Search

We present weak lensing (WL) mass constraints for a sample of massive galaxy clusters detected by the South Pole Telescope (SPT) via the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect (SZE). We use $griz$ imaging data obtained from the Science Verification (SV) phase of the Dark Energy Survey (DES) to fit the WL shear signal of 33 clusters in the redshift range $0.25 \le z \le 0.8$ with NFW profiles and to constrain a four-parameter SPT mass-observable relation. To account for biases in WL masses, we introduce a WL mass to true mass scaling relation described by a mean bias and an intrinsic, log-normal scatter. We allow for correlated scatter within the WL and SZE mass-observable relations and use simulations to constrain priors on nuisance parameters related to bias and scatter from WL. We constrain the normalization of the $\zeta-M_{500}$ relation, $A_\mathrm{SZ}=12.0_{-6.7}^{+2.6}$ when using a prior on the mass slope $B_\mathrm{SZ}$ from the latest SPT cluster cosmology analysis. Without this prior, we recover $A_\mathrm{SZ}=10.8_{-5.2}^{+2.3}$ and $B_\mathrm{SZ}=1.30_{-0.44}^{+0.22}$. Results in both cases imply lower cluster masses than measured in previous work with and without WL, although the uncertainties are large. The WL derived value of $B_\mathrm{SZ}$ is $\approx 20\%$ lower than the value preferred by the most recent SPT cluster cosmology analysis. The method demonstrated in this work is designed to constrain cluster masses and cosmological parameters simultaneously and will form the basis for subsequent studies that employ the full SPT cluster sample together with the DES data., Comment: Revised version in response to referee report

We report on the detection of a black hole (NGC 1850 BH1) in the ∼100-Myr-old massive cluster NGC 1850 in the Large Magellanic Cloud. It is in a binary system with a main-sequence turn-off star (4.9 ± 0.4 M·), which is starting to fill its Roche lobe and is becoming distorted. Using 17 epochs of Very Large Telescope/Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer observations, we detected radial velocity variations exceeding 300 km s-1 associated with the target star, linked to the ellipsoidal variations measured by the fourth phase of the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment in the optical bands. Under the assumption of a semidetached system, the simultaneous modelling of radial velocity and light curves constrains the orbital inclination of the binary to 38° ± 2°, resulting in a true mass of the unseen companion of 11.1 -2.4+2.1\M⊙. This represents the first direct dynamical detection of a black hole in a young massive cluster, opening up the possibility of studying the initial mass function and the early dynamical evolution of such compact objects in high-density environments., SS, NB and ICZ acknowledge financial support from the European Research Council (ERC-CoG-646928, Multi-Pop). SK acknowledges funding from the UKRI in the form of a Future Leaders Fellowship (grant no. MR/T022868/1). CU acknowledges the support of the Swedish Research Council, Vetenskapsrådet. MG acknowledges support from the Ministry of Science and Innovation through a Europa Excelencia grant (EUR2020-112157). VHB acknowledges the support of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) through grant RGPIN-2020-05990.

We use a set of 45 simulated clusters with a wide mass range ($8\times 10^{13} < M_{500}~[$M$_{\odot}]~< 2\times 10^{15}$) to investigate the effect of varying hydrodynamics flavours on cluster mass estimates. The cluster zooms were simulated using the same cosmological models as the BAHAMAS and C-EAGLE projects, leading to differences in both the hydrodynamic solvers and the subgrid physics but still producing clusters which broadly match observations. At the same mass resolution as BAHAMAS, for the most massive clusters ($M_{500} > 10^{15}$ M$_{\odot}$), we find changes in the SPH method produce the greatest differences in the final halo, while the subgrid models dominate at lower mass. By calculating the mass of all of the clusters using different permutations of the pressure, temperature and density profiles, created with either the true simulated data or mock spectroscopic data, we find that the spectroscopic temperature causes a bias in the hydrostatic mass estimates which increases with the mass of the cluster, regardless of the SPH flavour used. For the most massive clusters, the estimated mass of the cluster using spectroscopic density and temperature profiles is found to be as low as 50 per cent of the true mass compared to $\sim$ 90 per cent for low mass clusters. When including a correction for non-thermal pressure, the spectroscopic hydrostatic mass estimates are less biased on average and the mass dependence of the bias is reduced, although the scatter in the measurements does increase., 21 pages, 14 figures. Accepted for publication by MNRAS

Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S.Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC)., Our nearest neighbor, Proxima Centauri, hosts a temperate terrestrial planet. We detected in radial velocities evidence of a possible second planet with minimum mass mc sin ic = 5.8 ± 1.9M⊕ and orbital period Pc = 5.21–0.22 +0.26 years. The analysis of photometric data and spectro-scopic activity diagnostics does not explain the signal in terms of a stellar activity cycle, but follow-up is required in the coming years for confirming its planetary origin. We show that the existence of the planet can be ascertained, and its true mass can be determined with high accuracy, by combining Gaia astrometry and radial velocities. Proxima c could become a prime target for follow-up and characterization with next-generation direct imaging instrumentation due to the large maximum angular separation of ~1 arc second from the parent star. The candidate planet represents a challenge for the models of super-Earth formation and evolution. Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved., M.D. acknowledges financial support from Progetto Premiale 2015 FRONTIERA funding scheme of the Italian Ministry of Education, University, and Research. P.G. acknowledges financial support from the Italian Space Agency (ASI) under contract 2014-025-R.1.2015 to INAF. D.B. acknowledges financial support from INAF and Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI grant no. 2014-025-R.1.2015) for the 2016 PhD fellowship programme of INAF. H.R.A.J. is supported by UK STFC grant ST/R006598/1. J.S.S. and P.A.P.R. acknowledge support by FONDECYT grant 1161218 and partial support from CONICYT project Basal AFB-170002. M.J.L.-G., N.M., C.R.-L., E.R., G.A., and J.F.G. acknowledge financial support from Spanish MINECO AYA2016-79425-C3-3-P, AYA2017-84390-C2-1-R (co-funded by FEDER), ESP2017-87143R, and ESP2017-87676-C05-02-R and the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award for the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709). G.A.-E. research is funded via grant ST/P000592/1 "Astronomy Research at Queen Mary"granted by the Science and Technology Facilities Council/United Kingdom.

We forecast constraints on the amplitude of matter clustering sigma_8(z) achievable with the combination of cluster weak lensing and number counts, in current and next-generation weak lensing surveys. We advocate an approach, analogous to galaxy-galaxy lensing, in which the observables in each redshift bin are the mean number counts and the mean weak lensing profile of clusters above a mass proxy threshold. The primary astrophysical nuisance parameter is the logarithmic scatter between the mass proxy and true mass near the threshold. For surveys similar to the Dark Energy Survey (DES), the Roman Space Telescope High Latitude Survey (HLS), and the Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST), we forecast aggregate precision on sigma_8 of 0.26%, 0.24%, and 0.10%, respectively, if the mass-observable scatter has an external prior better than 0.01. These constraints would be degraded by about 20% for a 0.05 prior on scatter in the case of DES or HLS and for a 0.016 prior for LSST. A one-month observing program with Roman Space Telescope targeting approximately 2500 massive clusters could achieve a 0.5% constraint on sigma_8(z=0.7) on its own, or a ~0.33% constraint in combination with the HLS. Realizing the constraining power of clusters requires accurate knowledge of the mass-observable relation and stringent control of systematics. We provide analytic approximations to our numerical results that allow easy scaling to other survey assumptions or other methods of cluster mass estimation., Comment: 23 pages, 16 figures; replaced to match published version

