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The article summarizes the arguments and counterarguments in the scientific discussion on the development of sustainable entrepreneurship. The main purpose of the study is to identify the essential characteristics and key determinants of success of sustainable entrepreneurship initiatives. Systematization of literature sources showed that the current stage of entrepreneurship is characterized by the transition from the concept of maximizing profitability to the formation of long-term sustainability. Existing theoretical and empirical research shows that sustainable entrepreneurship is an activity aimed at balancing economic, social and environmental challenges. The theoretical analysis of the results of basic research on sustainable entrepreneurship has identified a list of key internal and external determinants that contribute to the development of sustainable entrepreneurship. It is determined that the key internal characteristics of the entrepreneur are the level of his motivation and qualification. At the same time, among external factors, the education system, the availability of state environmental and social policy measures, as well as public perception and support of social and environmental initiatives play a significant role in promoting sustainable entrepreneurship. It is established that the existing empirical research revealed the differentiation of results for companies of different sizes and at different stages of operation, as well as depending on the form of ownership and sector of activity. The results of the analysis provide a scientific basis for further research on the key determinants of the effectiveness of sustainable entrepreneurship initiatives, the identification of the most promising sectors for social and environmental initiatives, and the study of links with social, environmental and economic parameters.

Plastic pollution, especially in marine environments, is a global problem that is currently inadequately managed. Solutions for marine plastic can occur through policy, behavior change and infrastructure improvements, but also through entrepreneurial ventures and technological innovations. Currently, information about these ventures and innovations is scattered and lacks coherence. This study presents the first comprehensive overview of entrepreneurial and SME led solutions for marine plastic by analyzing a database of 105 SMEs categorized into four functions: prevention, collection, transformation and monitoring. We find that small businesses are successfully commercializing goods and services to reduce the damage of plastics on the marine environment through innovative business models, with a steep growth of startups founded between 2016 and 2019. However, efforts to manage marine plastic are still underdeveloped in many areas, including microplastic management and monitoring. Practitioners, policymakers and researchers can utilize the database to identify solutions, best practices, synergies and avenues for further research, such as quantifying the environmental impacts of this industry.

PurposeNational systems of entrepreneurship (NSE) broadly act as a means of allocating resources driven by the constant search for opportunities at the individual level through the launching of new businesses and firms with such activities, and their results are governed by the specific institutional characteristics of each country. In contrast to the institutional emphasis on innovation systems, in which such institutions establish and regulate actions, institutions are only able to regulate those who act with the results stemming from such individual actions, the core driver of national entrepreneurship systems.Design/methodology/approachGiven the challenges faced by companies and societies in general over mitigating climate change, support for sustainable entrepreneurship is fundamental. However, there has to be any study of the impact of national entrepreneurship systems on sustainability. This research therefore analyses the impact of national entrepreneurship systems on the sustainability of countries.FindingsThe authors conclude that those countries deploying higher level national entrepreneurship systems return better results in terms of their sustainability.Originality/valueThe authors, thus, seek to contribute towards the academic throughout deepening the knowledge prevailing on the relationship between entrepreneurship and sustainability. The authors also seek to enable managers, entrepreneurs and politicians to grasp how entrepreneurship is a systemic factor, and it is at this level that it may make its greatest contribution to bringing about sustainability.

Entrepreneurship education should develop entrepreneurial people and aspiration by equipping individuals with the appropriate knowledge and skills to initiate and sustain enterprises. The concept of entrepreneurial intention becomes an interesting question when analysing the efficiency of university education in EU countries. The main aim of this paper is to find out whether universities support entrepreneurial intentions toward sustainability by providing necessary knowledge and skills. The conclusions are based on the opinions of students collected by the surveys conducted at Polish, Czech, Hungarian and Slovak universities in 2018/2019. The general conclusion is that in all studied countries the support is expected by students, but it seems to be insufficient in the area of knowledge provided by the university. Web of Science 8 1 589 573

This article provides an overview of challenge-based social entrepreneurship education in primary schools in Austria. The “YouthStart”-Programme “Empowering Each Child” is introduced as well as its impact on children. Research accompanying the programme shows that small challenges strengthen particularly the following skills and abilities of pupils: self-confidence and self-initiative, innovation, creativity, mindfulness, empathy, self-motivation and participation in society. Many of the challenges are based on the SDGs, so children are encouraged to learn to think and act in a sustainable way already at the beginning of their school career. The aim is to make young people aware of the fact that a change of people’s mindsets is needed worldwide, educating responsibly acting individuals, who do not only have their personal benefits in mind but also the needs of future generations.

Sustainability behaviour can be predicted by intentions. The study investigated the relationship between sustainability orientation (SO) and sustainable entrepreneurial intentions (SEI) of university students in South Africa. The study adopted a quantitative research design that involved the use of survey. The self-administered questionnaire method was used to collect data from the survey participants using the cross-sectional approach. The participants in the survey were final year undergraduate students of the Department of Business Management of two South African universities. Three hundred and one students participated in the survey. Reliability was measured using the Cronbach’s alpha. The data analysis methods for the study were descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analysis. The results indicated that SO is a predictor of SEI of university students. Limitations, areas for further study and recommendations to improve the SO of university students focus on passive and active teaching methods of sustainable entrepreneurship.

