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Nitrofurantoin (NFT) is mainly used in humans for the treatment of urinary tract infections. NFT is used as feed additives in animals, due to its broad antimicrobial activity. However, it shows more side effects on human health and the environment. Therefore low-cost, portable, and rapid sensors are necessary for the detection of NFT in real samples. Herein, we successfully developed an electrochemical sensor using a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with gadolinium orthoferrite (GdFeO3) decorated on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanocomposite for the detection of NFT. The facile hydrothermal method was used to synthesis a novel GdFeO3/RGO nanocomposite, the morphological and structural characterization was confirmed by the FESEM, HRTEM, EDX, XRD, Raman, and XPS techniques. The formation mechanism of GdFeO3/RGO nanocomposite had been discussed. The effective intercalation of the nanostructured GdFeO3 to the RGO sheets leads to the significant enhancement in physicochemical properties such as electrical conductivity, electro-active surface area, structural stability, and electrochemical activity, which was observed from the EIS and CV experimental results. The electrochemical studies established that the developed GdFeO3/RGO sensor was highly sensitive and selective to NFT. Moreover, the GdFeO3/RGO sensor exhibits good sensitivity of 4.1985 μA μM−1 cm−2, a low detection limit (LOD) of 0.0153 µM and a linear range from 0.001 to 249 µM for NFT detection under optimized experimental conditions. In addition, the investigation of storage time on the CV response of the GdFeO3/RGO sensor indicates superior stability. Owing to these extraordinary analytical advantages, the as-fabricated sensor was applied to detect the NFT levels in human urine and river water samples with satisfactory results.

A zero-inflated Bernoulli (ZIBer) regression model is an alternative model in order to improve fitting the binary outcome data that have many more zeros than expected under a regular logistic regression model. Because some covariates often have missing values, we propose the validation likelihood (VL) method to estimate the parameters of the ZIBer regression model with covariates missing at random. We consider the true selection probability (SP) model, a parametric SP model and a nonparametric SP model to compare the efficiency of the true SP, parametric SP, and semiparametric SP VL estimators. The asymptotic results of these three estimators are studied under some regularity conditions. Both the theoretical and simulation results reveal that the parametric and semiparametric SP VL estimation methods outperform the true SP VL estimation method if the parametric SP model is correct. The simulation results also indicate that the semiparametric SP VL estimation method is preferred to the inverse probability weighting and multiple imputation estimation methods. The practical application of the proposed methodology is adorned with a survey data set of violations of traffic rules of motorcyclist respondents in Taiwan.

Three-dimensional (3D) flower-like hierarchical carbon superstructures (CSs) have attracted significant attention for electrochemical sensor application due to their high specific surface area, mor...

Antibiotics drugs are essential pharmaceutical compounds that play a vital role in the pharmaceutical industry, hospital, and livestock farming. The large scale of pharmaceutical and husbandry effluents are the primary environmental pollutants in water bodies. Even low concentrations of toxic nitroimidazole residues could lead to severe issues for humans and aquatic environments. Simultaneously, electrochemical sensing of cytotoxic antibiotics provides a critical assurance in quality control laboratories, pharmaceutical industries, and in environment pollutant assessment. The electrode surface modification with an excellent electrocatalyst paves the way for the effective determination of these cytotoxic antibiotics. Herein, Noble metal silver incorporated carrom coin structured cobalt oxide (Ag-Co3O4 NPs) was synthesized through a simple co-precipitation technique, and its electrocatalytic actives sites were improved via calcination at 600 °C. The modified electrodes were implemented in the electrochemical detection of cytotoxic Tinidazole (TNZ). The electrochemical characterization shows low charge transfer resistance (Rct) and prominent electrochemical active surface area (ECSA). Due to its unique properties, Ag-Co3O4 NPs modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) exhibits excellent sensitivity, stability, reproducibility, and low detection level up to the Nanomolar scale. Further, it also provides excellent selectivity among other interfering drugs and species. Meanwhile, it paves strategies for the real-time monitoring of TNZ in biological, pharmaceutical, livestock and various wastewater samples which could paves way for effective application in electrochemical sensors.

In this work, zinc vanadate microstructure (Zn3(VO4)2, ZnV MS) was successfully synthesized via the sonochemical method for the determination of metronidazole (MTZ). The crystalline structure, surface morphology, and chemical composition of the prepared ZnV MS were characterized by analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. The electro-kinetic properties of ZnV MS were tested using both anodic and cathodic redox couple. Furthermore, their electroanalytical behavior was successfully investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) methods. The ZnV MS displayed excellent electrocatalytic performance in the presence of MTZ than that of an unmodified electrode. Under the optimized conditions, the ZnV MS-fabricated electrode demonstrated a broad linear range from 0.05 to 1303 µM with the low detection limit of 0.009 µM (S/N = 3) and an obtained sensitivity of 0.445 µA µM–1 cm–2. Additionally, the proposed electrode was successfully applied in the detection of MTZ in milk samples with a recovery range of 92–98%.

The electrochemical sensor has received considerable attention because of the future on-time monitoring technologies. To meet the requirements of on-time monitoring applications, it is of prodigiou...

The development of effective heterogeneous catalysts for refractory organic pollutants removal is highly desirable. Herein, a series of 0D/2D hybrids with FeOOH quantum dots intimately anchored on the surface of the semiconductor nanosheets were fabricated and used as photo-Fenton catalysts for tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) degradation. The optimized FeOOH/BOBC-2 hybrids exhibited superior TCH removal efficiency than that of pure BOBC-2 and FeOOH, which was 2.14 and 2.08 times higher than BOBC-2 and FeOOH. In addition, the influential factors, including the dosage of the catalyst, initial concentration of the TCH, the amount of H2O2 and initial pH were investigated. Detailed characterizations suggest that the enhanced specific surface areas and the effective separation of the photoinduced charge carriers make great contributions to the improvement of the photo-Fenton performance. Meanwhile, the effective charge mobility could promote the conversion between Fe3+ and Fe2+, boosting the activation of H2O2. It is expected this work could provide a common strategy for the fabrication of effective catalyst for environmental remediation.

