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Gold nanovesicles (GVs) with unique plasmonic property and large cavity hold great potential as a stimuli-responsive nanocarrier to deliver drugs for efficient tumor chemotherapy and other therapies synergistically. Herein, we developed doxorubicin-loaded gold nanovesicles (DGVs), offering infrared thermal (IRT) and photoacoustic (PA) dual-modal imaging guided mild hyperthermia-enhanced chemo-photothermal cancer synergistic therapy. The DGVs are self-assembled by gold nanoparticles modified with amphiphilic copolymer in a predetermined concentration of doxorubicin through film rehydration method. Under the influence of laser excitation, the as-prepared DGVs exhibited good photothermal effect, which triggered the structural disruption of GVs and thus, allowed the efficient release of encapsulated DOX to enhance cell uptake for fluorescence imaging and tumor chemotherapy, respectively. In addition, DGVs also showed a strong PA and IRT signals in vivo. Our study demonstrated the potential of DGVs as stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems and cancer theranostics.

Glucose oxidase (GOx)-based nanotheranostic agents hold great promise in tumor starvation and its synergistic therapy. Self-assembled plasmonic gold vesicles (GVs) with unique optical properties, large hollow cavity, and strong localized surface plasmon resonance, can be used as multi-functional nanocarriers for synergistic therapy. Herein, GOx-loaded GVs (GV-GOx) were developed for light-triggered GOx release as well as enhanced catalytic activity of GOx, achieving programmable photothermal/starvation therapy. Under near-infrared laser irradiation, the GV-GOx generated strong localized hyperthermia due to plasmon coupling effect of GVs, promoting the release of encapsulated GOx and increasing its catalytic activity, resulting in enhanced tumor starvation effect. In addition, the high photothermal effect improved the cellular uptake of GV-GOx and allowed an efficient monitoring of synergistic tumor treatment via photoacoustic/photothermal duplex imaging in vivo . Impressively, the synergistic photothermal/starvation therapy demonstrated complete tumor eradication in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice, verifying superior synergistic anti-tumor therapeutic effects than monotherapy with no apparent systemic side effects. Our work demonstrated the development of a light-triggered nanoplatform for cancer synergistic therapy.

Natural melanin was extracted from Lachnum YM156 (LIM). LIM had better thermostability and light resistance, and its solubility was relatively high under alkaline conditions. Simultaneously, we examined its hepatoprotective effect in Cd-exposure mice. Cd-exposure resulted in decreasing weight growth rate, raised liver index, elevated serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransaminase (AST), and increased Cd accumulation in livers. Hepatic oxidative stress was evidenced by increased malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, decreased glutathione (GSH) contents, and decreased activities of dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) after CdCl2 administration. Additionally, Cd-exposure also increased the liver level of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin(IL)-1β. Furthermore, the result of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR) showed that Cd-exposure reduced the mRNA expression level of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase (HO-1), NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO-1), and elevated the mRNA expression level of factor-kappaB (NF-κB) p65, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in livers. However, all these changes were dose-dependently reversed by LIM. Overall, the present findings demonstrated that LIM have the hepatoprotective effect through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses in Cd-exposure mice.

