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We obtain the representation of the backward shift operator on Chebyshev polynomials involving a principal value (PV) integral. Twice the backward shift on the space of square-summable sequences l2 displays chaotic dynamics, thus we provide an explicit form of a chaotic operator on L2 (−1, 1, (1−x2)–1/2) using Cauchy’s PV integral. We explicitly calculate the periodic points of the operator and provide examples of unbounded trajectories, as well as chaotic ones. Histograms and recurrence plots of shifts of random Chebyshev expansions display interesting behaviour over fractal measures.

International audience; In the context of climate change, Nature-Based Solutions (NBSs), a recently developed concept, are increasingly considered as part of the adaptation strategies of the cities. Studies using expert models and methods (EMM) receive a great deal of scientific attention. Considering EMM increasing use, this study aims to perform an analysis of the reported evaluation results, reflecting the capability of the EMM to accurately tackle urban challenges identified within the EU Nature4Cities project. Then, we propose a set of indicators and recommendations about sixteen EMM to be used by funders, researchers and practitioners when evaluating the performance of NBSs. The coupling of the different components (climate, water and soil) is not a simple matter. The analysis relies on the definition of the range of the reported metrics and on the investigation of the relationship between the various indices, applied for the EMM evaluation. Secondly, the study assesses the existing EMM, indicating the potential of NBSs: (i) to reduce urban heat island, (ii) to limit surface warming, (iii) to increase the thermal comfort of people, (iv) to limit the overheating and runoff of surfaces due to impervious areas, (v) to increase water retention during stormy episodes, (vi) to improve storm water quality at the outlet of the sustainable urban drainage systems, (vii) to promote the filtration and epuration of storm water runoff in soil and (viii) to be a support for vegetation. The analysis reveals that EMM can be considered as helpful tools for urban microclimate, urban soil and water management analysis, provided their limitations and characteristics are taken into account by the user when choosing tools and interpreting results (e.g. application scale). With regard to the performance of NBSs, the most commonly used indicators clearly depend on the scale of the project.

In the past few decades, multiple theoretical studies have highlighted the diverse capabilities of freshwater fishpond systems in the provision of water-related ecosystem services (ESs). However, practical studies to confirm this statement are still lacking in the scientific literature compared to other ecosystems. In this paper, we reveal the ESs of three semi-intensively managed fishpond systems in Hungary and assess the knowledge and perceptions of local experts about them and their main interactions. Between 2017 and 2019, we performed participatory research on the fishpond systems of Biharugra, Akaszt&oacute, and Szeged, conducting a total of 22 structured interviews with experts from all related stakeholder groups. Based on the interviews, we identified 16 actively used ESs (4 provisioning, 7 regulating, and 5 cultural ESs) and also revealed 19 main forms of impacts (14 positive and 5 negative) related to them. Despite their different perceptions and demands associated with fish farms, almost every expert articulated the role of semi-intensive fish farming in the sustenance of water-related natural values and ecosystem services, endangered by the ongoing effects of global warming. Besides confirming the theoretical statements of previous studies, these findings could also provide information for subsequent land-use planning, with the aim of creating more sustainable, multifunctionally used fishpond systems.

The establishment of a sustainable land use system is crucial in Hungary (SE Europe) where 30% of croplands lie on former floodplains, and 40–45% of arable lands are drought-prone. We calculated and compared the monetary value of the main wetland ecosystem services, the profitability of land use and the additional costs of grain producer system on land at risk from groundwater inundation on the Hungarian Plain. We show that orchards and forestry generate a much higher profitability in former wetlands than cropland farming. Using the replacement cost method, we prove that the reservoir capacity of restored wetlands with an ecologically optimal 0.5 m water depth could replace 2150 €ha−1 flood protection investment cost. The calculated costs of protecting land under the two highest groundwater risk categories between 1999–2005 was 37.2 €ha−1 y−1 and 14.9 €ha−1 y−1, respectively. Although the flood protection benefits of former wetlands may provide an appropriate value base for restoration per se, combined with the potential advantages of land use change from cropland to forest in former wetlands and the carbon sequestration benefit provide ‘win-win’ solutions for land users and institutional actors interested in flood prevention, environmental protection and climate mitigation.