When a survey study is related to sensitive issues such as political orientation, sexual orientation, and income, respondents may not be willing to reply truthfully, which leads to bias results. To protect the respondents’ privacy and improve their willingness to provide true answers, Warner (J Am Stat Assoc 60:63–69, 1965) proposed the randomized response (RR) technique in which respondents select a question by means of a random device in order to ensure that they maintain privacy. Huang (Stat Neerl 58:75–82, 2004) extended the RR design of Warner (1965) to propose a two-stage RR design. Not only can this method be used to estimate the population proportion of persons with a sensitive characteristic, but also estimate the honest answer rate in the first stage. This work develops a covariate extension of the two-stage RR design of Huang (2004) by applying logistic regression to investigate the effects of covariates on a sensitive characteristic and an honest response. Simulation experiments are conducted to study the finite-sample performance of the maximum likelihood estimators of the logistic regression parameters. The proposed methodology is applied to analyze the survey data of sexuality of freshmen at Feng Chia University in Taiwan in 2016.

In this report, cobalt(II)-doped cobalt oxide (Co–Co2O4) rose-like nanostructures were synthesized via a facile one-step ultrasonication method. The as-prepared nano Co–Co2O4 was then utilized for the sensitive quantification of the prophylactic drug furazolidone (FUZ). Various physicochemical methods, including X-ray powder diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, were used to confirm the successful formation of the Co–Co2O4 nanostructures. The superior active surface area and larger pores of Co–Co2O4 enhance the electrocatalytic activity towards FUZ detection. The electrochemical performance of Co–Co2O4 towards FUZ was explored using the voltammetry method, with the obtained results suggesting that the proposed Co–Co2O4 sensor exhibits excellent catalytic activity towards FUZ. Under the optimized conditions, the sensor exhibits two wide linear ranges (0.05–285 μM; 285–1122.15 μM) with a low limit of detection (8 nM) and high sensitivity (2.349 μA μM−1 cm−2). Besides this, the proposed sensor exhibits high stability, reproducibility, and repeatability. Moreover, anti-interference experiments were carried out to explore the precise detection of FUZ in the presence of similar compounds.

A high-performance electrochemical sensing platform based on CuS nano-globules is efficiently developed. The CuS nano-globules are synthesized through a hydrothermal process. All the important physical characteristics of the nanomaterial such as crystal architecture, morphology, topography and composition are investigated. To better demonstrate the electrochemical sensing capability of CuS nano-globules reinforced electrodes, hydroquinone (HQE) is chosen as an analyte. Upon the electrochemical investigation, the CuS-based sensor displayed an enhanced detection limit of 0.135 μM with a linear range of 1–2287 μM. The overall sensing performance of CuS nano-globules-equipped electrode towards HQE is very impressive with good stability and reproducibility. These investigative results evidently indicate the superior electrochemical properties of CuS nano-globules and they can be highly recommended for real-time analysis.

Simple chemical synthesis is highly efficient to develop metal oxide composites as active electrode materials for an electrochemical sensor displaying enhanced catalytic sites, fast kinetics, and easy accessibility to target molecules. In this work, a cobalt oxide/tin oxide (Co3O4/SnO2) composite was prepared by a facile co-precipitation method and employed for the voltammetric determination of ornidazole (ODZ). The structural and morphological properties of the as-synthesized materials were studied through XRD, FT-IR, BET, FE-SEM, TEM, and XPS analyses. The electrochemical activity was investigated using cyclic voltammetric (CV) and linear sweep voltammetric (LSV) techniques. The electrochemical signal shows that the modified glassy carbon electrode (Co3O4/SnO2/GCE) revealed superior sensing ability in rapid ODZ detection compared to a single component of Co3O4 or SnO2. The performance was investigated over a wide linear range of 0.2 to 1185.8 μM with a low detection limit of 0.059 μM for ODZ, respectively, at a low-cost Co3O4/SnO2 modified electrode. Good selectivity was observed in the presence of NFT, 2-NA, and Cd2+ by the ODZ sensor. Furthermore, the excellent stability, repeatability, and reproducibility suggest that the constructed electrode based on Co3O4/SnO2/GCE is promising for real-time application in water samples.

In this study, silver nanoparticle embedded on guar gum (AgNP/GG) nanocomposite was synthesized thoroughly in greenway via a simple in situ method by silver salt reduction using the guar gum (GG) polymer matrix. The highly water-soluble polysaccharide material (GG) was served as both stabilizing and reducing agent. Its structure and morphology were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, TEM, and UV−Vis spectroscopy. EIS, CV, and DPV methods have also been employed to investigate the electrochemical performance of the AgNP/GG nanocomposite. Analytical parameters such as loading amount of catalyst, scan rate, pH value, cyclic stability, repeatability, and reproducibility were optimized. The AgNP/GG/SPCE shows a distinct electrocatalytic oxidation of diphenylamine (DPA) in a wide linear range (WLR) of 0.01−9.09 µM, a higher sensitivity of 6.879 µM cm−2, and a limit of detection (LoD) of 5.4 nM (S/N = 3). The fabricated electrode exhibits an outstanding electrocatalytic performance in terms of good reproducibility, high stability, and acceptable anti-interference ability. In addition, this work advances the feasibility to determine DPA in apple juice sample with satisfactory recovery results.

Crystal defects are crucially important in semiconductor photocatalysis. To improve the reactivity of photocatalysts and attain desirable solar energy conversion, crystal defect engineering has gained considerable attention in real catalysts. Herein, we engineered crystal defects and mediate oxygen vacancies in host Bi2WO6 crystal lattice via varying content of Ti dopant to fabricate single-unit-cell layered structure, resulting in enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic efficiency. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations verified that the substitution of Bi cation in the crystal structure of Bi2WO6 can induce a new defect level, and increase the density of states (DOS) at the valence band maximum, which not only improve the charge dynamic but also the electronic conductivity. Remarkably, the single-unit-cell layers Ti-doped Bi2WO6 structure casts profoundly improved photocatalytic performance towards ceftriaxone sodium degradation, Cr(VI) reduction, and particularly higher photocatalytic H2 production rate, with a 5.8-fold increase compared to bulk Bi2WO6. Furthermore, the photoelectrochemical measurements unveil that the significantly higher charge migration and charge carrier dynamic counts for the elevated photocatalytic performance. After careful examination of experimental results, it was proved that the Ti doping mediated crystal defects, and engendered oxygen vacancies are critically important for controlling the photocatalytic performance of Bi2WO6.

