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Perovskites are an important group of ceramic materials with a structural formula ABO3 and wide array of potential applications in electronics, superconductors, catalysis, etc. CaTiO3, by which the whole group was named for, is particularly significant due to its use in catalysis, but its photocatalytic activity is limited by a large band gap value (~3.5 eV). A possible solution is the substitution of A and B cations with foreign cations which causes the alteration of properties, including photocatalytic efficiency. The aim of this work was the sol-gel synthesis of lithium and cerium codoped CaTiO3, characterization of the prepared gel and ceramics obtained by its thermal treatment. Samples of codoped perovskite, Ca1-xLixCexTiO3, where x = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03 and 0.04, were prepared and characterized using powder X–ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential thermal and thermo-gravimetric analysis (DTA-TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Photocatalytic activity was evaluated through the study of methylene blue photocatalytic degradation. XRD analysis showed that the prepared samples consisted of calcium nitrate and titanium chelate. In accordance with the established thermal evolution path, all samples were thermally treated at 500 °C for 2 hours. Beside perovskite, Ca2Ti2O6 appeared as a secondary phase in all thermally treated samples. SEM analysis of thermally treated samples showed the presence of agglomerates of irregular morphology and the decrease of primary particles size with the increase of dopants concentration. The sample with x=0.04 showed an increased photocatalytic activity.

Recently demonstrated 3D networks of Ge quantum wires in an alumina matrix, produced by a simple magnetron sputtering deposition enables the realization of nanodevices with tailored conductivity and opto-electrical properties. Their growth and ordering mechanisms as well as possibilities in the design of their structure have not been explored yet. Here, we investigate a broad range of deposition conditions leading to the formation of such quantum wire networks. The resulting structures show an extraordinary tenability of the networks&rsquo, geometrical properties. These properties are easily controllable by deposition temperature and Ge concentration. The network&rsquo, s geometry is shown to retain the same basic structure, adjusting its parameters according to Ge concentration in the material. In addition, the networks&rsquo, growth and ordering mechanisms are explained. Furthermore, optical measurements demonstrate that the presented networks show strong confinement effects controllable by their geometrical parameters. Interestingly, energy shift is the largest for the longest quantum wires, and quantum wire length is the main parameter for control of confinement. Presented results demonstrate a method to produce unique materials with designable properties by a simple self-assembled growth method and reveal a self-assembling growth mechanism of novel 3D ordered Ge nanostructures with highly designable optical properties.

Thin films comprising three dimensional germanium (Ge) quantum dot lattices formed by nitrogen (N) assisted magnetron sputtering deposition in alumina (Al2O3) matrix have been studied for light harvesting purposes. In order to expand the application of this material it is necessary to reduce germanium oxidation and to achieve stabilization of the germanium/alumina interface. Effects of tuning the N concentration, substrate temperature and Ge sputtering power during the films preparation are monitored. It is shown that the N presence not only reduces Ge oxidation during annealing but also affects the internal structure, size and arrangement of Ge quantum dots. Additionally, the deposition temperature and Ge sputtering power are used to tune the Ge quantum dot size, separation and the regularity of their positions. It is shown that the optical and electrical properties of the films, especially their photo-induced current, and quantum efficiency are strongly tunable by the deposition conditions. Moreover, a significant photo-response and effect of multiple exciton generation effect is observed. The materials presented could be used as a sensitive layer for photodetectors or photovoltaic light harvesting devices. The presented tools can be used for future fine tuning of the material to achieve the optimal quantum efficiency.

U radu je dan pregled pojmova i jednadžbi vezanih uz određivanje zabranjene zone metodom difuzne refleksijske spektroskopije i uporabu Taucova grafičkog prikaza. Kako bi se demonstrirao postupak i vrednovala sama metoda, primjenom metode određena je zabranjena zona komercijalnih uzoraka anatasa, rutila, cinkita i hematita. Na temelju eksperimentalno dobivenih vrijednosti širine zabranjene zone komentirana je točnost metode te osjetljivost pri razlikovanju poluvodiča s direktnim i indirektnim prijelazima. Pokazano je da Taucova metoda nije besprijekorna niti u pogledu točnosti niti razlikovanja indirektnih i direktnih elektronskih prijelaza u poluvodičkim materijalima, ali je vrlo praktičan način određivanja širine zabranjene zone poluvodiča budući da ne zahtijeva pretjerano skupu instrumentaciju a obrada eksperimentalnih podataka relativno je jednostavna. For the application of semiconductors, an important factor is the band gap, i.e., the minimum energy required for the transfer of electrons from the valence to the conduction band. One of the possible methods for band gap determination is diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and Tauc plot. In this paper, an overview of the terms and equations related to the said method is given, as well as its utilization in the determination of band gaps of commercial samples of various metal oxides. Thus, the procedure is demonstrated and evaluated through the determination of indirect and direct band gap values of anatase (TiO2), rutile (TiO2), zincite (ZnO), and hematite (Fe2O3). All samples were beforehand analysed and identified by X-ray powder diffraction on Shimadzu XRD 6000 diffractometer with CuKα radiation working in a step scan mode with steps of 0.02° and counting time of 0.6 s. It was determined that all samples are well crystallized with relatively large crystallite sizes. UV-Vis spectra of the samples, as well as barite, which was used as a reference, were obtained on the UV-Vis spectrometer with an integrating sphere in total reflectance mode. The UV-Vis DRS spectra were transformed to Kubelka-Munk function, after which Tauc plot was used for the determination of the indirect and direct band gap values of all samples. The obtained values for anatase were 3.20 eV for indirect transition and 3.41 eV for direct transition, and for rutile 3.00 eV for indirect transition and 3.11 eV for direct transition. The zincite sample showed an indirect band gap of 3.19 eV and direct band gap of 3.25 eV, while the obtained indirect band gap value for hematite was 1.96 eV and direct band gap value 2.15 eV. As may be seen, the method is not particularly useful when distinguishing direct from indirect semiconductors, since, for all samples, the curves in Tauc plot for both indirect and direct electron transitions possess a linear dependence region from which the band gap value is estimated. However, the obtained band gap values for all the studied semiconductors are in relatively good concordance with literature references. The method is perhaps most useful in monitoring the variation of band gap depending on the dopant content. Namely, the studied metal oxides are used in photocatalysis where the addition of dopants is expected to reduce the band gap to visible light area, and thus improve the photocatalytic activity of the semiconductor. It can be concluded that the Tauc method is not perfect in terms of accuracy and differentiation between indirect and direct electron transitions in semiconductors. Nevertheless, it is a very practical way of band gap assessment for semiconducting materials, because it requires no excessively expensive instrumentation, and the processing of experimental data is rather simple.

The application of the grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) technique for the investigation of three-dimensional lattices of nanostructures is demonstrated. A successful analysis of three-dimensionally ordered nanostructures requires applying a suitable model for the description of the nanostructure ordering. Otherwise, it is possible to get a good agreement between the experimental and the simulated data, but the parameters obtained by fitting may be completely incorrect. In this paper, we theoretically examine systems having different types of nanostructure ordering, and we show how the choice of the correct model for the description of ordering influences the analysis results. Several theoretical models are compared in order to show how to use GISAXS in the investigation of self-assembled arrays of nanoparticles, and also in arrays of nanostructures obtained by ion-beam treatment of thin films or surfaces. All models are supported by experimental data, and the possibilities and limitations of GISAXS for the determination of material structure are discussed.