espanolEl emprendimiento social agrupa actuaciones individuales o colectivas con una finalidad social. El objetivo de este articulo es analizar el concepto del emprendimiento social y su impacto cientifico en publicaciones y articulos de la base de datos Web of Science Core Collection, tanto a nivel mundial como en los paises iberoamericanos. El emprendimiento que busca soluciones y cambios sociales, es una cuestion de actualidad a nivel mundial pero que en el caso de los paises iberoamericanos es aun una materia incipiente. La metodologia empleada se basa en un estudio bibliometrico descriptivo-retrospectivo de los documentos incluidos en la citada base de datos en el periodo 1994-2018, asi como un analisis cluster de tendencias. Las variables estudiadas han sido: numero de articulos, citas e indice de Hirsch, por ano tanto a nivel global como por areas de conocimiento y paises; principales revistas, autores y centros de trabajo. A nivel mundial destacan las revistas y autores de Estados Unidos y Reino Unido y en el caso particular de los paises iberoamericanos repuntan las revistas y autores espanoles. En conclusion, sobre las tendencias y relaciones con el emprendimiento social aparecen como conceptos emergentes: Genero, servicios sociales, crowdfunding, emprendimiento medioambiental, cooperativas, emprendimiento sostenible e intencion emprendedora. EnglishSocial entrepreneurship groups individual or collective actions with a social purpose. The aim of this article is to analyze the concept of social entrepreneurship and its scientific impact on publications and articles of the Web of Science Core Collection database, both globally and in Ibero-American countries. The enterprise that seeks solutions and social changes, is a topical issue worldwide but in the case of Ibero-American countries it is still an incipient matter. The methodology used is based on a descriptiveretrospective bibliometric study of the documents included in the aforementioned database in the period 1994-2018, as well as a cluster analysis of trends. The variables studied were: number of articles, citations and Hirsch’s index, per year both globally and by areas of knowledge and countries; main magazines, authors and work centers. Globally, magazines and authors from the United States and the United Kingdom stand out, and in the particular case of Ibero-American countries, Spanish journals and authors have picked up. In conclusion, trends and relationships with social entrepreneurship appear as emerging concepts: Gender, social services, crowdfunding, environmental entrepreneurship, cooperatives, sustainable entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intention.

The core question addressed in the natural resource‐based view (NRBV) of the firm is how to develop and exploit resources beneficial for both the natural environment and firm performance. Due to th ...

Sustainable entrepreneurship is a new business driven concept with the aim to increase both social and business value. The three pillars of sustainable entrepreneurship are people, profit and planet. The question that comes frequently in discussion is how businesses can mix these three and bring human beings in a balance with the nature by keeping the profit goal. Sports industry registered a huge increase in the last twenty years, including Romania, especially on the side of amateur sports people, usually employees who are seeing sports activity as a way of reaching the life-work balance and a way of destressing after a hard working day. Sports entrepreneurs observed very quickly the opportunity of this form of spending free time, especially through activities done outside in the nature and started to organize diverse events like mountain marathons, cross biking, duathlons etc. The novelty comes from the fact that many events, especially in Romania, have the component of “planet”. People are participating because e.g. part of the fee is financing ecological or social projects in different regions of the country. The aim of this paper is to analyze the concept of sustainable entrepreneurship in relation with different sports events and answer to some questions. How many organizers take into account the social part of the events? Are they more interested in ecological, social or other type of value? Participants decide where to go based on the social or ecological causes financed? Based on different research methods the author is outlining the typology of sports events at the amateur level in Romania and the interest of combining the profit with the social value goal. The results of the study might be of interest for several groups of stakeholders (public authorities, NGOs, companies, managers etc.) when developing public policies, proposing life-work balance programs and other measures aimed at stimulating sustainable entrepreneurship.

Objective: To analyze phases that involve the process of creating environmentally sustainable enterprises. Method: Qualitative approach with an exploratory and descriptive purpose. A multi-case study strategy was employed, carried out with five micro-enterprises located in the state of Paraná. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and observed under documental analysis. Originality/Relevance: Evidenced by the scarcity of studies investigating how the sustainable environmental entrepreneurial process occurs, the present study can be seen as an initial effort to help fill this gap. Results: The evidence demonstrated that the sustainable environmental entrepreneurial process as a multifaceted phenomenon, admitting different configurations depending on the profile of the individual who undertakes a venture, motivations for business creation, central proposal of the created enterprise and development context. Theoretical/methodological contributions: Proposition of a specific structure in the field of environmental sustainable entrepreneurship that which allows for recursion between the phases and / or the non-coverage of any of them in the creation of an enterprise of this nature. Social contributions: The proposed model can guide new entrepreneurs in the creation of an environmentally sustainable enterprise. JEL CODE: L26, Q01, Q56, Objetivo: analizar las fases que involucran el proceso de creación de empresas ambientalmente sostenibles. Método: abordaje cualitativo, con propósito exploratorio y descriptivo. La estrategia empleada fue el estudio de casos múltiples, realizado con cinco microempresas en el estado de Paraná. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas y observados bajo análisis de documentos. Originalidad/Relevancia: evidenciada la escasez de estudios que investiguen cómo ocurre el proceso emprendedor ambiental sustentable, este estudio puede ser visto como un esfuerzo inicial para ayudar a llenar este vacío. Resultados: la evidencia demostró el proceso emprendedor ambiental sostenible como un fenómeno multifacético, que admite diferentes configuraciones, en función del perfil del responsable de este, las motivaciones para la creación del negocio, la propuesta central de la empresa y el contexto de desarrollo. Aportes teórico/metodológicos: proponer una estructura específica en el campo del emprendimiento ambiental sostenible, que permita la recursividad entre las fases y / o la no cobertura de alguna de ellas en la creación de dicho emprendimiento. Contribuciones sociales: el modelo propuesto puede orientar a los emprendedores a entrar en la creación de empresas ambientalmente sostenibles. Palabras clave: Emprendimiento. Proceso emprendedor. Emprendimiento sostenible. Proceso emprendedor ambiental sostenible. JEL CODE:L26, Q01, Q56, Objetivo: Analisar as fases que envolvem o processo de criação de empresas ambientalmente sustentáveis. Método: Abordagem qualitativa, com propósito exploratório e descritivo. A estratégia empregada foi o estudo de multicasos, realizado com cinco microempresas do estado do Paraná. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e observados sob a análise documental. Originalidade/Relevância: Evidenciada a escassez de estudos que investigam como o processo empreendedor sustentável ambiental ocorre, este estudo pode ser visto como um esforço inicial para auxiliar o preenchimento dessa lacuna. Resultados: As evidências demonstraram o processo empreendedor sustentável ambiental como um fenômeno multifacetado, que admite diferentes configurações, a depender do perfil do indivíduo por ele responsável, das motivações para a criação do negócio, da proposta central da empresa e do contexto de desenvolvimento. Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: Proposição de uma estrutura específica ao campo do empreendedorismo sustentável ambiental, que possibilita a recursividade entre as fases e/ou a não abrangência de alguma delas na criação de um empreendimento de tal natureza. Contribuições sociais: O modelo proposto pode nortear empreendedores entrantes na criação de empresas ambientalmente sustentáveis. CLASSIFICAÇÃO JEL: L26, Q01, Q56

This paper examines how entrepreneurial opportunities co-evolve within a sustainable entrepreneurship ecosystem (SEE). Most of the literature on entrepreneurial ecosystems falls short on integrating the entrepreneurial process in empirical research. To analyze data collected from pre-start-up teams within a nascent SEE on high-tech cellulose-based materials over 3 years, we apply a design science approach that helps understand actors’ collaborative sensemaking in designing and structuring ecosystem features and relationships. Our findings show that the SEE can be seen as a design artifact which evolves by ecosystem actors collectively engaging in new venture ideation and developing opportunity confidence. Furthermore, the paper presents a novel SEE framework, which elaborates on phases and enablers of the opportunity co-evolution process within an emerging ecosystem. We contribute to the literature on sustainable as well as general entrepreneurial ecosystems and offer a new theoretical foundation for a process view on ecosystems.

