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1. Europe-wide atmospheric radionuclide dispersion by unprecedented wildfires in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, April 2020

Author

Damien Didier, Benjamin Zorko, Catalina Gascó-Leonarte, V. Durand, Frederic Coppin, R. Rusconi, A. Dalheimer, Jerzy W. Mietelski, K. Isajenko, Alexandra Ioannidou, Philippe Renaud, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Júlia Kövendiné Kónyi, I. Sýkora, Daniel Zapata-García, Gennady Laptev, Vladimir Samsonov, Serhii Kirieiev, Johan Kastlander, José Antonio Suarez-Navarro, Elena Simion, Anne de Vismes Ott, Tero Karhunen, Olivier Saunier, Renata Kierepko, Oleksandr Romanenko, Maxime Morin, Pavel P. Povinec, Bredo Møller, Olga Belyaeva, Michael Mirsch, H. Wershofen, Philipp Steinmann, Olivier Masson, Miroslav Hýža, Jelena Krneta Nikolić, Valentin Protsak, B. Boulet, Johan Camps, Georg Steinhauser, Stylianos Stoulos, Gert-Jan Knetsch, Christian Katzlberger, Oleg Voitsekhovych, Laboratoire d'étude et d'expertise sur la radioactivité de l'environnement [Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance] (PSE-ENV/SEREN/LEREN), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE/SESUC/BMCA, Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute, Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute (UHMI), Laboratoire de recherche sur les transferts de radionucléides dans les écosystèmes terrestres (LR2T), PSE-ENV/SAME/LMRE, PSE-ENV, PSE-SANTE/SESUC, PRP-ENV/STEME/LMRE, Laboratoire de Mesure de la Radioactivité dans l’Environnement, PSE-ENV/SIRSE/LSE, National Radiation Protection Institute (SÚRO), Centre d’Etude de l’Energie Nucléaire (SCK-CEN), Center for Ecological-Noosphere Studies (NAS RA), Radiation And Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK), Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Jozef Stefan Institute [Ljubljana] (IJS), PSE-ENV/SEREN/LEREN, Rivne NPP (Rivne NPP), State Specialized Enterprise ECOCENTRE (SSE ECOCENTRE), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LR2T, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Radioecology andRadiation Protection (Leibniz Universität Hannover), Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD), Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research (NCSR Demokritos), Unidad de Radioactividad Ambiental y Vigilancia Radiológica, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Nuclear Physics and Elementary Particle Physics Division, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Central Laboratory for Radiological Protection (CLRP), Department of Radiation Protection and Technical Quality Assurance, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), The Henryk Nievodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, (IFJ), Division of Environmental and Public Radiohygiene, National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene (OSSKI), The Henryk Nievodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics (IFJ), mergency Preparedness and Response, Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (DSA), Laboratory for Radiation Measurements. Department of Radiation and Environmental Protection, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences (Vinča Institute), Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Comenius University, Centro Regionale Radioprotezione, Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell’Ambiente della Lombardia (ARPA Lombardia), Republican Center of Hydrometeorology, Radioactive Contamination Control and Environmental Monitoring, DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND BIOPHYSICS, National Reference Laboratory, National Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Radioactivity Section, Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH - OFSP), Nuclear Physics and Elementary Particle Physics Division, Physics Department, UNIDAD DE RADIOACTIVIDAD AMBIENTAL Y VIGILANCIA RADIOLÓGICA, 11 Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), and Institut 'Jozef Stefan' (IJS)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Arrival time, Fires, wildfire, Wildfires, dose assessment, Environmental Chemistry, Exclusion zone, Precipitation, chernobyl, radionuclides, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Anthropogenic radionuclides, Smoke, firefighters, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, Radionuclide, General Chemistry, Atmospheric dispersion modeling, Plume, Europe, Chernobyl Nuclear Accident, 13. Climate action, Air Pollutants, Radioactive, Cesium Radioisotopes, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Physical geography, Ukraine
Abstract