We present a first joint analysis of the power spectra of the thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich (tSZ) effect measured by the Planck and the number density fluctuations of galaxies in the 2MASS redshift survey (2MRS) catalog, including their cross-correlation. Combining these measurements with the cosmic microwave background (CMB) data and CMB lensing of Planck assuming a flat $\Lambda$CDM model, we constrain the mass bias parameter as $B = 1.54 \pm 0.098\;(1\sigma)$ [$(1-b) = 0.649 \pm 0.041$, where $(1-b) \equiv B^{-1}$], i.e., the Planck cluster mass should be $35\%$ lower than the true mass. The mass bias determined by the 2MRS-tSZ cross-power spectrum alone is consistent with that determined by the tSZ auto-power spectrum alone, suggesting that this large mass bias is not due to obvious systematics in the tSZ data. We find that the 2MRS-tSZ cross-power spectrum is more sensitive to less massive halos than the tSZ auto-power spectrum and it significantly improves a constraint on the mass dependence of the mass bias. The redshift dependence is not strongly constrained since the multipole range in which high redshift clusters mainly contribute to the tSZ auto is dominated by the contaminating sources. We conclude that no strong mass or redshift evolution of the mass bias is needed to explain the data., Comment: 14 pages, 11 figures, MNRAS accepted, references corrected

The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is frequently used to measure the adsorption of molecules from a liquid bulk phase onto surfaces. However, determining the true mass adsorbed onto the surface from the raw frequency shift values often involves various correction factors. In this paper, we highlight yet another correction factor that arises from correcting for the bulk, Kanazawa–Gordon-like solvent contribution to the total frequency shift. This correction factor depends on the cross-sectional size of the solute and solvent molecules on the surface, and shows that the apparent mass adsorbed reported by the QCM can significantly differ from the true mass. By performing molecular dynamics simulations of adsorption from a liquid phase, we are able to accurately estimate the molecular sizes of the solvent and solute. Using stearic acid in heptane solutions, and iron oxide surfaces, we quantify the magnitude of the correction factor by comparing the uncorrected and corrected QCM data. This paper emphasizes the importance of accounting for deviations from widely used models in analyzing measured frequency shifts in QCM experiments, to accurately obtain the true adsorbed mass.

We consider a group of aerial manipulators (AM) collaboratively transporting a flexible payload. Each AM is a combination of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) with a two-degree-of-freedom robotic manipulator (RM) attached to it. Contact forces between the agents (AMs) and the payload are modeled as the gradient of nonlinear potentials that describe the deformation of the payload. We develop an adaptive decentralized control law for transporting a payload with an unknown mass without explicit communication between the agents. The algorithm guarantees that all the agents converge to a desired velocity and the contact forces are regulated. The sum of the estimates of the unknown mass from all the agents converge to the true mass. Using the inverse kinematics of the AM, we implement the developed algorithm at the kinematic level for the AMs and demonstrate its effectiveness in simulations.

Data reconciliation methods for separation processes typically rely on classical statistical approaches to generate estimates of true mass flow rates from measurements. Knowledge regarding the uncertainty of these estimates has value in decision making, but is often not acquired. Bayesian approaches intrinsically quantify uncertainty; however, literature for Bayesian data reconciliation of separation processes is scarce. This publication outlines two Bayesian data reconciliation models and provides details for how the models were implemented for the BayesMassBal (V 1.0.0) software package written in R . To demonstrate the advantages of this approach for data reconciliation, the models were first applied to simulated data and then compared to a classical model through a Monte Carlo experiment. In this example, the Bayesian models were found to provide more accurate estimates of the simulated data, while also providing quantitative information on the estimate uncertainty. To demonstrate the use of the technique in a practical problem, the models were also applied to real data collected from a pilot-scale rare earth solvent extraction process. This publication provides a small window into how Bayesian methods can be used for data reconciliation, but findings suggest Bayesian data reconciliation models for separation processes have distinct advantages over classical alternatives.

International audience; Recent Sunyaev–Zeldovich (SZ) surveys (ACT, Planck, SPT) have provided new cluster catalogs, very significantly expanding the coverage of the mass–redshift plane, while XMM-Newton surveys are pushing cluster detection to lower masses, up to z ∼ 1 and beyond. Cosmological analysis of the new cluster samples, particularly that of the largest Planck sample, found fewer clusters than predicted by the base Planck ΛCDM model derived from cosmic microwave (CMB) anisotropies. This could imply a need for extension of the model and/or a revision of cluster physics. In parallel, Chandra and XMM-Newton follow-up programs on these new SZ-discovered clusters have improved our knowledge of evolution, as well as providing new information on survey selection. These results challenge our understanding of fundamental issues such as (a) what the true mass of clusters is, with implications for the baryon depletion at cluster scales and cluster dynamical evolution, and (b) what the true underlying population is, that we are only partly detecting at various wavelengths. Potential new observations to address these issues with XMM-Newton in conjunction with other observatories are discussed.

A new Orbitrap-based single ion analysis procedure is shown to be possible by determining the direct charge on numerous measurements of individual protein ions to generate true mass spectra. The deployment of an Orbitrap system for charge detection enables the characterization of highly complicated mixtures of proteoforms and their complexes in both denatured and native modes of operation, revealing information not obtainable by traditional measurement of an ensemble of ions.

Machine learning (ML) techniques, in particular supervised regression algorithms, are a promising new way to use multiple observables to predict a cluster's mass or other key features. To investigate this approach we use the \textsc{MACSIS} sample of simulated hydrodynamical galaxy clusters to train a variety of ML models, mimicking different datasets. We find that compared to predicting the cluster mass from the $\sigma -M$ relation, the scatter in the predicted-to-true mass ratio is reduced by a factor of 4, from $0.130\pm0.004$ dex (${\simeq} 35$ per cent) to $0.031 \pm 0.001$ dex (${\simeq} 7$ per cent) when using the same, interloper contaminated, spectroscopic galaxy sample. Interestingly, omitting line-of-sight galaxy velocities from the training set has no effect on the scatter when the galaxies are taken from within $r_{200c}$. We also train ML models to reproduce estimated masses derived from mock X-ray and weak lensing analyses. While the weak lensing masses can be recovered with a similar scatter to that when training on the true mass, the hydrostatic mass suffers from significantly higher scatter of ${\simeq} 0.13$ dex (${\simeq} 35$ per cent). Training models using dark matter only simulations does not significantly increase the scatter in predicted cluster mass compared to training on simulated clusters with hydrodynamics. In summary, we find ML techniques to offer a powerful method to predict masses for large samples of clusters, a vital requirement for cosmological analysis with future surveys., Comment: Submitted to MNRAS, 12 pages, 7 figures, example pipeline can be found here: https://github.com/TomArmitage/ML_Template

Cosmological analyses based on surveys of galaxy clusters observed through the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (SZ) effect strongly rely on the mean pressure profile of the cluster population. A tension is currently observed between the cosmological constraints obtained from the analyses of the CMB primary anisotropies and those from cluster abundance in SZ surveys. This discrepancy may be explained by a wrong estimate of the hydrostatic bias parameter that links the hydrostatic mass to the true mass of galaxy clusters. However, a variation of both the amplitude and the shape of the mean pressure profile could also explain part of this tension. We analyse the effects of a modification of this profile on the constraints of the σ8 and Ωm parameters through the analysis of the SZ power spectrum measured by the Planck collaboration. We choose two mean pressure profiles that are respectively lower and higher than the one obtained from the observation of nearby clusters by Planck. The selection of the parameters of these two profiles is based on the current estimates of the pressure and gas mass fraction profile distributions at low redshift. The cosmological parameters found for these two profiles are significantly different from the ones obtained with the Planck pressure profile. We conclude that an ${\sim }15{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ decrease of the amplitude of the mean normalized pressure profile would alleviate the tension observed between the constraints of σ8 and Ωm from the CMB and cluster analyses without requiring extreme values of the mass bias parameter.