Entrepreneurial behavior research has widened its scope to focus on founders who engage in creating enterprises for both their economic self-interest and their concern for others. Yet, there is a lack of an empirically grounded understanding of the sustainable enterprise creation behavior of entrepreneurs at the bottom of the pyramid. This study contributes to sustainable entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial behavior literature streams by applying founder identity theoretical perspectives to explore and understand bottom of the pyramid entrepreneurs&rsquo, self-perceived identities in the creation of sustainable enterprises. The study applies a multiple case study design with qualitative data collected through field observations and in-depth interviews with enterprise founders and stakeholders. The data were complemented with secondary materials such as websites, founder blogs, online videos, news articles, and other media coverage. The data were analyzed in stages through thematic analysis. Findings show that sustainable entrepreneurs at the bottom of the pyramid possess multiple frames of reference, basic social motivations and adopt either single or multiple role identities, which influence their behavior during the process of creating their enterprises. Moreover, the analysis reveals that Fauchart and Gruber&rsquo, s social identity typologies and the role identities of Cardon et al. can be applied to entrepreneurs at the bottom of the pyramid to understand their identity profiles and illuminate on how these identities result in observed behavioral differences during the process of creating their enterprises.

The article bridges the gap between ecology and mind in organization theory by exploring the role of psychological suffering for sustainable organizing. In particular, it shows how burn-out, experiential deprivation, and ecological anxiety prompt ecopreneurs within the Swedish back-to-the-land movement to become ecologically embedded. Three counter-practices illustrate how this suffering represents an inner revolt against the exploitative structures of modern society and growth capitalism, and a catalyst for alternative ecopreneurship. The article takes the first steps toward critical ecopsychology of organizations, which offers an ecocentric ontology and a moral-political framework for degrowth transition. Originally included in thesis in manuscript form with title: "Suffering catalyzing ecopreneurship: A critical ecopsychology of organizations"

© 2020 The Authors. B, Sustainable start-ups introduce new sustainable technologies and business models that facilitate the transition to a carbon neutral economy. To understand how to create viable sustainable start-ups, we study what factors predict their business performance and climate performance (i.e., the ability of the start-up to reduce CO2 equivalent [CO2e] emissions) and if these contradict. A critical factor we consider is technology, which is commonly at the root of climate performance, and important for business performance because it influences a start-up's competitive advantage. Using a sample of 197 sustainable start-ups, we find a paradox between business and potential climate performance. Start-ups that exploit hardware technologies have a lower business performance but a higher potential climate performance. Through the use of mediating effects, we show that the sustainable start-up paradox is context specific. Start-ups can partly escape this paradox by focusing on novel and hardware technologies. We discuss implications for theory and practice., This research was partly funded through the Horizon 2020 IRIS Project and Climate-KIC. Our appreciation goes to Climate-KIC for granting us access to their program and the data used in this research.

Researchs on issues of Sustainable Entrepreneurship are gaining traction in recent years, with this trend being aligned to the achievement of sustainable development goals set by the UN in 2030. The purpose of this paper is to carry out a bibliometric analysis on research on the subject of sustainable entrepreneurship. The information gathered is extracted from the main collection of the Web of Science (WoS) database since 1999 up to December 2019. Nvivo and VOSviwer software are used to perform initial analysis and citation analysis, co-citations, bibliographic coupling, coauthoring, among others. This study presents advances associated with the main authors, journals and countries, the general and annual citation structure and the development of this field. The results show that the publication trend increases from 2015 onwards, however 2018 and 2019 have seen the greatest production of articles. In relation to the most influential countries, the Netherlands, the United States, Germany, England and Spain are the most representative. It was also found that the most influential journals are the Journal of Cleaner Production and Sustainability. The main contribution is to show the evolution of this topic, so that researchers can use it in their theoretical frameworks and research.

Which factors facilitate the identification of business opportunities for sustainable development? To answer this question, we develop a process model of sustainable opportunity identification. We argue that sustainable opportunity identification is a process with transitions from problem to solution identification and from solution to sustainable opportunity identification. Moreover, the transitions are facilitated by two factors—awareness of adverse consequences and entrepreneurial attitude—providing motivation and direction in the process. We tested our model in a field study (N = 107) and two experiments (N = 53 and N = 69). Our findings show that awareness of adverse consequences and entrepreneurial attitude influence the process of sustainable opportunity identification, explaining under which conditions people are more likely to identify business opportunities for sustainable development. Our study thus contributes to the field of sustainable entrepreneurship.

