1. Forks in the Road to E-Mobility: An Evaluation of Instrument Interaction in National Policy Mixes in Northwest Europe
- Author
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René Kemp, Eric J. Iversen, Antje Klitkou, Peter Møllgaard, Marc Dijk, Mads Borup, Simon Bolwig, Maastricht Sustainability Institute, RS: GSBE MSI, Mt Economic Research Inst on Innov/Techn, RS: GSBE Theme Sustainable Development, SBEAO Dean & Directors Office, RS: GSBE other - not theme-related research, and RS: GSBE Studio Europa Maastricht
- Subjects
Electric vehicles ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,E-mobility ,01 natural sciences ,lcsh:Technology ,law.invention ,ENERGY ,policy mixes ,e-mobility ,electric vehicles ,policy evaluation ,transition policy ,LOCK-IN ,law ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,National Policy ,Technological Change: Government Policy ,Industrial organization ,o38 - Technological Change: Government Policy ,Policy mix ,Energy management ,Renewable energies ,Sustainable Development ,Renewable energy ,Incentive ,Coordinated charging ,Transportation Systems: Government Pricing and Policy ,Policy instruments ,Control and Optimization ,r48 - Transportation Systems: Government Pricing and Policy ,020209 energy ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,Policy evaluation ,q01 - Sustainable Development ,SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Engineering (miscellaneous) ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Conditional effects ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,lcsh:T ,E mobilities ,FRAMEWORK ,Carbon footprint ,Computer science ,CLIMATE ,CLARITY ,Interaction effect ,business ,National policies ,Northwest europe ,Energy (miscellaneous) - Abstract
This paper evaluates how policy shaped the emergence of electric mobility in three countries, Norway, the Netherlands and Denmark, between 2010 and 2015. Whereas previous studies have looked at the effects of separate policy instruments, this paper gives insights in the interaction effects of instruments on the diffusion of battery electric cars between five policy areas. Based on analysis of synergetic, contradictory and pre-conditional effects, we find that an effective policy mix includes: fiscal incentives that mirror the actual carbon footprint of the respective vehicles; non-fiscal demand-side incentives; centrally financed and/or coordinated charging infrastructure; clarity regarding the choice of technology that will be supported. Moreover, development of a domestic, e-mobility-related industry and a high share of renewable energy strengthens the legitimization of e-mobility support. The findings help designing policy mixes in the transition to electric mobility.
- Published
- 2020
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