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1. Interpreting historical, botanical, and geological evidence to aid preparations for future floods

Author

Oliver Wetter, Michael Kahle, Victor R. Baker, Gerardo Benito, Marc Luetscher, Scott St. George, Markus Stoffel, Juan Pablo Corella, Achim Brauer, Lothar Schulte, Bruno Wilhelm, Monica Ionita, Manfred Mudelsee, Tao Liu, Rhawn F. Denniston, Mark G. Macklin, Mariano Barriendos, Rüdiger Glaser, Willem H. J. Toonen, Samuel E. Munoz, Juan Antonio Ballesteros Cánovas, Neil Macdonald, National Science Foundation (US), and Swiss Academy of Sciences

Subjects
Economic deprivation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0207 environmental engineering, Sedimentació, Ocean Engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Palaeoflood evidence, Bases de dades, Databases, Natural hazard, 11. Sustainability, 14. Life underwater, Paleohidrologia, 020701 environmental engineering, Environmental planning, Risk assessment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, ddc:333.7-333.9, Sustainable development, Ecology, Flood myth, Paleohydrology, Historical archive, Sedimentation and deposition, Geological evidence, 15. Life on land, Floods, Geography, 13. Climate action, Flood hazard, Inundacions, Avaluació del risc, Natural archive, Loss of life
Abstract

River flooding is among the most destructive of natural hazards globally, causing widespread loss of life, damage to infrastructure and economic deprivation. Societies are currently under increasing threat from such floods, predominantly from increasing exposure of people and assets in flood¿prone areas, but also as a result of changes in flood magnitude, frequency, and timing. Accurate flood hazard and risk assessment are therefore crucial for the sustainable development of societies worldwide. With a paucity of hydrological measurements, evidence from the field offers the only insight into truly extreme events and their variability in space and time. Historical, botanical, and geological archives have increasingly been recognized as valuable sources of extreme flood event information. These different archives are here reviewed with a particular focus on the recording mechanisms of flood information, the historical development of the methodological approaches and the type of information that those archives can provide. These studies provide a wealthy dataset of hundreds of historical and palaeoflood series, whose analysis reveals a noticeable dominance of records in Europe. After describing the diversity of flood information provided by this dataset, we identify how these records have improved and could further improve flood hazard assessments and, thereby, flood management and mitigation plans., This publication is a contribution to the Past Global Changes (PAGES) Floods Working Group. PAGES is supported by the US National Science Foundation and the Swiss Academy of Sciences.

Published
2019

2. PaCTS 1.0: a crowdsourced reporting standard for paleoclimate data

Author

Maxime Debret, Emilie Pauline Dassié, Varun Ratnakar, M. P. Erb, Valdir F. Novello, M. Kienast, Walter Finsinger, Timothy T. Barrows, J.J. Williams, A. Frappier, Natalie Kehrwald, Nicolas Gauthier, F. Schwanck, Laia Comas-Bru, Darrell S. Kaufman, Daniel Fortier, Lucie Bazin, Nick Scroxton, Christof Pearce, Anna L.C. Hughes, E. Sutherland, Daniel Garijo, Bronwen Konecky, Richard J. Telford, A. J. Waite, Jennifer E. Hertzberg, Aubrey L. Hillman, Kathryn Allen, Samuel L Jaccard, George E. A. Swann, Lydia A. Olaka, Jianghui Du, Montserrat Alonso-Garcia, Andreas Schmittner, Elizabeth R. Thomas, Will Hobbs, Cécile Pignol, S.E. Pilaar Birch, Natalia Piotrowska, Maria-Serena Poli, Adam Z. Csank, Fabien Arnaud, A.A. Prokopenko, Julien Emile-Geay, Nils Weitzel, Steven J. Phipps, Zoë Thomas, Helen McGregor, Simon Goring, Deborah Khider, Lucien von Gunten, Thomas Felis, Matthew Huber, Lukas Jonkers, Mai Winstrup, Steve George, Yarrow Axford, Elizabeth Bradley, William R Gray, J. C. Bregy, Andrew G. Bunn, Kristine L. DeLong, G. Le Roux, Kaustubh Thirumalai, John W. Williams, Judson W. Partin, Vyacheslav Lyubchich, Georgina Falster, S. A. Truebe, Jiaoyang Ruan, Kim M. Cobb, Suellyn Emerick, Olivier Cartapanis, Fiona D. Hibbert, Yuan Zhou, Christian Stepanek, Oliver Bothe, H.‐W. Chiang, Eric C. Grimm, Belen Martrat, Peter W. Brewer, René Dommain, Bruno Wilhelm, Nicholas P. McKay, Ning Zhao, Emilie Capron, Pierre Francus, Julie N. Richey, Michael Kahle, Kelsey A. Dyez, Sebastien Bertrand, Yolanda Gil, Manuel Chevalier, Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de la Montagne (EDYTEM), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Climate Service Center [Hambourg] (GERICS), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (GKSS), National Physical Laboratory [Teddington] (NPL), Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Centre Eau Terre Environnement [Québec] (INRS - ETE), Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique [Québec] (INRS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paléocéanographie (PALEOCEAN), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de Montagne (EDYTEM), Morphodynamique Continentale et Côtière (M2C), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Gestion Territoriale de l'Eau et de l'environnement (UMR GESTE), École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA, Centre Technique Agroalimentaire (CTCPA), Service de dermatologie et vénéréologie (CHUV Lausanne), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois [Lausanne] (CHUV), Geological Institute (ETHZ), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Brown University, Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (LEFE), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Milton Keynes], The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Martrat, Belen, Martrat, Belen [0000-0001-9904-9178], University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Centre d'études de chimie métallurgique (CECM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (ECOLAB), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010506 paleontology, Atmospheric Science, Paleoclimate, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Standardization, Computer science, Best practice, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Big data, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Terminology, Grassroots, Paleoceanography, [SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, paleoclimate, ddc:550, best practices, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 550 Earth sciences & geology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, FAIR, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Data, Community engagement, business.industry, Paleontology, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, 15. Life on land, [SDV.BIBS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM], Data science, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Metadata, data, 13. Climate action, paleoceanography, standards, Institut für Geowissenschaften, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, Working group
Abstract