We present a ‘concept matching’ systematic review linking the classes of the Common International Classification for Ecosystem Services (CICES, v4.3) to the ways scientists define and apply ES indicators in published studies. With the dual aim of creating an overview how the different services are measured in the studies, and determining if CICES provides an appropriate structure to accommodate the ES assessed in the practical literature, we reviewed 85 scientific papers from which 440 indicators were identified. Almost all CICES classes were represented, with cultural and some regulating (e.g. global climate regulation, pollination) ES being the most frequently considered. The four most frequently studied CICES classes (or class clusters) were global climate regulation, aesthetic beauty, recreation, and bio-remediation. Regulating and cultural services were more often assessed than provisioning services. Normalisation to unit area and time was common for indicators of several regulating and provisioning ES. Scores were most frequently used for cultural ES (except recreation) and some regulating services (e.g. flood protection). Altogether 20% of the ES indicators were quantified as an economic value, and monetisation is most frequently done for cultural and provisioning ES. Few regulating services, on the other hand, were monetised (including ones, like global climate regulation, for which appropriate techniques are relatively easily available). The work enabled a library of indicators to be compiled and made available. The findings can be used to help improve CICES so that it can provide a more robust and comprehensive framework for ecosystem assessments.

We consider an inverse eigenvalue problem for Dirac operators on finite intervals. We show that if for a \({\mu\in\mathbb{C}}\) the system \({\{\exp{2i\lambda_nx}}\), \({\exp{2i\mu x}\}}\) is closed in \({L^p[-\pi,\pi]}\), then there is at most one \({L^p}\)-potential with the eigenvalues \({\lambda_n}\). The result corresponds to the case of Schrodinger operators.

Contains fulltext : 215743.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Formulation optimization and antidotal combination therapy are the two important tools to enhance the antidotal protection of the cyanide (CN) antidote dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS). The focus of this study is to demonstrate how the formulation with polysorbate 80 (Poly80), an excipient used in pharmaceutical technology, and the combinations with other CN antidotes having different mechanisms of action enhance the antidotal efficacy of the unformulated (neat) DMTS. The LD50 for CN was determined by the statistical Dixon up-and-down method on mice. Antidotal efficacy was expressed as antidotal potency ratio (APR). CN was injected subcutaneously one minute prior to the antidotes' injection intramuscularly. The APR values of 1.17 (dose: 25 mg/kg bodyweight) and 1.45 (dose: 50 mg/kg bodyweight) of the neat DMTS were significantly enhanced by the Poly80 formulation at both investigated doses to 2.03 and 2.33, respectively. The combination partners for the Poly80 formulated DMTS (DMTS-Poly80; 25 and 50 mg/kg bodyweight) were 4-nitrocobinamide (4NCbi) (20 mg/kg bodyweight) and aquohydroxocobinamide (AHCbi; 50, 100, and 250 mg/kg bodyweight). When DMTS-Poly80 (25 and 50 mg/kg bodyweight; APR = 2.03 and 2.33, respectively) was combined with 4NCbi (20 mg/kg bodyweight; APR = 1.35), significant increase in the APR values were noted at both DMTS doses (APR = 2.38 and 3.12, respectively). AHCbi enhanced the APR of DMTS-Poly80 (100 mg/kg bodyweight; APR = 3.29) significantly only at the dose of 250 mg/kg bodyweight (APR = 5.86). These studies provided evidence for the importance of the formulation with Poly80 and the combinations with cobinamide derivatives with different mechanisms of action for DMTS as a CN antidote candidate.

In the last decades, the research on ecosystem services have emerged in the field of geography. The negative impacts of human activities on the vulnerable karst areas are getting enforced quickly, which have an unfavourable influence on ecosystem service provision. On karstic areas, there are significant geographical processes, connected to biological activities. This issue is not adequately discussed in the current literature of karst ecology. In our study, we give an overview on the biogeomorphological feedbacks that change the functions and overall value of karst ecosystems.

This study aims to determine the solar permeability characteristics of some common urban tree species in Hungary and to analyse their shading efficiency in mostly clear sky conditions. The results are based on a measurement-series implemented during the whole vegetation period in 2015. This paper compares different tree species regarding their transmissivity, and looks for differences between different sized tree individuals belonging to the same species. The following order was found among the investigated species regarding their shading-capacity: T. cordata, A. hippocastanum and S. japonica. Additionally, higher transmitt ed radiation and consequently higher transmisivity values were detected in the case of the smaller investigated A. hippocastanum.