International audience; From early April 2020, wildfires raged in the highly contaminated areas around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (CNPP), Ukraine. For about 4 weeks, the fires spread around and into the Chernobyl exclusion zone (CEZ) and came within a few kilometers of both the CNPP and radioactive waste storage facilities. Wildfires occurred on several occasions throughout the month of April. They were extinguished, but weather conditions and the spread of fires by airborne embers and smoldering fires led to new fires starting at different locations of the CEZ. The forest fires were only completely under control at the beginning of May, thanks to the tireless and incessant work of the firefighters and a period of sustained precipitation. In total, 0.7–1.2 TBq 137Cs were released into the atmosphere. Smoke plumes partly spread south and west and contributed to the detection of airborne 137Cs over the Ukrainian territory and as far away as Western Europe. The increase in airborne 137Cs ranged from several hundred μBq·m–3 in northern Ukraine to trace levels of a few μBq·m–3 or even within the usual background level in other European countries. Dispersion modeling determined the plume arrival time and was helpful in the assessment of the possible increase in airborne 137Cs concentrations in Europe. Detections of airborne 90Sr (emission estimate 345–612 GBq) and Pu (up to 75 GBq, mostly 241Pu) were reported from the CEZ. Americium-241 represented only 1.4% of the total source term corresponding to the studied anthropogenic radionuclides but would have contributed up to 80% of the inhalation dose.

Published
2021
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2. Potential Source Apportionment and Meteorological Conditions Involved in Airborne 131I Detections in January/February 2017 in Europe

Author

J. Kövendiné Kónyi, Renata Kierepko, J. Bieringer, I. Sykora, Petr Rulík, R. Rusconi, Kurt Ungar, Laurent Pourcelot, W. Ringer, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, H. Wershofen, C. Gasco Leonarte, A. de Vismes-Ott, Zsolt Homoki, J. Tschiersch, Benjamin Zorko, M. Hýža, Georg Steinhauser, Olivier Masson, Tero Karhunen, Dragana Todorović, Pavel P. Povinec, B. Møller, Helmut W Fischer, E. Dalaka, G. Sáfrány, Jerzy W. Mietelski, K. Isajenko, Thomas Steinkopff, Helena Malá, Olivier Saunier, A. Dalheimer, Jelena Krneta Nikolić, Christian Katzlberger, T.W. Bowyer, M. Rajacic, M. Forte, K. Gorzkiewicz, and Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, business.industry, chemistry.chemical_element, General Chemistry, 010501 environmental sciences, Particulates, Nuclear power, Uranium, Orders of magnitude (volume), Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, chemistry, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, Nuclear fission, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental science, business, Sludge, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Spontaneous fission
Abstract

International audience; Traces of particulate radioactive iodine (131I) were detected in the European atmosphere in January/February 2017. Concentrations of this nuclear fission product were very low, ranging 0.1 to 10 μBq m-3 except at one location in western Russia where they reached up to several mBq m-3. Detections have been reported continuously over an 8-week period by about 30 monitoring stations. We examine possible emission source apportionments and rank them considering their expected contribution in terms of orders of magnitude from typical routine releases: radiopharmaceutical production units > sewage sludge incinerators > nuclear power plants > spontaneous fission of uranium in soil. Inverse modeling simulations indicate that the widespread detections of 131I resulted from the combination of multiple source releases. Among them, those from radiopharmaceutical production units remain the most likely. One of them is located in Western Russia and its estimated source term complies with authorized limits. Other existing sources related to 131I use (medical purposes or sewage sludge incineration) can explain detections on a rather local scale. As an enhancing factor, the prevailing wintertime meteorological situations marked by strong temperature inversions led to poor dispersion conditions that resulted in higher concentrations exceeding usual detection limits in use within the informal Ring of Five (Ro5) monitoring network. © 2018 American Chemical Society.