A simple hydrothermal process has been used to prepare a carbon nanofiber/copper chromium dioxide (CNF/CuCrO2) composite for the selective detection of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and supercapacitor applications. The electrochemical sensor was developed with a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with the CNF/CuCrO2 composite by the drop-casting method. The structural formation of the prepared materials was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. To investigate the electrochemical efficiency of the electrode, various electroanalytical techniques, namely, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge tests, were employed. The GCE/CNF/CuCrO2 modified electrode exhibited excellent electrocatalytic behavior for the detection of 4-NP under optimized conditions with a low detection limit (0.022 μM), long linear response range of 0.1–150 μM, and high sensitivity (20.02 μA μM−1 cm−2). The modified electrode was used for the detection of 4-NP in real samples with satisfactory results. In addition, the GCE/CNF/CuCrO2 electrode has advantages such as stability, reproducibility, repeatability, reliability, low cost, and practical application. The CNF/CuCrO2 composite coated Ni-foam electrodes also exhibited excellent supercapacitor efficiency, with a high specific capacitance of up to 159 F g−1 at a current density of 5 A g−1 and outstanding cycling stability. Hence, the CNF/CuCrO2 composite is a suitable material for 4-NP sensors and energy storage applications.

In this work, Ni-doped ZrO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were used to decorate multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to obtain a Ni-ZrO2/MWCNT nanocomposite, which acted as an efficient electrode material for the highly sensitive electrochemical detection of the anti-inflammatory drug 5-amino salicylic acid (5-ASA). The Ni-ZrO2 NPs were obtained through a facile co-precipitation method, and the subsequent support of these Ni-ZrO2 NPs onto MWCNTs was accomplished via an ultrasonication technique. Supporting Ni-ZrO2 NPs on MWCNTs not only results in excellent catalytic properties, but it also substantially enhances the surface area, electrical conductivity, and electron transfer process. The electrochemical activity of the synthesized Ni-ZrO2/MWCNT nanocomposite was systematically investigated via cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques. The constructed Ni-ZrO2/MWCNT-modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode manifests superior electrocatalytic oxidation activity toward 5-ASA, with a lower peak potential compared with Ni-ZrO2-NP- and MWCNT-modified GC electrodes. Importantly, the proposed biosensor exhibited excellent sensitivity during the detection of 5-ASA with a wide linear concentration range (0.001-500 μM) and a low detection limit of 0.0029 μM. Moreover, the biosensor demonstrated excellent repeatability, reproducibility, stability, and high specificity toward 5-ASA detection in the presence of different interfering species. Furthermore, the biosensor showed satisfactory recovery rates in complex biological samples, such as human blood serum, human urine, and 5-ASA tablet samples.

In modern farming, pesticides are extensively used to deliver high-yield harvests with no concern about the amount of toxicity involved in the agriculture process. The continuous usage of pesticide...

The synthesis of ordered nanosized intermetallic compounds is of specific interest in tuning their surface properties to obtain enhanced electrocatalytic activity and selectivity, used for various ...

In this study, a nanostructured CuSn(OH)6 microsphere decorated on reduced graphene oxide (CSOH/rGO) was prepared by a co-precipitation method followed by ultrasonication, which was used for the se...

Hot-carrier stress (HCS) characteristics of polycrystalline-silicon (poly-Si) tunnel field-effect thin-film transistors are investigated and compared with the conventional poly-Si thin-film transistors (TFTs). After HCS with ${V}_{{\text {DS}}} = {2}{V}_{{\text {GS}}} = {20}$ V for 1000 s, poly-Si TFT exhibits significant ON-state current ( ${I}_{{\text {on}}}{)}$ degradation ~85% and two-step subthreshold swing (SS) behavior due to the serious lattice damage between the pinch-off point and the drain. For the poly-Si tunnel field-effect transistor (TFET), less ${I}_{{\text {on}}}$ degradation ~70% is observed. In addition, the stress drain voltage ( ${V}_{{\text {DS}}}$ ) effect of the HCS is also studied. When the stress ${V}_{{\text {DS}}}$ is increased from 10 to 15 V, the poly-Si TFETs exhibit more obvious stressed ${I}_{{\text {on}}}$ degradation (~24.4%) than that of poly-Si TFTs (~6.5%). When the stress ${V}_{{\text {DS}}}$ is further increased from 15 to 20 V, the poly-Si TFETs exhibit less stressed ${I}_{{\text {on}}}$ degradation (~62.4%) than that of poly-Si TFTs (~85%). Because the increase in the stress drain voltage is dropped in the pinch-off region of the poly-Si TFETs after the pinch-off phenomenon occurs, resulting in less impact on the stress field at the tunnel junction. When the channel length is decreased, the results show that the HCS effect of poly-Si TFETs is insensitive to the channel length, and the poly-Si TFTs show more serious electrical degradation and breakdown behavior with the scaling down of the channel length. The stronger HCS immunity of poly-Si TFETs would be an important advantage to replacing poly-Si TFTs for applications of 3-D integrated circuits.

