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The antiproliferative activity of previously obtained 3-R-6-imino-2,7-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1.]octane-4,4,5-tricarbonitriles was tested on 59 cell lines obtained from human lung, colon, brain, ovary, kidney, prostate, and breast tumors and leukemia and melanoma. The most pronounced effect was observed against blood cancer cell lines of leukemia. The strength of the activity and specificity of the compounds on certain types of cells were related directly to the nature of the 3-substituent on the 2,7-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane core. Compounds with multiple bonds and alkyl radicals exhibited more pronounced cytotoxic activity. A compound with a coumarin moiety showed high activity exceeding those of reference drugs (dacarbazine, cisplatin) with respect to kidney cancer cell lines.

The reactions of arylidenemalononitriles with malononitrile, methyl cyanoacetate and cyanoacetamide yielded aminophenyldi- and tricarbonitriles. Formation of these compounds occurs through the dehydrocyanation step of the corresponding aminohexenepolycarbonitriles.

Aseries of cyclobutane-1,1,2,2-tetracarbonitriles contained a compound with significant activity against various cancer cell lines. The compound featured a thiosemicarbazide and the α,β-unsaturated aldehyde myrtenal in its structure and showed the highest activity against leukemia cells, the average growth inhibition against which was 88%. The proposed mechanism of action was associated with alkylation of the nucleophilic regions of tumor-cell DNA. The results showed that compounds with an ethyl-1,1,2,2-tetracarbonitrile fragment inhibited proliferation of malignant cells.

The influence of previously synthesized 2-aroyl-1,1,3,3-tetracyanoprop-2-en-1-ides on the growth of conditionally normal and tumor cells was studied in continuation of a search for new anticancer drugs. Cytotoxicities of the compounds were studied with respect to human tumor cell lines from the ATCC. All compounds were ineffective against melanoma and lung and ovary cancer cell lines and exhibited moderate activity in the other cases. The tested compounds exhibited highly selective effects because they were safe for conditionally normal skin fibroblasts.

The antiproliferative activity of 2-halo-5,5-dialkyl-6-methoxy(hydroxy)-5,6-dihydropyridine-3,3,4(1H)-tricarbonitriles and their analogs 3-chloro-6-imino-7-oxo-2-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-en-4,5-dicarbonitriles and 2-halo-4a-methyl-4a,5,6,7-tetrahydroquinoline-3,4,4(1H)-tricarbonitriles was studied in continuation of research on the biological activity of polycarbonitriles.

The reaction of 1-(2-oxocyclohexyl)ethane-1,1,2,2-tetracarbonitrile with crotonic aldehyde, cinnamic aldehyde, 2-furylacrolein, 3-phenyl-2-propinal, 3-butyl-2-propinal, and R-(−)-myrtenal have been investigated. It has been shown that these reactions proceed through the stage of the formation of 8a-hydroxyhexahydro-2H-chromene-3,3,4,4-tetracarbonitrile, followed by the formation of 10-iminotetrahydro-8a,4-(epoxymethane)chromene-3,3,4(2H,4aH-tricarboritrile. The X-ray diffraction data have suggested that the stereochemical features of the target products are determined by the reaction path.

Recently, reactions of allylidenhydrazones with tetracyanoethylene were found to lead to cyclobutanes-products of usually unfavorable (2 + 2) cycloaddition. Herein we computationally demonstrate that the (4 + 2) product of this reaction is severely destabilized by incomplete C-N bond formation, arising from a complex interplay of substituent electronic effects. We show how destabilization of a single bond in the front-runner product averts its formation and redirects chemical reaction toward an uncharacteristic pathway.

Two approaches to the synthesis of 2-(2-oxo-5-aryl-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrrol-3-ylidene)malononitriles (DCAA-pyrroles 1) were implemented. The first one was based on the transformation of 4-oxobutane-1,1,2,2-tetracarbonitriles 2 by the action of morpholine. The second approach was based on the reaction between protected form of 4-oxobutane-1,1,2,2-tetracarbonitriles 2 namely 2,7-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-4,4,5-tricarbonitriles 3 and morpholine. This approach involving sequential furan and pyran ring-opening of the 2,7-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane moiety with further pyrrole ring-closure, resulted in a smoother formation of DCAA-pyrroles 1. The optical absorption properties of DCAA-pyrroles 1 were studied for the first time. The absorption maxima were observed in the range of 506–545 nm showing positive solvatochromism and dependence on the substituent in aryl moiety.