Published
2018
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3. Airborne concentrations and chemical considerations of radioactive ruthenium from an undeclared major nuclear release in 2017

Author

P. Min, B. Šilobritienė, M. Tzortzis, E. Simion, R. Tsibranski, L. Tabachnyi, Georg Steinhauser, Anica Weller, C. Söderström, Dragana Todorović, Sybille Estier, Ewa Tomankiewicz, B. Møller, Rebecca Querfeld, Dieter Hainz, Thomas Steinkopff, Christian Katzlberger, Dinko Babić, O. Romanenko, J. Nikolic, Tamara Zalewska, D. Zapata García, H. Wershofen, O. Raimondi, J. Tschiersch, I. Sýkora, Olivier Saunier, K. Gorzkiewicz, W. Ringer, V. Samsonov, Dorian Zok, M. Hýža, Ilia Penev, Benjamin Zorko, R. Rusconi, Kurt Ungar, Christopher Ian Burbidge, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, P. Zagyvai, V. Bečková, Jerzy W. Mietelski, Tero Karhunen, K. Isajenko, Pavel P. Povinec, Sven Poul Nielsen, Helmut W Fischer, Philipp Steinmann, Olivier Masson, J. Bieringer, S. Conil, H. Angelov, M. Lecomte, L. Nikolovska, Marko Šoštarić, A. Vidic, J. Kövendiné Kónyi, A. Dalheimer, Renata Kierepko, Branko Petrinec, A. de Vismes Ott, M. G. Garavaglia, G.-J. Knetsch, M. Bruggeman, D. Ransby, I. Hoffman, C. Gasco Leonarte, J. Kastlander, P. R. J. Saey, L.-E. De Geer, and Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Nuclear forensics, nuclear forensics, chemistry.chemical_element, Context (language use), 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Environmental Radioactivity, Ruthenium, Nuclear Forensics, Environmental Release, Accidental Release, ddc:570, accidental release, ruthenium, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Radionuclide, environmental radioactivity, Multidisciplinary, Aqueous medium, Advanced stage, Plume, chemistry, PNAS Plus, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, radioactivity, Physical Sciences, Environmental science, Environmental radioactivity, ddc:500, Environmental Sciences, environmental release
Abstract

Significance A massive atmospheric release of radioactive 106Ru occurred in Eurasia in 2017, which must have been caused by a sizeable, yet undeclared nuclear accident. This work presents the most compelling monitoring dataset of this release, comprising 1,100 atmospheric and 200 deposition data points from the Eurasian region. The data suggest a release from a nuclear reprocessing facility located in the Southern Urals, possibly from the Mayak nuclear complex. A release from a crashed satellite as well as a release on Romanian territory (despite high activity concentrations) can be excluded. The model age of the radioruthenium supports the hypothesis that fuel was reprocessed ≤2 years after discharge, possibly for the production of a high-specific activity 144Ce source for a neutrino experiment in Italy., In October 2017, most European countries reported unique atmospheric detections of aerosol-bound radioruthenium (106Ru). The range of concentrations varied from some tenths of µBq·m−3 to more than 150 mBq·m−3. The widespread detection at such considerable (yet innocuous) levels suggested a considerable release. To compare activity reports of airborne 106Ru with different sampling periods, concentrations were reconstructed based on the most probable plume presence duration at each location. Based on airborne concentration spreading and chemical considerations, it is possible to assume that the release occurred in the Southern Urals region (Russian Federation). The 106Ru age was estimated to be about 2 years. It exhibited highly soluble and less soluble fractions in aqueous media, high radiopurity (lack of concomitant radionuclides), and volatility between 700 and 1,000 °C, thus suggesting a release at an advanced stage in the reprocessing of nuclear fuel. The amount and isotopic characteristics of the radioruthenium release may indicate a context with the production of a large 144Ce source for a neutrino experiment.