We investigate the solvability of the event kinematics in missing energy events at hadron colliders, as a function of the particle mass ansatz. To be specific, we reconstruct the neutrino momenta in dilepton $t\bar{t}$-like events, without assuming any prior knowledge of the mass spectrum. We identify a class of events, which we call extreme events, with the property that the kinematic boundary of their allowed region in mass parameter space passes through the true mass point. We develop techniques for recognizing extreme events in the data and demonstrate that they are abundant in a realistic data sample, due to expected singularities in phase space. We propose a new method for mass measurement whereby we obtain the true values of the mass parameters as the focus point of the kinematic boundaries for all events in the data sample. Since the masses are determined from a relatively sharp peak structure (the density of kinematic boundary curves), the method avoids some of the systematic errors associated with other techniques. We show that this new approach is complementary to previously considered methods in the literature where one studies the solvability of the kinematic constraints throughout the mass parameter space. In particular, we identify a problematic direction in mass space of nearly 100% solvability, and then show that the focus point method is effective in lifting the degeneracy., Comment: 41 pages, 51 figures

We investigate both experimentally and theoretically the apparent mass of a ferromagnetic granular assembly filling a cylindrical container and submitted to a magnetic fieldB, aligned vertically along the silo. We show that the mass of the ferromagnetic granular column depends strongly on the applied magnetic field. Notably, our measurements deviate strongly from the exponential saturation of the measured mass as a function of the true mass of the grain packing, as predicted by Janssen [H.A. Janssen, Vereins Eutscher Ingenieure Zeitschrift, 1045 (1895)]. In particular, the measured mass of tall columns decreases systematically as the amplitude of the magnetic field increases. We rationalize our experimental findings by considering the induced magnetic dipole-dipole interactions within the whole packing. We show the emergence of a global magnetic radial force along the walls of the silos, fully determined by the external magnetic field. The resulting tunable frictional interactions allows a full control of the effective mass of the ferromagnetic granular column.

The conventional value of the result of weighing in air is frequently used in commercial calibrations of balances. The guidance in OIML D-028 for reporting uncertainty of the conventional value is too terse. When calibrating mass standards at low measurement uncertainties, it is necessary to perform a buoyancy correction before reporting the result. When calculating the conventional result after calibrating true mass, the uncertainty due to calculating the conventional result is correlated with the buoyancy correction. We show through Monte Carlo simulations that the measurement uncertainty of the conventional result is less than the measurement uncertainty when reporting true mass.

Mass is one of the most important parameters for determining the true nature of an astronomical object. Yet, many published exoplanets lack a measurement of their true mass, in particular those detected as a result of radial-velocity (RV) variations of their host star. For those examples, only the minimum mass, or m sin i, is known, owing to the insensitivity of RVs to the inclination of the detected orbit compared to the plane of the sky. The mass that is given in databases is generally that of an assumed edge-on system (~90°), but many other inclinations are possible, even extreme values closer to 0° (face-on). In such a case, the mass of the published object could be strongly underestimated by up to two orders of magnitude. In the present study, we use GASTON, a recently developed tool taking advantage of the voluminous Gaia astrometric database to constrain the inclination and true mass of several hundreds of published exoplanet candidates. We find nine exoplanet candidates in the stellar or brown dwarf (BD) domain, among which six were never characterized. We show that 30 Ari B b, HD 141937 b, HD 148427 b, HD 6718 b, HIP 65891 b, and HD 16760 b have masses larger than 13.5 MJ at 3σ. We also confirm the planetary nature of 27 exoplanets, including HD 10180 c, d and g. Studying the orbital periods, eccentricities, and host-star metallicities in the BD domain, we found distributions with respect to true masses consistent with other publications. The distribution of orbital periods shows of a void of BD detections below ~100 d, while eccentricity and metallicity distributions agree with a transition between BDs similar to planets and BDs similar to stars in the range 40–50 MJ.

The mass-luminosity relation is a fundamental law of astrophysics. We have suggested that the currently used mass-luminosity relation is not correct for the M/M_sun > 2.7 range of mass since it was created using double-lined eclipsing binaries, where the components are synchronized and consequently change each other's evolutionary path. To exclude this effect we have started a project to study long-period massive eclipsing binaries in order to construct radial velocity curves and determine masses for the components. We outline our project and present the selected test sample together with the first HRS/SALT spectral observations and the software package, FBS (Fitting Binary Stars), that we developed for the analysis of our spectral data. As the first result we present the radial velocity curves and best-fit orbital elements for the two components of the FP Car binary system from our test sample., 12 pages, 6 figures, accepted by Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics

In a series of three papers, Eadie et al. developed a hierarchical Bayesian method to estimate the Milky Way Galaxy's mass given a physical model for the potential, a measurement model, and kinematic data of test particles such as globular clusters (GCs) or halo stars in the Galaxy's halo. The Galaxy's virial mass was found to have a 95\% Bayesian credible region (c.r.) of $(0.67, 1.09) \times 10^{12} M_{\odot}$. In the present study, we test the hierarchical Bayesian method against simulated galaxies created in the McMaster Unbiased Galaxy Simulations 2 (MUGS2), for which the true mass is known. We estimate the masses of MUGS2 galaxies using GC analogs from the simulations as tracers. The analysis, completed as a blind test, recovers the true $M_{200}$ of the MUGS2 galaxies within 95\% Bayesian c.r. in 8 out of 18 cases. Of the 10 galaxy masses that were not recovered within the 95\% c.r., a large subset have posterior distributions that occupy extreme ends of the parameter space allowed by the priors. A few incorrect mass estimates are explained by the exceptional evolution history of the galaxies. We also find evidence that the model cannot describe both the galaxies' inner and outer structure simultaneously in some cases. After removing the GC analogs associated with the galactic disks, the true masses were found more reliably (13 out of 18 were predicted within the c.r.). Finally, we discuss how representative the GC analogs are of the real GC population in the Milky Way., Published in ApJ. 17 pages, 12 figures, 4 tables

Silicon heterojunction solar cells have less manufacturing steps and have allowed achieving higher efficiency than PERC cells. However the market has been slow in taking up the technology. Here we discuss some of the obstacles that have been overcome in the last 10 years and show why the technology is now more ready than ever for a mass market launch. This bases on improvements at the device level reaching 24% with few process steps, on the availability of high-quality low cost n-type c-Si wafers, on improved metallization solutions, and on the availability of production solutions.