Disturbance by rodents alters the morphologies and nutrients of plants as well as the physical-chemical properties of the soils. Changes in plants are considered to be mechanisms of defense against the disturbance by rodents. Rodents gnaw on the assimilating branches of Haloxylon ammodendron (CA Mey.) Bunge and burrow under the bushes in the desert ecosystems of Xinjiang, China. However, eco-physiological responses of different age groups of H. ammodendron to the disturbance by rodents are not well understood. In this study, soil physical-chemical properties under the shrubs and the above-ground morphological, physiological and biochemical features of assimilating branches of H. ammodendron of different age groups (i.e., young, 30–100 cm; middle-aged, 100–200 cm; and mature, >200 cm) in burrowed and non-burrowed (control) areas were studied in 2018. We found that disturbance by rodents significantly increased the crown width and total branching rates of young and middle-aged H. ammodendron. Photosynthetic pigment contents of assimilating branches of H. ammodendron were significantly reduced under the disturbance by rodents. In term of plant nutrients, the main differences among different age groups of H. ammodendron under the disturbance by rodents occurred in the total soluble sugar and reducing sugar contents that decreased in young plants, increased in middle-aged plants, and did not affect in mature plants. Crude protein and phosphorus contents significantly increased, while crude fiber and calcium contents significantly decreased in young plants. Crude fat and calcium contents significantly decreased in middle-aged plants. Soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN) and available potassium (AK) contents in the topsoil (0–20 cm), which are conducive to forming “fertile islands”, also increased under the disturbance by rodents. In particular, soil AN and AK were the major factors affecting the above-ground morphological characteristics of H. ammodendron in burrowed areas. Overall, the response and defense strategies of H. ammodendron to the disturbance by rodents differed among different age groups, and the effect of the disturbance by rodents on H. ammodendron gradually weakened with the increasing plant age.

A novel antibacterial hydrogel was prepared through the addition of IT to a chitin (CT) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel, creating a promising material for wound dressings. The addition of nano particles IT endowed the anti-bacterial activity of hydrogel as well as had a positive impact on the mechanical properties of the hydrogels. The structure of the prepared hydrogel dressing was characterized by FTIR, XPS, XRD, SEM and TEM. The composite hydrogel exhibited excellent anti-bacterial activity under the visible light. Cytotoxicity tests (L929 fibroblast cells) showed all samples achieving up to 80% cell viability. Furthermore, compared with conventional dressings, wound healing test revealed that CT/PVA/IT hydrogel could accelerated wound healing in vivo, wound closure rates reached 95.5% after 10 days. This study suggests that the novel hydrogel has considerable potential for applications in wound dressings.

Background Ferula sinkiangensis is an increasingly endangered medicinal plant. Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) are symbiotic microorganisms that live in the soil wherein they enhance nutrient uptake, stress resistance, and pathogen defense in host plants. While such AMF have the potential to contribute to the cultivation of Ferula sinkiangensis, the composition of AMF communities associated with Ferula sinkiangensis and the relationship between these fungi and other pertinent abiotic factors still remains to be clarified. Results Herein, we collected rhizosphere and surrounding soil samples at a range of depths (0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm) and a range of slope positions (bottom, middle, top). These samples were then subjected to analyses of soil physicochemical properties and high-throughput sequencing (Illumina MiSeq). We determined that Glomus and Diversispora species were highly enriched in all samples. We further found that AMF diversity and richness varied significantly as a function of slope position, with this variation primarily being tied to differences in relative Glomus and Diversispora abundance. In contrast, no significant relationship was observed between soil depth and overall AMF composition, although some AMF species were found to be sensitive to soil depth. Many factors significantly affected AMF community composition, including organic matter content, total nitrogen, total potassium, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, available potassium, total dissolvable salt levels, pH, soil water content, and slope position. We further determined that Shannon diversity index values in these communities were positively correlated with total phosphorus, nitrate-nitrogen levels, and pH values (P P Conclusion In summary, our data revealed that Glomus and Diversispora are key AMF genera found within Ferula sinkiangensis rhizosphere soil. These fungi are closely associated with specific environmental and soil physicochemical properties, and these soil sample properties also differed significantly as a function of slope position (P Ferula sinkiangensis, offering a theoretical basis for further studies of their development.

A cooling simulation device utilizing multiple impinging jets is built for ground cooling simulation tests of high speed flight vehicles. To help the design of the device and supply a relatively uniform heat flux on the test piece surface, a three-dimensional numerical study is performed in this paper to investigate the effects of nozzle arrangement on the convective heat transfer uniformity of the impinging jets. A simplified physical model with the size of 200 mm × 200 mm × 50 mm is built and the shear-stress transport (SST) k-ω turbulence model is used in the calculation. The nozzle quantity is varied from 8 × 8 to 32 × 32 for uniform nozzle arrays with a fixed total area of the nozzles. The corresponding numerical results of uniform nozzle arrangements are analyzed in details. Based on the 16 × 16 uniform arrangement results, the effects of diameter varying nozzle arrangements on heat transfer uniformity are further examined. Finally, an overall performance evaluation indicator named QU ratio is used in the optimization of nozzle arrangement, which proves to be effective and convenient in practice.

