project: 603557,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2013-two-stage,STRATOCLIM(2013), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636))
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Settore GEO/12 - Oceanografia e Fisica dell'Atmosfera, Perturbation (astronomy), Forcing (mathematics), 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Earth and Planetary Sciences (all), Modeling and Simulation, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, Range (statistics), Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], geography, Coupled model intercomparison project, geography.geographical_feature_category, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Aerosol, lcsh:Geology, Volcano, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, Climate model
Abstract: The enhancement of the stratospheric aerosol layer by volcanic eruptions induces a complex set of responses causing global and regional climate effects on a broad range of timescales. Uncertainties exist regarding the climatic response to strong volcanic forcing identified in coupled climate simulations that contributed to the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). In order to better understand the sources of these model diversities, the Model Intercomparison Project on the climatic response to Volcanic forcing (VolMIP) has defined a coordinated set of idealized volcanic perturbation experiments to be carried out in alignment with the CMIP6 protocol. VolMIP provides a common stratospheric aerosol data set for each experiment to minimize differences in the applied volcanic forcing. It defines a set of initial conditions to assess how internal climate variability contributes to determining the response. VolMIP will assess to what extent volcanically forced responses of the coupled ocean–atmosphere system are robustly simulated by state-of-the-art coupled climate models and identify the causes that limit robust simulated behavior, especially differences in the treatment of physical processes. This paper illustrates the design of the idealized volcanic perturbation experiments in the VolMIP protocol and describes the common aerosol forcing input data sets to be used.
Published: 2016

15. Better Data for Modeling the Sun’s Influence on Climate

Author: Bernd Funke, M. Haberreiter, T. Dudok de Wit, Katja Matthes, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), and Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, Climatology, 0103 physical sciences, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Climate response, 7. Clean energy, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Solar variation
Abstract: International audience; Several international initiatives are working to stitch together data describing solar forcing of Earth’s climate. Their objective is to improve understanding of climate response to solar variability.
Published: 2018

16. Estimates of Ozone Return Dates from Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative Simulations

Author: S. S. Dhomse, D. Kinnison, M. P. Chipperfield, R. J. Salawitch, I. Cionni, M. I. Hegglin, N. L. Abraham, H. Akiyoshi, A. T. Archibald, E. M. Bednarz, S. Bekki, P. Braesicke, N. Butchart, M. Dameris, M. Deushi, S. Frith, S. C. Hardiman, B. Hassler, L. W. Horowitz, R.-M. Hu, P. Jöckel, B. Josse, O. Kirner, S. Kremser, U. Langematz, J. Lewis, M. Marchand, M. Lin, E. Mancini, V. Marécal, M. Michou, O. Morgenstern, F. M. O'Connor, L. Oman, G. Pitari, D. A. Plummer, J. A. Pyle, L. E. Revell, E. Rozanov, R. Schofield, A. Stenke, K. Stone, K. Sudo, S. Tilmes, D. Visioni, Y. Yamashita, G. Zeng, School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), NERC National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry [College Park], University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science [College Park] (AOSC), Earth Science System Interdisciplinary Center [College Park] (ESSIC), College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System-University of Maryland [College Park], DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Agenzia Nazionale per le nuove Tecnologie, l’energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile (ENEA), Department of Meteorology [Reading], University of Reading (UOR), Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), NCAS-Climate [Cambridge], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM)-University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Spurengase und Fernerkundung (IMK-ASF), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Lanham] (SSAI), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Météo France-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Steinbuch Centre for Computing [Karlsruhe] (SCC), Bodeker Scientific, Institut für Meteorologie [Berlin], Freie Universität Berlin, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program [Princeton] (AOS Program), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-Princeton University, Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences [L'Aquila] (DSFC), Università degli Studi dell'Aquila (UNIVAQ), Centre of Excellence CETEMPS, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW)-Australian Research Council [Canberra] (ARC), School of Earth Sciences [Melbourne], Faculty of Science [Melbourne], University of Melbourne-University of Melbourne, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Graduate School of Environmental Studies [Nagoya], Nagoya University, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Agenzia Nazionale per le nuove Tecnologie, l’energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile = Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), National Centre for Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (NCAS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi dell'Aquila = University of L'Aquila (UNIVAQ), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Centre for Atmospheric Science [Cambridge, UK], Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory (ACOML), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cionni, I., École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate change, 010501 environmental sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Brewer-Dobson circulation, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, temporal Evolution, Erdsystem-Modellierung, Ozone layer, Erdsystemmodell -Evaluation und -Analyse, Tropospheric ozone, Stratosphere, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Northern Hemisphere, prediction, lcsh:QC1-999, lcsh:QD1-999, chemistry, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, stratosphere, Environmental science, lcsh:Physics, ozone layer
Abstract: >We analyse simulations performed for the Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative (CCMI) to estimate the return dates of the stratospheric ozone layer from depletion caused by anthropogenic stratospheric chlorine and bromine. We consider a total of 155 simulations from 20 models, including a range of sensitivity studies which examine the impact of climate change on ozone recovery. For the control simulations (unconstrained by nudging towards analysed meteorology) there is a large spread (±20 DU in the global average) in the predictions of the absolute ozone column. Therefore, the model results need to be adjusted for biases against historical data. Also, the interannual variability in the model results need to be smoothed in order to provide a reasonably narrow estimate of the range of ozone return dates. Consistent with previous studies, but here for a Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) of 6.0, these new CCMI simulations project that global total column ozone will return to 1980 values in 2049 (with a 1σ uncertainty of 2043–2055). At Southern Hemisphere mid-latitudes column ozone is projected to return to 1980 values in 2045 (2039–2050), and at Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes in 2032 (2020–2044). In the polar regions, the return dates are 2060 (2055–2066) in the Antarctic in October and 2034 (2025–2043) in the Arctic in March. The earlier return dates in the Northern Hemisphere reflect the larger sensitivity to dynamical changes. Our estimates of return dates are later than those presented in the 2014 Ozone Assessment by approximately 5–17 years, depending on the region, with the previous best estimates often falling outside of our uncertainty range. In the tropics only around half the models predict a return of ozone to 1980 values, around 2040, while the other half do not reach the 1980 value. All models show a negative trend in tropical total column ozone towards the end of the 21st century. The CCMI models generally agree in their simulation of the time evolution of stratospheric chlorine and bromine, which are the main drivers of ozone loss and recovery. However, there are a few outliers which show that the multi-model mean results for ozone recovery are not as tightly constrained as possible. Throughout the stratosphere the spread of ozone return dates to 1980 values between models tends to correlate with the spread of the return of inorganic chlorine to 1980 values. In the upper stratosphere, greenhouse gas-induced cooling speeds up the return by about 10–20 years. In the lower stratosphere, and for the column, there is a more direct link in the timing of the return dates of ozone and chlorine, especially for the large Antarctic depletion. Comparisons of total column ozone between the models is affected by different predictions of the evolution of tropospheric ozone within the same scenario, presumably due to differing treatment of tropospheric chemistry. Therefore, for many scenarios, clear conclusions can only be drawn for stratospheric ozone columns rather than the total column. As noted by previous studies, the timing of ozone recovery is affected by the evolution of N2O and CH4. However, quantifying the effect in the simulations analysed here is limited by the few realisations available for these experiments compared to internal model variability. The large increase in N2O given in RCP 6.0 extends the ozone return globally by ∼ 15 years relative to N2O fixed at 1960 abundances, mainly because it allows tropical column ozone to be depleted. The effect in extratropical latitudes is much smaller. The large increase in CH4 given in the RCP 8.5 scenario compared to RCP 6.0 also lengthens ozone return by ∼ 15 years, again mainly through its impact in the tropics. Overall, our estimates of ozone return dates are uncertain due to both uncertainties in future scenarios, in particular those of greenhouse gases, and uncertainties in models. The scenario uncertainty is small in the short term but increases with time, and becomes large by the end of the century. There are still some model–model differences related to well-known processes which affect ozone recovery. Efforts need to continue to ensure that models used for assessment purposes accurately represent stratospheric chemistry and the prescribed scenarios of ozone-depleting substances, and only those models are used to calculate return dates. For future assessments of single forcing or combined effects of CO2, CH4, and N2O on the stratospheric column ozone return dates, this work suggests that it is more important to have multi-member (at least three) ensembles for each scenario from every established participating model, rather than a large number of individual models.
Published: 2018

17. Stratospheric ozone loss over the Eurasian continent induced by the polar vortex shift

Author: Fei Xie, Martine Michou, Slimane Bekki, Yuanyuan Han, Martyn P. Chipperfield, N. Luke Abraham, Ole Kirner, Laura E. Revell, Sandip Dhomse, Jiankai Zhang, Patrick Jöckel, Daniele Visioni, Alexander T. Archibald, Eugene Rozanov, Wuke Wang, Douglas E. Kinnison, David A. Plummer, Seok-Woo Son, Guang Zeng, Fiona M. O'Connor, Wuhu Feng, Neal Butchart, Olaf Morgenstern, Giovanni Pitari, Wenshou Tian, Makoto Deushi, MOE Key Laboratory of Semi-Arid Climate Change, Lanzhou University, College of Global Change and Earth System Science (GCESS), Beijing Normal University (BNU), Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (ICAS), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds-University of Leeds, National Centre for Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (NCAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), School of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Seoul] (SEES), Seoul National University [Seoul] (SNU), Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences [L'Aquila] (DSFC), Università degli Studi dell'Aquila (UNIVAQ), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Bodeker Scientific, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Centre of Excellence CETEMPS, Institute for Climate and Global Change Research [Nanjing] (ICGCR), Nanjing University (NJU), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Università degli Studi dell'Aquila = University of L'Aquila (UNIVAQ)
Subjects: Genetics and Molecular Biology (all), polar vortex, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, stratospheric ozone, chemistry.chemical_compound, Physics and Astronomy (all), Dipole mode, ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemisrty Model, Polar vortex, Ozone layer, Montreal Protocol, Erdsystem-Modellierung, lcsh:Science, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, EMAC, Multidisciplinary, Anomaly (natural sciences), DATA processing & computer science, Chemistry (all), Northern Hemisphere, Chemistry Climate Model Initiative (CCMI), General Chemistry, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Eurasian continent, Climatology, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, ddc:004, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (all), Earth System Chemistry integrated Modelling (ESCiMo), geographic locations
Abstract: The Montreal Protocol has succeeded in limiting major ozone-depleting substance emissions, and consequently stratospheric ozone concentrations are expected to recover this century. However, there is a large uncertainty in the rate of regional ozone recovery in the Northern Hemisphere. Here we identify a Eurasia-North America dipole mode in the total column ozone over the Northern Hemisphere, showing negative and positive total column ozone anomaly centres over Eurasia and North America, respectively. The positive trend of this mode explains an enhanced total column ozone decline over the Eurasian continent in the past three decades, which is closely related to the polar vortex shift towards Eurasia. Multiple chemistry-climate-model simulations indicate that the positive Eurasia-North America dipole trend in late winter is likely to continue in the near future. Our findings suggest that the anticipated ozone recovery in late winter will be sensitive not only to the ozone-depleting substance decline but also to the polar vortex changes, and could be substantially delayed in some regions of the Northern Hemisphere extratropics., Climate change can exert a significant effect on the ozone recovery. Here, the authors show that the Arctic polar vortex shift associated with Arctic sea-ice loss could slow down ozone recovery over the Eurasian continent.
Published: 2018