Nanostructured binary metal sulfides are considered as a promising electrode material because of their excellent electron transfer and good sensing behavior rather than metal oxides. As a result, the binary metal sulfides were applied in energy and electrochemical sensor applications. Herein, we propose the electrochemical sensor method based on flower-like cerium-ruthenium sulfide nanostructure (Ce–Ru–S NS) for the electrochemical sensing of trifluoperazine (TFPZ). The Ce–Ru–S NS prepared using the cost-effective one-pot hydrothermal synthesis technique. Then, the resultant materials were characterized through suitable spectrophotometric techniques and the electrocatalytic properties of the fabricated sensor were investigated by EIS, CV, and amperometric (i–t) techniques. The Ce–Ru–S material has good electrocatalytic activity towards the electrochemical oxidation of TFPZ. Significantly, the fabricated sensor demonstrates the distinct amperometric response with the lowest limit of detection (LOD) of 0.322 nM (S/N = 3), high sensitivity 2.682 μA μM−1 cm−2 and lowest oxidation potential of +0.64 V (Ag/AgCl). Furthermore, the Ce–Ru–S NS displays excellent selectivity, good reproducibility, and long-term stability. The practicability of the TFPZ sensor tested in a human urine sample.

Characterization of the dynamic conformational changes in membrane protein signaling complexes by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy remains challenging. Here we report the site-specific incorporation of 4-trimethylsilyl phenylalanine (TMSiPhe) into proteins, through genetic code expansion. Crystallographic analysis revealed structural changes that reshaped the TMSiPhe-specific amino-acyl tRNA synthetase active site to selectively accommodate the trimethylsilyl (TMSi) group. The unique up-field 1H-NMR chemical shift and the highly efficient incorporation of TMSiPhe enabled the characterization of multiple conformational states of a phospho-β2 adrenergic receptor/β-arrestin-1(β-arr1) membrane protein signaling complex, using only 5 μM protein and 20 min of spectrum accumulation time. We further showed that extracellular ligands induced conformational changes located in the polar core or ERK interaction site of β-arr1 via direct receptor transmembrane core interactions. These observations provided direct delineation and key mechanism insights that multiple receptor ligands were able to induce distinct functionally relevant conformational changes of arrestin.

This study assessed the synergistic effect of Ni concentration and ultrasonic assisted process on the photocatalytic dye degradation efficiency towards methylene blue (MB) and reactive red 120 (RR120) and antibacterial activity against various bacteria of ZnO nanoparticles. XRD confirms the absence of any other impurity peaks in Nickel (Ni) doped ZnO nanoparticles, disclose that Ni doping influences the lattice structure of Zn. The obvious red-shift with the increase of Ni concentration results in decreased band gap and transmittance. SEM micrograph confirms the formation of hexagonal rod and sheet like nanostructures in the Ni doped ZnO nanoparticles by the ultrasonic assisted co-precipitation method. The Ni doped ZnO nanoparticles control the recombination of charge carriers and increase the photocatalytic degradation of MB and RR120. The antibacterial result revealed that 5% Ni substituted sample is effective as an antibacterial agent to prevent the bacterial contamination. 5% Ni doped ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by ultrasonic assisted coprecipitation method is an excellent candidate for removal of methylene blue and bacteria.

The rapid and ultralow detection of toxic organophosphate chemicals is a well-known, important step to reduce adverse health issues and yet also remains challenging. Here, we show electrochemical d...

In the present work, we report a one-step pyrolysis synthesis of molybdenum nitride nanorods (MoN NRs) using ammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate as a precursor. Properties of MoN NRs have been imp...

We demonstrate the simply prepared Co3O4 microsphere-decorated graphene oxide nanosheets (Co3O4/GO) modified electrode towards the single and simultaneous determination of dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA). Various analytical techniques characterized the physicochemical properties of Co3O4/GO hybrid composite and EIS, CV, and DPV used to analyze the electrochemical characterization. This result indicates the simply prepared hybrid composite was confirmed the formation of Co3O4 has a spherical shape with an anchored surface of GO nanosheets. The proposed sensor has good electron transfer properties and excellent cycling stability. The detection potential difference between DA and UA is + 0.216 V. The electrooxidation response of modified electrode exhibits a wide linear range of DA and UA concentration from 0.2 → 1221 and 0.04 → 1217.2 µM with low detection limits of 0.0874 µM and 0.0131 µM, respectively. Besides, the fabricated sensor has high selectivity, excellent storage stability, reproducibility, and repeatability. Finally, the practical applicability of the contracted sensor was evaluated individual and simultaneous detection of DA and UA in human urine samples with satisfactory results.

In this work, a graphene oxide (GRO)-based temperature-sensitive smart catalytic support material was developed by tethering biodegradable and hydrophilic poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCL) on a GRO (i.e., GRO-PVCL) surface. GRO-PVCL-supported palladium catalyst (i.e., Pd/GRO-PVCL) was then prepared for tizanidine (TZN) electroreduction. The impact of a temperature-sensitive smart surface on the electrochemical and electrocatalytic properties was examined. Moreover, when the large surface area, excellent electron transfer, and electrochemical catalysis abilities of GRO were combined with the responsive characteristics of PVCL, temperature-triggered reversible electrocatalysis of TZN with enhanced sensitivity has been proved. Results designated that GRO-PVCL exposed the hydrophilic surface at 20 °C, resulting in Pd NPs highly dispersed on the GRO-PVCL surface. Subsequently, the wettability of the Pd catalyst surface arbitrarily adapted to hydrophobicity at 40 °C, which highly enhanced the TZN reduction on the catalyst in electrochemical detection. The synergistic effect amid Pd and GRO-PVCL on Pd/GRO-PVCL improved the electrocatalytic activity of TZN. The detection of TZN with the Pd/GRO-PVCL modified electrode ranged from 0.02 to 276 μM with a low detection limit of 0.0015 μM at 40 °C. The Pd/GRO-PVCL modified electrode also possesses excellent stability, reproducibility, and anti-interference ability. Lastly, the modified electrode attained good recovery results in human urine and human plasma samples for the determination of TZN and also pharmacokinetics study in rat plasma.

Surveys of income are complicated by the sensitive nature of the topic. The problem researchers face is how to encourage participants to respond and to provide truthful responses in surveys. To correct biases induced by nonresponse or underreporting, we propose a two-stage multilevel randomized response (MRR) technique to investigate the true level of income and to protect personal privacy. For a wide range of applications, we present a proportional odds model for two-stage MRR data and apply inverse probability weighting and multiple imputation methods to deal with covariates on some subjects that are missing at random. A simulation study is conducted to investigate the effects of missing covariates and to evaluate the performance of the proposed methods. The practicality of the proposed methods is illustrated with the regular monthly income data collected in the Taiwan Social Change Survey. Furthermore, we provide an estimate of personal regular monthly mean income.