La investigación relacionada con la innovación responsable se ha enfocado principalmente en grandes empresas. Sin embargo, existe evidencia de conocimiento de la innovación responsable en el contexto de las mipymes disperso entre diferentes disciplinas y comunidades de investigación. A través del análisis de 75 artículos y documentos publicados entre el periodo 2010-2015, obtenidos de las bases de datos EBSCO, Emerald y Scopus, este artículo contribuye a la identificación teórica de constructos conceptuales y metodológicos, y resultados empíricos que permiten recuperar los factores que inciden en el emprendimiento de innovaciones responsables en mipymes, proporcionando una visión integral del fenómeno. Las mipymes con orientación emprendedora, al desarrollar innovaciones radicales como parte de la búsqueda de innovadoras soluciones a los múltiples problemas medioambientales y sociales, jugarán un papel decisivo y protagónico en los ciclos de innovación responsable venideros. Research related to responsible innovation has focused mainly on large companies. However, there is evidence of disperse knowledge on responsible innovation in the context of msmes among different disciplines and research communities. Through the analysis of 75 papers and documents published between 2010-2015, obtained from the databases EBSCO, Emerald and Scopus, this article contributes to the theoretical identification of conceptual and methodological constructs and provides empirical results for recovering the factors that affect the entrepreneurship of responsible innovations in msmes, presenting a comprehensive perspective of the phenomenon. Results show that msmes with an entrepreneurial orientation will play a decisive and leading role in the cycles of responsible innovation to come, as part of the search for solutions to the multiple environmental and social problems through radical innovations. A pesquisa relacionada com a inovação responsável tem se focado, principalmente, em grandes empresas. Contudo, existe evidência de conhecimento da inovação responsável no contexto das micros, pequenas e médias empresas (mpmes) disperso entre diferentes disciplinas e comunidades de pesquisa. Por meio da análise de 75 artigos e documentos publicados entre 2010 e 2015, obtidos das bases de dados ebsco, Emerald e Scopus, este artigo contribui para identificar teoricamente os construtos conceituais e metodológicos, bem como os resultados empíricos que permitem recuperar os fatores que incidem no empreendimento de inovações responsáveis em mpmes, proporcionando uma visão integral do fenômeno. As mpmes com orientação empreendedora, ao desenvolverem inovações radicais como parte da busca de soluções inovadoras aos múltiplos problemas meio ambientais e sociais, desempenharão um papel decisivo e protagonista nos ciclos de inovação responsável futuros.

Entrepreneurship is significant in transformation towards a sustainable future. Sustainable entrepreneurship intention aims at establishing businesses that balance the triple bottom line of economic, social and environmental aspects. Such businesses minimize environment degradation, pollution, resource scarcity and social challenges while enabling entrepreneurs to maximize profits. In developing countries such as Uganda, there are limited conceptual and empirical studies on action regulation factors in predicting sustainable entrepreneurship intention among university students. Therefore, developing an action regulation mechanism among university students could enhance their intention towards establishing sustainable entrepreneurial ventures. The overall objective of this paper is two-fold: To identify action regulation factors that influence sustainable entrepreneurship intention and to develop a hypothesised model that can be tested on university students with a focus on the moderating effect of gender differences on sustainable entrepreneurship intention. The results of the action regulation factors could enhance establishment of more sustainable enterprises in Uganda. Key words: Sustainable entrepreneurship intention, action regulation theory, students’ gender.

This paper investigates the means by which business model innovations help mitigate hybrid tensions in sustainable entrepreneurs. By integrating the sustainable business models, and hybrid entrepreneurship literature it highlights the overlap between the discourses in these fields. An in-depth exploration of ten sustainable entrepreneurs then demonstrates common business model innovation to ameliorated hybridity related tensions.

Sustainability entrepreneurs often rely on innovative approaches and business models to build a commercial logic for achieving social or ecological goals. We employ a deductive multiple-case study that builds upon a business model design framework to illuminate the commercial logic of hybrid/sustainable businesses. We identify four clusters of design themes and elements: niche novelty, integrated novelty, intermediary approaches, and platform approaches. We link our findings to the extant literature and provide suggestions for researchers and sustainable entrepreneurs for putting these design elements and themes into practice.

This article examines the key factors that stimulate entrepreneurs to invest in green entrepreneurship. To answer this, a typology has been developed to first clarify the general categories of green entrepreneurs and second to identify the types of incentives that affect each category of green entrepreneurs to move into green entrepreneurship. The proposed context of theoretical analysis is based on two schools of thought: the resource-based view (RBV) and institutional theory. The findings offer various interesting types of green entrepreneurs and incentives that affect their decisions which are dependent on the extent of significance of institutional and resource-based factors. Some types of green entrepreneurs seem to be purely affected by institutional context, while other types of green entrepreneurs invest in green entrepreneurship merely to reach individual strategic, innovation and competitive advantage goals (i.e., RBV). Finally, some entrepreneurs prefer to engage in green entrepreneurship ventures mainly to satisfy idealistic expectations.

Sweden’s agriculture industry has faced many challenges in recent years. Among the most severe challenges are the decrease in the number of small and medium-sized farms, the decrease in the number of people employed in agricultural activities, and the increase in governmental regulations and legislation governing such activities. At the same time, the demand that agriculture contributes to sustainable social and ecological development has increased. Although research shows that sustainable business model innovation (SBMI) contributes to the creation of sustainable businesses and to the development of a sustainable society, Swedish agriculture has not been at the forefront in the use of SBMI. The purpose of this paper is to examine the barriers to SBMI in Swedish agriculture in order to understand why farmers seldom engage in SBMI. This qualitative study follows the Gioia methodology and data for the analysis were acquired in semi-structured interviews with entrepreneurs at six family farms in Sweden. The paper makes a theoretical contribution to the research on SBMI with its focus on sustainable entrepreneurship in the Swedish agricultural industry. The paper concludes that the barriers to SBMI are external, internal, and contextual.

Knowledge, skills, and attitudes to manage sustainable development have become significant components of different career paths. Previous research has explored which competencies are needed for future change agents in the field of sustainable development. Sustainable entrepreneurship can be seen as a promising work context in which these competencies are truly at the forefront and enacted. Several researchers have compiled frameworks of key competencies. However, their work is exploratory in nature and a more in-depth analysis of these frameworks is called for. In this study, an existing competence framework for sustainable entrepreneurship was tested in terms of construct validity, among 402 would-be entrepreneurs. The results suggest the inclusion of six competencies, which constitute a competence framework with a good model fit. Furthermore, a new combination of two existing competencies is proposed. This study has important implications for the debate on which competencies for sustainable entrepreneurship are essential on theoretical and empirical grounds.

Literature argues that innovation has an inherent and critical relevance in sustainable entrepreneurship (SE). However, due to the variety of innovation types and the broad spectrum covered by this concept, there is not a clear understanding of which roles innovation plays in SE. To address the limitations of current literature, the main objective of this chapter is to conduct a literature review on underlying the roles of innovation in SE. The literature analysis reveals seven different roles that innovation adopts in SE and that those have seldom been related to each other. This chapter closes this gap by discussing and suggesting an integrative and dynamic framework of how these roles possess parallel ways, superpose, and influence one another, suggesting that SE actually is about a multi-innovation implementation process.