The main theme of interest is to design functional metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) for exploring structural correlation with photocatalytic activity. So firstly, three different structural MOFs, namely, Cd(APAPT)2I2·2H2O (1) (APAPT = 3-(5-Amino-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-5-(3-amino-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-3,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazol-4-ylamine), [Mn(APAPT)(SO4)(H2O)]n (2) and {[Zn3(APAPT)2(SO4)(OH)2]·(H2O)}n (3) constructed by the same parasol-based ligands and different metal ions are reported here. Complex 1 shows one-dimensional chain linked by mononuclear Cd units through π⋯π interactions. Complex 2 possesses two-dimensional layer with left- and right-handed helical chains. Complex 3 with infinite Zn-cluster chains is a three-dimensional porous framework. The structural diversity indicates that the APAPT with different coordination modes play important roles in tuning the dimensionalities and structures of the title complexes. Photocatalytic studies show that the MB degradation rates were 63.2%, 51.3% and 80.3% for complexes 1–3, respectively. The results manifest that the more extended networks may aid in the transport of excited holes/electrons to the surface to initiate the photocatalytic decomposition reaction with MB. Besides, steric hindrance etc. helical chains or weaving structure may lead to a relative lower photocatalytic activity.

The problem of high exhaust temperature universally exists around the industrial boilers, which causes enormous loss of energy. Different kinds of heat exchangers are widely used in the waste heat recovery systems to recover waste energy from different heat sources. However, considering the heat exchangers mainly work in dusty environment, such as in the tail of large boiler, fly ash fouling on heat exchangers is a major problem in waste heat recovery systems, which can lead to significant efficiency deterioration. Besides, the fouling may also lead to failure of the systems with serious economic consequence. The H-type finned tube heat exchanger is a new type of heat exchanger which have been widely used in waste heat recovery systems in recent years, because of their excellent anti-wear and anti-fouling performance. In this paper, a numerical model was developed to investigate the fouling characteristics of two kinds of H-type finned tube heat exchangers used in the waste heat recovery systems. Firstly, a fouling model which contains a deposition process and a removal process is developed. The deposition process is determined by the energy balance on the particles and the removal process is determined by the the local wall shear stress and the fouling thickness on the fin surface. As the flow field directly affects the particle motion, the fluid flow characteristics of the two kinds of heat exchangers are calculated, and the discrete phase model (DPM) was employed to trace the fly ash particles in the flow field during the fouling process. Since the simulation time is much smaller in magnitude than the real time in fouling process, it is impossible to simulate the whole real fouling time period (hours) with a small time step size. In order to obtain a reliable result, it is necessary to enlarge the simulation time and results to the real time scale. In this paper, a fouling time ratio is proposed by considering the volume difference between the simulated deposit layer and the real deposited particles and the concentration difference of injected particles between the simulation and real situation. According to the fouling time ratio, we can enlarge the simulation time and results to the real time scale. Then the real-time fouling characteristics of the two kind of H-type finned tube heat exchangers are investigated and the effects of inlet velocity, particle diameter on the fouling results are also studied. The results show that, the fouling mainly occurred in the flow stagnation region and the recirculation region of the H-type finned tube. The net fouling mass increases with the operating time, showing an asymptotic characteristic of growth, and finally will reach a stable value, which corresponds to the asymptotic fouling resistance. The increase in inlet velocity and particle diameter would lead to a rapidly decrease in fouling results. The anti-fouling performance of double H-type finned tubes shows slightly better than that of single ones, but the advantages decreases with the increase in inlet velocity and particle diameter.