Inorganic perovskite-based alkaline earth oxide materials for electrochemical sensing devices are an unwrapped research field yet to be studied. Herein, we designed a novel perovskite-type calcium stannate (CaSnO3) material with stone-shaped structural morphology synthesized by a simple coprecipitation method with the aid of urea and utilized as an electrocatalyst for the electrochemical detection of photographic developing agent metol (MT). The synthesized CaSnO3 was systematically characterized with the help of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, elemental mapping analysis, high resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM), and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). Furthermore, the electrochemical property of CaSnO3 was examined by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry techniques. As a result, CaSnO3 modified with a glassy carbon electrode (CaSnO3/GCE) implies better electrocatalytic activity with an enhanced redox peak response, wider linear range (0.01–123 μM), lower detection limit (0.003 μM), and appreciable sensitivity toward the detection of MT. In addition to that, the CaSnO3 modified electrode has excellent selectivity with the existence of potentially interfering compounds such as cationic/anionic species and biological substances. Moreover, the CaSnO3 modified electrode has better reproducibility, repeatability, and storage stability. Further, the practical viability of the synthesized CaSnO3 was investigated by using lake water as a real sample, revealing reasonable recovery results.

In this work, we developed cerium oxide/tin oxide (CeO2/SnO2) nanocatalyst with the assistance of urea by a simple sonochemical method and utilized as an efficient electrode material for electrochemical sensing of anti-inflammatory drug 5-aminosalicylic acid (Mesalamine, MES). The CeO2/SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were systematically characterized in terms of their crystal structure, morphologies, and physicochemical properties using XRD, Raman, FESEM, HR-TEM, EDX, mapping, and XPS analysis. The characterization results clearly confirmed that the prepared NPs was formed in the phase of CeO2/SnO2 without any other impurities. The electrochemical properties of CeO2/SnO2 NPs were investigated by EIS, CV, and DPV techniques. The CeO2/SnO2 NPs (9.6 μA) modified GCE demonstrated an excellent and improved electrocatalytic activity in terms of higher anodic peak current and lower peak potential when compared to bare GCE (6.7 μA) and CeO2 NPs/GCE (8.2 μA) for the sensing of MES. The CeO2/SnO2 NPs/GCE shows broader linear response range and lower detection limit of 0.02–1572 μM and 0.006 μM, respectively. Moreover, other potentially interfering compounds such as a similar functional group containing biological substances and inorganic species have no interference effect towards MES sensing. In addition, the practicability of the CeO2/SnO2 NPs/GCE was tested by real sample analysis in commercial MES tablet, human urine, and serum samples with the appreciable recovery results.

The chloroplasts genome encodes several key proteins that involves in the process of the photosynthesis and also in other metabolic processes important for growth and development, yield, biomass, and plant interactions with their environment. The present study aimed to sequencing of cp genome of Fagonia indica Burm.f (Zygophyllaceae), -a plant that occurs even in the hot desert condition of the inner zone of Rub′ al-Khali (the Empty Quarter) of south-central Arabia, and its comparative analyses with the representative of the sequence of the different categories [viz. (a) with the other member of the family Zygophyllaceae, and with the representatives from: (b) different clade of the angiosperms, (c) flowering plants occurs in different major habitats, (d) different groups of plants, (e) different group of plants having range of biomass, (f) C3 and C4 plants, and (g) the representative from very common, rare and major high yielding crop of the world] to unravel the genetic pattern of similarity and variations. The comparison of F. indica genome in different categories showed strong evidence and further support for the conservative pattern of chloroplast genome, the coding and non-coding region remains conserved even in phylogenetically distant eukaryotic clades, and might not have the sole roles in organism′s yield, rarity or abundance and biomass, and in encountering the stress. Nevertheless, the result could be useful for molecular phylogenetic and molecular ecological and molecular mechanism of photosynthesis. Keywords: cp DNA, Fagonia indica, Zygophyllaceae, Photosynthesis, Habitats, Biomass, Crop

In this work, lanthanum molybdate nanospheres (LMNSs) were prepared by employing a co-precipitation methodology, and their electrochemical activity against nitrofurantoin (NF) was reported. The physico-chemical nature of LMNSs, and their texture and morphology were characterized by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The electrochemical studies were performed by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques. The ensuing LMNSs have a fantastic active surplus area and uplifted surface volume ratio, which drives the selective and sensitive detection of NF. The as-synthesized LMNSs were coated on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) by a drop cast method, and the constructed LMNSs/SPCE acts as a potential sensing material towards the reduction of NF. Also, the designed sensor exhibits a broad linear range from 0.01 to 144 μM with a lower detection limit of 72 nM and sensitivity equivalent to 2.94 μA μM−1 cm−2 for the detection of NF. Meanwhile, the fashioned sensor has good selectivity in the presence of metal ions, biomolecules and similar nitro group containing drugs.

In this study, the sensitive and selective detection of bisphenol A (BPA) was achieved using a screen-printed carbon electrode (NFO/SPCE) modified with hydrothermally synthesized NiFe2O4 nanoparticles. The crystalline structure, surface morphology and electrical conductivity of the nanoparticles were analyzed using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The as-prepared NiFe2O4 (NFO) nanoparticles exhibited a cubic crystal structure with an average crystallite size of 16 nm, as calculated using the Scherrer equation. As determined by cyclic voltammetry (CV), NFO/SPCE exhibited excellent electrochemical oxidation towards the detection of BPA. Subsequently, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) studies revealed a rapid and stable response to the consecutive addition of BPA in a linear range of 0.02–12.5 μM with a lower limit of detection (LOD) of 6 nM, which was superior to previously reported results. In addition, the proposed method showed good stability and excellent repeatability for the determination of BPA in real samples.