The present study investigated the factors that influence the feasibility and competitive advantage of a digital freight forwarder through a binary logistic regression model. The research is a concrete application of sustainable entrepreneurship in the transport and supply chain sector. The novelty of this topic presents a research gap that needs to be covered with dedicated studies. After the literature review and concept clarification, the article presents quantitative research involving an online questionnaire administered among a sample of transporters in Romania. Through analysis of the data collected from 405 respondents, it was found that the most important factors when selecting a digital freight forwarder are the existence of both sales and dispatch departments. Furthermore, apart from greening the industry, a digital freight forwarder has several other advantages for all stakeholders and society. The study concludes that the concept has the potential to disrupt the entire industry through a unique combination of efficiency, transparency, and sustainability.

Ця стаття узагальнює аргументи та контраргументи в рамках наукової дискусії щодо визначення впливу гендерних аспектів сталого підприємництва на інноваційний розвиток країни. Систематизація наукових напрацювань із вищезазначеної проблематики свідчить про недостатність емпіричних досліджень. Таким чином, подальші теоретичні та емпіричні дослідження у визначеному напрямку є актуальними. Метою статті є перевірка гіпотези про вплив гендерних детермінант сталого підприємництва на інноваційний розвиток країни. Для досягнення поставленої мети у роботі розроблено науково-методичний підхід на основі поєднання кореляційного та регресійного аналізів. У ході дослідження застосовано наступну логічну послідовність: 1) кореляційний аналіз з метою усунення проблеми мультиколінеарності між змінними управління; 2) аналіз описової статистики набору даних; 3) регресійний аналіз панельних даних та характеристика його результатів. Практичну реалізацію усіх етапів даного дослідження здійснено з використання програмного забезпечення Stata 12/SE. Емпіричне дослідження проведено на основі панельних даних, сформованих для вибірки з 9 країн (Чеська Республіка, Естонія, Угорщина, Латвія, Литва, Польща, Словацька Республіка, Словенія та Україна) за 2008-2018 роки. За результатами регресійного аналізу встановлено, що між гендерними аспектами сталого підприємництва та інноваційним розвитком країни не існує суттєвих взаємозв’язків. Зокрема, отримані результати свідчать про те, що збільшення частки жінок у робочій силі на 1% призводить до збільшення глобального індексу інновацій на 0,9 бала з ймовірністю 99%. При цьому збільшення індексу Джині на 1% призводить до збільшення Глобального індексу інновацій приблизно на 0,5 бала з 90% ймовірністю. Окрім цього, базова освіта жіночої робочої сили та безробіття жінок не мають статистично значущого впливу на результативний показник. За результатами дослідження автор приходить до висновку, що гендерна перспектива сталого підприємництва повинна розвиватися швидше, для того, щоб трансформуватися у дієвий механізм інноваційного та сталого розвитку країни. This article generalizes arguments and counter-arguments within the scientific discussion regarding determining the influence of gender proxies of sustainable entrepreneurship on country innovative development. Systematization of the scientific findings on the problems mentioned above proves that there is a lack of empirical studies aimed at familiar issues, which, in turn, proves the necessity of further theoretical and empirical search in this sphere. Thus, it was developed a scientific and methodical approach based on the combination of correlation and panel data regression analysis to test the hypothesis about gender determinants' influence on country innovative development. In order to test this hypothesis it was developed a scientific and methodological approach that consists of several stages: 1) correlation analysis to eliminate multicollinearity problem between control variables; 2) analysis of descriptive dataset statistics; 3) realization of the panel data regression analysis and characteristics of its results. This research is realized within the Stata 12/SE software. The country sample consists of 9 countries (Czech Republic Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, and Ukraine). Period of observation – 2008- 2018. The results of panel data regression analysis revealed no significant relationship between gender proxies of sustainable entrepreneurship and country innovative development. Specifically, it was revealed that an increase in 1% of female labour force participation leads to 0.9 points increase of Global Innovation Index with 99% confidence probability; an increase of GINI Index in 1% results in an increase of Global Innovation Index in approximately 0.5 points with 90% confidence probability, while female labour force basic education and female unemployment have no statistically significant impact on it. That leads us to conclude that the gender perspective of sustainable entrepreneurship should be developed more rapidly to transform it into the vital mechanism of country innovative and sustainable development.

Entrepreneurship is the process of starting a business, a start-up company, or an organization. Before a person is capable of starting a business, there are entrepreneurship and business management skills that need to be acquired. Business management skills involve planning, decision making, leadership, marketing, selling, financial management, project management, delegation, time management, problem-solving, and networking. Entrepreneurship skills enable an entrepreneur to be self-efficacy, innovative, taking control of business activities, articulating a need for achievement, and able to take risks. Thus, this chapter provides a desktop literature analysis of the relationship between entrepreneurship and management skills within a circular economy. The chapter further examines problems and solutions to sustainable entrepreneurship. There is a need for a study to investigate how innovative sustainable business models can be both fully profitable and sustainably oriented.

Due to its growing practical relevance, sustainability entrepreneurship receives a high degree of academic attention. However, literature on how to educate sustainability entrepreneurs remains scarce. A promising didactical approach in this context is service learning. We ask if service learning is an effective way to educate sustainability entrepreneurs, and which framework conditions impact those educators. First, we draw on an established sustainable entrepreneurship capability framework and provide direct evidence from entrepreneurship educators about the effectiveness of service learning. Second, based on grounded theory, qualitative interviews with those educators reveal a framework composed of personal and institutional factors that they have to navigate when provide service learning. Our findings contribute to the interface of service learning and sustainability entrepreneurship by highlighting its effectiveness and the framework conditions for educators.