In this article, two new networks, namely, {[Co(L)]·0.5(CH3CN)·5(H2O)}n (HPU-5) and {[Mn2(L)2(H2O)2]·2(CH3OH)·3(H2O)·2(DMA)} (HPU-6) (H2L = (5-(3,5-di-pyridin-4-yl-[1,2,4]triazol-1-ylmethyl)-isophthalic acid)) with different-sized pores were constructed. The photogradation and adsorption of dyes by the two MOFs were studied in detail. The results showed that the dye removal efficiency of degradation was much higher than that of adsorption. Additionally, when the pores of MOFs were enlarged, the contribution of dye removal through adsorption was still relatively low. Our findings suggest that MOFs with high photocatalytic activities should be synthesized to enhance dye removal efficiency to the maximum.

A novel two-fold interpenetrating network, namely, {[Zn(DPTMIA)]·(H2O)2(DMF)0.5}n (HPU-1), with rectangular channels was synthesized and structurally characterized. HPU-1 was shown to be potentially applicable as a multi-functional fluorescent probe. It was shown to specifically detect Fe3+, through a cation exchange mechanism, and hazardous phenol compounds, using a mechanism involving a decrease in the efficiency of the transfer of electrons and energy from the ligands to the metal ions. The detection limits of HPU-1 for Fe3+ and the phenol compounds were found to be lower than those of MOFs reported in the literature. This HPU-1 probe was shown to be functional in aqueous solution and to be affected neither by the type of solvent nor the pH.

Eight new coordination polymers (CPs) based on a V-shaped carboxylate ligand H2L (H2L = 5-(1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl)-isophthalic acid), namely {[Zn(L)(H2O)]·H2O}n (1), {[Zn2(L)2(phen)2(H2O)2]·CH3OH·2H2O}n (2), {[Zn(L)(2,2′-bpy)(H2O)]·H2O}n (3), [Zn2(L)2(4,4′-bpy)]n (4), {[Cu(L)(H2O)]·H2O·0.5(CH3OH)·0.5(DMF)}n (5), [Cu3(L)2(phen)3(ClO4)2]n (6), {[Co(L)(dbpy)(H2O)]·3CH3CN}n (7), and {[Co(L)(phen)(H2O)2]·DMA·3H2O}n (8), have been synthesized and characterized by IR, XRD, TG analysis, elemental analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction measurement. Reactions of H2L and ZnSO4 with different auxiliary ligands in similar solvents occurred at the temperature of 80 °C, yielding similar 1D chains 1–3 and a three-dimensional (3D) framework 4. Besides, reactions of H2L and Cu2+ in the absence or presence of phen formed CPs of 5 and 6 associated with the reduction of dimensionality of the self-assembled products from 3D to 2D. Complex 5 presents a 3D framework with nanosize channels which are comprised of interlocked six-fold one-dimensional helical chains, while compound 6 shows a 2D structure. Additional reactions of H2L, Co2+ and auxiliary ligands give rise to two structurally related 2D CPs 7 and 8. Single-crystal-to-single-crystal studies show that Zn2+ ions in complexes 1–3 could be partially exchanged with Cu2+ ions. And we elaborated the reasons for different exchange degrees by comparing the coordination energies of Zn2+. Furthermore, by comparing the photoluminescence and photocatalytic mutation results induced by the interconversion of metal ions, we confirm that the property mutation induced by metal ions is greatly controllable and obvious. Magnetic studies show that there are strong antiferromagnetic interactions in 5 and 6. Moreover, complexes 5–8 are also applied to catalyze the reaction of MB under high-pressure mercury lamp irradiation.