The development of novel chemical sensors for pesticide detection has found particular application in the area of environmental monitoring. However, designing primary sensors as weapons to destroy contaminants (e.g., paraoxon-ethyl) in water and soil remains a challenge. Herein, we show different strategies, such as modification of TiO2 NPs through La3+ doping and decoration of f-MWCNTs, which can provide possibilities for notable developments in electrocatalytic performance. Using this approach, we introduce an active La3+ doped TiO2 NP decorated f-MWCNT electrocatalyst for pollutant monitoring applications. Thereby, our findings move towards an outstanding LOD (0.0019 μM) performance, high selectivity, and exceptional sensitivity (7.6690 μA μM−1 cm−2) on an as-presented catalytic platform for a PE sensor. Interestingly, the practical applicability of the suggested catalyst shows a rich sensing platform for PE-contaminated environmental samples.

Metal tungstates are considered efficient electrocatalysts in the area of electrochemical sensors. Herein, we prepared an alkaline-earth-metal-based transition metal tungstate (SrWO4) through a simple co-precipitation method. Further, to enhance the electrocatalytic activity, commercially available boron nitride (BN) was used to prepare a SrWO4/BN composite via an ultrasonication method. The as-prepared SrWO4/BN composite was scrutinized using XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM, EDS, elemental mapping, and HR-TEM analysis for determining the phase purity, functional groups, and structural morphology of the as-prepared composite. The electrochemical performance of the SrWO4/BN composite was analyzed with the help of cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry techniques using a three-electrode system. As-modified SrWO4/BN with a glassy carbon electrode (SrWO4/BN/GCE) exhibits better electrochemical activity towards the reduction of ornidazole (OD), with a lower cathodic peak potential (Epc = −0.62 V) and an increased cathodic current (Ipc = −21.3 μA) compared to other modified electrodes for the detection of OD, and a larger linear range (0.01–437 μM) and lower limit of detection (0.003 μM). Further, interference studies were carried out in the presence of hazardous metal anions and cations, some biological compounds, and similar structural compounds to examine the selectivity of the proposed sensor; SrWO4/BN/GCE reveals good selectivity. In addition, the practical feasibility of the sensor was inspected using commercial OD tablet and lake water samples, disclosing the acceptable recovery properties of the sensor in the presence of real samples. From all the obtained results, the proposed sensor utilizing the SrWO4/BN/GCE composite prepared via an ultrasonication technique is shown to be an appropriate candidate for the detection of OD.

Benefiting from the rich redox chemistry, high electrical conductivity and synergistic effect from two metal ions, the binary metal sulphides received tremendous attention in various applications. As a result, the MoS2–RuS2 nanomaterial was synthesized through the simple one-pot hydrothermal technique. The electrocatalytic activity of the as-synthesized nanomaterial was exploited towards the electrochemical detection of antibiotic drug sulphadiazine (SDZ). The electrocatalytic oxidation of the SDZ exhibited lowest anodic peak potential and ehanced anodic peak current rather than other modified electrodes. Notably, an excellent electrochemical performance with very lowest limit of detection (LOD) of 0.004 μM, appreciable linear range from 0.01 μM to 598.7 μM and high sensitivity (2.333 μA μM−1 cm−2) was obtained at MoS2–RuS2 modified electrode. Moreover, well anti-interfering property, good operational stability, repeatability and reproducibility was achieved. Facinatingly, the practicability of the modified electrode demonstrated in milk and human serum samples.

We demonstrate the different types of synthesis processes (hydrothermal, microwave and simple chemical synthesis) to prepare the Fe doped molybdenum diselenides (H-FeMoSe2, M-FeMoSe2, and C-FeMoSe2) and investigate their relevant electrocatalytic activities. The Fe doped MoSe2 exhibited an enhanced charge transfer conductivity and electrocatalytic activity. Especially, the H-FeMoSe2 with vertically aligned structures facilitate the abundant exposed active edge sites. Thus, H-FeMoSe2 modified screen-printed carbon electrode (H-FeMoSe2/SPCE) exhibited the lower Rct and better active surface area than that of M-FeMoSe2/SPCE and C-FeMoSe2/SPCE. As well as, the electrochemical sensing of mesalamine (MES) at H-FeMoSe2/SPCE is comparatively 0.46 and 1.28 fold higher than that obtained at M-FeMoSe2/SPCE and C-FeMoSe2/SPCE respectively. Thus, H-FeMoSe2/SPCE was concluded as an excellent electrocatalyst for sensing of MES and performed DPV technique. As the results, very low detection limit (0.8 nM) of MES was achieved at H-FeMoSe2/SPCE. Hence, the selected H-FeMoSe2/SPCE was successfully subjected to the real-time detection of MES by using a paramedical tablet and reported the excellent recovery range.

The transition metal tungstates have attracted and gained much interest in recent years because of the excellent electrocatalytic properties. Herein, we have explored the electrochemical activity o...

Zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) regression is widely applied to model effects of covariates on an outcome count with excess zeros. In some applications, covariates in a ZIP regression model are partially observed. Based on the imputed data generated by applying the multiple imputation (MI) schemes developed by Wang and Chen (Ann Stat 37:490–517, 2009), two methods are proposed to estimate the parameters of a ZIP regression model with covariates missing at random. One, proposed by Rubin (in: Proceedings of the survey research methods section of the American Statistical Association, 1978), consists of obtaining a unified estimate as the average of estimates from all imputed datasets. The other, proposed by Fay (J Am Stat Assoc 91:490–498, 1996), consists of averaging the estimating scores from all imputed data sets to solve the imputed estimating equation. Moreover, it is shown that the two proposed estimation methods are asymptotically equivalent to the semiparametric inverse probability weighting method. A modified formula is proposed to estimate the variances of the MI estimators. An extensive simulation study is conducted to investigate the performance of the estimation methods. The practicality of the methodology is illustrated with a dataset of motorcycle survey of traffic regulations.