18. The representation of solar cycle signals in stratospheric ozone - Part 2: Analysis of global models

Author: A. C. Maycock, K. Matthes, S. Tegtmeier, H. Schmidt, R. Thiéblemont, L. Hood, H. Akiyoshi, S. Bekki, M. Deushi, P. Jöckel, O. Kirner, M. Kunze, M. Marchand, D. R. Marsh, M. Michou, D. Plummer, L. E. Revell, E. Rozanov, A. Stenke, Y. Yamashita, K. Yoshida, Hess, P, School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), University of Arizona, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Steinbuch Centre for Computing [Karlsruhe] (SCC), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut für Meteorologie [Berlin], Freie Universität Berlin, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Bodeker Scientific, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: ozone database, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, solar radiation, Atmospheric model, Solar irradiance, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, MESSy, 0103 physical sciences, Ozone layer, solar cycle, Erdsystem-Modellierung, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], chemistry-climate model, Coupled model intercomparison project, EMAC, DATA processing & computer science, solar cycle ozone response, lcsh:QC1-999, Solar cycle, ozone, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, CCMI, Climatology, Atmospheric chemistry, ESCiMo, Climate model, ddc:004, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: The impact of changes in incoming solar irradiance on stratospheric ozone abundances should be included in climate simulations to aid in capturing the atmospheric response to solar cycle variability. This study presents the first systematic comparison of the representation of the 11-year solar cycle ozone response (SOR) in chemistry–climate models (CCMs) and in pre-calculated ozone databases specified in climate models that do not include chemistry, with a special focus on comparing the recommended protocols for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and Phase 6 (CMIP5 and CMIP6). We analyse the SOR in eight CCMs from the Chemistry–Climate Model Initiative (CCMI-1) and compare these with results from three ozone databases for climate models: the Bodeker Scientific ozone database, the SPARC/Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate (AC&C) ozone database for CMIP5 and the SPARC/CCMI ozone database for CMIP6. The peak amplitude of the annual mean SOR in the tropical upper stratosphere (1–5 hPa) decreases by more than a factor of 2, from around 5 to 2 %, between the CMIP5 and CMIP6 ozone databases. This substantial decrease can be traced to the CMIP5 ozone database being constructed from a regression model fit to satellite and ozonesonde measurements, while the CMIP6 database is constructed from CCM simulations. The SOR in the CMIP6 ozone database therefore implicitly resembles the SOR in the CCMI-1 models. The structure in latitude of the SOR in the CMIP6 ozone database and CCMI-1 models is considerably smoother than in the CMIP5 database, which shows unrealistic sharp gradients in the SOR across the middle latitudes owing to the paucity of long-term ozone measurements in polar regions. The SORs in the CMIP6 ozone database and the CCMI-1 models show a seasonal dependence with enhanced meridional gradients at mid- to high latitudes in the winter hemisphere. The CMIP5 ozone database does not account for seasonal variations in the SOR, which is unrealistic. Sensitivity experiments with a global atmospheric model without chemistry (ECHAM6.3) are performed to assess the atmospheric impacts of changes in the representation of the SOR and solar spectral irradiance (SSI) forcing between CMIP5 and CMIP6. The larger amplitude of the SOR in the CMIP5 ozone database compared to CMIP6 causes a likely overestimation of the modelled tropical stratospheric temperature response between 11-year solar cycle minimum and maximum by up to 0.55 K, or around 80 % of the total amplitude. This effect is substantially larger than the change in temperature response due to differences in SSI forcing between CMIP5 and CMIP6. The results emphasize the importance of adequately representing the SOR in global models to capture the impact of the 11-year solar cycle on the atmosphere. Since a number of limitations in the representation of the SOR in the CMIP5 ozone database have been identified, we recommend that CMIP6 models without chemistry use the CMIP6 ozone database and the CMIP6 SSI dataset to better capture the climate impacts of solar variability. The SOR coefficients from the CMIP6 ozone database are published with this paper.
Published: 2018

19. A new photometric ozone reference in the Huggins bands: the absolute ozone absorption cross section at the 325 nm HeCd laser wavelength

Author: Julian Gröbner, Hadj Elandaloussi, Christof Janssen, Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA (UMR_8112)), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), and Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Absorption spectroscopy, Analytical chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, law.invention, 010309 optics, Cross section (physics), chemistry.chemical_compound, law, 0103 physical sciences, lcsh:TA170-171, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [PHYS]Physics [physics], lcsh:TA715-787, Chemistry, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ATM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atomic and Molecular Clusters [physics.atm-clus], Absorption cross section, Laser, lcsh:Environmental engineering, Wavelength, 13. Climate action, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract: The room temperature (294.09 K) absorption cross section of ozone at the 325 nm HeCd wavelength has been determined under careful consideration of possible biases. At the vacuum wavelength of 325.126 nm, thus in a region used by a variety of ozone remote sensing techniques, an absorption cross-section value of σ = 16.470×10−21 cm2 was measured. The measurement provides the currently most accurate direct photometric absorption value of ozone in the UV with an expanded (coverage factor k = 2) standard uncertainty u(σ) = 31×10−24 cm2, corresponding to a relative level of 2 ‰. The measurements are most compatible with a relative temperature coefficient cT = σ−1 ∂ Tσ = 0.0031 K−1 at 294 K. The cross section and its uncertainty value were obtained using generalised linear regression with correlated uncertainties. It will serve as a reference for ozone absorption spectra required for the long-term remote sensing of atmospheric ozone in the Huggins bands. The comparison with commonly used absorption cross-section data sets for remote sensing reveals a possible bias of about 2 %. This could partly explain a 4 % discrepancy between UV and IR remote sensing data and indicates that further studies will be required to reach the accuracy goal of 1 % in atmospheric reference spectra.
Published: 2018

20. Methodology to create a new total solar irradiance record: Making a composite out of multiple data records

Author: Greg Kopp, Thierry Dudok de Wit, Claus Fröhlich, Micha Schöll, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Professionnel sans affiliation, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), European Project: 313188,EC:FP7:SPA,FP7-SPACE-2012-1,SOLID(2012), and Sans affiliation
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Maximum likelihood, Composite number, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Solar irradiance, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, Statistical physics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Scaling, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Radiative forcing, Multiple data, Geophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Physics - Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability (physics.data-an), Merge (linguistics)
Abstract: Many observational records critically rely on our ability to merge different (and not necessarily overlapping) observations into a single composite. We provide a novel and fully-traceable approach for doing so, which relies on a multi-scale maximum likelihood estimator. This approach overcomes the problem of data gaps in a natural way and uses data-driven estimates of the uncertainties. We apply it to the total solar irradiance (TSI) composite, which is currently being revised and is critical to our understanding of solar radiative forcing. While the final composite is pending decisions on what corrections to apply to the original observations, we find that the new composite is in closest agreement with the PMOD composite and the NRLTSI2 model. In addition, we evaluate long-term uncertainties in the TSI, which reveal a 1/f scaling, slightly expanded version of a manuscript to appear in Geophysical Research Letters (2017)
Published: 2017

21. Review of the global models used within phase 1 of the Chemistry–Climate Model Initiative (CCMI)

Author: Simone Tilmes, Béatrice Josse, Slimane Bekki, Patrick Jöckel, David Saint-Martin, N. Luke Abraham, Makoto Deushi, Meiyun Lin, Yousuke Yamashita, Guang Zeng, Rolando R. Garcia, Andrea Stenke, Alexander T. Archibald, Martine Michou, Marion Marchand, Kengo Sudo, Michael Manyin, Sandip Dhomse, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Luke D. Oman, Kane A. Stone, Douglas E. Kinnison, David A. Plummer, Taichu Y. Tanaka, Olaf Morgenstern, Eva Mancini, Giovanni Pitari, Virginie Marécal, Larry W. Horowitz, Kohei Yoshida, Neal Butchart, Steven C. Hardiman, Laura E. Revell, Hideharu Akiyoshi, Robyn Schofield, Michaela I. Hegglin, Fiona M. O'Connor, Eugene Rozanov, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), Department of Meteorology [Reading], University of Reading (UOR), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], National Centre for Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (NCAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Princeton University, Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences [L'Aquila] (DSFC), Università degli Studi dell'Aquila = University of L'Aquila (UNIVAQ), Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Lanham] (SSAI), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Bodeker Scientific, School of Earth Sciences [Melbourne], Faculty of Science [Melbourne], University of Melbourne-University of Melbourne, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Graduate School of Environmental Studies [Nagoya], Nagoya University, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), European Project: 603557,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2013-two-stage,STRATOCLIM(2013), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi dell'Aquila (UNIVAQ), Archibald, Alexander [0000-0001-9302-4180], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Chemical transport model, Meteorology, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Chemistry climate model, MESSy, Multidisciplinary approach, Erdsystem-Modellierung, Chemistry Climate Modelling, Model development, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], EMAC, 13 Climate Action, Forcing (recursion theory), Global warming, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Chemistry Climate Model Initiative (CCMI), global atmospheric model, 37 Earth Sciences, lcsh:Geology, Atmospheric Chemiestry, Modular Earth Submodel System, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Climatology, General Circulation Model, 3701 Atmospheric Sciences
Abstract: We present an overview of state-of-the-art chemistry–climate and chemistry transport models that are used within phase 1 of the Chemistry–Climate Model Initiative (CCMI-1). The CCMI aims to conduct a detailed evaluation of participating models using process-oriented diagnostics derived from observations in order to gain confidence in the models' projections of the stratospheric ozone layer, tropospheric composition, air quality, where applicable global climate change, and the interactions between them. Interpretation of these diagnostics requires detailed knowledge of the radiative, chemical, dynamical, and physical processes incorporated in the models. Also an understanding of the degree to which CCMI-1 recommendations for simulations have been followed is necessary to understand model responses to anthropogenic and natural forcing and also to explain inter-model differences. This becomes even more important given the ongoing development and the ever-growing complexity of these models. This paper also provides an overview of the available CCMI-1 simulations with the aim of informing CCMI data users.
Published: 2017