We discovered a new method to methylate tertiary amines such as urotropine, triethylamine, pyridine, 2-methylpyridine, 4-acetylpyridine, and isonicotinamide, up to quaternary ammonium compounds, with 1,1-dicyano-2-methoxy-2-oxoethane-1-ide being the counterion. Methyl-1,3,5,7-tetraazaadamantan-1-ium 1,1-dicyano-2-methoxy-2-oxoethane-1-ide, N,N-diethyl-N-methylethanaminium 1,1-dicyano-2-methoxy-2-oxoethane-1-ide, and substituted-methylpyridinium 1,1-dicyano-2-methoxy-2-oxoethane-1-ides were synthesized. Quaternary ammonium compounds of 1,1-dicyano-2-methoxy-2-oxothane-1-ide were synthesized within a single stage by stirring methanol solutions of tertiary amines with ethene-1,1,2,2-tetracarbonitrile (ETCN) at room temperature. In the reaction of ETCN with tertiary amines in methanol, processes occur that form the 1,1-dicyano-2-methoxy-2-oxoethane-1-ide fragment with simultaneous N-methylation. Crystal structures based on X-ray diffraction analysis of the obtained compounds were studied.

Base-catalyzed nucleophilic addition of carbon nucleophiles to the exocyclic double bond of 2-(5-aryl-4-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrrol-3-ylidene)malononitriles afforded spiro-fused pyrrole derivatives, 7-amino-3-aryl-4-methyl-1-oxo-8-oxa-2-azaspiro[4.5]deca-3,6,9-triene-6-carbonitriles. The products can be regarded as rare structural analogs of biologically active spirans based on isatin.

A library of 29 2-amino-6-sulfanylpyridine-3,5-dicarbonitriles functionalized with a pyridoxine moiety was synthesized using a three-component one-pot reaction of aldehyde derivative of pyridoxine,...

An environmentally friendly method has been developed for the preparation of 5H-chromeno[2,3-b]pyridine derivatives in an aqueous medium under ultrasound irradiation.

Successive treatment of 3-acylcyclopropane-1,1,2,2-tetracarbonitriles with sodium hydrogen carbonate and alkylmercaptan in water environment results in the formation of 2-(5-amino-2-aryl-2-alkyl-sulfanyl-4-cyano-2,3-dihydrofuran-3-ylidene)propanedinitriles.

Reaction of methyl 2,4-dioxobutanoates with tetracyanoethylene yielded methyl 3-acyl-4-cyano-5-(dicyanomethylene)-2-hydroxy-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylates. X-Ray diffraction data showed that 3-acyl-4-cyano-5-(dicyanomethylene)-2-hydroxy-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid methyl esters can form supramolecular structures with one-dimensional channels which make possible inclusion of large organic and bioorganic molecules.

A procedure has been developed for the synthesis of polyfunctional pyrano[3,4-c]pyrrole derivatives via intramolecular cyclization involving vicinal cyano and carboxamide groups on a pyran ring. 3-Amino-1-oxo-1,3a,4,7a-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-c]pyrrole-3a,7a-dicarbonitrile thus obtained react with organic amines to give stable ammonium salts and undergo hydrolysis to 1,3-dioxo-1,2,3,3a,4,7a-hexahydropyrano[3,4-c]pyrrole-3a,7a-dicarbonitriles in the presence of sulfuric acid.

The reaction of 2-acyl(aroyl)-1,1,3,3-tetracyanopropenides with gaseous hydrogen halides was used to obtain 2-amino-3-aroyl(acyl)-6-halopyridine-3,5-dicarbonitriles, which were subsequently converted to the respective 4-amino-1-aryl-6-halo-1-hydroxy-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyridine-7-carbonitriles by treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid, followed by aqueous workup.