The significance of vegetable shading is, that it can minimize the risk of overheating and also the negative effects of urban heat island. The aim of the paper is to analyze more precisely the shading effect of alley trees, and their impact on indoor comfort. The shading efficiency of trees is a species-specific attribute, because of the varying crown structure and leaf density. The analyses aimed the quantification of the transmissivity of characteristic individuals of three frequently planted species. On the base of measured data the cooling load of the buildings and the risk of summer overheating are calculated.

Tanulmanyunkban a vilagkereskedelmi rendszer vizsgalatanak egy, az utobbi időben egyre nepszerűbb halozatelemzesen alapulo, elsősorban grafelmeleti modszereket alkalmazo megkozeliteset mutatjuk be a szakirodalom es szemleletes peldak alapjan. Olyan komplex halozatos modelleket kivanunk ismertetni, amelyekkel vizsgalni lehet a nemzetkozi kereskedelmi rendszer – mint komplex halozat – belső tulajdonsagait es fejlődeset. Attekintjuk a rendszer lehetseges grafos reprezentacioit, ismertetunk nehany halozatelemzesi modszert, amelyek segitsegevel vazoljuk az informaciokinyeres lehetősegeit. Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kod: C02, C38, C53.

Peter, Torok/0000-0002-4428-3327; Anenkhonov, Oleg/0000-0001-8633-7154; Batori, Zoltan/0000-0001-9915-5309; Magnes, Martin/0000-0002-5453-5735 WOS: 000442660900001 AimsEurasian forest-steppes are among the most complex non-tropical terrestrial ecosystems. Despite their considerable scientific, ecological and economic importance, knowledge of forest-steppes is limited, particularly at the continental scale. Here we provide an overview of Eurasian forest-steppes across the entire zone: (a) we propose an up-to-date definition of forest-steppes, (b) give a short physiogeographic outline, (c) delineate and briefly characterize the main forest-steppe regions, (d) explore forest-steppe biodiversity and conservation status, and (e) outline forest-steppe prospects under predicted climate change. LocationEurasia (29 degrees-56 degrees N, 16 degrees-139 degrees E). Results and ConclusionsForest-steppes are natural or near-natural vegetation complexes of arboreal and herbaceous components (typically distributed in a mosaic pattern) in the temperate zone, where the co-existence of forest and grassland is enabled primarily by the semi-humid to semi-arid climate, complemented by complex interactions of biotic and abiotic factors operating at multiple scales. This new definition includes lowland forest-grassland macromosaics (e.g. in Eastern Europe), exposure-related mountain forest-steppes (e.g. in Inner Asia), fine-scale forest-grassland mosaics (e.g. in the Carpathian Basin) and open woodlands (e.g. in the Middle East). Using criteria of flora, physiognomy, relief and climate, nine main forest-steppe regions are identified and characterized. Forest-steppes are not simple two-phase systems, as they show a high level of habitat diversity, with forest and grassland patches of varying types and sizes, connected by a network of differently oriented edges. Species diversity and functional diversity may also be exceptionally high in forest-steppes. Regarding conservation, we conclude that major knowledge gaps exist in determining priorities at the continental, regional, national and local levels, and in identifying clear target states and optimal management strategies. When combined with other threats, climate change may be particularly dangerous to forest-steppe survival, possibly resulting in compositional changes, rearrangement of the landscape mosaic or even the latitudinal or altitudinal shift of forest-steppes. Orszagos Tudomanyos Kutatasi AlapprogramokOrszagos Tudomanyos Kutatasi Alapprogramok (OTKA) [K 119 225, PD 116114]; Hungarian Government [EFOP-3.6.1-16-2016-00014]; National Youth Excellence Scholarship [NTP-NFTO-16-0623]; NKFIH [K 124796, K 119225]; Russian Federal Budget [AAAA-A17-117011810036-3] Orszagos Tudomanyos Kutatasi Alapprogramok, Grant/Award Number: K 119 225 and PD 116114; Hungarian Government, Grant/Award Number: EFOP-3.6.1-16-2016-00014; National Youth Excellence Scholarship, Grant/Award Number: NTP-NFTO-16-0623; NKFIH, Grant/Award Number: K 124796 and K 119225; Russian Federal Budget, Grant/Award Number: AAAA-A17-117011810036-3