22. The LYRA Instrument Onboard PROBA2: Description and In-Flight Performance

Author: Ingolf Dammasch, Alexander Shapiro, Yvan Stockman, Andrei Zhukov, M. Dominique, Ali BenMoussa, Jean-François Hochedez, Matthieu Kretzschmar, Werner Schmutz, Didier Gillotay, Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence [Brussels] (STCE), HELIOS - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), D.V. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics (SINP), Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Centre Spatial de Liège (CSL), Université de Liège, Belgian Federal Science Policy Office through the ESA-PRODEX program, Belgian Federal Science Policy Offce (BELSPO), Swiss Bundesamt fur Bildung und Wissenschaft, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES)
Subjects: Eclipse observations, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Data products, Computer science, FOS: Physical sciences, Space weather, Solar irradiance, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Instrumentation and data management, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, Radiometer, Flares, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Aeronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR.SR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Solar physics, Earth atmosphere, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: International audience; The Large Yield Radiometer (LYRA) is an XUV-EUV-MUV (soft X-ray to mid-ultraviolet) solar radiometer onboard the European Space Agency Project for On-Board Autonomy 2 (PROBA2) mission, which was launched in November 2009. LYRA acquires solar-irradiance measurements at a high cadence (nominally 20 Hz) in four broad spectral channels, from soft X-ray to MUV, which have been chosen for their relevance to solar physics, space weather, and aeronomy. We briefly review the design of the instrument, give an overview of the data products distributed through the instrument website, and describe how the data are calibrated. We also briefly present a summary of the main fields of research currently under investigation by the LYRA consortium.
Published: 2013

23. On-Orbit Degradation of Solar Instruments

Author: Vincenzo Andretta, Udo Schühle, D. Walton, C. Jeppesen, L. Bradley, Matthieu Kretzschmar, M. Dominique, Abdanour Irbah, Andrew R. Jones, Thomas N. Woods, B. Giordanengo, C. J. Eyles, Werner Schmutz, G. Del Zanna, Gregory J. Ucker, Frédéric Auchère, Francis G. Eparvier, Daniel B. Seaton, Daniel Stephen Brown, Leonid Didkovsky, Don Woodraska, Seth Wieman, Darrell L. Judge, Jean-Philippe Halain, David Berghmans, Mustapha Meftah, Thomas Foujols, S. Mekaoui, Gaël Cessateur, G. Thuillier, Steven Dewitte, I. E. Dammasch, Rachel Hock, D. Gillotay, B. Nicula, Phillip C. Chamberlin, Samuel Gissot, Ali BenMoussa, David Bolsee, Danielle Bewsher, D. R. McMullin, Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence [Brussels] (STCE), Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP), University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] (IRM), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL), University College of London [London] (UCL), Grupo de Astronomia y Ciencias del Espacio (GACE), Laboratorio de Procesado de Imagenes [Valencia] (LPI), Universitat de València (UV)-Universitat de València (UV), Space Science and Technology Department [Didcot] (RAL Space), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)-Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte (OAC), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Jeremiah Horrocks Institute for Mathematics, Physics and Astronomy [Preston], University of Central Lancashire [Preston] (UCLAN), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), University of Southern California (USC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Spatial de Liège (CSL), Université de Liège, Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), United States Air Force (USAF), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Space Systems Research Corporation (SSRC), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] - Royal Meteorological Institute (IRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES)
Subjects: solar instruments, [PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, FOS: Physical sciences, Solar mission, Space weather, Space (commercial competition), 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Space exploration, Degradation, Contamination, Observatory, 0103 physical sciences, Aerospace engineering, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, business.industry, Astronomy and Astrophysics, con- tamination, calibration, space environment, [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Orbit (dynamics), Environmental science, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, business, Space environment, Degradation (telecommunications)
Abstract: International audience; We present the lessons learned about the degradation observed in several space solar missions, based on contributions at the Workshop about On-Orbit Degradation of Solar and Space Weather Instruments that took place at the Solar Terrestrial Centre of Excellence (Royal Observatory of Belgium) in Brussels on 3 May 2012. The aim of this workshop was to open discussions related to the degradation observed in Sun-observing instruments exposed to the effects of the space environment. This article summarizes the various lessons learned and offers recommendations to reduce or correct expected degradation with the goal of increasing the useful lifespan of future and ongoing space missions.
Published: 2013
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24. Evaluation of the inter-annual variability of stratospheric chemical composition in chemistry-climate models using ground-based multi species time series

Author: Eva Mancini, Slimane Bekki, G. E. Bodeker, J.-P. Pommereau, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Myriam Khodri, Andrea Pazmino, F. Lefevre, David A. Plummer, Virginie Poulain, M. De Mazière, Eugene Rozanov, John Austin, Marion Marchand, Hideharu Akiyoshi, F. Goutail, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Sandip Dhomse, Ralf Toumi, STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, Bodeker Scientific, Imperial College London, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences [L'Aquila] (DSFC), Università degli Studi dell'Aquila = University of L'Aquila (UNIVAQ), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Enigma Scientific Publications, European Union, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) (grant 'SOLSPEC'), UK Natural Environment Research Council (MAPLE project NE/J008621/1), European Project: 603557,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2013-two-stage,STRATOCLIM(2013), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Università degli Studi dell'Aquila (UNIVAQ)
Subjects: Geochemistry & Geophysics, Atmospheric Science, Multivariate statistics, QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, NEW-ZEALAND, TOMS DATA, Forcing (mathematics), 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, COLUMN OZONE, EXPERIMENT-II MEASUREMENTS, TOTAL OZONE, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Variability, HETEROGENEOUS CHEMISTRY, Chemical composition, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Quasi-biennial oscillation, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Science & Technology, TECHNICAL NOTE, Chemistry climate model, 0201 Astronomical And Space Sciences, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, LMDZ-REPROBUS, NDACC observation, Greenhouse gas, Physical Sciences, SOLAR-CYCLE VARIATION, Polar, Climate model
Abstract: International audience; The variability of stratospheric chemical composition occurs on a broad spectrum of timescales, ranging from day to decades. A large part of the variability appears to be driven by external forcings such as volcanic aerosols, solar activity, halogen loading, levels of greenhouse gases (GHG), and modes of climate variability (quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)). We estimate the contributions of different external forcings to the interannual variability of stratospheric chemical composition and evaluate how well 3-D chemistry-climate models (CCMs) can reproduce the observed response-forcing relationships. We carry out multivariate regression analyses on long time series of observed and simulated time series of several traces gases in order to estimate the contributions of individual forcings and unforced variability to their internannual variability. The observations are typically decadal time series of ground-based data from the international Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) and the CCM simulations are taken from the CCMVal-2 REF-B1 simulations database. The chemical species considered are column O3, HCl, NO2, and N2O. We check the consistency between observations and model simulations in terms of the forced and internal components of the total interannual variability (externally forced variability and internal variability) and identify the driving factors in the interannual variations of stratospheric chemical composition over NDACC measurement sites. Overall, there is a reasonably good agreement between regression results from models and observations regarding the externally forced interannual variability. A much larger fraction of the observed and modelled interannual variability is explained by external forcings in the tropics than in the extratropics, notably in polar regions. CCMs are able to reproduce the amplitudes of responses in chemical composition to specific external forcings. However, CCMs tend to underestimate very substantially the internal variability and hence the total interannual variability for almost all species considered. This lack of internal variability in CCMs might partly originate from the surface forcing of these CCMs by analysed SSTs. The results illustrate the potential of NDACC ground-based observations for evaluating CCMs.
Published: 2016

25. Main results of the PICARD mission

Author: M. Meftah, T. Corbard, A. Hauchecorne, A. Irbah, P. Boumier, A. Chevalier, W. Schmutz, R. Ikhlef, F. Morand, C. Renaud, J.-F. Hochedez, G. Cessateur, S. Turck-Chièze, D. Salabert, M. Rouzé, M. van Ruymbeke, P. Zhu, S. Kholikov, S. Koller, C. Conscience, S. Dewitte, L. Damé, D. Djafer, STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] - Royal Meteorological Institute (IRM), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Centre de Recherche en Astronomie Astrophysique et Géophysique (CRAAG), Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), HELIOS - LATMOS, Département d'Astrophysique, de physique des Particules, de physique Nucléaire et de l'Instrumentation Associée (DAPNIA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), National Solar Observatory [Tucson] (NSO/Tucson), National Science Foundation [Arlington] (NSF)-Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA), Unité de Recherche Appliquée en Energies Renouvelables (URAER), Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique [Algérie] (MESRS), Howard A. MacEwen, Giovanni G. Fazio, Makenzie Lystrup, Natalie Batalha, Nicholas Siegler, Edward C. Tong, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] (IRM)
Subjects: Physics, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Spacecraft, business.industry, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Irradiance, Solar radius, Solar irradiance, Solar physics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], 13. Climate action, Physics::Space Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Helioseismology, business, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Solar variation
Abstract: ISBN: 9781510601871; International audience; PICARD is a mission devoted to solar variability observation, through imagery and radiometric measurements, with the goal to provide data for scientific investigation first in the area of solar physics, and second in the assessment of the influence of the solar variability on the Earth climate variability. PICARD contains a double program with in-space and on-ground measurements. The PICARD spacecraft was launched on June 15, 2010, commissioned in-flight in October of the same year, and was retired in April 2014. PICARD ground-based is functional since May 2011, and is still operational today. We shall give an overview of the PICARD instrumentation. New estimates of the absolute values of the total solar irradiance, of the solar spectral irradiance at typical wavelengths, and of the solar oblateness will be given. We will also report about helioseismic studies. Finally, we will present our current results about solar radius variations after six years of solar observations.
Published: 2016

26. Nominal values for selected solar and planetary quantities: IAU 2015 Resolution B3

Author: E. Depagne, Mercedes T. Richards, Greg Kopp, Margit Haberreiter, Jacques Laskar, James L. Hilton, Petr Harmanec, Andrej Prša, Jørgen Christensen-Dalsgaard, Eric E. Mamajek, Saskia Hekker, Guillermo Torres, Werner Schmutz, Nicole Capitaine, Brian D. Mason, D. W. Kurtz, Jesper Schou, S. G. Stewart, Martin Asplund, Michele Montgomery, Eugene F. Milone, Veselin B. Kostov, Australian National University (ANU), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Danish AsteroSeismology Centre (DASC), Aarhus University [Aarhus], Galaxies, Etoiles, Physique, Instrumentation (GEPI), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Stellar Astrophysics Centre [Aarhus] (SAC), CSIRO Digital Productivity Flagship, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Ephémérides (IMCCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: fundamental parameters [Sun], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, ACCURACY, fundamental parameters [stars], Solar luminosity, FOS: Physical sciences, STELLAR ASTROPHYSICS MESA, Solar radius, F500, Solar irradiance, 01 natural sciences, PARAMETERS, fundamental parameters [planets and satellites], BINARIES, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Solar mass, general [stars], CONSTANTS, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Effective temperature, Planetary science, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Physics::Space Physics, standards, MODULES, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], SET, STARS, Main sequence, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: In this brief communication we provide the rationale for, and the outcome of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) resolution vote at the XXIX-th General Assembly in Honolulu, Hawaii, in 2015, on recommended nominal conversion constants for selected solar and planetary properties. The problem addressed by the resolution is a lack of established conversion constants between solar and planetary values and SI units: a missing standard has caused a proliferation of solar values (e.g., solar radius, solar irradiance, solar luminosity, solar effective temperature and solar mass parameter) in the literature, with cited solar values typically based on best estimates at the time of paper writing. As precision of observations increases, a set of consistent values becomes increasingly important. To address this, an IAU Working Group on Nominal Units for Stellar and Planetary Astronomy formed in 2011, uniting experts from the solar, stellar, planetary, exoplanetary and fundamental astronomy, as well as from general standards fields to converge on optimal values for nominal conversion constants. The effort resulted in the IAU 2015 Resolution B3, passed at the IAU General Assembly by a large majority. The resolution recommends the use of nominal solar and planetary values, which are by definition exact and are expressed in SI units. These nominal values should be understood as conversion factors only, not as the true solar/planetary properties or current best estimates. Authors and journal editors are urged to join in using the standard values set forth by this resolution in future work and publications to help minimize further confusion., Comment: 15 pages, 2 tables, accepted to AJ
Published: 2016
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27. Making of a solar spectral irradiance dataset I: observations, uncertainties, and methods