The progress of science is tied to the standardization of measurements, instruments, and data. This is especially true in the Big Data age, where analyzing large data volumes critically hinges on the data being standardized. Accordingly, the lack of community-sanctioned data standards in paleoclimatology has largely precluded the benefits of Big Data advances in the field. Building upon recent efforts to standardize the format and terminology of paleoclimate data, this article describes the Paleoclimate Community reporTing Standard (PaCTS), a crowdsourced reporting standard for such data. PaCTS captures which information should be included when reporting paleoclimate data, with the goal of maximizing the reuse value of paleoclimate data sets, particularly for synthesis work and comparison to climate model simulations. Initiated by the LinkedEarth project, the process to elicit a reporting standard involved an international workshop in 2016, various forms of digital community engagement over the next few years, and grassroots working groups. Participants in this process identified important properties across paleoclimate archives, in addition to the reporting of uncertainties and chronologies; they also identified archive-specific properties and distinguished reporting standards for new versus legacy data sets. This work shows that at least 135 respondents overwhelmingly support a drastic increase in the amount of metadata accompanying paleoclimate data sets. Since such goals are at odds with present practices, we discuss a transparent path toward implementing or revising these recommendations in the near future, using both bottom-up and top-down approaches. ©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved., Code and data to reproduce the figures of this article are available on GitHub and released on Zenodo (doi:10.5281/zenodo.3165019). Definition of properties and recommendations are summarized here: http://wiki.linked.earth/PaCTS_v1.0 . This work was supported by the National Science Foundation through the EarthCube Program with Grant ICER‐1541029. Feedback solicitation on the standard was facilitated by the Past Global Changes (PAGES) organization. The 2016 workshop on Paleoclimate Data Standards was hosted by the World Data Service for Paleoclimatology (WDS/NOAA‐Paleo), and the participation of international attendees was made possible by a PAGES travel grant. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Published
2019
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3. The <scp>CRE</scp> tambora.org – new data and tools for collaborative research in climate and environmental history

Author

Rüdiger Glaser, Michael Kahle, Steffen Vogt, and Dirk Riemann

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Process (engineering), media_common.quotation_subject, Control (management), 0207 environmental engineering, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Data science, Toolbox, World Wide Web, Workflow, Geography, Digital Object Identifier, Citizen science, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Quality (business), Environmental history, 020701 environmental engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common
Abstract

Tambora.org is a new web-based Collaborative Research Environment (CRE) for Historical Climatology (HC) and Environmental research, already containing several huge data collections from different regions with different cultural background. The integration and sustainable storage of existing data collections, as well as the entry of new data are core features of the system. Additionally, tambora.org provides a growing toolbox for creating, analysing and presenting the data. With many active contributors and everyone being invited to add further datasets, it is continuously growing. Tambora.org enables researchers to collaboratively interpret climate information derived from historical sources. It includes tools to support the complete workflow of transforming the raw source material (typically text) to data useful for climatic analysis and finally the publication of data. It provides a database for original text quotations together with bibliographic references and derived searchable, dated and geo-referenced information on climate and environment. To acknowledge scientific work, tambora.org facilitates the process of assigning citable DOIs (digital object identifier) to data collections by providing the necessary infrastructure and institutional responsibility for quality control.

Published
2015
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