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A system of partial differential equations describing the one-dimensional motion of an inviscid self-gravitating and spherical symmetric dusty gas cloud, is considered. Using the method of the kinematics of one-dimensional motion of shock waves, the evolution equation for the spherical shock wave of arbitrary strength in interstellar dusty gas clouds is derived. By applying first order truncation approximation procedure, an efficient system of ordinary differential equations describing shock propagation, which can be regarded as a good approximation of infinite hierarchy of the system. The truncated equations, which describe the shock strength and the induced discontinuity, are used to analyze the behavior of the shock wave of arbitrary strength in a medium of dusty gas. The results are obtained for the exponents from the successive approximation and compared with the results obtained by Guderley’s exact similarity solution and characteristic rule (CCW approximation). The effects of the parameters of the dusty gas and cooling-heating function on the shock strength are depicted graphically.

Studies on Non-linear evolutionary equations have become more critical as time evolves. Such equations are not far-fetched in fluid mechanics, plasma physics, optical fibers, and other scientific applications. It should be an essential aim to find exact solutions of these equations. In this work, the Lie group theory is used to apply the similarity reduction and to find some exact solutions of a (3+1) dimensional nonlinear evolution equation. In this report, the groups of symmetries, Tables for commutation, and adjoints with infinitesimal generators were established. The subalgebra and its optimal system is obtained with the aid of the adjoint Table. Moreover, the equation has been reduced into a new PDE having less number of independent variables and at last into an ODE, using subalgebras and their optimal system, which gives similarity solutions that can represent the dynamics of nonlinear waves.

The chemical profiling of bloodstains is essential to link the suspect with the crime. The current study proposed a proof-of-concept methodology for the investigation of bloodstains by utilizing advanced ATR-FTIR spectroscopy coupled with new generation chemometric methods. Current study provides encouraging data to allow discrimination between human and animal blood though with small sample size. In this study, different models for the age estimation of human bloodstains are developed from the trained data sets of 1–175 days old bloodstains. The models such as curve estimation (CE), multiple linear regression (MLR), and partial least squares regressions (PLSR) are developed to determine the best prediction model for aged human bloodstains. The obtained results on the dating of bloodstains are very encouraging and also tested for unknown samples. The maximum dating errors are observed in the curve estimation models whereas, the other models MLR, PLSR show excellent age estimation of unknown bloodstains. These models represent an error of ~3 ± 1 days and ~4 ± 1 days in actual and estimated date, respectively, which is lowest ever reported so far. The present methodology is expected to provide a valuable insight into forensic society and hence, to the law enforcement community. The present methodology can further be explored for an ideal model by including all other external variables/factors and for more longer aging time.

In this paper, the surface theory and compatibility conditions are used to describe the behavior of wave propagation and their culmination into a shock wave in a non-ideal reacting gas with dust particles. The one-dimensional steepening of waves is considered. A Bernoulli-type transport equation for the velocity gradient is obtained. A numerical approach is used to explain the effects of van der Waals excluded volume of the medium, radiation parameter, ratio of specific heats and dust particles.

Co-amorphous nanoparticles (NPs) formation is a relatively new strategy to improve the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs. Curcumin (CUR) is a natural product having many pharmacological effe...

In this article, we use the surface theory and compatibility conditions to describe the behaviour of wave propagation and their culmination into a shock wave in nonideal reacting gas with dust particles. The one-dimensional steepening of waves has been considered. A Bernoulli-type transport equation for the velocity gradient has been obtained. A numerical approach is used to explain the effects of van der Waals excluded volume of the medium, the ratio of specific heats, and the mass concentration of the solid particles on the shock wave.

In this paper, we have considered the van der Waals equation of state to study the one-dimensional spherically symmetric self-gravitating interstellar gas clouds. The transport equation for the acceleration waves is obtained. The evolution and propagation of the characteristic shock are considered to study its interaction with the acceleration wave. The amplitudes of the reflected and the transmitted waves are also determined. The effect of non-ideal parameter on the amplitude of the acceleration waves is discussed in detail.