Reaction of 2-chloropyridine-3,4-dicarbonitriles with primary amines in the presence of potassium carbonate in ethanol results in the fusion of pyrrole cycle and the formation of N 1-substituted 4-halo-1H-pyrrolo-[3,4-c]pyridine-1,3(2H)-diimines.

2-Acyl-1,1,3,3-tetracyanopropenides undergo cascade heterocyclization under the action of mercaptoacetic esters, leading to the formation of new 3,6-diamino-4-aroyl-5-cyanothieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxylates. The fast and convenient synthetic way to highly substituted thieno[2,3-b]pyridine scaffold is described.

In reaction of tetracyanoethylene with ketones and HCl in 1,4-dioxane at 30–40°? 6-hydroxy-2-chloro-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3,4,4-tricarbonitriles are formed.

N-Aryl- and N,N-diethyl-3-oxobutanamides reacted with salicylaldehyde and N-phenylthiourea in ethanol in the presence of sodium hydrogen sulfate as catalyst to give the corresponding N-substituted 2-methyl-3-phenyl-4-sulfanylidene-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-2,6-methano-1,3,5-benzoxadiazocine-11-carboxamides.

1-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-4-acetyl-3-hydroxy-5-phenyl-1H-pyrrole-2(5H)-ones were synthesized by the short heating of a mixture of tryptamine, aromatic aldehyde, and methyl acetylpyruvate followed by stirring at room temperature for one day.

The reaction of potassium 2-(2,2-dimethylpropanoyl)-1,1,3,3-tetracyanopropenide with an equimolar amount of 2-sulfanylethanol afforded 2-{5-amino-2-(tert-butyl)-4-cyano-2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)sulfanyl]- 2,3-dihydrofuran-3-ylidene}propanedinitrile, whereas 4-amino-1-(tert-butyl)-1,6-bis[(2-hydroxyethyl)- sulfanyl]-3-imino-1,3-dihydrofuro[3,4-c]pyridine-7-carbonitrile was obtained in the reaction with excess 2-sulfanylethanol.

The reaction of potassium 2-aroyl-1,3-dicyano-1,3-bis-methoxycarbonylpropenides with hydrogen peroxide is unusual for compounds of this type and results in formation of highly substituted 5-amino-3-aroylfuran derivatives. In contrast to few related literature methods leading to formation of this moiety, the advantages of this synthesis includes a readily available and inexpensive precursors, non-usage of any toxic reagents or solvents and short process time. The structure of one of the obtained compounds was determined by X-ray diffraction.

Annulation of 2-chloropyridine-3,4-dicarbonitriles with hydrazine hydrate and N,N-dimethylhydrazine afforded 3-aminopyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-4-carbonitriles and 3-amino-1-methylpyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine- 4-carbonitriles, respectively.

A series of methyl 3-acyl-6-amino-4-aryl-5-cyano-4H-pyran-2-carboxylates were synthesized using the reaction of methyl 2,4-dioxobutanoates with arylidenemalononitriles in EtOAc in the presence of catalytic amounts of morpholine or piperidine. The structures of the compounds were elucidated using IR, PMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectral data. The antimicrobial, analgesic, and antipyretic activities of the synthesized compounds and their influence on antibody response were studied.

An efficient diastereoselective approach for the synthesis of functionalized 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-4-carboxamides with variable frame was developed based on the reaction of available 4-oxoalkane-1,1,2,2-tetracarbonitriles (adducts of TCNE and ketones) with aldehydes in an acidic media. An unusual process of quasi hydrolysis of the cyano group was observed in the course of the described regio- and diastereoselective transformation.

A novel route for synthesis of 2-acyl-1,1,3,3-tetracyanopropenides (ATCN) salts in high yields and excellent purities starting from readily available methyl ketones, malononitrile, bromine, and alkali metal acetates is reported. The starting aryl(heteroaryl) methyl ketones were oxidized to the corresponding α-ketoaldehydes by new a DMSO-NaBr-H2SO4 oxidation system in yields up to 90% within a short reaction time of 8-10 min. The subsequent stages of ATCN preparation are realized in aqueous media without use of any toxic solvents, in accordance with principle 5 of "green chemistry". Lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium 2-benzoyl-1,1,3,3-tetracyanopropenides were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis. These salts show a good potential for synthesis of five- and six-membered heterocycles and may serve as potentially useful ligands in coordination and supramolecular chemistry.