The spectrum of an exoplanet reveals the physical, chemical, and biological processes that have shaped its history and govern its future. However, observations of exoplanet spectra are complicated by the overwhelming glare of their host stars. This chapter focuses on high-resolution spectroscopy (HRS) (R = 25, 000-100, 000), which helps to disentangle and isolate the exoplanet's spectrum. At high spectral resolution, molecular features are resolved into a dense forest of individual lines in a pattern that is unique for a given molecule. For close-in planets, the spectral lines undergo large Doppler shifts during the planet's orbit, while the host star and Earth's spectral features remain essentially stationary, enabling a velocity separation of the planet. For slower-moving, wide-orbit planets, HRS, aided by high contrast imaging, instead isolates their spectra using their spatial separation. The lines in the exoplanet spectrum are detected by comparing them with high resolution spectra from atmospheric modelling codes; essentially a form of fingerprinting for exoplanet atmospheres. This measures the planet's orbital velocity and helps define its true mass and orbital inclination. Consequently, HRS can detect both transiting and non-transiting planets. It also simultaneously characterizes the planet's atmosphere, due to its sensitivity to the depth, shape, and position of the planet's spectral lines. These are altered by the planet's atmospheric composition, structure, clouds, and dynamics, including day-to-night winds and its rotation period. This chapter describes the HRS technique in detail, highlighting its successes in exoplanet detection and characterization, and concludes with the future prospects of using HRS to identify biomarkers on nearby rocky worlds and map features in the atmospheres of giant exoplanets.

The primary difficulty in measuring dynamical masses of galaxy clusters from galaxy data lies in the separation between true cluster members from interloping galaxies along the line of sight. We study the impact of membership contamination and incompleteness on cluster mass estimates obtained with 25 commonly used techniques applied to nearly 1000 mock clusters. We show that all methods overestimate or underestimate cluster masses when applied to contaminated or incomplete galaxy samples respectively. This appears to be the main source of the intrinsic scatter in the mass scaling relation. Applying corrections based on a prior knowledge of contamination and incompleteness can reduce the scatter to the level of shot noise expected for poorly sampled clusters. We establish an empirical model quantifying the effect of imperfect membership on cluster mass estimation and discuss its universal and method-dependent features. We find that both imperfect membership and the response of the mass estimators depend on cluster mass, effectively causing a flattening of the estimated - true mass relation. Imperfect membership thus alters cluster counts determined from spectroscopic surveys, hence the cosmological parameters that depend on such counts., Comment: 18 pages, 11 figures, 3tables; accepted for publication in MNRAS

We propose a new cosmological test of gravity, by using the observed mass fraction of X-ray emitting gas in massive galaxy clusters. The cluster gas fraction, believed to be a fair sample of the average baryon fraction in the Universe, is a well-understood observable, which has previously mainly been used to constrain background cosmology. In some modified gravity models, such as $f(R)$ gravity, gas temperature in a massive cluster is determined by the effective mass of that cluster, which can be larger than its true mass. On the other hand, X-ray luminosity is determined by the true gas density, which in both modified gravity and $\Lambda$CDM models depends mainly on $\Omega_{\rm b}/\Omega_{\rm m}$ and hence the true total cluster mass. As a result, the standard practice of combining gas temperatures and X-ray surface brightnesses of clusters to infer their gas fractions can, in modified gravity models, lead to a larger - in $f(R)$ gravity this can be $1/3$ larger - value of $\Omega_{\rm b}/\Omega_{\rm m}$ than that inferred from other observations such as the CMB. A quick calculation shows that the Hu-Sawicki $n=1$ $f(R)$ model with $|\bar{f}_{R0}|=3\sim5\times10^{-5}$ is in tension with the gas fraction data of the 42 clusters analysed by Allen et al. (2008). We also discuss the implications for other modified gravity models., Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures

From a study of the integrated light properties of 200 globular clusters (GCs) in M31, Strader et al. found that the mass-to-light ratios are lower than what is expected from simple stellar population (SSP) models with a `canonical' stellar initial mass function (IMF), with the discrepancy being larger at high metallicities. We use dynamical multi-mass models, that include a prescription for equipartition, to quantify the bias in the inferred dynamical mass as the result of the assumption that light follows mass. For a universal IMF and a metallicity dependent present day mass function we find that the inferred mass from integrated light properties systematically under estimates the true mass, and that the bias is more important at high metallicities, as was found for the M31 GCs. We show that mass segregation and a flattening of the mass function have opposing effects of similar magnitude on the mass inferred from integrated properties. This makes the mass-to-light ratio as derived from integrated properties an inadequate probe of the low-mass end of the stellar mass function. There is, therefore, no need for variations in the IMF, nor the need to invoke depletion of low-mass stars, to explain the observations. Finally, we find that the retention fraction of stellar-mass black holes (BHs) is an equally important parameter in understanding the mass segregation bias. We speculatively put forward to idea that kinematical data of GCs can in fact be used to constrain the total mass in stellar-mass BHs in GCs., Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, MNRAS Letters, update to match final published version

The upsilon Andromedae system was the first multi-planet system discovered orbiting a main sequence star. We describe the detection of water vapor in the atmosphere of the innermost non-transiting gas giant ups~And~b by treating the star-planet system as a spectroscopic binary with high-resolution, ground-based spectroscopy. We resolve the signal of the planet's motion and break the mass-inclination degeneracy for this non-transiting planet via deep combined flux observations of the star and the planet. In total, seven epochs of Keck NIRSPEC $L$ band observations, three epochs of Keck NIRSPEC short wavelength $K$ band observations, and three epochs of Keck NIRSPEC long wavelength $K$ band observations of the ups~And~system were obtained. We perform a multi-epoch cross correlation of the full data set with an atmospheric model. We measure the radial projection of the Keplerian velocity ($K_P$ = 55 $\pm$ 9 km/s), true mass ($M_b$ = 1.7 $^{+0.33}_{-0.24}$ $M_J$), and orbital inclination \big($i_b$ = 24 $\pm$ 4$^{\circ}$\big), and determine that the planet's opacity structure is dominated by water vapor at the probed wavelengths. Dynamical simulations of the planets in the ups~And~system with these orbital elements for ups~And~b show that stable, long-term (100 Myr) orbital configurations exist. These measurements will inform future studies of the stability and evolution of the ups~And~system, as well as the atmospheric structure and composition of the hot Jupiter., Accepted to AJ

All estimates of cluster mass have some intrinsic scatter and perhaps some bias with true mass even in the absence of measurement errors for example caused by cluster triaxiality and large scale structure. Knowledge of the bias and scatter values is fundamental for both cluster cosmology and astrophysics. In this paper we show that the intrinsic scatter of a mass proxy can be constrained by measurements of the gas fraction because masses with higher values of intrinsic scatter with true mass produce more scattered gas fractions. Moreover, the relative bias of two mass estimates can be constrained by comparing the mean gas fraction at the same (nominal) cluster mass. Our observational study addresses the scatter between caustic (i.e., dynamically estimated) and true masses, and the relative bias of caustic and hydrostatic masses. For these purposes, we used the X-ray Unbiased Cluster Sample, a cluster sample selected independently from the intracluster medium content with reliable masses: 34 galaxy clusters in the nearby ($0.050, Comment: A&A, in press, minor language changes from previous version

One of the most active fields of research of modern-day astrophysics is that of massive black hole formation and co-evolution with the host galaxy. In these investigations, ranging from cosmological simulations, to semi-analytical modeling, to observational studies, the Bondi solution for accretion on a central point mass is widely adopted. In this work we generalize the classical Bondi accretion theory to take into account the effects of the gravitational potential of the host galaxy, and of radiation pressure in the optically thin limit. Then, we present the fully analytical solution, in terms of the Lambert-Euler $W$-function, for isothermal accretion in Jaffe and Hernquist galaxies with a central black hole. The flow structure is found to be sensitive to the shape of the mass profile of the host galaxy. These results and the formulae that are provided, mostly important the one for the critical accretion parameter, allow for a direct evaluation of all flow properties, and are then useful for the above mentioned studies. As an application, we examine the departure from the true mass accretion rate of estimates obtained using the gas properties at various distances from the black hole, under the hypothesis of classical Bondi accretion. An overestimate is obtained from regions close to the black hole, and an underestimate outside a few Bondi radii; the exact position of the transition between the two kinds of departure depends on the galaxy model., Comment: 18 pages, 6 figures, submitted to ApJ, comments welcome