Background Dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) is a highly lipid-soluble cyanide (CN) antidote candidate molecule. In prior studies with various US FDA-approved co-solvents, surfactants, and their combinations, aqueous solutions containing 15% polysorbate 80 (Poly80) were found to effectively solubilize DMTS in formulations for intramuscular administration. However, DMTS formulated in 15% aqueous Poly80 solutions showed gradual losses over time when stored in vials with septum-based seals. Objective The present study tested whether storing DMTS formulations in hermetically sealed glass ampules could mitigate storage losses. Methods Samples consisted of 1-mL aliquots of a 50 mg/ml stock solution of DMTS in 15% aqueous Poly80. The control samples were stored using a vial-within-a-vial system—the inner and outer vials were sealed respectively, with a snap cap, and with a crimped septum. The hermetically sealed test samples were stored in fire-sealed glass ampules. The DMTS content was measured by HPLC–UV analysis at specific time points over a 100-day period. Results While the control samples exhibited systematic DMTS losses, no DMTS losses were observed from the test samples stored in hermetically sealed glass ampules over the 100-day testing period. Conclusion DMTS formulated in 15% aqueous Poly80 solution has excellent stability when stored in fire-sealed glass ampules and thus has the potential to be effectively stored as an intramuscular CN countermeasure for mass casualty scenarios.

Provision of urban green spaces is largely unbalanced. Therefore, urban municipalities are concerned to improve citizens' accessibility to vegetated areas. This study proposes a workflow that identifies spatial inequalities in provision of already existing green spaces and suggests locations for potential green space implementations. The workflow was probed in the city of Szeged, Hungary; however its flexibility allows transferability to other urban settings. First, potential vegetation classes were identified based on their heights and spectral behavior, all sourced from very high resolution stereo satellite imagery. Then locations of societal demand for green space provision were identified by using attribute and spatial information from census tracks. By using OpenStreetMap road network, the data analysis will measure distances between population with green space demand and existing green spaces, compares the results with actual green space visits, and finally proposes potential vegetation patches which can be transferred to community utilization. The expected outcomes will be threefold: differences between potential travel distances to potential green spaces and actual travelled distances to existing green spaces; map of hot spots of spatial inequalities in urban green space availability; and map of locations of unused green surfaces that have a potential for community use.

Not just nonlinear systems but infinite-dimensional linear systems can exhibit complex behavior. It has long been known that twice the backward shift on the space of square-summable sequencesl2displays chaotic dynamics. Here we construct the corresponding operatorCon the space of2π-periodic odd functions and provide its representation involving a Principal Value Integral. We explicitly calculate the eigenfunction of this operator, as well as its periodic points. We also provide examples of chaotic and unbounded trajectories ofC.

Since microclimate regulation is one of the most important services of vegetation that is directly perceived by urban population, many studies aimed to evaluate and map this service on different spatial scales. Most of the investigations focused on the modification of only one parameter, namely the reduction of air temperature. However, it is important to state that thermal sensation, health and well-being are influenced by more atmospheric parameters, including air humidity, wind velocity and the three-dimensional short- and long-wave radiation environment as well. This necessitates the assessment of the modification effect of urban vegetation on the thermal components separately. With the above mentioned objective, this paper presents the initial results of a microclimate investigation series carried out in Szeged, South-East Hungary. Systematic on-site measurements were carried out with a pair of special human-biometeorological stations on 20 clear summer days of 2015 in order to reveal the small-scale climate regulation potential of single trees in urban environment. Five healthy, mature trees were selected for the analysis, without the disturbing (additional shading) effect of any other trees or artificial objects. We compare separately the median values of the main thermal parameters – air temperature, relative humidity, as well as the short- and long-wave radiation components from the upper and lower hemisphere – measured under the canopy of the trees, and in the sun. Our results demonstrate that all of the five investigated tree specimens have significantly greater impact on the components of the radiation budget, while the modification of air temperature and humidity is rather small. Inter-species differences seem to be small in the warmest hours of the day, and may be attributed to the dimensional and canopy-characteristics. During the development of ecosystem service indicators it would be advisable to use integrated human-biometeorological indices which take into account all meteorological parameters that influence considerably human thermal comfort.