A procedure has been developed for the synthesis of methyl 6-alkyl-3-cyano-2-halopyridine-4-carboxylate by three-component reaction of 4-oxoalkane-1,1,2,2-tetracarbonitriles with hydrogen halides in methanol.

A novel fast, convenient and inexpensive synthesis of 1',3'-dioxo-1',3'-dihydrospiro[cyclopropane-1,2'-indene]-2,2,3,3-tetracarbonitrile and dimethyl 2,3-dicyano-1',3'-dioxo-1',3'-dihydrospiro[cyclopropane-1,2'-indene]-2,3-dicarboxylate is reported. These compounds undergo double carbanion cleavage under the action of alcohols resulting in the formation of stable salts, containing new allylic-type anions with potential application in organic electronics and as ionic liquid components.

Reactions of acetoacetanilide with aromatic aldehydes in ethanol at room temperature in the presence of molecular iodine and arylamine afford to 6-aryl-2-methyl-4-oxo-N,N’-diphenyl-2-cyclohexene-1,3-dicarboxamides. The structure of obtained compounds was confirmed by mass spectrometry, IR and NMR spectroscopy data.

A fast and convenient synthesis and solid-state luminescence properties of new highly-substituted 6-amino-2H-pyran-2-one derivatives is described. These compounds were obtained from inexpensive and available 2-acyl(aroyl)-1,3-dicyano-1,3-bis-methoxycarbonylpropenides via regioselective heterocyclization under the action of sulfuric and hydroiodic acid. Compounds containing 6-amino-2H-pyran-2-one moiety are nearly unstudied, but are of interest for obtaining condensed biologically active compounds based on this scaffold.

A series of novel N,N-dialkyl-2-amino-3-cyanoisonicotinamides were synthesized in good to high yields (61–84%) via the reaction of 2-(5-aryl-2-oxo-1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ylidene)malononitriles and amines according to the ANRORC process. The developed approach represents a novel method for the synthesis of functionalized nicotinonitriles.

Methyl aroylpyruvates reacted with 4-amino-N-carbamimidoylbenzene-1-sulfonamide in acetic acid–ethanol (1: 1) to give methyl 4-aryl-2-{[4-(carbamimidoylsulfamoyl)phenyl]amino}-4-oxobut-2-enoates which were found to exist in solution as mixtures of Z and E isomers.

9-Aryl-12-imino-10,11-dioxatricyclo[5.3.2.01,6]dodecane-7,8,8-tricarbonitriles were synthesized via the reaction of 1-(2-oxocyclohexyl)ethane-1,1,2,2-tetracarbonitrile with aromatic aldehydes. The corresponding 3-aryl-1,1,2,2-tetracyanocyclopropanes were prepared from bromomalononitrile and aromatic aldehydes. The structures of the synthesized compounds were elucidated using IR, PMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectra. The analgesic activity of the synthesized compounds was investigated.

2-Oxocycloalka[b]pyridine-3,4-dicarbonitriles reacted with nitric acid in the presence of potassium nitrate to give α-gem-dinitro derivatives of cycloalka[b]pyridines.

The antiproliferative activity of methyl-6-amino-3-acyl-4-aryl-5-cyano-4H-pyran-2-carboxylates, 9-aryl-12-imino-10,11-dioxatricyclo[5.3.2.01, 6]dodecane-7,8,8-tricarbonitriles, and 1,2,5,6,7,8-hexahydroquinoline-3,3,4,4-tetracarbonitriles was investigated.

The reaction in a mixture of 1,3-cyclohexanedione (dimedone), arylaldehyde, and ammonium acetate at 160°C during 10–15 min in the absence of solvent leads to the formation of 9-aryl-3,4,6,7,9,10-hexahydroacridine-1,8(2H,5H)-diones. The structure of the products has been confirmed by IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy data. Antimicrobial activity of the obtained compounds has been studied.