1. Exponential suppression of bit or phase errors with cyclic error correction
- Author
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Andre Petukhov, Erik Lucero, Ofer Naaman, Ping Yeh, Wojciech Mruczkiewicz, David A. Buell, Alexander N. Korotkov, Masoud Mohseni, Harald Putterman, Charles Neill, Catherine Erickson, Andrew Dunsworth, Sean D. Harrington, Frank Arute, Doug Strain, Edward Farhi, Yu Chen, Andreas Bengtsson, Jonathan A. Gross, Rami Barends, Pedram Roushan, Ami Greene, Hartmut Neven, Paul V. Klimov, William Courtney, Daniel Sank, Sergio Boixo, Evan Jeffrey, Alan R. Derk, Nicholas Redd, Alexei Kitaev, Matt McEwen, Nicholas Bushnell, Theodore White, Murphy Yuezhen Niu, Roberto Collins, Austin G. Fowler, Josh Mutus, Alexandre Bourassa, Zhang Jiang, Seon Jeong Kim, Juan Atalaya, Craig Gidney, B. Burkett, Z. Jamie Yao, William J. Huggins, Anthony Megrant, Kunal Arya, Brooks Foxen, Fedor Kostritsa, Jeremy P. Hilton, Joseph C. Bardin, Vladimir Shvarts, Bob B. Buckley, Marco Szalay, Chris Quintana, Benjamin Chiaro, Zijun Chen, Matthew Neeley, Vadim Smelyanskiy, Dvir Kafri, Kostyantyn Kechedzhi, Bálint Pató, A. Opremcak, Juhwan Yoo, Pavel Laptev, Adam Zalcman, Sean Demura, Alexandru Paler, Xiao Mi, Marissa Giustina, David Landhuis, Igor L. Aleiner, Kevin C. Miao, Ryan Babbush, Benjamin Villalonga, Trevor McCourt, Trent Huang, Sergei V. Isakov, Eric Ostby, Nicholas C. Rubin, Cody Jones, Michael Broughton, Lev Ioffe, Kevin J. Satzinger, Matthew P. Harrigan, Sabrina Hong, Daniel Eppens, Alan Ho, Shirin Montazeri, Julian Kelly, Michael Newman, Orion Martin, Thomas E. O'Brien, Jarrod R. McClean, and Matthew D. Trevithick
- Subjects
Physics ,Multidisciplinary ,Quantum information ,Phase (waves) ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Exponential function ,Bit (horse) ,0103 physical sciences ,010306 general physics ,Error detection and correction ,Algorithm ,Qubits - Abstract
Realizing the potential of quantum computing requires sufficiently low logical error rates1. Many applications call for error rates as low as 10−15 (refs. 2–9), but state-of-the-art quantum platforms typically have physical error rates near 10−3 (refs. 10–14). Quantum error correction15–17 promises to bridge this divide by distributing quantum logical information across many physical qubits in such a way that errors can be detected and corrected. Errors on the encoded logical qubit state can be exponentially suppressed as the number of physical qubits grows, provided that the physical error rates are below a certain threshold and stable over the course of a computation. Here we implement one-dimensional repetition codes embedded in a two-dimensional grid of superconducting qubits that demonstrate exponential suppression of bit-flip or phase-flip errors, reducing logical error per round more than 100-fold when increasing the number of qubits from 5 to 21. Crucially, this error suppression is stable over 50 rounds of error correction. We also introduce a method for analysing error correlations with high precision, allowing us to characterize error locality while performing quantum error correction. Finally, we perform error detection with a small logical qubit using the 2D surface code on the same device18,19 and show that the results from both one- and two-dimensional codes agree with numerical simulations that use a simple depolarizing error model. These experimental demonstrations provide a foundation for building a scalable fault-tolerant quantum computer with superconducting qubits., Repetition codes running many cycles of quantum error correction achieve exponential suppression of errors with increasing numbers of qubits.
- Published
- 2021