4-Nitroquinoline N-oxide (4-NQO) is an important tumorigenic organic compound with high adverse effect in the human body. In this study, a novel Bismuth Tungstate nanospheres (Bi2WO6) decorated reduced graphene oxide (Bi2WO6/rGOS) nanocomposite have been designed through a sonochemical method. The as-synthesized Bi2WO6/rGOS was characterized through the HRTEM, FESEM, XPS, EIS and XRD. Furthermore, the nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was developed for the determination of 4-NQO. The results showed that the Bi2WO6/rGOS nanocomposite modified electrode exhibit valuable responses and excellent electrocatalytic activity. The fabricated sensor was facilitated the analysis of 4-NQO with a nanomolar detection limit (6.11 nM). Further, the as-synthesized Bi2WO6/rGOS modified electrode has been applied to sensing of 4-NQO in human blood and urine samples with satisfactory recovery.

The one-step synthesis of heteroatom-doped porous carbons is reported with the in situ formation of cobalt oxide nanoparticles for dual electrochemical applications (i.e., electrochemical sensor and supercapacitor). A single molecular template of zeolitic imidazole framework-67 (ZIF-67) was utilized for the solid-state synthesis of cobalt oxide nanoparticle–decorated nitrogen-doped porous carbon (Co3O4@NPC) nanocomposite through a facile calcination treatment. For the first time, Co3O4@NPC nanocomposite derived from ZIF-67 has been applied as an electrode material for the efficient electrochemical detection of anticancer drug flutamide (FLU). The cyclic voltammetry studies were performed in the operating potential from 0.15 to − 0.65 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Interestingly, the fabricated drug sensor exhibited a very low reduction potential (− 0.42 V) compared to other reported sensors. The fabricated sensor exhibited good analytical performance in terms of low detection limit (12 nM), wide linear range (0.5 to 400 μM), and appreciable recovery results (~ 98%, RSD 1.7% (n = 3)) in a human urine sample. Hereafter, we also examined the supercapacitor performance of the Co3O4@NPC-modified Ni foam in a 1M KOH electrolyte, and noticeable a specific capacitance of 525 F g−1 at 1.5 A g−1 was attained, with long-term cycling stability. The Co3O4@NPC nanocomposite supercapacitor experiments outperform the associated MOF-derived carbons and the Co3O4-based nanostructure-modified electrodes.

Gadolinium tungstate (Gd2(WO4)3) has acquired much attention owing to its exclusive transport properties and excellent thermal and chemical stability. In this work, we demonstrate that two-dimensional (2D) gadolinium tungstate nanoflakes (GW Nfs) are synthesized by a coprecipitation method and represent novel architectures for efficient catalysis, which could be used in electrochemical sensing and photocatalytic degradation of the postharvest fungicide carbendazim (CBZ). The physicochemical properties of GW Nfs were studied by using XRD, Raman, TEM, EDX, and XPS, which show the formation of GW as a nanoflake-like structure with a well crystallized nature. The as-prepared GW Nfs revealed an admirable electrochemical response for CBZ detection with an LOD of 0.005 μM, a wide-ranging linear response of 0.02 to 40 μM, and a notable sensitivity of 0.39 μA μM-1 cm-2. Furthermore, the GW-Nf-modified electrode has a good recovery for CBZ in the study of real samples such as rice and soil washed water samples. Moreover, GW Nfs have a promising photocatalytic activity for CBZ degradation. The GW Nfs could degrade CBZ at greater than 98% efficiency and mineralize above 74% of the CBZ molecules in the presence of visible light irradiation with superior stability even after many cycles. Subsequently, the electrochemical and photocatalytic mechanisms were provided in detail.

Material combinations of semiconductor with conducting polymer are gaining growing interest due to their enhanced activities in photocatalysis as well as electrochemical sensing. In this present wo...

To dates, the facile synthesis of inorganic–coated organic polymer composite has received greater attention in the order of research fields including advanced materials and electrochemical analysis owing to the complementary or synergistic effects. In this context, Pr2O3 and Pr2O3 coated polystyrene (Pr2O3/PS) inorganic–organic colloidal composite were prepared via ultrasound-induced radicals initiated precipitation and dispersion polymerization methods. The synthesized Pr2O3/PS composite was systematically studied by FE-SEM, TEM, EDX, FT-IR, XRD, and XPS analysis. This composite modified glassy carbon electrode (Pr2O3/PS GCE) was utilized to construct a novel electrochemical sensor for the detection assay of chemotherapy agent methotrexate (MTA). Under optimal condition, the designed sensor showed outstanding performance for MTA trace level detection over the linear concentration range of 0.01–236 µM with a detection limit of 0.8 nM for MTA. Furthermore, the prepared sensor accomplished excellent stability and relevant reproducibility, in addition to reliable practical assay in real human blood serum and urine samples. Besides, the possible MTA sensing mechanism of Pr2O3/PS GCE has been deliberated in detail. Our finding suggested that the developed Pr2O3/PS composite might be a favorable material for the fabrication of the high-performance electrochemical sensor.

We report a facile and ultrasound assisted sonochemical synthesis of a Tungsten disulfide nanorods decorated nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide based nanocomposite. The WS2 NRs/N-rGOs nanocomposite was characterized by FESEM, HRTEM, XRD, XPS and electrochemical methods and its application towards the electrochemical detection of organo-arsenic drug (coccidiostat). The WS2 NRs/N-rGOs modified SPCE was used for the electrochemical reduction of roxarsone (ROX) and it showed superior electrocatalytic performance in terms of reduction peak current and shift in overpotential when compared to those of WS2 NRs/SPCE, N-rGOs/SPCE and based SPCE. The WS2 NRs/N-rGOs modified SPCE showed an excellent sensing ability towards ROX in nitrogen saturated phosphate buffer (PB) then the other controlled modified and unmodified electrodes. The WS2 NRs/N-rGOs/SPCE displays high sensitive response towards ROX and gives wide linearity in the range of 0.1–442.6 µM ROX in neutral phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and the sensitivity of the sensor is calculated as 14.733 µA µM−1 cm−2. The WS2 NRs/N-rGOs nanocomposite modified sensor also exhibits valuable ability of anti-interference to electroactive analytes. Furthermore, the as-prepared WS2 NRs/N-rGOs/SPCE has been applied to the determination of ROX in biological and pharmaceutical samples.