Author: Margit Haberreiter, Matthieu Kretzschmar, Micha Schöll, Thierry Dudok de Wit, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), European Project: 313188,EC:FP7:SPA,FP7-SPACE-2012-1,SOLID(2012), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Computer science, Irradiance, Data analysis, Time series analysis, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, lcsh:QC851-999, Solar irradiance, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Proxy (climate), 0103 physical sciences, Statistics and probability, Time series, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Missing data, Autoregressive model, Solar spectrum, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Outlier, Anomaly detection, lcsh:Meteorology. Climatology, Algorithms
Abstract: Context. Changes in the spectral solar irradiance (SSI) are a key driver of the variability of the Earth’s environment, strongly affecting the upper atmosphere, but also impacting climate. However, its measurements have been sparse and of different quality. The “First European Comprehensive Solar Irradiance Data Exploitation project” (SOLID) aims at merging the complete set of European irradiance data, complemented by archive data that include data from non-European missions. Aims. As part of SOLID, we present all available space-based SSI measurements, reference spectra, and relevant proxies in a unified format with regular temporal re-gridding, interpolation, gap-filling as well as associated uncertainty estimations. Methods. We apply a coherent methodology to all available SSI datasets. Our pipeline approach consists of the pre-processing of the data, the interpolation of missing data by utilizing the spectral coherency of SSI, the temporal re-gridding of the data, an instrumental outlier detection routine, and a proxy-based interpolation for missing and flagged values. In particular, to detect instrumental outliers, we combine an autoregressive model with proxy data. We independently estimate the precision and stability of each individual dataset and flag all changes due to processing in an accompanying quality mask. Results. We present a unified database of solar activity records with accompanying meta-data and uncertainties. Conclusions. This dataset can be used for further investigations of the long-term trend of solar activity and the construction of a homogeneous SSI record.
Published: 2016

28. The Solar Spectral Irradiance as a Function of the Mg ii Index for Atmosphere and Climate Modelling

Author: Werner Schmutz, Gérard Thuillier, Alexander Shapiro, Matthew T. DeLand, Stella M. L. Melo, David Bolsée, STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Lanham] (SSAI), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), and Canadian Space Agency (CSA)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Irradiance, Solar irradiance, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Standard deviation, Spectral line, Atmosphere, 0103 physical sciences, Calibration, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, SOLSPEC, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, Physics, Neutron monitor, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Astronomy and Astrophysics, ATLAS, [PHYS.ASTR.SR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Wavelength, Solar spectrum reconstruction, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Mg ii index
Abstract: We present a new method to reconstruct the solar spectrum irradiance in the Ly α – 400 nm region, and its variability, based on the Mg ii index and neutron-monitor measurements. Measurements of the solar spectral irradiance available in the literature have been made with different instruments at different times and different spectral ranges. However, climate studies require harmonised data sets. This new approach has the advantage of being independent of the absolute calibration and aging of the instruments. First, the Mg ii index is derived using solar spectra from Ly α (121 nm) to 410 nm measured from 1978 to 2010 by several space missions. The variability of the spectra with respect to a chosen reference spectrum as a function of time and wavelength is scaled to the derived Mg ii index. The set of coefficients expressing the spectral variability can be applied to the chosen reference spectrum to reconstruct the solar spectra within a given time frame or Mg ii index values. The accuracy of this method is estimated using two approaches: direct comparison with particular cases where solar spectra are available from independent measurements, and calculating the standard deviation between the measured spectra and their reconstruction. From direct comparisons with measurements we obtain an accuracy of about 1 to 2%, which degrades towards Ly α. In a further step, we extend our solar spectral-irradiance reconstruction back to the Maunder Minimum introducing the relationship between the Mg ii index and the neutron-monitor data. Consistent measurements of the Mg ii index are not available prior to 1978. However, we remark that over the last three solar cycles, the Mg ii index shows strong correlation with the modulation potential determined from the neutron-monitor data. Assuming that this correlation can be applied to the past, we reconstruct the Mg ii index from the modulation potential back to the Maunder Minimum, and obtain the corresponding solar spectral-irradiance reconstruction back to that period. As there is no direct measurement of the spectral irradiance for this period we discuss this methodology in light of the other proposed approaches available in the literature. The use of the cosmogenic-isotope data provides a major advantage: it provides information about solar activity over several thousands years. Using technology of today, we can calibrate the solar irradiance against activity and thus reconstruct it for the times when cosmogenic-isotope data are available. This calibration can be re-assessed at any time, if necessary.
Published: 2012

29. Projections of UV radiation changes in the 21st century: impact of ozone recovery and cloud effects

Author: Andreas Kazantzidis, Kleareti Tourpali, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Eugene Rozanov, Tetsu Nakamura, Veronika Eyring, Slimane Bekki, Hella Garny, Alkiviadis F. Bais, Martine Michou, Anne Kubin, Olaf Morgenstern, Peter Braesicke, Emanuele Mancini, Kiyotaka Shibata, Theodore G. Shepherd, D. Iachetti, Giovanni Pitari, Hideharu Akiyoshi, Ulrike Langematz, Yousuke Yamashita, W. Tian, Patrick Jöckel, David A. Plummer, Paul A. Newman, Martin Dameris, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Physics [Patras], University of Patras [Greece], National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (ICAS), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds-University of Leeds, DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Dipartimento di Fisica [L'Aquila], Università degli Studi dell'Aquila (UNIVAQ), Institut für Meteorologie [Berlin], Freie Universität Berlin, University of L'Aquila [Italy] (UNIVAQ), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), University of Patras, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila = University of L'Aquila (UNIVAQ), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Irradiance, Climate change, Atmospheric sciences, Solar irradiance, chemistry, 010402 general chemistry, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, Ozone layer, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, CCM, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Ozone depletion, lcsh:QC1-999, 0104 chemical sciences, radiation, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Greenhouse gas, Middle latitudes, stratosphere, Climate model, Dynamik der Atmosphäre, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: Monthly averaged surface erythemal solar irradiance (UV-Ery) for local noon from 1960 to 2100 has been derived using radiative transfer calculations and projections of ozone, temperature and cloud change from 14 chemistry climate models (CCM), as part of the CCMVal-2 activity of SPARC. Our calculations show the influence of ozone depletion and recovery on erythemal irradiance. In addition, we investigate UV-Ery changes caused by climate change due to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. The latter include effects of both stratospheric ozone and cloud changes. The derived estimates provide a global picture of the likely changes in erythemal irradiance during the 21st century. Uncertainties arise from the assumed scenarios, different parameterizations – particularly of cloud effects on UV-Ery – and the spread in the CCM projections. The calculations suggest that relative to 1980, annually mean UV-Ery in the 2090s will be on average ~12 % lower at high latitudes in both hemispheres, ~3 % lower at mid latitudes, and marginally higher (~1 %) in the tropics. The largest reduction (~16 %) is projected for Antarctica in October. Cloud effects are responsible for 2–3 % of the reduction in UV-Ery at high latitudes, but they slightly moderate it at mid-latitudes (~1 %). The year of return of erythemal irradiance to values of certain milestones (1965 and 1980) depends largely on the return of column ozone to the corresponding levels and is associated with large uncertainties mainly due to the spread of the model projections. The inclusion of cloud effects in the calculations has only a small effect of the return years. At mid and high latitudes, changes in clouds and stratospheric ozone transport by global circulation changes due to greenhouse gases will sustain the erythemal irradiance at levels below those in 1965, despite the removal of ozone depleting substances. At northern high latitudes (60°–90°), the projected decreases in cloud transmittance towards the end of the 21st century will reduce the yearly average surface erythemal irradiance by ~5 % with respect to the 1960s.
Published: 2011

30. The Shape of the Solar Limb: Models and Observations

Author: Stella M. L. Melo, M. Haberreiter, C. I. Short, Djelloul Djafer, Sabatino Sofia, Gérard Thuillier, Jennyfer Claudel, Werner Schmutz, Alexander Shapiro, N. Mein, STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire de Tamanrasset (CRAAG), Centre de Recherche en Astronomie Astrophysique et Géophysique (CRAAG), Unité de Recherche Appliquée en Energies Renouvelables (URAER), Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique [Algérie] (MESRS), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Observatoire de Paris - Site de Paris (OP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Canadian Space Agency (CSA), Saint Mary's University [Halifax], Department of Astronomy [New Haven], and Yale University [New Haven]
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Opacity, Continuum (design consultancy), 01 natural sciences, symbols.namesake, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, Radiative transfer, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Sunspot, integumentary system, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], business.industry, Empirical modelling, Astronomy and Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR.SR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Computational physics, Fraunhofer lines, Wavelength, Space and Planetary Science, Inflection point, Physics::Space Physics, symbols, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, business
Abstract: International audience; In this paper we compare observed, empirical, and modelled solar limb profiles and discuss their potential use to derive physical properties of the solar atmosphere. The PHOENIX, SolMod3D, and COSI radiative transfer codes as well as VAL-C models are used to calculate the solar limb shape under different assumptions. The main properties of each model are shown. The predicted limb shape as a function of wavelength for different features on the solar disk, such as quiet Sun, sunspots, and faculae, is investigated. These models provide overall consistent limb shapes with some discrepancies that are discussed here in terms of differences in solar atmosphere models, opacities, and the algorithms used to derive the solar limb profile. Our analysis confirms that the most common property of all models is limb shapes that are much steeper than what is observed, or predicted by the available empirical models. Furthermore, we have investigated the role of the Fraunhofer lines within the spectral domain used for the solar limb measurements. Our results show that the presence of the Fraunhofer lines significantly displaces the limb inflection point from its position estimated assuming only the photospheric continuum. The PICARD satellite, launched on 15 June 2010, will provide measurements of the limb shape at several wavelengths. This work shows that the precision of these measurements allows for discrimination among the available models.
Published: 2010