Sustainable entrepreneurship contributes to solving social and environmental problems through the means of successful for-profit businesses. This paper contributes to understanding how sustainable entrepreneurship is implemented by exploring an emerging new form of business, ‘B Corps’, that employs market tactics to address social and environmental issues. Through interviewing 14 B Corps, the exploratory research study found that B Corps treat profit as a means to achieve positive societal ends, they regard the B Corp model as a tool for change, the B Corp model provides a common collective identity for internal and external validation, they are focused on societal impact rather than maximizing profits and they attempt to legitimate this form of sustainable entrepreneurship by influencing the business community and government officials. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment

Resumo A compreensão das empresas sobre os desafios sociais e a finitude dos recursos naturais tem estimulado a criação de um tipo de empreendedorismo que contempla estratégias alinhadas às dimensões do desenvolvimento sustentável. Estudos de cunho teórico recentes destacam que a criação de valores entre a empresa e seus stakeholders é condição necessária para a sustentabilidade do negócio. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste artigo é analisar como a inter-relação entre empresas que satisfazem critérios do empreendedorismo sustentável e dos seus stakeholders fornecedores influenciam na criação de valores que contribuam para o desenvolvimento sustentável. Para tanto, utilizou-se de abordagem qualitativa e estratégia de estudo de casos múltiplos, em que foram investigadas quatro empresas e dois de seus respectivos fornecedores. Os resultados evidenciaram que a inter-relação entre as empresas estudadas e seus stakeholders fornecedores influencia na criação de valores que contribuem para o desenvolvimento sustentável à medida que os interesses mútuos relacionados às três dimensões (ambiental, social e econômica) são considerados. Abstract The understanding of social challenges and natural resource limitations by enterprises has spurred the creation of a new kind of entrepreneurism that focuses on strategies aligned with sustainable development dimensions. Recently, theoretical studies have highlighted that the creation of value between an enterprise and its stakeholders is a necessary condition for the sustainability of the business. In such a context, this paper aims to analyse how the interrelation between enterprises that meet criteria of sustainable entrepreneurship and their supplier stakeholders influence the creation of values that contribute to sustainable development. For this purpose this paper used a qualitative approach based on multiple case studies that investigated four enterprises and two of their respective suppliers. The results showed that the interrelationships between the studied companies and their supplier stakeholders influence the creation of values that contribute to sustainable development in that mutual interests related to the three dimensions (environmental, social and economic) are considered.

The increasing competitiveness at the global market and reinforcing the ecological issues contribute the reorientation from the traditional to the sustainable business model. In this case, the business should develop the green brand of the company, which required the implementation of environmental management. The hypothesis of the paper is checking the linking between environmental management and green brand at the company. The results of bibliometrics analysis on the selected theme confirmed the increasing numbers of papers which focused on analysing the relationships between the efficiency of environmental management and green brand at the company. In the paper, the authors used the VosViewer with the purpose to visualise the main scientific patterns on the selected theme. At the second stage, the authors identified the relationships between green brand and environmental management at the company using the ANOVA model. The data for analysis was obtained from the questionaries among companies management (which promote as green companies) and companies' financial statements. The two indicators described the green brand: loyalty to the green brand (frequency of searching company's brand in Google); net profit. The findings proved that companies with effective environmental management had a higher net profit and loyalty to the green brand.

The low-carbon energy transition framed as a social-technical system can enable researchers to gain insight into the complex interaction between niche actors and the dominant regime under the current energy policy landscape. This paper aims to analyze community-led energy initiatives through the lens of sustainable entrepreneurship and discern business practices that these niche actors use in the social-technical setting of the energy transition. Niche actors such as Community Energy Cooperatives (CECs) develop bottom-up solutions and overcome social-cognitive norms through citizen engagement. Especially in the UK, such community initiatives face resistance from the dominant regime due to the unfavorable policies and centralized institutional arrangements. The business practices based on sustainable entrepreneurship can enable community groups to create social, economic, and environmental values for the local communities. In our analysis, we observed that CECs exhibit traits of a sustainable entrepreneur in their efforts to support energy transition. We discerned following business practices based on sustainable entrepreneurship that CECs employ in the UK: (1) mission-driven and locally focused, (2) commercial venturing and collaboration, and (3) grassroots innovations and shared knowledge. In this paper, we observed a strong connection between the CEC business practices and sustainable entrepreneurship that provides a foundation for future academic interests. Further, we noted that intermediary organizations, as part of the business ecosystem, play a crucial role in supporting the UK’s community energy sector.

[EN] This study analyses the impact of environmental and economic factors consolidation on sustainable entrepreneurship over time. A model is proposed that analyses the relations between these factors and sustainable entrepreneurship over time with sustainable development goals performances and the continuation of the businesses index as variables. Using data from 50 countries, a quantitative method based on partial least squares was applied to validate the proposed model. Our findings showed positive and significant relations between environmental and economic factors with sustainable entrepreneurship over time. This implies that the countries which invest more efforts to consolidate their economic and environmental factors obtain higher durability rates for their sustainable entrepreneurship.

In order to promote sustainable entrepreneurship, it is necessary to understand the sustainable entrepreneurial process. To address this gap in the literature, this study aims to investigate how entrepreneurs generate ideas, as well as recognize, develop, and exploit opportunities in the context of sustainable development. A case study was carried out with eleven organizations in six different countries, from different sectors, including not-for-profit and for-profit businesses. The findings address a series of mechanisms that occur prior to the process of generating an idea and are relevant to the positive impact of these businesses on society. Entrepreneurs&rsquo, previous experiences and skills, as well as the knowledge of similar initiatives, strongly relate to motivation and idea generation. In the analyzed cases, prior experience seemed to be related to a sensitivity towards a social or environmental problem. Previous experience in entrepreneurship was not determinant. The quality of the initial idea was relevant, once little changes occurred throughout the entire process. In most situations both dimensions of sustainability were integrated at the same time and before venture launch. Despite this, the focus of the entrepreneurs was on only one dimension. The inclusion of positive impact measurement on society, as part of the sustainable entrepreneurial process model, is another relevant finding. First, it is necessary to differentiate the sustainable entrepreneur from the regular and the social entrepreneur. Secondly, in some situations, the dimensions of sustainability are not integrated at the same time and before venture launch, and therefore considering that the process is finished in the phase of venture launch can lead to misclassifications. The results also led to the recognition of triggers that can stimulate sustainable entrepreneurship, such as educational practices more aligned with sustainability problems faced by local communities, stronger dissemination of successful business cases related to sustainability in other countries and contexts, integration between universities and businesses, and the inclusion of practice-based learning in curricula. A contribution to the literature was achieved by providing a systemic perspective on sustainable entrepreneurial process. This study also contributes by presenting empirical evidence of the phenomenon of sustainable entrepreneurship. The holistic knowledge of this process provides new information that supports academics, policy makers, government, and individuals with a more appropriate understanding of the conditions that help to stimulate new business activities dealing with economic, social, and environmental problems faced in society, helping to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