The kinematic dispersions of disc stars can be used to measure the dynamic contributions of baryons to the rotation curves of spiral galaxies and hence to trace the amount and distribution of the remaining dark matter. However, the simple single-component infinite disc model traditionally used to convert stellar dispersions to mass-densities is no longer adequate. The dark matter halo has a significant effect upon the stellar dispersions for any non-maximal disc. The correction for cuspy dark matter halos is particularly large, suggesting that such models are not consistent with the observed stellar dispersions. When a more realistic model for the vertical gravity of the disc is used, the derived stellar surface densities are generally larger (smaller) for disc radii smaller (larger) than 2.3 times the radial scale-length. When the vertical gravity correction is applied to the radially resolved stellar mass-to-light ratios derived by the DiskMass consortium, the true values are not constant but decrease with radius, as expected from photometric colour gradients, and the true mass scale-lengths are about 80% of the photometric scale-lengths. The effects of a thin gaseous disc are larger than expected, especially when an allowance is made for optically thick or CO-dark gas. The presence of a thick-disc stellar component has severe consequences, particularly if its radial scale-length is smaller than that of the thin disc, as it appears to be in the Milky Way., Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables

We study the matter effect caused by nonstandard neutrino interactions (NSI) in the next generation long-baseline neutrino experiments, DUNE, T2HK and T2HKK. If multiple NSI parameters are nonzero, the potential of these experiments to detect CP violation, determine the mass hierarchy and constrain NSI is severely impaired by degeneracies between the NSI parameters and by the generalized mass hierarchy degeneracy. In particular, a cancellation between leading order terms in the appearance channels when $\epsilon_{e\tau} = \cot\theta_{23} \epsilon_{e\mu}$, strongly affects the sensitivities to these two NSI parameters at T2HK and T2HKK. We also study the dependence of the sensitivities on the true CP phase $\delta$ and the true mass hierarchy, and find that overall DUNE has the best sensitivity to the magnitude of the NSI parameters, while T2HKK has the best sensitivity to CP violation whether or not there are NSI. Furthermore, for T2HKK a smaller off-axis angle for the Korean detector is better overall. We find that due to the structure of the leading order terms in the appearance channel probabilities, the NSI sensitivities in a given experiment are similar for both mass hierarchies, modulo the phase change $\delta \to \delta + 180^\circ$., Comment: 38 pages, 19 figures, 1 table

Gravitational lensing by clusters of galaxies offers a powerful probe of their structure and mass distribution. Several research groups have developed techniques independently to achieve this goal. While these methods have all provided remarkably high-precision mass maps, particularly with exquisite imaging data from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), the reconstructions themselves have never been directly compared. In this paper, we present for the first time a detailed comparison of methodologies for fidelity, accuracy and precision. For this collaborative exercise, the lens modelling community was provided simulated cluster images that mimic the depth and resolution of the ongoing HST Frontier Fields. The results of the submitted reconstructions with the un-blinded true mass profile of these two clusters are presented here. Parametric, free-form and hybrid techniques have been deployed by the participating groups and we detail the strengths and trade-offs in accuracy and systematics that arise for each methodology. We note in conclusion that several properties of the lensing clusters are recovered equally well by most of the lensing techniques compared in this study. For example, the reconstruction of azimuthally averaged density and mass profiles by both parametric and freeform methods matches the input models at the level of ~10 per cent. Parametric techniques are generally better at recovering the 2D maps of the convergence and of the magnification. For the best-performing algorithms, the accuracy in the magnification estimate is ~10 per cent at μtrue = 3 and it degrades to ~30 per cent at μtrue ~ 10., MM acknowledges support from the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, Directorate General for Country Promotion, from INAF via PRIN-INAF 2014 C.R.A. 1.05.01.94.02, and from ASI via contract ASI/INAF/I/023/12/0. This work was supported in part by World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI Initiative), MEXT, Japan and JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 26800093 and 15H05892. AZ is supported by NASA through Hubble Fellowship grant #HST-HF2-51334.001-A awarded by STScI, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. under NASA contract NAS 5-26555. JMD acknowledges support of the consolider project CSD2010-00064 and AYA2012-39475-C02-01 funded by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Spain.

A low-amplitude periodic signal in the radial velocity (RV) time series of Barnard's Star was recently attributed to a planetary companion with a minimum mass of ${\sim}$3.2 $M_\oplus$ at an orbital period of $\sim$233 days. The relatively long orbital period and the proximity of Barnard's Star to the Sun raises the question whether the true mass of the planet can be constrained by accurate astrometric measurements. By combining the assumption of an isotropic probability distribution of the orbital orientation with the RV-analysis results, we calculated the probability density function of the astrometric signature of the planet. In addition, we reviewed the astrometric capabilities and limitations of current and upcoming astrometric instruments. We conclude that Gaia and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) are currently the best-suited instruments to perform the astrometric follow-up observations. Taking the optimistic estimate of their single-epoch accuracy to be $\sim$30 $\mu$as, we find a probability of $\sim$10% to detect the astrometric signature of Barnard's Star b with $\sim$50 individual-epoch observations. In case of no detection, the implied mass upper limit would be $\sim$8 $M_\oplus$, which would place the planet in the super-Earth mass range. In the next decade, observations with the Wide-Field Infrared Space Telescope (WFIRST) may increase the prospects of measuring the true mass of the planet to $\sim$99%., Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure

In this paper, we develop a spectral differential technique with which the dynamical mass of low-mass companions can be found. This method aims at discovering close companions to late-type stars by removing the stellar spectrum through a subtraction of spectra obtained at different orbital phases and discovering the companion spectrum in the difference spectrum in which the companion lines appear twice (positive and negative signal). The resulting radial velocity difference of these two signals provides the true mass of the companion, if the orbital solution for the radial velocities of the primary is known. We select the CO line region in the K band for our study, because it provides a favourable star-to-companion brightness ratio for our test case GJ 1046, an M2V dwarf with a low-mass companion that most likely is a brown dwarf. Furthermore, these lines remain largely unblended in the difference spectrum so that the radial velocity amplitude of the companion can be measured directly. Only if the companion rotates rapidly and has a small radial velocity due to a high mass, does blending occur for all lines so that our approach fails. We also consider activity of the host star, and show that the companion difference flux can be expected to have larger amplitude than the residual signal from the active star so that stellar activity does not inhibit the determination of the companion mass. In addition to determining the companion mass, we restore the single companion spectrum from the difference spectrum using singular value decomposition. (© 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

We target the thermal emission spectrum of the non-transiting gas giant HD 88133 b with high-resolution near-infrared spectroscopy, by treating the planet and its host star as a spectroscopic binary. For sufficiently deep summed flux observations of the star and planet across multiple epochs, it is possible to resolve the signal of the hot gas giant's atmosphere compared to the brighter stellar spectrum, at a level consistent with the aggregate shot noise of the full data set. To do this, we first perform a principal component analysis to remove the contribution of the Earth's atmosphere to the observed spectra. Then, we use a cross-correlation analysis to tease out the spectra of the host star and HD 88133 b to determine its orbit and identify key sources of atmospheric opacity. In total, six epochs of Keck NIRSPEC L band observations and three epochs of Keck NIRSPEC K band observations of the HD 88133 system were obtained. Based on an analysis of the maximum likelihood curves calculated from the multi-epoch cross correlation of the full data set with two atmospheric models, we report the direct detection of the emission spectrum of the non-transiting exoplanet HD 88133 b and measure a radial projection of the Keplerian orbital velocity of 40 $\pm$ 15 km/s, a true mass of 1.02$^{+0.61}_{-0.28}M_J$, a nearly face-on orbital inclination of 15${^{+6}_{-5}}^{\circ}$, and an atmosphere opacity structure at high dispersion dominated by water vapor. This, combined with eleven years of radial velocity measurements of the system, provides the most up-to-date ephemeris for HD 88133., 9 pages, 6 figures; accepted for publication in ApJ

