1. Industrial lignin from 2G biorefineries – Assessment of availability and pricing strategies
- Author
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Panos D. Kouris, David Smeulders, Svetlana V. Obydenkova, Michael Boot, Emiel J. M. Hensen, Yvonne van der Meer, Energy Technology, Inorganic Materials & Catalysis, EAISI High Tech Systems, AMIBM, RS: FSE AMIBM, Biobased Materials, RS: FSE Biobased Materials, Sciences, and RS: FSE Sciences
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Environmental Engineering ,Lignin availability ,Energy balance ,Bioengineering ,Lignin/chemistry ,010501 environmental sciences ,Lignin ,01 natural sciences ,Hydrolysate ,Lignin price ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Electricity ,010608 biotechnology ,Market price ,Industry ,SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy ,Multi-product biorefinery ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Mathematics ,Zero-energy building ,Ethanol ,Ethanol/chemistry ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,General Medicine ,Pulp and paper industry ,Biorefinery ,Industrial lignin ,Pricing strategies ,chemistry ,Costs and Cost Analysis ,Pricing strategy ,business ,SDG 7 – Betaalbare en schone energie - Abstract
With a view to boost practical implementation of lignin conversion technologies, this paper assesses the availability of industrial lignin and evaluates pricing strategies applicable to multi-product biorefineries. The biorefineries, producing either denatured ethanol or sugar hydrolysate as a main product, can yield 43% and 61% of lignin residue (LR) comprising 33% and 23% of lignin by mass, respectively, without sacrificing the output of the main product and before electricity import has become indispensable. Analysis of the pricing strategies reveals that LR must be treated as a low-value by-product, and its minimum selling price (MSP) is driven mainly by the prevailing electricity price. Under the biorefinery net zero energy balance, and taking into account the LR market price adequacy, as well as the main probabilistic conditions, the upper range for the MSP is calculated at $43–70 and $18–37 per ton for biorefineries producing ethanol and hydrolysate, respectively.
- Published
- 2019
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