31. Dayglow and auroral emissions of Uranus in H2 FUV bands

Author: J. Lilensten, Gaël Cessateur, H. Abgrall, M. Schulik, R. Prange, L. Lamy, Mathieu Barthelemy, E. Roueff, H. Menager, D. Bernard, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Univers et Théories (LUTH (UMR_8102)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Centre d'Études des Phénomènes Aléatoires et Géophysiques (CEPHAG), and École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs Électriciens de Grenoble (ENSIEG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Range (particle radiation), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Uranus, Energy flux, Flux, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Kinetic energy, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, Atmosphere, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Following the recent detection of an auroral signal on Uranus (Lamy et al. [2012]. Geophys. Res. Lett. 39, 7105) during HST/STIS observation performed in November 2011, we analyzed the associated HST/STIS FUV spectral images obtained in 2011 and 2012. Our purpose was to extract any possible H2 emission produced in the upper atmosphere of the planet. To interpret these data, we adapted a version of the kinetic Trans* code to the Uranian case. This code simulates the H2 emissions created by energetic particle precipitations in the upper atmosphere. The signal measured in the 1330-1700 A range, of around 1.8 kR, is composed mostly of reflected sunlight with a small contribution from upper atmospheric emissions. For most spectra, we found no evidence of particle precipitation, indicating a precipitation flux smaller than 0.01 erg cm-2 s-1. For the spectrum of 29 November 2011 however, when an auroral spot was positively detected, we additionally identified a small contribution of H2 emission which requires a precipitating energy flux up to 0.05 erg cm-2 s-1. This study also establishes that the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) can be used to monitor the aurorae on Uranus in its image and spectral modes, and to estimate the associated precipitated energy flux, provided a very careful data processing is applied. (Less)
Published: 2014

32. Solar Spectral Irradiance Variability in November/December 2012: Comparison of Observations by Instruments on the International Space Station and Models

Author: Alexander Shapiro, Natalie A. Krivova, Judith Lean, Gérard Thuillier, Bernd Nikutowski, C. Bolduc, Stella M. L. Melo, Christian Erhardt, Gaël Cessateur, Gerhard Schmidtke, Paul Charbonneau, Werner Schmutz, B. Mampaey, M. Haberreiter, Véronique Delouille, Kok Leng Yeo, STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques (Fraunhofer IPM), Fraunhofer (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft), Leipziger Institut für Meteorologie (LIM), Universität Leipzig [Leipzig], Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Département de Physique [Montréal], Université de Montréal (UdeM), Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Canadian Space Agency (CSA), Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), Universität Leipzig, and Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS)
Subjects: Physics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], SolACES, Irradiance, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Solar irradiance, [PHYS.ASTR.SR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], 01 natural sciences, International Space Station, Spectral solar irradiance variability, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, Solar rotation, Solar Modeling, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, SOLSPEC, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing
Abstract: International audience; Onboard the International Space Station (ISS), two instruments are observing the solar spectral irradiance (SSI) at wavelengths from 16 to 2900 nm. Although the ISS platform orientation generally precludes pointing at the Sun more than 10 - 14 days per month, in November/December 2012 a continuous period of measurements was obtained by implementing an ISS 'bridging' maneuver. This enabled observations to be made of the solar spectral irradiance (SSI) during a complete solar rotation. We present these measurements, which quantify the impact of active regions on SSI, and compare them with data simultaneously gathered from other platforms, and with models of spectral irradiance variability. Our analysis demonstrates that the instruments onboard the ISS have the capability to measure SSI variations consistent with other instruments in space. A comparison among all available SSI measurements during November-December 2012 in absolute units with reconstructions using solar proxies and observed solar activity features is presented and discussed in terms of accuracy.
Published: 2014

33. Analysis of Different Solar Spectral Irradiance Reconstructions and Their Impact on Solar Heating Rates

Author: Stella M. L. Melo, David Bolsée, Victor Fomichev, Judith Lean, Alexander Shapiro, Natalie A. Krivova, Paul Charbonneau, C. Bolduc, Werner Schmutz, Gérard Thuillier, STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Canadian Space Agency (CSA), Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Département de Physique [Montréal], Université de Montréal (UdeM), Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering [York University - Toronto] (ESSE), York University [Toronto], Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), and Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS)
Subjects: Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Computer simulation, Irradiance, Climate change, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Solar irradiance, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, Wavelength, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Proper numerical simulation of the Earth's climate change requires reliable knowledge of solar irradiance and its variability on different time scales as well as the wavelength dependence of this variability. As new measurements of the solar spectral irradiance have become available so too have new reconstructions of historical solar irradiance variations based on different approaches. However these various solar spectral irradiance reconstructions have not yet been compared in detail to quantify differences in their absolute values variability and implications for climate and atmospheric studies. In this paper we quantitatively compare five different reconstructions of solar spectral irradiance changes during the past four centuries in order to document and analyze their differences. The impact on atmosphere and climate studies is discussed in terms of the calculation of short wave solar heating rates. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.
Published: 2014

34. Solar irradiance observations with PREMOS filter radiometers on the PICARD mission: In-flight performance and data release

Author: Julian Gröbner, S. Nyeki, Peter Meindl, T. Egorova, Wolfgang Finsterle, Gaël Cessateur, Jean-François Hochedez, Rinat Tagirov, Mustapha Meftah, G. Thuillier, Christoph Wehrli, M. Rouzé, Hansjörg Roth, Alexander Shapiro, Werner Schmutz, Eugene Rozanov, Nigel Fox, Matthieu Kretzschmar, S. Koller, Micha Schöll, M. Haberreiter, Marcel Spescha, Daniel Pfiffner, Lutz Werner, Jules U Wyss, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Physical Laboratory [Teddington] (NPL), Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt [Berlin] (PTB), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013), CNES/PICARD GI programme, European Project: 313188,EC:FP7:SPA,FP7-SPACE-2012-1,SOLID(2012), European Project: 284461,EC:FP7:SPA,FP7-SPACE-2011-1,EHEROES(2012), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), and Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Infrared, Solar activity, Irradiance, Venus, Radiation, Solar irradiance, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Instrumentation: photometers, UV radiation, 0103 physical sciences, Solar radiation, Solstice, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, Physics, Radiometer, biology, Spacecraft, business.industry, Astronomy and Astrophysics, biology.organism_classification, [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Solar-terrestrial relations, business
Abstract: International audience; The PREcision Monitoring Sensor (PREMOS) is a solar radiometer on board the French PICARD mission that was launched in June 2010 and decommissioned in April 2014.Aims. The PREMOS radiometer obtains solar irradiance measurements in specific spectral windows in the UV, visible, and near- infrared. In this paper, the PREMOS data and calibration methods are presented.Methods. Using back-up channels, the degradation can theoretically be assessed to correct operational channels. However, a strong degradation within all PREMOS channels requires the application of additional methods, namely using back-up channels and assess- ing the degradation via a proxy-based model.Results. The corrected Level 3 PREMOS data are then used in different contexts in order to be validated. First, the signature of the p-mode are retrieved from the PREMOS data. The Venus transit allows us to empirically determine the intrinsic noise level within the PREMOS high cadence data for the visible and near-infrared channels. We then compare the PREMOS data directly to other data sets, namely from the SOLar-STellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment (SOLSTICE) and the Solar Irradiance Monitor (SIM) instru- ments on board the SOlar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) spacecraft. Regarding the UV channels, we found an excellent correlation over the lifetime of the PREMOS mission. The ratio between SORCE and PREMOS observations is always less than 1%. Regarding the SSI measurements in the visible and near-infrared, a comparison of short-term variations (i.e. 27-day modulation) shows a rather good correlation by taking into consideration the intrinsic noise within both SIM and PREMOS observations.
Published: 2016

35. Climate change projections and stratosphere-troposphere interaction

Author: Neal Butchart, Peter Braesicke, Steven C. Hardiman, Ulrich Cubasch, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Slimane Bekki, Adam A. Scaife, Martine Michou, Thomas Spangehl, Hideharu Akiyoshi, Eugene Rozanov, Ulrike Langematz, Andrew Gettelman, Theodore G. Shepherd, D. Fereday, Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Freie Universität Berlin, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NCAS-Climate [Cambridge], Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM)-University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), University of Toronto, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Storm track, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 0207 environmental engineering, Climate change, 02 engineering and technology, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Effects of global warming, Extratropical cyclone, Precipitation, 020701 environmental engineering, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Storm, Europe, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Climatology, Abrupt climate change, Environmental science
Abstract: International audience; Climate change is expected to increase winter rainfall and flooding in many extratropical regions as evaporation and precipitation rates increase, storms become more intense and storm tracks move polewards. Here, we show how changes in stratospheric circulation could play a significant role in future climate change in the extratropics through an additional shift in the tropospheric circulation. This shift in the circulation alters climate change in regional winter rainfall by an amount large enough to significantly alter regional climate change projections. The changes are consistent with changes in stratospheric winds inducing a change in the baroclinic eddy growth rate across the depth of the troposphere. A change in mean wind structure and an equatorward shift of the tropospheric storm tracks relative to models with poor stratospheric resolution allows coupling with surface climate. Using the Atlantic storm track as an example, we show how this can double the predicted increase in extreme winter rainfall over Western and Central Europe compared to other current climate projections.
Published: 2012

36. Improved predictability of the troposphere using stratospheric final warmings

Author: Peter Braesicke, Steven C. Hardiman, Slimane Bekki, Tiffany A. Shaw, Martine Michou, Neal Butchart, Andrew Charlton-Perez, Eugene Rozanov, Hideharu Akiyoshi, Rolando R. Garcia, Martin Dameris, Steven Pawson, A. J. G. Baumgaertner, Kiyotaka Shibata, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Department of Meteorology [Reading], University of Reading (UOR), Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics [New York] (APAM), Columbia University [New York], National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NCAS-Climate [Cambridge], Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM)-University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil Science, chemistry-climate models, Aquatic Science, Sudden stratospheric warming, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Troposphere, Geochemistry and Petrology, Polar vortex, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), stratospheric dynamics, Predictability, Stratosphere, Sea level, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Ecology, Northern Hemisphere, Paleontology, Forestry, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Climatology, NAO, Climate model, Dynamik der Atmosphäre, Warming
Abstract: International audience; The final warming of the stratospheric polar vortex at the end of northern hemisphere winter is examined in ECMWF ERA-Interim reanalysis data and an ensemble of chemistry climate models, using 20 years of data from each. In some years the final warming is found to occur first in the mid-stratosphere, and in others to occur first in the upper stratosphere. The strength of the winter stratospheric polar vortex, refraction of planetary waves, and the altitudes at which the planetary waves break in the northern extratropics lead to this difference in the vertical profile of the final warming. Years in which the final warming occurs first in the mid-stratosphere show, on average, a more negative NAO pattern in April mean sea level pressure than years in which the warming occurs first in the upper stratosphere. Thus, in the northern hemisphere, additional predictive skill of tropospheric climate in April can be gained from a knowledge of the vertical profile of the stratospheric final warming.
Published: 2011