We propose a class of kinematic variables, which is a smooth generalization of min-max type mass variables such as the Cambridge-$M_{T2}$ and $M_2$, for measuring a mass spectrum of intermediate resonances in a semi-invisibly decaying pair production. While kinematic endpoints of min-max type mass variables are only sensitive to a heavier resonance mass, kinematic endpoints of new variables are sensitive to all masses. These new mass variables can be used to resolve a mass spectrum, so that if the true mass spectrum is asymmetric, then the kinematic endpoints are separate while the endpoints are the same for the symmetric true mass spectrum. We demonstrate the behavior of kinematic endpoint of these new variables in pair production of two-body and three-body decays with one invisible particle., 19 pages, 10 figures, updated to the published version in JHEP

Context. The temperate Earth-mass planet Proxima b is the closest exoplanet to Earth and represents what may be our best ever opportunity to search for life outside the Solar System. Aims. We aim at directly detecting Proxima b and characterizing its atmosphere by spatially resolving the planet and obtaining high-resolution reflected-light spectra. Methods. We propose to develop a coupling interface between the SPHERE high-contrast imager and the new ESPRESSO spectrograph, both installed at ESO VLT. The angular separation of 37 mas between Proxima b and its host star requires the use of visible wavelengths to spatially resolve the planet on a 8.2-m telescope. At an estimated planet-to-star contrast of ~10^-7 in reflected light, Proxima b is extremely challenging to detect with SPHERE alone. However, the combination of a ~10^3-10^4 contrast enhancement from SPHERE to the high spectral resolution of ESPRESSO can reveal the planetary spectral features and disentangle them from the stellar ones. Results. We find that significant but realistic upgrades to SPHERE and ESPRESSO would enable a 5-sigma detection of the planet and yield a measurement of its true mass and albedo in 20-40 nights of telescope time, assuming an Earth-like atmospheric composition. Moreover, it will be possible to probe the O2 bands at 627, 686 and 760 nm, the water vapour band at 717 nm, and the methane band at 715 nm. In particular, a 3.6-sigma detection of O2 could be made in about 60 nights of telescope time. Those would need to be spread over 3 years considering optimal observability conditions for the planet. Conclusions. The very existence of Proxima b and the SPHERE-ESPRESSO synergy represent a unique opportunity to detect biosignatures on an exoplanet in the near future. It is also a crucial pathfinder experiment for the development of Extremely Large Telescopes and their instruments (abridged)., Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures, revised version accepted to A&A

The field of exoplanetary science has seen discovery rates increase dramatically over recent years, due largely to the data from the Kepler mission. Even so, individual discoveries of planets orbiting nearby stars are very important for studies of characterization and near-term follow-up prospects. The recent discovery of a terrestrial planet candidate orbiting Proxima Centauri presents numerous opportunities for studying a Super-Earth within our own stellar backyard. One of the remaining ambiguities of the discovery is the true mass of the planet since the discovery signature was obtained via radial velocities. Here we describe the effect of orbital inclination on the Proxima Centauri planet, in terms of mass, radius, atmosphere, and albedo. We calculate the astrometric, angular separation, and reflected light properties of the planet including the effects of orbital eccentricity. We further provide dynamical simulations that show how the presence of additional terrestrial planets within the Habitable Zone varies as a function of inclination. Finally, we discuss these effects in the context of future space-based photometry and imaging missions that could potentially detect the planetary signature and resolve the inclination and mass ambiguity of the planet., Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in AJ, references updated

This paper examines the effects of the atmospheric density, more specifically, the effects that the changes of isobaric altitude have on the accuracy of a fireball׳s analysis. During winter, especially over high latitude regions like Finland, the true isobaric level may be more than three kilometers below the heights predicted by the US Standard Atmosphere 1976 model. It can differ even more when compared with the heights predicted by the simplified exponential scaled height model. Thus, the true mass of a fireball may differ significantly from those obtained by using either the isobaric altitudes derived from the Standard Atmosphere or the exponential atmospheric model, i.e. without taking into account the corrections for true atmospheric conditions. Likewise, the solutions for the ablation coefficient derived by the generalized models will be less accurate than those that do consider the true atmospheric conditions. This becomes especially crucial for potential meteorite droppers, i.e. low velocity fireballs, with small ablation rates and consequently, high terminal-to-initial mass ratio. We propose an atmospheric height correction method that utilizes real atmospheric data to analysis of the fireball. We demonstrate the proposed method by analyzing the data of three fireballs that were recently recorded by the Finnish Fireball Network and finally, we compare our results against those derived by using the US Standard Atmosphere 1976 model and the exponential atmosphere model.

The fully analytical solution for isothermal Bondi accretion on a black hole (MBH) at the center of two-component Jaffe (1983) galaxy models is presented. In a previous work we provided the analytical expressions for the critical accretion parameter and the radial profile of the Mach number in the case of accretion on a MBH at the center of a spherically symmetric one-component Jaffe galaxy model. Here we apply this solution to galaxy models where both the stellar and total mass density distributions are described by the Jaffe profile, with different scale-lengths and masses, and to which a central MBH is added. For such galaxy models all the relevant stellar dynamical properties can also be derived analytically (Ciotti & Ziaee Lorzad 2018). In these new models the hydrodynamical and stellar dynamical properties are linked by imposing that the gas temperature is proportional to the virial temperature of the galaxy stellar component. The formulae that are provided allow to evaluate all flow properties, and are then useful for estimates of the scale-radius and the mass flow rate when modeling accretion on massive black holes at the center of galaxies. As an application, we quantify the departure from the true mass accretion rate of estimates obtained using the gas properties at various distances from the MBH, under the hypothesis of classical Bondi accretion., 14 pages, 7 figures, submitted to ApJ, comments welcome

[Abridged] The giant molecular clouds (GMCs) of external galaxies can be mapped with sub-arcsecond resolution using multiband observations in the near-infrared. However, the interpretation of the observed features, and their transformation into physical quantities, is greatly hampered by the effects arising from the unknown geometry and the scattering of light by dust particles. We examine the relation between the observed NIR reddening and the column density of the dust clouds. In this paper we particularly assess the feasibility of deriving the mass function of GMCs from NIR color-excess data. We perform Monte Carlo radiative transfer simulations with 3D models of stellar radiation and clumpy dust distributions. We include the scattered light in the models and calculate NIR color maps from the simulated data. We extract clumps from the color maps and compare the observed mass function to the true mass function. For the physical configuration chosen in this study, essentially a face-on geometry, the observed mass function is a non-trivial function of the true mass function. The dynamical range of the observed mass function is confined to ~10^3.5... 10^5.5 M_\odot regardless of the dynamical range of the true mass function. The color maps are more sensitive in detecting the high-mass end of the mass function, and on average the masses of clouds are underestimated by a factor of ~10. The simulations show that the cloud mass function derived from JHK color excess data using simple foreground screening geometry cannot be regarded as a one-to-one tracer of the underlying mass function., 5 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

