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Construction of di-anchoring organic sensitizers has been recently recognized as an effective strategy to develop high-efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). However, the relatively low open-circuit photovoltage (Voc) for di-anchoring dyes have become to be the bottle-neck for further advancing the photovoltaic performance. In this work, two novel L(D-π-A)2 type di-anchoring sensitizers, W11–W12, featuring 9H-thieno[2′,3':4,5]thieno[3,2-b]thieno[2′,3':4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrrole (TTTP) as π-conjugated spacer, have been developed and well examined for a systematical study of the structure-property relationship of these dyes. Through the rational adjustment of donor-linking bridges, carbazole decorated W12 exhibits dramatically enhanced light-harvesting efficiency as well as self-anti-aggregation ability with respect to those of W11 employing triphenylamine linkage. More importantly, a compact arranged organic layer benefiting from the superior dye-loading amounts has been formed for W12, which is beneficial to keep the oxidized electrolyte from the TiO2 surface, thus bringing forth more efficient suppression of interfacial charge recombination and consequently higher Voc values. Under standard AM 1.5 G illumination, DSSCs sensitized by W12 employing [Co(phen)3]2+/3+ electrolyte display a fascinating power conversion efficiency as high as 8.28%, with an impressive open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 847 mV, which is among the highest cells efficiencies of L(D-π-A)2 type di-anchoring organic dyes.

In this paper, an integrated model is proposed to optimize train schedules and circulation plans simultaneously according to a given service pattern. The objective of our model is to minimize the headway deviations and the number of required rolling stocks. In particular, the headway deviations are the deviations between headways that between two successive train services and that given by service pattern. The optimization problem is transformed into a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem, which can be efficiently solved by existing solver, e.g. CPLEX. A case study is implemented based on the data of the Beijing Yizhuang line to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed model and solution approach.

A lab-scale biofilter packed with mixed packing materials was used for degradation of the toluene. Three gas flow rates, i.e. 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 m 3 /h, were tested for inlet concentration ranging from 0.2 to 1.2 g/m 3 . Removal efficiencies ranging from 45.6 to 97.3% and elimination capacities ranging from 4.95 to 61.07 g/(m 3 h) were observed depending on the inlet loading rates. Maximum elimination capacity of 35.95 g/(m 3 h) occurred at inlet loading rate of 45.87 g/(m 3 h). The lowest layer always had highest elimination capacity. Carbon dioxide concentrations and the microbial cell counts for bio-degraders followed toluene elimination capacities. Results of this study indicated that mixed packing materials could be considered as a potential biofilter carrier, with low pressure drop (less than 84.9 Pa/m), for treating air streams containing VOCs.