Published
2019
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4. Plutonium isotopes in the atmosphere of Central Europe: Isotopic composition and time evolution vs. circulation factors

Author

Robert Anczkiewicz, Jacek Kapała, H. Wershofen, Zoltan Holgye, Jerzy W. Mietelski, K. Isajenko, Renata Kierepko, and Zbigniew Ustrnul

Subjects
Environmental Engineering, Atmospheric circulation, atmospheric circulation, atmospheric aerosols, Mesoscale meteorology, Air pollution, chemistry.chemical_element, three sources model (3SM), 010501 environmental sciences, 010403 inorganic & nuclear chemistry, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Troposphere, Atmosphere, Radiation Monitoring, Germany, medicine, Environmental Chemistry, plutonium in the atmosphere, two sources model (2SM), Weather, Waste Management and Disposal, Czech Republic, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Radioisotopes, Isotope, Pollution, plutonium effective dose, Plutonium, 0104 chemical sciences, Aerosol, chemistry, Air Pollutants, Radioactive, Environmental science, Poland, Physical geography
Abstract

This paper reports evidence of Pu isotopes in the lower part of the troposphere of Central Europe. The data were obtained based on atmospheric aerosol fraction samples collected from four places in three countries (participating in the informal European network known as the Ring of Five (Ro5)) forming a cell with a surface area of about 200,000km(2). We compared our original data sets from Krakow (Poland, 1990-2007) and Bialystok (Poland, 1991-2007) with the results from two other locations, Prague (Czech Republic; 1997-2004) and Braunschweig (Germany; 1990-2003) to find time evolution of the Pu isotopes. The levels of the activity concentration for (238)Pu and for ((239+240))Pu were estimated to be a few and some tens of nBqm(-3), respectively. However, we also noted some results were much higher (even about 70 times higher) than the average concentration of (238)Pu in the atmosphere. The achieved complex data sets were used to test a new approach to the problem of solving mixing isotopic traces from various sources (here up to three) in one sample. Results of our model, supported by mesoscale atmospheric circulation parameters, suggest that Pu from nuclear weapon accidents or tests and nuclear burnt-up fuel are present in the air.

Published
2016
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5. Tracking of airborne radionuclides from the damaged Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear reactors by European networks

Author

M. Manolopoulou, J. Bieringer, M. Kettunen, Ó. Halldórsson, Stylianos Stoulos, S. E. Pálsson, Ilia Penev, P.J.M. Kwakman, Philipp Steinmann, Olivier Masson, Fernando P. Carvalho, A. Ugron, Flavia Groppi, Luigi Gini, Simone Manenti, G. Depuydt, B. V. Silobritiene, Jerzy W. Mietelski, K. Isajenko, H. Wershofen, K. Gudnason, E. Vagena, A. Dalheimer, C. Söderström, Clemens Schlosser, Zs. Homoki, M. Reis, N. Tooloutalaie, C. Mc Mahon, Kamil Brudecki, G. Lujaniene, M. Lecomte, Antonio Baeza, K. Holeý, A.-P. Leppänen, Dragana Todorović, B. Lind, Pavel P. Povinec, M. Sonck, Henrik Ramebäck, Sven Poul Nielsen, B. Møller, Thomas Steinkopff, Dieter Hainz, P. Mc Ginnity, P. R. J. Saey, L.-E. De Geer, O. Connan, W. Ringer, Christian Katzlberger, Marija M. Janković, Georg Steinhauser, Damien Didier, Luc Solier, C. Papastefanou, L. León Vintró, Rodolfo Gurriaran, I. Sýkora, D. Hammond, R. Kontro, A. de Vismes, G. Sgorbati, Petr Rulík, Renata Kierepko, M.K. Pham, S. Bucci, Alexander Mauring, Alexandra Ioannidou, Jelena Krneta Nikolić, J. Tschiersch, R. Sogni, V. Samsonov, O. Zhukova, A. Mattila, Alicia Rodríguez, Ronaldus Martinus Wilhelmus Overwater, O. Hanley, Arturo Vargas, Laura Tositti, Helena Malá, M. Cappai, C. Cosma, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (BfS), Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (IST), Laboratoire de Radioécologie de Cherbourg-Octeville (LRC), Babes-Bolyai University [Cluj-Napoca] (UBB), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Swedish Defence Research Agency [Stockholm] (FOI), Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England [London], Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University College Dublin [Dublin] (UCD), National Radiation Protection Institute (NRPI/SURO), Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority [Helsinki] (STUK), Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy (INRNE), Académie des sciences de Bulgarie, Swiss Federal Office of Public Health, University of Bologna, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [Barcelona] (UPC), O. Masson, A. Baeza, J. Bieringer, K. Brudecki, S. Bucci, M. Cappai, F.P. Carvalho, O. Connan, C. Cosma, A. Dalheimer, D. Didier, G. Depuydt, L.E. De Geer, A. De Visme, L. Gini, F. Groppi, K. Gudnason, R. Gurriaran, D. Hainz, Ó. Halldórsson, D. Hammond○, O. Hanley, K. Holeý, Zs. Homoki, A. Ioannidou, K. Isajenko, M. Jankovic, C. Katzlberger, M. Kettunen, R. Kierepko, R. Kontro, P.J.M. Kwakman, M. Lecomte, L. Leon Vintro, A.-P. Leppänen, B. Lind, G. Lujaniene, P. Mc Ginnity, C. Mc Mahon, H. Malá, S. Manenti, M. Manolopoulou, A. Mattila, A. Mauring, J.W. Mietelski, B. Møller, S.P. Nielsen, J. Nikoliκ, R.M.W. Overwater, S. E. Pálsson, Papastefanou, I. Penev, M.K. Pham, P.P. Povinec, H. Ramebäck, M.C. Rei, W. Ringer, A. Rodriguez, P. Rulík, P.R.J. Saey, V. Samsonov, C. Shlosser, G. Sgorbati, B. V. Silobritiene, C. Söderström, R. Sogni, L. Solier, M. Sonk, G. Steinhauser, T. Steinkopff, P. Steinmann, S. Stoulo, I. Sýkora, D. Todorovic, N. Tooloutalaie, L. Tositti, J. Tshiersh, A. Ugron, E. Vagena, A. Varga, H. Wershofen, and and O. Zhukova