We present here the detection of a brown dwarf orbiting the A9V star HD180777. The radial velocity measurements, obtained with the ELODIE echelle spectrograph at the Haute-Provence Observatory, show a main variation with a period of 28.4 days. Assuming a primary mass of 1.7 Mo, the best Keplerian fit to the data leads to a minimum mass of 25 MJup for the companion (the true mass could be significantly higher). We also show that, after substraction of the Keplerian solution from the radial velocity measurements, the residual radial velocities are related to phenomena intrinsic to the star, namely pulsations with typical periods of Gamma Dor stars. These results show that in some cases, it is possible to disentangle radial velocity variations due to a low mass companion from variations intrinsic to the observed star., 7 pages, final version, accepted for publication (A&A)

We present the mass distribution in the central area of the cluster A 1689 by fitting over 100 multiply lensed images with the non-parametric Strong Lensing Analysis Package. The surface mass distribution is obtained in a robust way, finding a total mass of 0.25 x 10 15 h -1 M ○. within a 70-arcsec circle radius from the central peak. Our reconstructed density profile fits well a Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW) profile with small perturbations due to substructure, and is compatible with the more model-dependent analysis of Broadhurst et al. based on the same data. Our estimated mass does not rely on any prior information about the distribution of dark matter in the cluster. The peak of the mass distribution falls very close to the central dominant (cD) galaxy and there is substructure near the centre suggesting that the cluster is not fully relaxed. We also examine the effect on the recovered mass when we include the uncertainties in the redshift of the sources and in the original shape of the sources. Using simulations designed to mimic the data, we identify some biases in our reconstructed mass distribution. We find that the recovered mass is biased toward lower masses beyond 1 arcmin (150 kpc) from the cD galaxy and that in the very centre we may be affected by degeneracy problems. On the other hand, we confirm that the reconstructed mass between 25 and 70 arcsec is a robust, unbiased estimate of the true mass distribution and is compatible with an NFW profile.

The mass fraction of dense gas within giant molecular clouds (GMCs) of the Milky Way is investigated using 13CO data from the FCRAO Galactic Plane Surveys and the Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey (BGPS) of 1.1 mm dust continuum emission. A sample of 860 compact dust sources are selected from the BGPS catalog and kinematically linked to 344 clouds of extended (>3') 13CO J=1-0 emission. Gas masses are tabulated for the full dust source and subregions within the dust sources with mass surface densities greater than 200 M_solar/pc^2, which are assumed to be regions of enhanced volume density. Masses of the parent GMCs are calculated assuming optically thin 13CO J=1-0 emission and LTE conditions. The mean fractional mass of dust sources to host GMC mass is 0.11 (-0.06, +0.12). The high column density subregions comprise 0.07 (-0.05, +0.13) of the mass of the cloud. Owing to our assumptions, these values are upper limits to the true mass fractions. The fractional mass of dense gas is independent of GMC mass and gas surface density. The low dense gas mass fraction suggests that the formation of dense structures within GMCs is the primary bottleneck for star formation. The distribution of velocity differences between the dense gas and the low density material along the line of sight is also examined. We find a strong, centrally peaked distribution centered on zero velocity displacement. This distribution of velocity differences is modeled with radially converging flows towards the dense gas position that are randomly oriented with respect to the observed line of sight. These models constrain the infall velocities to be 2-4 km/s for various flow configurations., 12 pages, 6 figures, 1 table. Accepted for publication in ApJ

Rotation is thought to drive cyclic magnetic activity in the Sun and Sun-like stars. Stellar dynamos, however, are poorly understood owing to the scarcity of observations of rotation and magnetic fields in stars. Here, inferences are drawn on the internal rotation of a distant Sun-like star by studying its global modes of oscillation. We report asteroseismic constraints imposed on the rotation rate and the inclination of the spin axis of the Sun-like star HD 52265, a principal target observed by the CoRoT satellite that is known to host a planetary companion. These seismic inferences are remarkably consistent with an independent spectroscopic observation (rotational line broadening) and with the observed rotation period of star spots. Furthermore, asteroseismology constrains the mass of exoplanet HD 52265b. Under the standard assumption that the stellar spin axis and the axis of the planetary orbit coincide, the minimum spectroscopic mass of the planet can be converted into a true mass of 1.85 (+0.52,-0.42) M_Jupiter, which implies that it is a planet, not a brown dwarf., Comment: Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (5 pages, 5 figures, 3 tables). Available at http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1303291110

We present a new approach with which the dynamical mass of low-mass companions around cool stars can be found. In order to discover companions to late-type stars the stellar spectrum is removed. For this we substract two spectra obtained at different orbital phases from each other in order to discover the companion spectrum in the difference spectrum in which the companion lines appear twice (positive and negative signal). The resulting radial velocity difference of these two signals provides the true mass of the companion. For our test case GJ1046, an M2V dwarf with a low-mass companion that most likely is a brown dwarf we select the CO line region in the K-band. We show that the dynamical mass of a faint companion to an M dwarf can be determined using our spectral differential technique. Only if the companion rotates rapidly and has a small radial velocity amplitude due to a high mass, does blending occur for all lines so that our approach fails. In addition to determining the companion mass, we restore the single companion spectrum from the difference spectrum using singular value decomposition.

International audience; Context. The photometric signal we receive from a star hosting a planet is modulated by the variation in the planet signal with its orbital phase. Such phase variations (or phase curves) are observed for transiting hot Jupiters with current instrumentation and have also been measured for one transiting terrestrial planet (Kepler10b) and one nontransiting gas giant (Ups A b). Future telescopes (JWST and EChO) will have the capability of measuring thermal phase curves of exoplanets, including hot rocky planets in transiting and nontransiting configurations and at different wavelengths. Short-period planets with a mass below 10 R⊕ are indeed frequent, and nearby targets (within 10 pc) are already known and more are to be found. Aims: We test the possibility of using multiwavelength infrared phase curves to constrain the radius, the albedo, and the orbital inclination of a nontransiting planet with no atmosphere and on a 1:1 spin orbit resonance. Methods: We modeled the thermal emission of a synchronous rocky planet with no atmosphere and its apparent variation with the orbital phase for a given orbital inclination. We assume that the planet is detected by radial velocity so its orbital period and minimum mass are known. We simulated observed noisy phase curves and then applied an optimization procedure to retrieve the radius and albedo of the planet and the inclination of the orbit. Results: Airless planets can be distinguished from planets having a dense atmosphere and their radius, albedo, and inclination (and therefore true mass) can be retrieved from multiband observations with MIRI-JWST and EChO in the 5-15 μm range. The accuracy depends on stellar type, orbital distance, radius of the planet and inclination: hot and large planets on highly inclined orbit are favored. As inclination above 60° represents half of the randomly oriented orbits, the growing population of short-period, terrestrial-sized planets detected by radial velocity surveys and transits should offer several nearby promising targets for this method, including planets GJ581 e, b, and HD 40307 b. Conclusions: Stellar activity is likely to limit the accuracy of this method, at least for some stars. It has not been taken into account in this study, and its effects will have to be addressed in future works.