Herein, novel manganese sulfide nanoparticles (MnS NPs) decorated reduced graphene oxide (rGOS) nanocomposite have been designed through a facile ultrasound-assisted method and followed by a sonication process. After then, as-synthesized α-MnS@rGOS was characterized by HRTEM, FESEM, XPS, XRD and EIS. Furthermore, the α-MnS@rGOS nanocomposite modified SPCE (screen-printed carbon electrode) shows excellent electrochemical sensing performance towards Parkinson’s disease biomarker of dopamine (DA). Moreover, the fabricated sensor showed a wide linear range for dopamine between 0.02 and 438.6 µM and nanomolar detection limit (3.5 nM). In addition, the α-MnS@rGOS modified SPCE showed selectivity towards the detection of dopamine in presence of a 10-fold higher concentration of other important biomolecules. The nanocomposite film modified SPCE sensor was good stable and reproducible towards the detection of Parkinson's disease biomarker. Furthermore, the as-synthesized α-MnS@rGOS nanocomposite modified SPCE has been applied to the determination of dopamine in human serum, rat serum and pharmaceutical samples with acceptable recoveries.

An electrochemical sensor based on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified by three-dimensional graphene (3D-GE) and polyglutamic acid (PGA) was developed to quantitatively detect Amoxicillin (AMX), a worldwide used antibiotic. AMX response at PGA/3D-GE/GCE involving the transfer of one electron and an equal number of protons were determined using electrochemical approaches. Density functional theory simulations were performed to give insights on the reaction mechanism of AMX on the surface of the modified electrode. When the optimization of the experimental conditions was completed, the linear range of AMX was 2–60 μM. Besides, the detection limit was calculated as 0.118 μM (S/N = 3). And the modified electrode could detect the concentration of the AMX in human urine samples. Overall, the developed PGA/3D-GE/GCE for determination of AMX shows great potentials in practice.

A novel electrochemical sensor based on ruthenium sulfide nanoparticles decorated activated graphite sheets (RuS2/AG) was designed and fabricated for the determination of antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPZ). Activated graphite sheets (AG) were prepared by non-explosive, non-hazardous and simple chemical activation technique. Then, the AG sheets were used for the synthesis of RuS2/AG nanocomposite by single step hydrothermal synthesis method. The synthesized materials were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Raman spectrometer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The synergistic effect of the RuS2/AG nanocomposite was applied for the determination of CPZ by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) techniques. Fascinatingly, the RuS2/AG nanocomposite exhibited the excellent electrocatalytic activity and detects the CPZ at very lowest oxidation potential about 0.60 V vs Ag/AgCl in pH-7 PB solution. Moreover, the lowest LOD 8 nM and wider linear ranges from 0.05 to 79.75 and 79.75–1249 μM was obtained towards the CPZ determination. Besides, the proposed sensor shows the good selectivity, satisfactory repeatability, reproducibility and stability. Furthermore, the real time application was evaluated in pharmaceutical tablets and human urine samples.

Herein, a novel iron nitride nanoparticles (Fe2N NPs) decorated reduced graphene oxide (rGOS) nanocomposite have been designed through a solvothermal method and followed by a nitridation process. After then, as-synthesized Fe2N NPs@rGOS was characterized by HRTEM, FESEM, XPS, XRD, and EIS. Furthermore, the nanocomposite modified SPCE (screen-printed carbon electrode) shows excellent electrochemical sensing performance towards biomarker of 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide (4-NQO) with fast detection. 4-NQO is one of the important cancer biomarker. Moreover, the fabricated sensor showed a wide linear window for 4-NQO between 0.05–574.2 μM and nanomolar detection limit (9.24 nM). Further, the as-prepared Fe2N NPs@rGOS/SPCE has been applied to the determination of 4-NQO in human blood and urine samples with recoveries close to 100%.

A simple and accurate electrochemical sensor for the detection of tryptophan (TRP) was developed by modifying the surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with silver molybdate incorporated reduced graphene oxide (AgM/RGO) composite. The AgM/RGO composite was synthesized by single step hydrothermal synthesis. The as-prepared AgM/RGO composite was confirmed by the various analytical and spectroscopic techniques. The electrochemical properties of the AgM/RGO composite was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and amperometric method. The AgM/RGO modified GCE shows an excellent electrochemical detection towards of TRP. The combination of AgM and RGO are not only enhanced the electrochemical properties of the composite but also improved the electron transfer between the electrode and TRP. Under the optimal condition, the proposed sensor was showed a wide linear range from 0.02 to 146.96 μM with a low detection limit of 0.0057 μM. Besides, the electrode sensitivity was calculated to be 4.327 μA μM−1 cm2. Remarkably, the proposed sensor exhibited good selectivity, stability, reproducibility and repeatability. The AgM/RGO/GCE was successfully applied to TRP determination in food and biological samples.

We report the synthesis, characterization, electrochemical sensing and catalytic capability of the bimetallic heterojunction Al2O3/ZnO micro flowers (AZ MFs). In order to prepare this bifunctional material, the facile hydrothermal process was adopted. The material was thoroughly characterized for the crystal structure and morphology with Powder XRD, XPS and FE-SEM. The investigation of electrochemical sensing was done using hydroquinone (HQ) and the chemical catalysis was using rhodamine B (RhB) with our bimetallic Al2O3/ZnO micro flowers as these are harmful industrial pollutants. The process parameters like the influence of scan rate and pH was efficiently optimized for the electrochemical detection of HQ and kinetics for the time dependent catalytic degradation of RhB dye. The linear relationship between the peak current and the concentration of HQ was found to be in the range of 0.125–20.25 μM with an impressive detection limit of 11.2 nM. In the chemical catalytic degradation of the RhB dye, our bimetallic material thrived well during the reaction and degraded the material in 10 min. The performance of bimetallic Al2O3/ZnO micro flowers towards HQ detection and RhB degradation shows good stability, reproducibility and it can be efficiently utilized to treat the environmental pollutants.