The propagation of the blast wave in self-gravitating non-ideal gas under the influence of axial magnetic field is investigated. The magnetic pressure and density are considered to be varying according to the power law. The approximate analytical solutions are obtained by expanding the flow variables in the form of power series using Sakurai’s technique. The zeroth- and first-order approximate solutions of self-gravitating non-ideal gas with magnetic field are discussed in detail. Solutions for zeroth-order approximation are constructed in analytical form. The effect of the flow parameters, namely parameter of non-idealness, adiabatic exponent, ambient density variation exponent and gravitational parameter on the flow variables, is discussed in detail. The results obtained in this work are compared with the results obtained by Sakurai and Nath, which are in good agreement

In this paper, the method of invariance of Lie group is used to find the similarity solutions of the cylindrical shock waves for one-dimensional unsteady flow in magnetogasdynamics in the presence of monochromatic radiation. The density is assumed to be non-uniform ahead of the shock. The radiation flux is assumed to move through the gas. It is also shown that how the radiation parameter, ambient density exponent, ratio of specific heats (adiabatic constant) and the initial magnetic field strength affect the profiles of the flow variables. It is found that the shock wave decays in the presence of strong magnetic field and shows reverse behavior in the case of monochromatic radiation, i.e., the shock wave grows faster in the presence of radiation. To obtain the similarity solutions and the profiles of the flow variables, numerical calculations are performed using the software package MATHEMATICA.

Psoriasis is a hyperproliferative skin disorder which is associated with dysregulation of the immune system. In this genetically transmitted disease, the immune system is activated by various triggers such as genetic predisposition, stress, and pathogenic microbes which in turn stimulate various immunocytes such as keratinocytes, macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells and T-cells to secrete various pro-inflammatory cytokines that ultimately accelerate inflammation and cause psoriatic plaques. These cytokines are also responsible for T-cell differentiation, keratinocyte hyperproliferation, and accumulation of neutrophils and lymphocytes in the skin. At the molecular level, several pathways have been proposed underlying the pathophysiology of psoriasis that directly or indirectly kindle various psoriatic factors. The most common pathways include PDE-4, ICAM-1, LFA-1 and JAK/STAT pathways. In order to target these pathways, various strategies have been developed that counter moderate to severe psoriasis. The most effective therapies include interleukin inhibitors, TNF-α inhibitors, JAK inhibitors, PDE-4 inhibitors and immunosuppressants such as methotrexate, cyclosporin, tazarotene, and acitretin. Apart from these inhibitors, phototherapy (UV-A and PUVA) and topical therapies (corticosteroids, vitamin D analogs, retinoids, emollients, and keratolytic agents) have also been employed for the treatment of mild to moderate psoriasis. This review provides the retrospective analysis of psoriasis and current therapeutic options which are under development for the amelioration of psoriatic diseases. The information provided in this report may be helpful for the research community engaged in the development of effective novel therapies against psoriasis.

In the present work, apparent molar volume and isentropic compression of glycine and diglycine in aqueous 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, [C4mim][Cl] solutions have been calculated from the measured experimental data on density and speed of sound at temperature, T = (288.15, 298.15 and 308.15) K. The apparent molar volumes at infinite dilution, Vϕ0 and the apparent molar isentropic compression at infinite dilution Kϕ , S0, were also calculated. These results have been interpreted in terms of effect of temperature and concentration on interactions such as solute–solute, solute–solvent and solvent–solvent which exist in the mixtures. Furthermore, apparent molar expansivity, Eϕ0, and Hepler's constant values, ∂ E ϕ 0 ∂ T P have been evaluated to support the conclusions obtained from the volumetric and acoustic studies. The Hepler's constant values were found negative which indicating the amino acids under study are predominantly a structure breaker due to hydrophobic hydration of amino acid in aqueous [C4mim][Cl].

In this paper, a graphics processing unit (GPU) based matching technique is proposed to perform fast feature matching between different images under various image conditions with viewpoint changes. Most recently, general-purpose graphics processing units (GPGPUs or GPUs) have become commonplace within high performance supercomputers. GPUs allow developers to effectively exploit the computational power for high performance computing. This paper focuses on improving the performance of feature matching based on self-organizing map by porting it onto the GPUs. GPU optimization has been applied for the fast computation of keypoints to make the system fast and efficient. This scheme has enhanced the overall performance and is much more efficient compared to other methods without degradation of detection results. The proposed matching algorithm is partitioned between the CPU and GPU in a way that best exploits the parallelism and perform matching between the different images. Experimental results demonstrate that fast feature matching is achieved using the graphics processing units, and its computational efficiency is checked by comparing its results and run times with those of some standard software (MATLAB) run on central processing unit (CPU).