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill [Solanum lycopersicum L.].) is an important food material and cash crop, as well as a model plant for genetic evolution and molecular biology research. However, as a cold-sensitive crop originating from the tropics, the growth and development of tomato is often affected by low temperature stress. Therefore, how processing tomatoes resist this type of stress has important theoretical and practical significance. In this study, the LeCOLD1 gene was cloned from processing tomato. Subcellular localization analysis showed that LeCOLD1 was located in the plasma membrane. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that LeCOLD1 was highly expressed in roots. Drought, salt and low temperatures induced the expression of COLD1. Overexpression and RNA interference vectors of LeCOLD1 were constructed and were transformed into tomato by the Agrobacterium-mediated method, and then obtaining transgenic tomato plants. It was found that LeCOLD1 increased the height of processing tomato plants and increased the length of their roots. In addition, overexpression of LeCOLD1 significantly improved the cold resistance of the plants. Overexpressing LeCOLD1 in tomato plants reduced the damage to the cell membrane, accumulation of ROS and photoinhibition of PSII, and maintained the high activity of antioxidant enzymes and the content of osmotic regulators. Further analysis revealed that during low temperature stress, the cells maintained high levels of antioxidant enzyme activity by regulating the transcription of the genes encoding these enzymes. The results show that overexpressing LeCOLD1 in tomato increases the plants' resistance to low temperatures, and that reducing LeCOLD1 expression makes the plants more sensitive to low temperatures.

In this paper, we report the synthesis of a multifunctional fluorescent probe Tb-CP, Tb(HL)(EtOH)2(NO3)2 (HPU-10) (H2L = 2,6-bis-(5-pyridin-4-yl-1H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-yl)- pyridine), and demonstrate that this novel chemosensor has the property of ratiometric detection of Zn2+ and Cd2+. The detection limit of HPU-10 sensing Zn2+ and Cd2+ is 0.319 and 0.965 μM, respectively. The sensing mechanism can be explained by (i) the decomposition of HPU-10 and (ii) the recombination of Zn2+ or Cd2+ with ligand forming 2HL--Zn2+ or 2HL--Cd2+, respectively. Moreover, the fluorescent sensor HPU-10 can detect the nitroaromatic compound 2, 4-DNP via a fluorescence quenching mechanism. The detection limits obtained from linear regression curve plots of 2, 4-DNP is calculated to be 1.69 μM. In addition, the possible use of the probe coated paper for tracing the target analytes has also been presented.

Evidence from numerous epidemiological studies for the relationship between mental disorder and sleep quality was inconclusive and few studies assessed the modification effect of exposure to ambient air PM1 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 1.0 µm) on this association. In this study, 27,572 participants aged 18–79 years from The Henan Rural Cohort study were included in the final analyses. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 (GAD-2) scales were used to estimate the frequency of depression and anxiety symptoms of all participants, respectively. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scale was used to assess night sleep quality and PSQI global score (GSC) ≥ 6 was classified as poor sleep quality. The three-year average exposure concentration of PM1 before the baseline survey was determined as long-term exposure concentration of ambient PM1. Logistic regression model was conducted to estimate the independent or joint effect of depression/anxiety symptoms and ambient PM1 exposure on poor sleep quality. In the adjusted models, the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of poor sleep quality associated with depression and anxiety symptoms were 3.75 (3.37, 4.17) and 3.42 (3.06, 3.81), respectively, and that associated with long-term exposure to PM1 was 1.06 (1.03, 1.09). An interaction effect was observed between anxiety symptoms score and PM1 concentration on poor sleep quality. With the increment of PM1 concentration, the association was strengthened between depression/anxiety symptoms and poor sleep quality. Besides, compared with the reference group, the ORs (95% CIs) of poor sleep quality in those with comorbidity of depression and anxiety symptoms were 4.98 (3.95, 6.29), 5.23 (3.98, 6.87), 5.76 (4.42, 7.49), and 5.58 (3.83, 8.14), respectively, from the first to the fourth quartile level of the PM1 concentration. These findings suggested that long-term exposure to PM1 strengthened the association of depression/anxiety symptoms with poor sleep quality in rural China.