There is no doubt that innovations represented key source of competitive advantage in the last years. Therefore, firms were forced to come up with new or significantly improved goods, services as well as organizational and marketing practices. However, countries, firms and policy makers are facing great environmental challenges for sustainable development and entrepreneurship, which create large demand for Eco-innovations with environmental benefits nowadays. For these reasons, we are analyzing different factors influencing creation of firms' Eco-innovations in the EU. To obtain an interpretable model of firms' Eco-innovations and their determinants, we use fuzzy rule-based classification models and latest available data form Community Innovation Survey 2012-2014 created by Eurostat. Our results show that firms' Eco-innovations are influenced by different factors according to the nature of innovation (product, process, organizational, marketing) in the EU. Public financial subsidies and firms' environment (e.g. existing environmental regulations, taxes, charges or fees, market demand, and costs of inputs) play key role in the process of creation Ecoinnovation with environmental benefits. These results show possible ways how support sustainable entrepreneurship and regional (national) development not only within analyzed countries. We provide initial analysis dealing with different kinds of Eco-innovations and its determinants that could help firms to develop and enhance their corporate innovation and environmental policies. These results could also inspire policy makers at different levels because we propose some practical implications. Je zřejmé, že inovace představovaly v posledních letech klíčový zdroj konkurenční výhody. Proto byly firmy nuceny přijít s novým nebo výrazně vylepšeným zbožím, službami a organizačními a marketingovými postupy. Země, firmy a tvůrci veřejných politik ale musejí čelit velkým ekologickým výzvám pro udržitelný rozvoj a podnikání, které v současnosti vytvářejí velkou poptávku po ekologických inovacích s environmentálními výhodami. Z těchto důvodů analyzujeme různé faktory ovlivňující tvorbu ekologických inovací firem v EU. K získání interpretovatelného modelu ekologických inovací firem a jejich determinantů používáme fuzzy rule-based klasifikační modely a nejnovější dostupné údaje z dotazníku Community Innovation Survey 2012–2014 vytvořeného Eurostatem. Naše výsledky ukazují, že ekologické inovace podniků jsou ovlivněny různými faktory podle povahy inovací (produktové, procesní, organizační, marketingové). Veřejná podpora a firemní prostředí (např. stávající ekologické předpisy, daně, poplatky a náklady na vstupy) hrají klíčovou roli v procesu vytváření ekologických inovací s přínosy pro životní prostředí. Výsledky analýz ukazují možné způsoby podpory udržitelného podnikání a regionálního (národního) rozvoje nejen v analyzovaných zemích. V tomto článku přinášíme původní analýzu zabývající se různými druhy ekologických inovací a jejich určujícími faktory, které by mohly firmám pomoci rozvíjet a zlepšovat firemní inovační a environmentální politiky. Předkládané výsledky by také mohly inspirovat tvůrce veřejných politik.

The growing importance of sustainable development, especially regarding environmental issues, contributes to shaping new trends at the level of enterprises. Sustainable development is perceived as a source of new entrepreneurial opportunities that serve to solve social and environmental problems. The main objective of this study is to identify factors supporting and hindering the development of enterprise innovativeness exemplified by the bioeconomy sector in Poland. A research analysis was based on the Entrepreneurial Discovery Process (EDP) model. The study employed the method of critical literature analysis, as well as qualitative methods, such as individual direct interviews with experts and smart labs with 252 enterprises from the economic sector. The results of the research analysis show that the innovative activity of enterprises in the bioeconomy sector depends on external, as well as internal, factors. This is particularly important, owing to the impact of enterprises on the environment and on society, as they contribute to the creation and implementation of new, more sustainable production and consumption models.

This article introduces the business models for sustainability innovation (BMfSI) framework to study how business models mediate between sustainability innovations and business cases for sustainability. The BMfSI framework integrates two major perspectives (implicitly) found in the sustainable business model literature. The first is the agency perspective. It takes into consideration that some form of agency is needed, that is, “someone” who takes decisions and acts. Sustainable entrepreneurs are discussed as those agents who align their new or existing business models with sustainability innovations in order to be successful in business and to create value with and for stakeholders. The second perspective is the systems perspective, which acknowledges that business models are always embedded within sociotechnical contexts through which, for example, public policies, private financing, or stakeholder interests influence whether and how business models can be developed. The agency and systems perspectives are integrated in the so‐called business model mediation space. This theoretical notion embraces the decisions and activities pursued by sustainable entrepreneurs as they align their business models with sustainability innovations on the one hand and the influence of environmental contingencies, barriers, and stakeholders from the sociotechnical context on the other hand. The paper concludes with propositions for future research derived from the BMfSI framework.

This chapter discusses opportunities that can be seen in the Entrepreneurial Dynamics change, brought about by a set of concepts and new practices within what became known as CIRCULAR ECONOMY-CE. In particular cases of the application of CE in emerging countries members of the BRICS are presented, since these are regions where growth is a necessity and there is strong pressure for the continuity of the traditional model due to the obvious reasons of disparity in relation to developed countries.

Entrepreneurship is widely recognized to play a crucial role in transitioning societies towards sustainability, yet sustainable ventures often have difficulty in attracting talented management employees that are necessary to scale their sustainable opportunities. This study examined 19 qualitative interviews with three interview groups (human resource managers of sustainable ventures, recently hired employees at sustainable ventures, and management professionals looking for employment opportunities) to explain the impediments of attracting management talent and what competitive advantages sustainable ventures may have in the labour market. We discuss how these findings have theoretical and practical implications for scholars and sustainable entrepreneurs by drawing out a number of ways that sustainable ventures may attract management professionals.

This chapter examines the bamboo-based livelihoods of the tribal artisans of Tripura and studies entrepreneurship, through the perspective of innovative small and medium enterprises, as a way to achieve sustainable development. Under a cluster-based approach of the Tripura Bamboo Mission, this chapter intends to understand how tribal entrepreneur’s belief in sustainability motivates them to develop and enhance livelihood opportunities. It is in addressing this basic question of an entrepreneur’s ‘drive’ in achieving sustainable livelihood that the development goals are met.