In this work, a system of non-linear partial differential equations, which describes one-dimensional motion of an inviscid, self-gravitating, and spherically symmetric van der Waals gas cloud, is considered. By using the method based on the kinematics of shock waves, the evolution equation for spherical shock wave in an interstellar van der Waals gas cloud is derived. By applying the truncation approximation procedure, an infinite system of transport equations, which governs the shock propagation, is derived to study the kinematics of shock waves for the one-dimensional motion. The first, second, and third order transport equations, which describe the shock strength and the induced discontinuity behind it, are used to analyze the decay and growth behavior of the shock waves in a non-ideal gas. The results are obtained for the exponent obtained from the first, second, and third order approximations and compared with the results obtained by Whitham’s characteristic rule (Chester–Chisnell–Whitham approximation). In addition, the effects of the parameters of non-idealness and cooling–heating function on the evolutionary behavior of shocks are discussed and shown graphically.

We report powder neutron diffraction studies in $\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{a}}_{0.95}\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}:\mathrm{E}{\mathrm{u}}_{0.05}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}(\mathrm{LaP}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}:\mathrm{Eu})$ at various temperatures up to 1163 K. From Rietveld refinement of the diffraction data, we identify the presence of water up to 567 K and an irreversible phase transition from hexagonal to monoclinic structure around 900 K involving the coexistence of phases over 700 to 1050 K. We observe from the neutron experiments that the thermal expansion in the hexagonal phase is much smaller than that in the monoclinic phase. We have performed first-principles lattice dynamics calculations in both the phases to identify the anharmonic phonons and thereby understand the thermal expansion behavior. The low-energy translational and librational modes of $\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ tetrahedral units in the hexagonal phase show negative thermal expansion behavior, which is responsible for the overall smaller positive thermal expansion coefficient in the hexagonal phase in comparison to that in the monoclinic phase.

There is an increasing attention on solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) due to their high biocompatibility and ability to enhance bioavailability for poorly water-soluble drugs. Preparation of SLNs that are capable of high drug loading and sustained drug release through hot melt sonication method is reported here. SLNs of palmitic acid and stearic acid loaded with poorly water-soluble drugs, viz. fenofibrate (FF) and nabumetone (NBT) having spherical morphology and average particle size below 200 nm were prepared. Poloxamer 407 and pluronic® F-127 were used as surfactants. Particle size and spherical morphology was confirmed by dynamic light scattering, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The chemical, crystal, and thermal properties of SLNs were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry, respectively. The palmitic acid-poloxamer 407 SLNs could entrap upto 13.8% FF with 80% entrapment efficiency while the stearic acid-pluronic® F-127 SLNs entrapped 13.6% NBT with 89% entrapment efficiency. The drug loaded in SLNs showed controlled release up to 3 days as confirmed by in-vitro drug release profile. Moreover, the drug loaded SLNs did not show any toxicity on macrophage cell line proving the use of these formulations as control drug delivery vehicles for the studied drugs.

Due to the excessive use of antibiotics over the years, the microorganisms have developed resistance to numerous drugs. The growth of multi-resistant organisms (MROs) heads due to the insufficient treatment with the currently available medications which present a great threat to the biotic component of the environment as well as to the food technology sectors. The goal of this research was to develop a nano-composite made up of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and amine-functionalized porphyrin, which could further be used for the anti-microbial studies in presence of visible light showing photodynamic effect to inactivate cells. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy is gaining significant interest due to its capabilities as an innovative form of antimicrobial treatment. The development of anti-microbial photodynamic therapy (a-PDT) is a non-antibiotic access to inactivate microorganisms. We examined the synthesis of amine-functionalized porphyrin and conjugated it to the oxidised single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). By the use of appropriate amount of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), we have shown the interaction between the porphyrin conjugated nanotubes and the bacterial cells in presence of visible light led to the cell membrane damage, concluding that SWCNT-porphyrin conjugates can be used as an antibacterial agent. The characterization of the oxidised SWCNT and SWCNT-porphyrin conjugates was determined by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), which provides detailed information about the composition and the morphological analysis. The particle size measurements were carried out by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). On investigating under the florescence microscopy, red fluorescence was observed. Thus, these properties demand us to design this facile material comprised of SWCNT-aminoporphyrin conjugates that shows potent antibacterial activity.