37. Attribution of observed changes in stratospheric ozone and temperature

Author: Slimane Bekki, Chris A. McLinden, Nathan P. Gillett, Kiyotaka Shibata, John Scinocca, Hideharu Akiyoshi, Rolando R. Garcia, Eugene Rozanov, David A. Plummer, Olaf Morgenstern, A. Yu. Karpechko, Veronika Eyring, P. Braesicke, John A. Pyle, Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Air Quality Research Division [Toronto], National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), and Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Atmospheric Science, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, attribution, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QC1-999, stratospheric ozone, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Greenhouse gas, Ozone layer, ozone trends, Environmental science, Stratosphere, lcsh:Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; Three recently-completed sets of simulations of multiple chemistry-climate models with greenhouse gases only, with all anthropogenic forcings, and with anthropogenic and natural forcings, allow the causes of observed stratospheric changes to be quantitatively assessed using detection and attribution techniques. The total column ozone response to halogenated ozone depleting substances and to natural forcings is detectable and consistent in models and observations. However, the total ozone response to greenhouse gases in the models and observations appears to be inconsistent, which may be due to the models' inability to properly simulate tropospheric ozone changes. In the middle and upper stratosphere, simulated and observed SBUV/SAGE ozone changes are broadly consistent, and separate anthropogenic and natural responses are detectable in observations. The influence of ozone depleting substances and natural forcings can also be detected separately in observed lower stratospheric temperature, and the magnitudes of the simulated and observed responses to these forcings and to greenhouse gas changes are found to be consistent. In the mid and upper stratosphere the simulated natural and combined anthropogenic responses are detectable and consistent with observations, but the influences of greenhouse gases and ozone-depleting substances could not be separately detected in our analysis.
Published: 2011

38. Anthropogenic forcing of the Northern Annular Mode in CCMVal-2 models

Author: Dan Smale, W. Tian, Martyn P. Chipperfield, P. Braesicke, Steven C. Hardiman, Tetsu Nakamura, David Cugnet, Makoto Deushi, Sandip Dhomse, Kiyotaka Shibata, Slimane Bekki, Olaf Morgenstern, David Saint-Martin, John Scinocca, D. Olivié, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Julien Jumelet, N. Butchart, Eugene Rozanov, Martine Michou, Hideharu Akiyoshi, Aurore Voldoire, H. Teyssèdre, Marion Marchand, Nathan P. Gillett, Andrew Gettelman, Michael Sigmond, Yousuke Yamashita, Douglas E. Kinnison, David A. Plummer, John A. Pyle, François Lott, Rolando R. Garcia, Thomas Peter, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), NCAS-Climate [Cambridge], Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM)-University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Centre for Atmospheric Science [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Horizontal and vertical, Soil Science, Geopotential height, Forcing (mathematics), Aquatic Science, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Model validation, Geochemistry and Petrology, Stratosphere-troposphere coupling, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Climate change, Anthropogenic forcing, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Ecology, Paleontology, Forestry, Coherence (statistics), Ozone depletion, Geophysics, Arctic oscillation, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Climatology, Greenhouse gas, Environmental science
Abstract: International audience; We address the question of how ozone and long-lived greenhouse gas changes impact the Northern Annular Mode (NAM). Using reanalyses and results from the Chemistry-Climate Model Validation 2 (CCMVal-2) initiative, we calculate seasonal NAM indices from geopotential height for winter and spring. From these, we determine the strength of stratosphere-troposphere coupling in the model simulations and the reanalyses. For both seasons, we find a large spread in the ability of models to represent the vertical coherence of the NAM, although most models are within the 95% confidence interval. In winter, many models underestimate the vertical coherence derived from the reanalyses. Some models exhibit substantial differences in vertical coherence between simulations driven with modeled and observed ocean conditions. In spring, in the simulations using modeled ocean conditions, models with poorer horizontal or vertical resolution tend to underestimate the vertical coupling, and vice versa for models with better resolution. Accounting for model deficits in producing an appropriate troposphere-stratosphere coupling, we show significant correlations of the NAM in winter with three indices representing the anthropogenic impact. Analysis of cross-correlations between these indices suggests that increasing CO2 is the main reason for these correlations in this season. In the CCMVal-2 simulations, CO2 increases are associated with a weakening of the NAM in winter. For spring, we show that the dominant effect is chemical ozone depletion leading to a transient strengthening of the NAM, with CO2 changes playing an insignificant role.
Published: 2010

39. Chemistry-climate model simulations of spring Antarctic ozone

Author: Steven C. Hardiman, Slimane Bekki, Theodore G. Shepherd, John Scinocca, Hamish Struthers, Greg Bodeker, N. Butchart, Ulrike Langematz, Patrick Jöckel, Eugene Rozanov, Martin Dameris, Olaf Morgenstern, E. Mancini, Sandip Dhomse, John Austin, Marion Marchand, Dan Smale, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Douglas E. Kinnison, Andrew Gettelman, Martyn P. Chipperfield, P. Braesicke, Ch. Brühl, Hideharu Akiyoshi, Tetsu Nakamura, David Cugnet, D. A. Plummer, J. E. Nielsen, Yousuke Yamashita, Giovanni Pitari, H. Teyssèdre, A. J. G. Baumgaertner, Kiyotaka Shibata, John A. Pyle, Martine Michou, Hella Garny, Anne Kubin, S. M. Frith, NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), Stockholm University, Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bodeker Scientific, NCAS-Climate [Cambridge], Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM)-University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Lanham] (SSAI), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Institut für Meteorologie [Berlin], Freie Universität Berlin, University of L'Aquila [Italy] (UNIVAQ), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mass deficit, Soil Science, Climate change, 010501 environmental sciences, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geochemistry and Petrology, Polar vortex, Montreal Protocol, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Ecology, ozone hole, Antarctic ozone hole, Paleontology, Forestry, Ozone depletion, Vortex, Geophysics, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, chemistry-climate feedback, Climatology, Greenhouse gas, stratosphere, Environmental science, Dynamik der Atmosphäre
Abstract: International audience; Coupled chemistry-climate model simulations covering the recent past and continuing throughout the 21st century have been completed with a range of different models. Common forcings are used for the halogen amounts and greenhouse gas concentrations, as expected under the Montreal Protocol (with amendments) and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change A1b Scenario. The simulations of the Antarctic ozone hole are compared using commonly used diagnostics: the minimum ozone, the maximum area of ozone below 220 DU, and the ozone mass deficit below 220 DU. Despite the fact that the processes responsible for ozone depletion are reasonably well understood, a wide range of results is obtained. Comparisons with observations indicate that one of the reasons for the model underprediction in ozone hole area is the tendency for models to underpredict, by up to 35%, the area of low temperatures responsible for polar stratospheric cloud formation. Models also typically have species gradients that are too weak at the edge of the polar vortex, suggesting that there is too much mixing of air across the vortex edge. Other models show a high bias in total column ozone which restricts the size of the ozone hole (defined by a 220 DU threshold). The results of those models which agree best with observations are examined in more detail. For several models the ozone hole does not disappear this century but a small ozone hole of up to three million square kilometers continues to occur in most springs even after 2070.
Published: 2010

40. The potential to narrow uncertainty in projections of stratospheric ozone over the 21st century

Author: Irene Cionni, W. Tian, Slimane Bekki, Marion Marchand, Theodore G. Shepherd, Douglas E. Kinnison, Eva Mancini, Giovanni Pitari, Sandip Dhomse, Veronika Eyring, Darryn W. Waugh, Kiyotaka Shibata, John Scinocca, Andrew Gettelman, Yousuke Yamashita, Martyn P. Chipperfield, P. Braesicke, John A. Pyle, Andrew Charlton-Perez, Greg Bodeker, Rolando R. Garcia, Olaf Morgenstern, Hideharu Akiyoshi, Ed Hawkins, Stacey M. Frith, D. A. Plummer, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Eugene Rozanov, Tetsu Nakamura, Steven Pawson, Department of Meteorology [Reading], University of Reading (UOR), DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Bodeker Scientific, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Lanham] (SSAI), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (ICAS), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds-University of Leeds, University of L'Aquila [Italy] (UNIVAQ), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, Morton K. Blaustein Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Baltimore], and Johns Hopkins University (JHU)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ozone concentration, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Troposphere, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, future evolution, Ozone layer, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Global warming, lcsh:QC1-999, ozone, chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Internal variability, Greenhouse gas, Climatology, stratosphere, Environmental science, GHG, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: Future stratospheric ozone concentrations will be determined both by changes in the concentration of ozone depleting substances (ODSs) and by changes in stratospheric and tropospheric climate, including those caused by changes in anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs). Since future economic development pathways and resultant emissions of GHGs are uncertain, anthropogenic climate change could be a significant source of uncertainty for future projections of stratospheric ozone. In this pilot study, using an "ensemble of opportunity" of chemistry-climate model (CCM) simulations, the contribution of scenario uncertainty from different plausible emissions pathways for ODSs and GHGs to future ozone projections is quantified relative to the contribution from model uncertainty and internal variability of the chemistry-climate system. For both the global, annual mean ozone concentration and for ozone in specific geographical regions, differences between CCMs are the dominant source of uncertainty for the first two-thirds of the 21st century, up-to and after the time when ozone concentrations return to 1980 values. In the last third of the 21st century, dependent upon the set of greenhouse gas scenarios used, scenario uncertainty can be the dominant contributor. This result suggests that investment in chemistry-climate modelling is likely to continue to refine projections of stratospheric ozone and estimates of the return of stratospheric ozone concentrations to pre-1980 levels. ISSN:1680-7375 ISSN:1680-7367
Published: 2010

41. The effect of flares on total solar irradiance

Author: Matthieu Kretzschmar, S. Mekaoui, Thierry Dudok de Wit, Steven Dewitte, Werner Schmutz, Jean-François Hochedez, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] (IRM), Solar Influences Data Analysis Centre, Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES)
Subjects: Solar minimum, Solar System, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Solar luminosity, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Solar irradiance, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, law, 0103 physical sciences, Coronal mass ejection, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Solar flare, Astronomy, Solar maximum, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Flare
Abstract: Flares are powerful energy releases occurring in stellar atmospheres. Solar flares, the most intense energy bursts in the solar system, are however hardly noticeable in the total solar luminosity. Consequently, the total amount of energy they radiate 1) remains largely unknown and 2) has been overlooked as a potential contributor to variations in the Total Solar Irradiance (TSI), i.e. the total solar flux received at Earth. Here, we report on the detection of the flare signal in the TSI even for moderate flares. We find that the total energy radiated by flares exceeds the soft X-ray emission by two orders of magnitude, with an important contribution in the visible domain. These results have implications for the physics of flares and the variability of our star., Comment: accepted in Nature Physics
Published: 2010