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, FUKUSHIMA, Induced radioactivity, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Atmosphere, Iodine Radioisotopes, Washout (aeronautics), RADIOCONTAMINATION, Japan, law, Radiation Monitoring, Nuclear power plant, Environmental Chemistry, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Radionuclide, General Chemistry, Particulates, Europe, PLUME, 13. Climate action, Air Pollutants, Radioactive, Cesium Radioisotopes, Nuclear Power Plants, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, ARTIFICIAL RADIOACTIVITY, Environmental science, Radiation monitoring, Contaminated air, Radioactive Hazard Release
Abstract

Radioactive emissions into the atmosphere from the damaged reactors of the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant (NPP) started on March 12th, 2011. Among the various radionuclides released, iodine-131 ( 131I) and cesium isotopes ( 137Cs and 134Cs) were transported across the Pacific toward the North American continent and reached Europe despite dispersion and washout along the route of the contaminated air masses. In Europe, the first signs of the releases were detected 7 days later while the first peak of activity level was observed between March 28th and March 30th. Time variations over a 20-day period and spatial variations across more than 150 sampling locations in Europe made it possible to characterize the contaminated air masses. After the Chernobyl accident, only a few measurements of the gaseous 131I fraction were conducted compared to the number of measurements for the particulate fraction. Several studies had already pointed out the importance of the gaseous 131I and the large underestimation of the total 131I airborne activity level, and subsequent calculations of inhalation dose, if neglected. The measurements made across Europe following the releases from the Fukushima NPP reactors have provided a significant amount of new data on the ratio of the gaseous 131I fraction to total 131I, both on a spatial scale and its temporal variation. It can be pointed out that during the Fukushima event, the 134Cs to 137Cs ratio proved to be different from that observed after the Chernobyl accident. The data set provided in this paper is the most comprehensive survey of the main relevant airborne radionuclides from the Fukushima reactors, measured across Europe. A rough estimate of the total 131I inventory that has passed over Europe during this period was \textless1% of the released amount. According to the measurements, airborne activity levels remain of no concern for public health in Europe. © 2011 American Chemical Society.

Published
2011
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