We have performed RV monitoring of the components of the binary system HD 106515 over about 11 years using the high resolution spectrograph SARG at TNG. The primary shows long-period radial velocity variations that indicate the presence of a low mass companion whose projected mass is in the planetary regime (m sin i = 9.33 Mjup). The 9.8 years orbit results quite eccentric (e=0.57), as typical for massive giant planets. Our results confirm the preliminary announcement of the planet included in Mayor et al. (2011). The secondary instead does not show significant RV variations. The two components do not differ significantly in chemical composition, as found for other pairs for which one component hosts giant planets. Adaptive optics images obtained with AdOpt@TNG do not reveal additional stellar companions. From the analysis of the relative astrometry of the components of the wide pair we put an upper limit on the mass of the newly detected companion of about 0.25 Msun. State of art or near future instrumentation can provide true mass determination, thanks to the availability of the wide companion HD106515B as reference. Therefore, HD106515Ab will allow deeper insight in the transition region between planets and brown dwarfs., Comment: A&A, accepted, 8 pages, 10 figures

The mass domain where massive extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs lay is still poorly understood. Indeed, not even a clear dividing line between massive planets and brown dwarfs has been established yet. This is partly due to the paucity of this kind of objects orbiting close to solar-type stars, the so-called brown dwarf desert, that hinders setting up a strong observational base to compare to models and theories of formation and evolution. We search to increase the current sample of massive sub-stellar objects with precise orbital parameters, and to constrain the true mass of detected sub-stellar candidates. The initial identification of sub-stellar candidates is done using precise radial velocity measurements obtained with the SOPHIE spectrograph at the 1.93-m telescope of the Haute-Provence Observatory. Subsequent characterisation of these candidates, with the principal aim of identifying stellar companions in low-inclination orbits, is done by means of different spectroscopic diagnostics, as the measurement of the bisector velocity span and the study of the correlation mask effect. With this objective, we also employed astrometric data from the Hipparcos mission and a novel method of simulating stellar cross-correlation functions. Seven new objects with minimum masses between ~ 10 Mjup and ~90 Mjup are detected. Out of these, two are identified as low-mass stars in low-inclination orbits, and two others have masses below the theoretical deuterium-burning limit, and are therefore planetary candidates. The remaining three are brown dwarf candidates; the current upper limits for their the masses do not allow us to conclude on their nature. Additionally, we have improved on the parameters of an already-known brown dwarf (HD137510b), confirmed by astrometry., Comment: 18 pages. Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics

We present the firstweak-lensing-based scaling relation between galaxy clustermass,MWL, and integrated Compton parameter Ysph. Observations of 18 galaxy clusters at z ≃ 0.2 were obtained with the Subaru 8.2 m telescope and the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich Array. The MWL–Ysph scaling relations, measured at Δ = 500, 1000, and 2500 ρc, are consistent in slope and normalization with previous results derived under the assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium (HSE). We find an intrinsic scatter in MWL at fixed Ysph of 20%, larger than both previous measurements of MHSE–Ysph scatter as well as the scatter in true mass at fixed Ysph found in simulations. Moreover, the scatter in our lensing-based scaling relations is morphology dependent, with 30%–40% larger MWL for undisturbed compared to disturbed clusters at the same Ysph at r500. Further examination suggests that the segregation may be explained by the inability of our spherical lens models to faithfully describe the three-dimensional structure of the clusters, in particular, the structure along the line of sight.We find that the ellipticity of the brightest cluster galaxy, a proxy for halo orientation, correlates well with the offset in mass from the mean scaling relation, which supports this picture. This provides empirical evidence that line-of-sight projection effects are an important systematic uncertainty in lensing-based scaling relations., Support for CARMA construction was derived from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the Kenneth T. and Eileen L. Norris Foundation, the James S. McDonnell Foundation, the Associates of the California Institute of Technology, the University of Chicago, the states of California, Illinois, and Maryland, and the National Science Foundation. Ongoing CARMA development and operations are supported by the National Science Foundation under a cooperative agreement, including grant AST-0838187 at the University of Chicago, and by the CARMA partner universities. Partial support is provided by NSF Physics Frontier Center Grant PHY-0114422 to the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics. D. P. M. was supported for part of this work by NASA through Hubble Fellowship Grant HST-HF-51259.01. He acknowledges the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics for its hospitality during part of this research, supported by NSF Grant PHY-0551164. G. P. S. acknowledges support from the Royal Society. Support for T. M. was provided by NASA through the Einstein Fellowship Program, grant PF0-110077. N. O. was partially supported by a Grant-in-Aid (0740099), and this work was supported by the programs “Weaving Science Web beyond Particle-Matter Hierarchy” in Tohoku University and “Probing the Dark Energy through an Extremely Wide and Deep Survey with Subaru Telescope” (18072001), all of which are funded by theMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan.Y.Y.Z. acknowledges support from the German BMBF through the Verbundforschung under grant No. 50 OR 1005.

We study the reliability of mass estimates obtained for molecular cloud cores using sub-millimetre and infrared dust emission. We use magnetohydrodynamic simulations and radiative transfer to produce synthetic observations with spatial resolution and noise levels typical of Herschel surveys. We estimate dust colour temperatures using different pairs of intensities, calculate column densities and compare the estimated masses with the true values. We compare these results to the case when all five Herschel wavelengths are available. We investigate the effects of spatial variations of dust properties and the influence of embedded heating sources. Wrong assumptions of dust opacity and its spectral index beta can cause significant systematic errors in mass estimates. These are mainly multiplicative and leave the slope of the mass spectrum intact, unless cores with very high optical depth are included. Temperature variations bias colour temperature estimates and, in quiescent cores with optical depths higher than for normal stable cores, masses can be underestimated by up to one order of magnitude. When heated by internal radiation sources the observations recover the true mass spectra. The shape, although not the position, of the mass spectrum is reliable against observational errors and biases introduced in the analysis. This changes only if the cores have optical depths much higher than expected for basic hydrostatic equilibrium conditions. Observations underestimate the value of beta whenever there are temperature variations along the line of sight. A bias can also be observed when the true beta varies with wavelength. Internal heating sources produce an inverse correlation between colour temperature and beta that may be difficult to separate from any intrinsic beta(T) relation of the dust grains. This suggests caution when interpreting the observed mass spectra and the spectral indices., Revised version, 17 pages, 17 figures, submitted to A&A

We develop observational tests of the idea that dissipation in gas-rich mergers produces the fundamental plane (FP) and related correlations obeyed by ellipticals. The FP 'tilt' implies lower-mass ellipticals have a higher ratio of stellar to dark matter within their stellar effective radii. Models argue that mergers between more gas-rich (typically lower-mass) disks yield larger mass fractions formed in compact starbursts, giving a smaller stellar R_e and higher M_stellar/M_tot within that R_e. Such starbursts leave a characteristic imprint in the surface brightness profile: a central excess above an outer profile established by the dissipationless violent relaxation of disk stars. In previous work, we developed empirical methods to decompose the observed profiles of ellipticals and robustly estimate the amount of dissipation in the original spheroid-forming merger(s). Applying this to a large sample of observed ellipticals, we test whether or not their location on the FP and its tilt are driven by dissipation. At fixed mass, ellipticals formed in more dissipational events are smaller and have higher M_stellar/M_tot. At fixed degree of dissipation, there is no tilt in the FP. We show that the dynamical mass estimator R_e*sigma^2/G is a good estimator of the true mass: the observed FP tilt cannot primarily owe to other forms of non-homology. Removing the effects of dissipation, observed ellipticals obey the same FP correlations as disks: unusual progenitors are not required to make typical ellipticals. Dissipation appears to be both necessary and sufficient to explain the FP tilt., Comment: 32 pages, 24 figures, accepted to ApJ (minor revisions to match accepted version)