42. Multimodel assessment of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere: Extratropics

Author: Dan Smale, Jean-Francois Lamarque, D. Olivié, Sandip Dhomse, Gloria L. Manney, Ch. Brühl, Tetsu Nakamura, John Scinocca, Veronika Eyring, Gabriele Stiller, A. J. G. Baumgaertner, Simone Tilmes, Steven C. Hardiman, Darryn W. Waugh, D. A. Plummer, Kiyotaka Shibata, Yousuke Yamashita, H. Teyssèdre, Hideharu Akiyoshi, R. Krichevsky, Giovanni Pitari, Slimane Bekki, Peter Hoor, Laura L. Pan, N. Butchart, Martin Dameris, Eugene Rozanov, Theodore G. Shepherd, Andrew Gettelman, John Austin, Olaf Morgenstern, Hella Garny, Seok-Woo Son, Steven Pawson, Juan A. Añel, Martine Michou, Kaley A. Walker, Eva Mancini, W. Tian, Martyn P. Chipperfield, P. Braesicke, John A. Pyle, Douglas E. Kinnison, Patrick Jöckel, Michaela I. Hegglin, S. Frith, Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology [New Mexico Tech] (NMT), Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Montréal], McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Chemistry [Waterloo], University of Waterloo [Waterloo], DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Johns Hopkins University (JHU), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Environmental Physics Laboratory (EPhysLab), Universidade de Vigo, NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NCAS-Climate [Cambridge], Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM)-University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), University of L'Aquila [Italy] (UNIVAQ), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment and Climate Change Canada, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, TTL, Soil Science, Zonal and meridional, chemistry-climate models, Aquatic Science, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Upper troposphere/lower stratosphere, Troposphere, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Extratropical cyclone, medicine, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Ecology, Paleontology, Forestry, Inversion (meteorology), Seasonality, medicine.disease, Chemistry climate model, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Climatology, Environmental science, Dynamik der Atmosphäre, Tropopause, CCMVal, Water vapor, Model-measurement comparison
Abstract: A multimodel assessment of the performance of chemistry-climate models (CCMs) in the extratropical upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS) is conducted for the first time. Process-oriented diagnostics are used to validate dynamical and transport characteristics of 18 CCMs using meteorological analyses and aircraft and satellite observations. The main dynamical and chemical climatological characteristics of the extratropical UTLS are generally well represented by the models, despite the limited horizontal and vertical resolution. The seasonal cycle of lowermost stratospheric mass is realistic, however with a wide spread in its mean value. A tropopause inversion layer is present in most models, although the maximum in static stability is located too high above the tropopause and is somewhat too weak, as expected from limited model resolution. Similar comments apply to the extratropical tropopause transition layer. The seasonality in lower stratospheric chemical tracers is consistent with the seasonality in the Brewer-Dobson circulation. Both vertical and meridional tracer gradients are of similar strength to those found in observations. Models that perform less well tend to use a semi-Lagrangian transport scheme and/or have a very low resolution. Two models, and the multimodel mean, score consistently well on all diagnostics, while seven other models score well on all diagnostics except the seasonal cycle of water vapor. Only four of the models are consistently below average. The lack of tropospheric chemistry in most models limits their evaluation in the upper troposphere. Finally, the UTLS is relatively sparsely sampled by observations, limiting our ability to quantitatively evaluate many aspects of model performance. Copyright © 2010 by the American Geophysical Union.
Published: 2010

43. Acoustic power absorption and enhancement generated by slow and fast MHD waves. Evidence of solar cycle velocity/intensity amplitude changes consistent with the mode conversion theory

Author: Wolfgang Finsterle, Antonio Jiménez, R. Simoniello, Rafael A. García, Hannah Schunker, Yvonne Elsworth, D. Salabert, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos - World Radiation Center (PMOD-WRC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Galaxies, Etoiles, Physique, Instrumentation (GEPI), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), and Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Subjects: Physics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Phase (waves), Solar cycle 23, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Acoustic wave, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Intensity (physics), Solar cycle, Amplitude, Quality (physics), Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: We used long duration, high quality, unresolved (Sun-as-a star) observations collected by the ground based network BiSON and by the instruments GOLF and VIRGO on board the ESA/NASA SOHO satellite to search for solar-cycle-related changes in mode characteristics in velocity and continuum intensity for the frequency range between 2.5 mHz
Published: 2010

44. Stratosphere-troposphere coupling and annular mode variability in chemistry-climate models

Author: Martyn P. Chipperfield, Dan Smale, Steven C. Hardiman, John Scinocca, Slimane Bekki, Eugene Rozanov, Peter Braesicke, Neal Butchart, Stacey M. Frith, D. A. Plummer, J. Eric Nielsen, Edwin P. Gerber, Sandip Dhomse, Steven Pawson, John Austin, Rolando R. Garcia, Thomas Peter, Marion Marchand, Andrew Gettelman, Hella Garny, Hideharu Akiyoshi, Alexey Yu. Karpechko, John A. Pyle, Theodore G. Shepherd, Martin Dameris, Mark P. Baldwin, Olaf Morgenstern, Center for Atmosphere Ocean Science [NYU] (CAOS), Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences [New York] (CIMS), New York University [New York] (NYU), NYU System (NYU)-NYU System (NYU)-New York University [New York] (NYU), NYU System (NYU)-NYU System (NYU), NorthWest Research Associates (NWRA), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), NCAS-Climate [Cambridge], Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM)-University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Centre for Atmospheric Science [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Annular modes, Soil Science, Aquatic Science, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Troposphere, Geochemistry and Petrology, Stratosphere-troposphere coupling, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Chemistry-climate models, Southern Hemisphere, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Ecology, Mode (statistics), Paleontology, Forestry, Secular variation, numerical modeling, climate change, Geophysics, troposphere, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Climatology, Middle latitudes, stratosphere, Polar, Dynamik der Atmosphäre, Climate model
Abstract: International audience; The internal variability and coupling between the stratosphere and troposphere in CCMVal-2 chemistry-climate models are evaluated through analysis of the annular mode patterns of variability. Computation of the annular modes in long data sets with secular trends requires refinement of the standard definition of the annular mode, and a more robust procedure that allows for slowly varying trends is established and verified. The spatial and temporal structure of the models' annular modes is then compared with that of reanalyses. As a whole, the models capture the key features of observed intraseasonal variability, including the sharp vertical gradients in structure between stratosphere and troposphere, the asymmetries in the seasonal cycle between the Northern and Southern hemispheres, and the coupling between the polar stratospheric vortices and tropospheric midlatitude jets. It is also found that the annular mode variability changes little in time throughout simulations of the 21st century. There are, however, both common biases and significant differences in performance in the models. In the troposphere, the annular mode in models is generally too persistent, particularly in the Southern Hemisphere summer, a bias similar to that found in CMIP3 coupled climate models. In the stratosphere, the periods of peak variance and coupling with the troposphere are delayed by about a month in both hemispheres. The relationship between increased variability of the stratosphere and increased persistence in the troposphere suggests that some tropospheric biases may be related to stratospheric biases and that a well-simulated stratosphere can improve simulation of tropospheric intraseasonal variability.
Published: 2010

45. The decline and recovery of total column ozone using a multimodel time series analysis

Author: Martin Dameris, Veronika Eyring, Martine Michou, Giovanni Pitari, H. Teyssèdre, Darryn W. Waugh, Steven Pawson, Hideharu Akiyoshi, John Scinocca, Marion Marchand, Olaf Morgenstern, S. Frith, Tetsu Nakamura, Steven C. Hardiman, R. J. Wilson, David Cugnet, Douglas E. Kinnison, Andrew Gettelman, David A. Plummer, Slimane Bekki, Eva Mancini, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Luke D. Oman, Kiyotaka Shibata, Sandip Dhomse, Rolando R. Garcia, Theodore G. Shepherd, John A. Pyle, Hella Garny, N. Butchart, Eugene Rozanov, John Austin, Yousuke Yamashita, Martyn P. Chipperfield, P. Braesicke, NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Morton K. Blaustein Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Baltimore], Johns Hopkins University (JHU), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NCAS-Climate [Cambridge], Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM)-University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Lanham] (SSAI), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), University of L'Aquila [Italy] (UNIVAQ), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ozone recovery, Soil Science, Ozone decline, chemistry-climate models, Aquatic Science, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Troposphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Chlorofluorocarbon, Ecology, Northern Hemisphere, Paleontology, Forestry, Geophysics, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Climatology, Middle latitudes, Greenhouse gas, stratosphere, Climate model
Abstract: International audience; Simulations of 15 coupled chemistry climate models, for the period 1960–2100, are presented. The models include a detailed stratosphere, as well as including a realistic representation of the tropospheric climate. The simulations assume a consistent set of changing greenhouse gas concentrations, as well as temporally varying chlorofluorocarbon concentrations in accordance with observations for the past and expectations for the future. The ozone results are analyzed using a nonparametric additive statistical model. Comparisons are made with observations for the recent past, and the recovery of ozone, indicated by a return to 1960 and 1980 values, is investigated as a function of latitude. Although chlorine amounts are simulated to return to 1980 values by about 2050, with only weak latitudinal variations, column ozone amounts recover at different rates due to the influence of greenhouse gas changes. In the tropics, simulated peak ozone amounts occur by about 2050 and thereafter total ozone column declines. Consequently, simulated ozone does not recover to values which existed prior to the early 1980s. The results also show a distinct hemispheric asymmetry, with recovery to 1980 values in the Northern Hemisphere extratropics ahead of the chlorine return by about 20 years. In the Southern Hemisphere midlatitudes, ozone is simulated to return to 1980 levels only 10 years ahead of chlorine. In the Antarctic, annually averaged ozone recovers at about the same rate as chlorine in high latitudes and hence does not return to 1960s values until the last decade of the simulations.
Published: 2010

46. Impact of stratospheric ozone on Southern Hemisphere circulation change: A multimodel assessment

Author: Hella Garny, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Nathan P. Gillett, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Patrick Jöckel, P. Braesicke, Hideharu Akiyoshi, Theodore G. Shepherd, Judith Perlwitz, John A. Pyle, Marion Marchand, A. J. G. Baumgaertner, Yousuke Yamashita, Ch. Brühl, Martin Dameris, Olaf Morgenstern, E. Mancini, Kiyotaka Shibata, D. A. Plummer, S. M. Frith, Veronika Eyring, Tetsu Nakamura, Kyong-Hwan Seo, Rolando R. Garcia, W. Tian, Darryn W. Waugh, Sandip Dhomse, Seok-Woo Son, David Cugnet, Edwin P. Gerber, H. Teyssèdre, Martine Michou, N. Butchart, Eugene Rozanov, John Austin, Lorenzo M. Polvani, Giovanni Pitari, Dan Smale, John Scinocca, Steven C. Hardiman, Slimane Bekki, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Montréal], McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Center for Atmosphere Ocean Science [NYU] (CAOS), Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences [New York] (CIMS), New York University [New York] (NYU), NYU System (NYU)-NYU System (NYU)-New York University [New York] (NYU), NYU System (NYU)-NYU System (NYU), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics [New York], Columbia University [New York], Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences [New York], Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Busan], Pusan National University, DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, Johns Hopkins University (JHU), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NCAS-Climate [Cambridge], Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM)-University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), University of L'Aquila [Italy] (UNIVAQ), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil Science, Climate change, Context (language use), Forcing (mathematics), Aquatic Science, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Ozone hole, CCMVal-2, Geochemistry and Petrology, Ozone layer, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Hadley cell, Southern Hemisphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Ecology, Paleontology, Forestry, Ozone depletion, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Climatology, Middle latitudes, Environmental science, Southern Hemisphere climate change
Abstract: International audience; The impact of stratospheric ozone on the tropospheric general circulation of theSouthern Hemisphere (SH) is examined with a set of chemistry‐climate models participatingin the Stratospheric Processes and their Role in Climate (SPARC)/Chemistry‐ClimateModel Validation project phase 2 (CCMVal‐2). Model integrations of both the past andfuture climates reveal the crucial role of stratospheric ozone in driving SH circulationchange: stronger ozone depletion in late spring generally leads to greater polewarddisplacement and intensification of the tropospheric midlatitude jet, and greater expansion ofthe SH Hadley cell in the summer. These circulation changes are systematic as polewarddisplacement of the jet is typically accompanied by intensification of the jet and expansion ofthe Hadley cell. Overall results are compared with coupled models participating in theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC AR4), andpossible mechanisms are discussed. While the tropospheric circulation response appearsquasi‐linearly related to stratospheric ozone changes, the quantitative response to a givenforcing varies considerably from one model to another. This scatter partly results fromdifferences in model climatology. It is shown that poleward intensification of the westerly jetis generally stronger in models whose climatological jet is biased toward lower latitudes.This result is discussed in the context of quasi‐geostrophic zonal mean dynamics.
Published: 2010

