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A controlled quantum dialogue with authentication protocol on a basis of GHZ-like state was proposed in this paper. To start with, three participants of the communication protocol generated a corresponding identity ID through quantum key distribution and it was kept secret. Controller Trent prepared the three-particle Greenberger–Home–Zeilinger-like (GHZ-like) state and shared with other two communication users Alice and Bob. Communication participants use the entangled particles in their respective hands which satisfy the nature of the classical XOR relationship for encryption, controlling and decryption of quantum messages and to verify the identities of communication users. Meanwhile, security of communication was assured by introducing decoy photons. According to analysis results, the proposed protocol can effectively not only prevent any form of eavesdropping behavior from external and internal eavesdroppers including the controller Trent, but also detect such activities. Finally, this protocol is proved to have high communication efficiency.

A controlled quantum secure direct communication with authentication protocol based on the five-particle cluster state and the classical XOR operation is proposed in this paper. To begin with, three participants of the communication protocol generated a corresponding identity ID through quantum key distribution and kept it secret. The five-particle cluster state had two particles for the information frame, two for the identity and security check frame, and one for the control frame. According to a certain rule, the identity and security check was completed by using the z-base or x-base single-particle measurement. The sender Alice encoded the information by performing a unitary operation on the information particle sequence. With the controller’s help (Cindy), Bob decoded the information that Alice had sent by measuring the particle sequence and using the classical XOR operation according to certain rules. An analysis of the security of this protocol revealed that this protocol could effectively prevent eavesdroppers from acquiring useful information and was able to detect the eavesdropping behavior.

Quantum signature is a branch of quantum cryptography that draws on the design ideas of classic digital signatures, and uses the basic principles of quantum mechanics to achieve the integrity, authenticity and nonrepudiation of quantum information. Among them, arbitration quantum signature (AQS) plays a very important role. In this paper, we proposed an AQS protocol based on XOR encryption. Unlike other protocols, a quantum one-time pad encryption method or chain-type CNOT encryption method is abandoned. The proposed protocol is designed based on the three-particle GHZ state combined with the idea of classical XOR encryption, with CNOT operations used to encrypt quantum messages and quantum signatures. A security analysis of the proposed protocol reveals that the proposed protocol can satisfy the AQS requirements of unforgeability and nonrepudiation.