Sustainability is becoming increasingly important for society, and the creation of business ventures is one area where sustainability is critical. We examined the factors affecting actions that are designed to foster business sustainability. These factors are related to the environment, behavior, human relations, and business activity. Based on questionnaire responses from experts, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used to rank sustainable business criteria according to their importance for entrepreneurs starting sustainable businesses. The results indicate that the most important drivers of sustainable entrepreneurship are behavioral factors and business factors. Ethical principles and values, together with competitive intelligence, are crucial for undertaking actions that lead to sustainability. Keywords: entrepreneurship; sustainability; behavior; environment; human relations

When dealing with complex value-driven problems such as sustainable development, individuals need to have values and norms that go beyond the appropriation of tangible business outcomes for themselves. This raises the question of the role played by individual moral antecedents in the entrepreneurial process of opportunity recognition for sustainable development. To answer this question, an exploratory empirical research design was used in which 96 would-be entrepreneurs were subjected to real-life decision-making processes in an online environment. The participants were guided through the process of opportunity recognition for sustainable development. Furthermore, they were subjected to several tests linked to individual moral antecedents. The mixed methods design used to analyze the results led to the conclusion that pro-environmental behavior values and moral competencies are important indicators of the ability to recognize opportunities for sustainable development. These results provide useful insights about relating moral antecedents to idea generation for sustainable development and can help researchers, higher education institutes, and sustainable entrepreneurs to further develop the concept of sustainable entrepreneurship and its underlying processes.

Sustainable entrepreneurship has received substantial recognition from academics and practitioners in the last decade, with a noticeable and rapidly increases of publications on the topic. Through bibliometric techniques and tools, this study allows mapping the main academic literature on sustainable entrepreneurship and analyzes the most substantial contributions to the advances of research in this field. The chronological analysis of literature from the Web of Science-Social Sciences Citation Index (WoS-SSCI) database&mdash, until January 2018&mdash, provides new insights not previously reviewed, such as the journals, authors and articles more influential so far. As a result, 282 articles were retrieved, which were published in 140 journals and written by 663 authors affiliated to 413 institutions, from 50 countries. The analysis allowed identifying publication evolution over time, and provides clues about the opportunities for future research.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the emerging literature on sustainable entrepreneurship by studying knowledge, motivation and early stage outcomes of sustainable agricultural entrepreneurship in the context of farmer groups in Burundi. Design/methodology/approach Quantitative and qualitative data were combined in a multiple-source case study. Data were analyzed using content analysis and basic statistics. Findings Results revealed that farmer groups’ prior knowledge (PK) on environmental sustainability is better developed than their social and economic sustainability. This is reflected in the environmental sustainability part of the business plans (BPs), which is generally better than the economic and social sustainability parts. Moreover, the top groups on PK identified opportunities directly related to their PK. Pro-activeness of the group was a more determining factor than risk taking and innovativeness. Furthermore, there seemed to be a positive interplay between the groups’ PK, entrepreneurial orientation and knowledge motivation (KM) and the quality of the sustainable BP. In particular, KM seemed to be important, but other variables also explained the quality of the BP, such as level of education. Originality/value This research fills a gap in literature because there are few empirical studies on agricultural entrepreneurship that focus on the earliest phase of opportunity recognition, let alone studies that focus on sustainable opportunity recognition in the context of emerging economies such as Burundi. Furthermore, in this research, the authors studied well-known knowledge, motivations and outcomes of sustainable entrepreneurship.

This article discusses sustainable entrepreneurship in light ofplanetary boundaries and related aims to contribute to managing for and in asafe operating space for humanity. The rapidly developing research area ofenvironmental, social and sustainable entrepreneurship has flourished for thelast two decades and improved our understanding of the phenomenon.However, while a contribution to sustainable development is often stated ingeneral terms or implied, most of the sustainable entrepreneurship literaturefocuses on classifications, motivations, processes and specific outcomeswithout explicit links to how planetary boundaries are addressed. This paperdiscusses links between sustainable entrepreneurship and the planetaryboundaries concept by addressing both perspectives: how can the conceptof planetary boundaries provide perspectives for designing and assessingsustainable entrepreneurship? And how can sustainable entrepreneurshipcontribute effectively to an economy and society operating in a safe operatingspace for humanity?

With sustainability-oriented innovations (SOIs) small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can conquer niche markets, cut resource usage and improve the quality of life. SMEs follow different strategic orientations for SOIs. They are conditioned by their organizational structures, capabilities and interaction with the business, regulatory and knowledge network. Usually, SMEs find it easier to span their boundaries to the business network. This research explores, in a longitudinal multi-case study, how the interaction with the knowledge network can condition an SME's strategic orientation. In the analysis of a learning-action network established by a research institute, three network-patterns (grazer, explorer and networker) are observed which result from different SME boundary-spanning processes. A central role is played by the boundary spanners who influence to which degree the SME can build up exploratory and exploitative learning capabilities to further deploy, push forward or generically develop its strategic orientation for SOIs in interaction with the knowledge network.

This paper analyzes factors influencing recognition of sustainable opportunities by using an augmented sustainability process model. The conceptual model used two main factors, Knowledge and Motivation, and one moderating variable, Social embeddedness. We investigated entrepreneurs from PVC joinery industry and concluded that while market orientation and sustainable entrepreneurial orientation definitely and positively influence sustainable opportunity recognition, others variables like knowledge of the natural/communal environment, awareness of sustainable development or focus on success have less support. Among all variables analyzed, perception of the threat of the natural/communal environment and altruism toward others have the poorest impact on opportunity recognition. Finally, we concluded that social embeddedness has a moderating effect on sustainable opportunity recognition, even though the results were mixed.

Leveraging social-ecological systems literature and an exemplar case, the Panamanian-American venture Planting Empowerment, we introduce the notion of entrepreneurial synchronicity, emerging from an inductive approach, as a key concept for advancing sustainable entrepreneurship theory. Through an exploration of timing and rhythm of the new venture we can start to better explain and understand the degree of connection between the venture and its surrounding human and biophysical contexts.