47. Review of the formulation of present-generation stratospheric chemistry-climate models and associated external forcings

Author: Patrick Jöckel, Marion Marchand, Slimane Bekki, Tetsu Nakamura, Eugene Rozanov, Douglas E. Kinnison, David Cugnet, Hideharu Akiyoshi, Martyn P. Chipperfield, J. Austin, P. Braesicke, Martine Michou, A. J. G. Baumgaertner, Elisa Manzini, W. Tian, Kiyotaka Shibata, Olaf Morgenstern, E. Mancini, Steven C. Hardiman, S. M. Frith, D. A. Plummer, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Sandip Dhomse, Veronika Eyring, Martin Dameris, Yousuke Yamashita, Hella Garny, Ch. Brühl, Andrew Gettelman, Matthew Toohey, H. Teyssèdre, D. Olivié, Giovanni Pitari, Theodore G. Shepherd, J. E. Nielsen, Darryn W. Waugh, Marco Giorgetta, Dan Smale, John Scinocca, Michaela I. Hegglin, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Morton K. Blaustein Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Baltimore], Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (MPIC), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NCAS-Climate [Cambridge], Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM)-University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], University of L'Aquila [Italy] (UNIVAQ), Centro Euro-Mediterraneo per i Cambiamenti Climatici [Bologna] (CMCC), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Climate-chemistry model, Soil Science, Aquatic Science, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Troposphere, CCMVal-2, Geochemistry and Petrology, Ozone layer, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Radiative transfer, Global climate model, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Forcing (recursion theory), Ecology, ozone hole, Stratospheric chemistry, Paleontology, Forestry, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Climatology, Greenhouse gas, Southern Hemisphere climate change, Climate model, Present generation
Abstract: The goal of the Chemistry-Climate Model Validation (CCMVal) activity is to improve understanding of chemistry-climate models (CCMs) through process-oriented evaluation and to provide reliable projections of stratospheric ozone and its impact on climate. An appreciation of the details of model formulations is essential for understanding how models respond to the changing external forcings of greenhouse gases and ozone-depleting substances, and hence for understanding the ozone and climate forecasts produced by the models participating in this activity. Here we introduce and review the models used for the second round (CCMVal-2) of this intercomparison, regarding the implementation of chemical, transport, radiative, and dynamical processes in these models. In particular, we review the advantages and problems associated with approaches used to model processes of relevance to stratospheric dynamics and chemistry. Furthermore, we state the definitions of the reference simulations performed, and describe the forcing data used in these simulations. We identify some developments in chemistry-climate modeling that make models more physically based or more comprehensive, including the introduction of an interactive ocean, online photolysis, troposphere-stratosphere chemistry, and non-orographic gravity-wave deposition as linked to tropospheric convection. The relatively new developments indicate that stratospheric CCM modeling is becoming more consistent with our physically based understanding of the atmosphere. Copyright 2010 by the American Geophysical Union.
Published: 2010

48. The PREMOS/PICARD instrument calibration

Author: Mireille Meisonnier, Rainer Winkler, François Buisson, Julian Gröbner, Jean-Françcois Hochedez, Peter Meindl, S. Nyeki, Marcel Spescha, Tatiana Egorova, Jules U Wyss, Nigel Fox, Christoph Wehrli, Lutz Werner, Werner Schmutz, Eugene Rozanov, Wolfgang Finsterle, André Fehlmann, Gérard Thuillier, Gregor Hülsen, Daniel Pfiffner, Mustapha Meftah, Peter Blattner, S. Koller, Hansjörg Roth, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt [Berlin] (PTB), National Physical Laboratory [Teddington] (NPL), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Swiss Federal Office of Metrology (METAS), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] (IRM), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] - Royal Meteorological Institute (IRM)
Subjects: Radiometer, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Nowcasting, General Engineering, Irradiance, Solar irradiance, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Atmosphere, Space experiment, Long term monitoring, 0103 physical sciences, Calibration, Environmental science, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing
Abstract: International audience; PREMOS is a space experiment scheduled to fly on the French solar mission PICARD. The experiment comprises filter radiometers and absolute radiometers to measure the spectral and total solar irradiance. The aim of PREMOS is 1. to contribute to the long term monitoring of the total solar irradiance, 2. to use irradiance observations for 'nowcasting' the state of the terrestrial middle atmosphere and 3. to provide long term sensitivity calibration for the solar imaging instrument SODISM on PICARD. In this paper we describe the calibration of the instruments. The filter radiometer channels in the visible and near IR were characterized at PMOD/WRC and the UV channels were calibrated at PTB Berlin. The absolute radiometers were compared with the World Radiometric Reference at PMOD/WRC and a power calibration relative to a primary cryogenic radiometer standard was performed in vacuum and air at NPL.
Published: 2009

49. Diurnal changes in middle atmospheric H2O and O3: Observations in the Alpine region and climate models

Author: Slimane Bekki, Tatiana Egorova, Niklaus Kämpfer, Marion Marchand, Béatrice Morel, Eugene Rozanov, Philippe Keckhut, Alexander Haefele, Klemens Hocke, Institute of Applied Physics [Bern] (IAP), University of Bern, Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de physique de l'atmosphère (LPA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de La Réunion - Faculté des Sciences et Technologies (FST), Université de La Réunion (UR), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), European Commission, and European Project: GEOMON
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil Science, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Mesosphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Altitude, Geochemistry and Petrology, water vapor, 0103 physical sciences, Ozone layer, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Ecology, Advection, Microwave radiometer, Paleontology, Forestry, ozone, Geophysics, CAWSES tidal campaign, chemistry, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Climatology, Environmental science, Climate model
Abstract: International audience; In this paper we investigate daily variations in middle atmospheric water vapor and ozone based on data from two ground-based microwave radiometers located in the Alpine region of Europe. Temperature data are obtained from a lidar located near the two stations and from the SABER experiment on the TIMED satellite. This unique set of observations is complemented by three different three-dimensional (3-D) chemistry-climate models (Monitoring of Stratospheric Depletion of the Ozone Layer (MSDOL), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique Reactive Processes Ruling the Ozone Budget in the Stratosphere (LMDz-REPROBUS), and Solar Climate Ozone Links (SOCOL)) and the 2-D atmospheric global-scale wave model (GSWM). The first part of the paper is focused on the first Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES) tidal campaign that consisted of a period of intensive measurements during September 2005. Variations in stratospheric water vapor are found to be in the order of 1% depending on altitude. Meridional advection of tidal nature is likely to be the dominant driving factor throughout the whole stratosphere, while vertical advection becomes more important in the mesosphere. Observed ozone variations in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere show amplitudes of several percent in accordance with photochemical models. Variations in lower stratospheric ozone are not solely governed by photochemistry but also by dynamics, with the temperature dependence of the photochemistry becoming more important. The second part presents an investigation of the seasonal dependence of daily variations. Models tend to underestimate the H2O diurnal amplitudes, especially during summer in the upper stratosphere. Good agreement between models and observations is found for ozone in the upper stratosphere, which reflects the fact that the O3 daily variations are driven by the photochemistry that is well modeled.
Published: 2008

50. The PICARD Payload Data Centre

Author: C. Noel, T. Guinle, Marie Dominique, Gérard Thuillier, J. P. Marcovici, C. Wehrli, Abdanour Irbah, S. Mekaoui, G. Pradels, Christophe Dufour, Thierry Corbard, D. Moreau, M. Hadjara, Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), BUSOC, Ministere belge de la politique scientifique, Laboratoire de Cosmologie, Astrophysique Stellaire & Solaire, de Planétologie et de Mécanique des Fluides (CASSIOPEE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche en Astronomie Astrophysique et Géophysique (CRAAG), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The Belgian User Support and Operations Centre (B.USOC), Laboratoire Hippolyte Fizeau (FIZEAU), Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] (IRM), and Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] - Royal Meteorological Institute (IRM)
Subjects: [PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Computer science, Data management, [INFO.INFO-DS]Computer Science [cs]/Data Structures and Algorithms [cs.DS], FOS: Physical sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Software, 0103 physical sciences, Software system, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Data processing, business.industry, Payload, [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Data exchange, Systems engineering, Data center, business, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Host (network)
Abstract: International audience; PICARD is a scientific space mission dedicated to the study of the solar variability origin. A French micro-satellite will carry an imaging telescope for measuring the solar diameter, limb shape and solar oscillations, and two radiometers for measuring the total solar irradiance and the irradiance in five spectral domains, from ultraviolet to infrared. The mission is planed to be launched in 2009 for a 3-year duration. This article presents the PICARD Payload Data Centre, which role is to collect, process and distribute the PICARD data. The Payload Data Centre is a joint project between laboratories, spaceagency and industries. The Belgian scientific policy office funds the industrial development and future operations under the European Space Agency program. The development is achieved by the SPACEBEL Company. The Belgian operation centre is in charge of operating the PICARD Payload Data Centre. The French space agency leads the development in partnership with the French scientific research centre, which is responsible for providing all the scientific algorithms. The architecture of the PICARD Payload Data Centre (software and hardware) is presented. The software system is based on a Service Oriented Architecture. The host structure is made up of the basic functions such as data management, task scheduling and system supervision including a graphical interface used by the operator to interact with the system. The other functions are mission-specific: data exchange (acquisition, distribution), data processing (scientific and non-scientific processing) and managing the payload (programming, monitoring). The PICARD Payload Data Centre is planned to be operated for 5 years. All the data will be stored into a specific data centre after this period.
Published: 2008

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