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Adsorption of crystal violet, a hazardous dye, from aqueous solution on activated carbon prepared from carbonized bamboo leaves powder with ZnCl 2 activation is reported in this article using a novel air agitated tapered bubble column adsorber. The adsorbent prepared was characterized by determining the pH PZC , multipoint BET surface area and pore analyses, SEM analysis and FTIR analysis. The pH PZC of the prepared adsorbent was 6.6. The multipoint BET area measured was 291.3 m 2 /g. Batch experiments were conducted as functions of initial concentration (50 to 150 mg/L), contact time (1 to 40 min), adsorbent dose (0.2 to 0.9 g/L) and air flow rate (8.75 × 10 − 5 to 70.00 × 10 − 5 m 3 /s). The maximum percentage removal observed was 99.99% at equilibrium time of 20 min under optimum conditions. The maximum adsorption capacity observed was 393.16 mg/g. Results followed Freundlich isotherm (amongst seven isotherms examined) and pseudo-second order kinetics with intra-particle diffusion. The observed pressure drop was ranging from 2719 to 2837 N/m 2 and the energy dissipation per unit volume of colored liquid was ranging from 82.75 to 634.51 W/m 3 in the system studied. Very high removal and adsorption capacity of the prepared adsorbent observed in the novel tapered air agitated bubble column adsorber is the novelty achieved in the present investigation.

• Used raw biomass combustion residue for adsorptive removal of Crystal Violet following energy and cost saving approach.

The Ichamati River drains the east and south side of the North 24 Parganas district which belongs to the Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta (GBD), covered by deep Quaternary sediments produced under tropical monsoon climate in India. The district is densely populated. The river has huge impact on its population. In this paper, particular attention has been paid to a new method, named optimum cross section index (OCI), which is a numerical representation of a river cross section with respect to its optimum condition. To establish the validity and reliability of OCI, as circumstantial evidences, we have measured and analyzed the geometric parameters, such as width, depth, hydraulic radius, wetted perimeter, and bank profile at 22 points, and applied the areal difference asymmetric index (ADAI). The paper considers that the changing characters of the geometric form of the cross sections and ADAI stand for the OCI. All the techniques reveal that (1) the area of channel decreases abruptly upstream downward, (2) the upstream channel is more symmetrical than the lower reach, and (3) the area of optimum channel gradually increases upstream downward. Results of the study show that the river is going to be deteriorating from upstream downward. OCI has been constructed based on width and depth, which are relatively easily available data. So, this model may be well assessable to identify the optimum channel for a river management.

In this article, removal of crystal violet (CV) by adsorption on acidic fly ash collected from an Indian wet ESP with and without biomass combustion residue (BCR), another industrial waste is reported. Initially, fly ash was characterized by its solid density, slurry pH, particle size, pHPZC, Brauner–Emmette–Teller (BET) surface area and pore volume analyses, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The pHPZC and BET surface area of fly ash were 3.30 and 8.57 m2/g, respectively. Batch results revealed high removal (98.33 %) with equilibrium time and optimum dose of 90 min and 7 g/50 mL, respectively. Later, experiments were repeated with the mixed adsorbent (1:1 mass ratio of fly ash and BCR) showing the equilibrium time of 10 min with ~100 % removal. The mixed adsorbent enhanced the adsorption capacity from 1.125 to 9.146 mg/g, i.e., almost by 9 times. Investigations were carried out at various mass fractions of fly ash showing maximum removal of 99.16 % at a mass fraction of 0.1. The response surface modeling revealed the optimum mass fraction and initial concentration of CV of 0.5 and 125 mg/L, respectively, to achieve 94.93 % removal. The corresponding experimental removal observed was 95.99 ± 0.3374 % (mean ± SD of five replicates). The mixed adsorbent showed twofold benefits in the proposed use through extensive pH analyses, such as improving the removal efficiency and maintaining the solution pH well within the safe discharge limit. Experimental results followed the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetics with negligible intra-particle diffusion for both acidic fly ash and mixed adsorbent.