The effects of orientation and lamellar spacing on the interface microstructure and corrosion behavior of a directionally solidified (DS) Fe-B alloy in a hot-dip galvanization bath were investigated. The results indicated that the microstructure of the DS Fe-B alloy consisted of oriented α-Fe and Fe2B grains. The oriented Fe2B with [002] preferred growth orientation displayed low-angle grain boundaries on the Fe2B (001) basal plane. The DS Fe-B alloy with Fe2B vertical to the corrosion interface possessed the best corrosion resistance to liquid zinc owing to the formation of an interface-pinning multilayer induced by the Fe2B orientation. The epitaxially grown columnar ζ-FeZn13 products were controlled by the geometric constraint of Fe2B grain orientation and size, and a mechanism model that explains the interfacial orientation-pinning behavior is discussed in detail. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results revealed that the possible orientation relationships of the oriented Fe2B and columnar ζ-FeZn13 products are (001)Fe2B//(−402)ζ-FeZn13 and [002]Fe2B//[110]ζ-FeZn13. The corrosion damage of the DS Fe-B alloy with Fe2B [002] orientation vertical to the corrosion interface in liquid zinc was governed by the competitive mechanisms of Fe2B/FeB transformation and microcrack-spallation resistance, which is proposed as being the result of a multiphase synergistic effect in the micro-structures.

Nonlinear propagation of dust-ion-acoustic (DIA) waves is investigated in a one-dimensional, unmagnetized plasma containing positive ions, negative ions, trapped electrons featuring vortex-like distribution, and immobile dust grains having both positive and negative charges. Via reductive perturbation method, Agrawal's method, and Euler–Lagrange equation, the time-fractional Schamel–KdV equation under the sense of Riesz fractional derivative is derived to describe nonlinear behavior of DIA waves. The approximate solution of the time-fractional Schamel–KdV equation is constructed in terms of Jacobi elliptic functions by variational iteration method. The effect of the plasma parameters on the DIA solitary waves is also discussed in detail.

In this work, we show a novel magnetic composite material Fe3O4@HPU-9 (HPU-9 = {[Cd(L)0.5(H2O)](DMA)(CH3CN)}n) (H4L = 1,1′-di(3,5-dicarbonylbenzyl)-2,2′bimidazoline, DMA = N,N-dimethylacetamide) constructed by in situ growth of HPU-9 on Fe3O4, which has excellent absorption of cationic dyes from aqueous solution. The Fe3O4@HPU-9 particle possesses a well-defined core-shell structure consisting of a Fe3O4 core (diameter: 190 nm) and a HPU-9 shell (thickness: 10 nm). In the composite, the HPU-9 shell contributes to the capsulation of cationic dyes through electrostatic attractions between HPU-9 and cationic dyes, while the Fe3O4 core serves as magnetic particle. The maximum absorption capacity of Fe3O4@HPU-9 for R6G was 362.318 mg·g−1. The absorption kinetics data were well described by a psedo-second-order model (R2 > 0.99), and the equilibrium data were also well fitted to Langmuir isotherm model (R2 > 0.99). Our data confirmed that the proposed magnetic composite could be recycled and reused several times without centrifugal separation, making it more convenient, economic and efficient than common adsorbents.

The effect of trapped electrons featuring vortex-like distribution on the nonlinear behavior of a three-dimensional ion-acoustic shock wave is investigated in a magnetized ionic-pair plasma. In the long-wave approximation, the dynamics of the shock wave is governed by the -dimensional Schamel-Zakharov-Kuznetsov-Burgers' equation due to the presence of trapped electrons and ion kinematic viscosity. By using the homogeneous balance principle and tanh function method, we obtain a novel exact shock wave solution of the equation. It is found for the first time that the trapped electrons can support a shock wave with only positive polarity.

The nonlinear propagation of ion-acoustic waves is theoretically reported in a collisional plasma containing strongly coupled ions and nonthermal electrons featuring Tsallis distribution. For this purpose, the nonlinear integro-differential form of the generalized hydrodynamic model is used to investigate the strong-coupling effect. The modified complex Ginzburg–Landau equation with a linear dissipative term is derived for the potential wave amplitude in the hydrodynamic regime, and the modulation instability of ion-acoustic waves is examined. When the dissipative effect is neglected, the modified complex Ginzburg–Landau equation reduces to the nonlinear Schrodinger equation. Within the unstable region, two different types of second-order ion-acoustic rogue waves including single peak type and rogue wave triplets are discussed. The effect of the plasma parameters on the rogue waves is also presented.