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We study irreducible $\mathop{\textrm{SL}}\nolimits _2$-representations of twist knots. We first determine all non-acyclic $\mathop{\textrm{SL}}\nolimits _2({\mathbb{C}})$-representations, which turn out to lie on a line denoted as $x=y$ in ${\mathbb{R}}^2$. Our main tools are character variety, Reidemeister torsion, and Chebyshev polynomials. We also verify a certain common tangent property, which yields a result on $L$-functions, that is, the orders of the knot modules associated to the universal deformations. Secondly, we prove that a representation is on the line $x=y$ if and only if it factors through the $-3$-Dehn surgery, and is non-acyclic if and only if the image of a certain element is of order 3. Finally, we study absolutely irreducible non-acyclic representations $\overline{\rho }$ over a finite field with characteristic $p>2$, to concretely determine all non-trivial $L$-functions $L_{{\boldsymbol{\rho }}}$ of the universal deformations over complete discrete valuation rings. We show among other things that $L_{{\boldsymbol{\rho }}}$ $\dot{=}$ $k_n(x)^2$ holds for a certain series $k_n(x)$ of polynomials.

We study the twisted knot module for the universal deformation of an SL 2 \textrm {SL}_2 -representation of a knot group and introduce an associated L L -function, which may be seen as an analogue of the algebraic p p -adic L L -function associated to the Selmer module for the universal deformation of a Galois representation. We then investigate two problems proposed by Mazur: Firstly we show the torsion property of the twisted knot module over the universal deformation ring under certain conditions. Secondly we compute the L L -function by some concrete examples for 2 2 -bridge knots.

We present a generalization of the Fox formula for twisted Alexander invariants associated to representations of knot groups over rings of [Formula: see text]-integers of [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is a finite set of finite primes of a number field [Formula: see text]. As an application, we give the asymptotic growth of twisted homology groups.