1. Pyridine-Embedded Phenothiazinium Dyes as Lysosome-Targeted Photosensitizers for Highly Efficient Photodynamic Antitumor Therapy
- Author
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Liqian Gao, Gang Liu, Wingnang Leung, Chuanshan Xu, Juan Wu, Xin Pang, Qicai Xiao, Pan Wang, Hung Kay Lee, Yue Jiang, Shao Q. Yao, Huirong Lin, Quanming Zhou, and Sheng Jiang
- Subjects
Male ,Light ,Pyridines ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Antineoplastic Agents ,Photodynamic therapy ,01 natural sciences ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Phenothiazines ,Cell Line, Tumor ,Neoplasms ,Lysosome ,Drug Discovery ,Pyridine ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Coloring Agents ,030304 developmental biology ,Mice, Inbred BALB C ,0303 health sciences ,Photosensitizing Agents ,Light irradiation ,Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays ,Antitumor therapy ,Combinatorial chemistry ,0104 chemical sciences ,010404 medicinal & biomolecular chemistry ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,Cell culture ,Cancer cell ,Molecular Medicine ,Female ,Lysosomes ,Reactive Oxygen Species ,Methylene blue - Abstract
Development of new photosensitizers (PSs) with high photodynamic efficacy and minimal side effects is of great interest in photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this work, we reported several pyridine-embedded phenothiazinium (pyridophenothiazinium) dyes, which could be conveniently synthesized in a few short steps and acted as highly efficient and potent PSs to selectively localize to lysosomes and photosensitively kill cancer cells. Among them, compound 5, which possessed the ability of promoting intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon light irradiation by almost 40-fold higher than that of methylene blue (MB, a general phenothiazinium-based PS), exhibited a remarkable phototherapeutic index (PI = 53.8) against HT29 cancer cells, leading to eradication of large solid tumors (∼300 mm3) in a xenograft mouse model without apparent side effects. These results suggest that the pyridophenothiazinium dyes developed herein, especially compound 5, may serve as promising lysosome-targeted PSs for efficient photodynamic antitumor therapy.
- Published
- 2020