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Lithium metal batteries are promising devices for the next-generation energy storage due to their ultrahigh theoretical specific capacity and extremely low electrochemical potential. Their inherent problem is the formation of lithium dendrites in cycling, which has induced safety concerns for almost half a century. After understanding the formation mechanism of branching structures, we propose to suppress lithium dendrites by adopting external magnetic fields to induce diffusion enhancement at the interface of the anode, thus attenuating concentration gradient there and reducing the driving force for the formation of dendritic structures. The diffusion coefficient of lithium ions is dependent on the strength of magnetic fields, confirming the effectiveness of magnetic fields in improving Li+ diffusion. After employing the magnetic field of 0.8 T, the concentration gradients at the growth front becomes nearly half of the control case, which leads to a dendrite-free lithium deposition up to the high current density of 10 mA cm−2. Both the CuLiCoO2 batteries and the symmetric LiLi coin cells show a long-term stable cycling at high current densities under the assistance of magnetic field. This diffusion enhanced technique promises a facile and general approach to suppress dendritic structures in secondary batteries, which may help to develop quick charging strategies.

Sodium-ion capacitors (SICs) have attracted appreciable attention in virtue of the higher energy and power densities compared with their rivals, supercapacitors and sodium-ion batteries. Due to the lack of sodium resources in cathode, presodiation is critical for SICs to further augment performances. However, current presodiation strategy utilizes metallic sodium as the presodiation material. In this strategy, assembling/disassembling of half-cells is required, which is dangerous and increases the time and cost of SIC leading to the restriction of their industrialization and commercialization. Herein we present a safe, low-cost and high-efficiency presodiation strategy by first employing Na2C2O4 as the sacrificial salt applied in SICs. Na2C2O4 is environmentally friendly and possesses considerably low expenditure. No additional residues remain after sodium extraction ascribed to its “zero dead mass” property. When paired with commercial activated carbon as the cathode and commercial hard carbon as the anode, the constructed pouch-type SICs exhibit high energy and power densities of 91.7 Wh/kg and 13.1 kW/kg, respectively. This work shows a prospect of realizing the safe and low-cost manufacturing for high-performance SICs commercially.

The application of Si as the anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is still severely hindered by the rapid capacity decay due to the structural damage caused by large volume change (>300%) during cycling. Herein, a three-dimensional (3D) aerogel anode of Si@carbon@graphene (SCG) is rationally constructed via a polydopamine-assisted strategy. Polydopamine is coated on Si nanoparticles to serve as an interface linker to initiate the assembly of Si and graphene oxide, which plays a crucial role in the successful fabrication of SCG aerogels. After annealing the polydopamine is converted into N-doped carbon (N-carbon) coatings to protect Si materials. The dual protection from N-carbon and graphene aerogels synergistically improves the structural stability and electronic conductivity of Si, thereby leading to the significantly improved lithium storage properties. Electrochemical tests show that the SCG with optimized graphene content delivers a high capacity (712 mAh/g at 100 mA/g) and robust cycling stability (402 mAh/g at 1 A/g after 1500 cycles). Furthermore, the full cell using SCG aerogels as anode exhibits a reversible capacity of 187.6 mAh/g after 80 cycles at 0.1 A/g. This work provides a plausible strategy for developing Si anode in LIBs.

Summary Magnetoelectric (ME) coupling has gradually developed into one of the core means of advancing ultralow-power memory, logic, and sensor technologies. Among various strategies, magneto-ionic control of magnetism based on mechanisms such as redox, intercalation/deintercalation, and charge accumulation can be achieved in ion battery or capacitor systems. In this work, we demonstrate an ME effect originating from the spin capacitance, combining the advantages of intercalation batteries and supercapacitors. Giant, fast, and reversible modulations on the saturation magnetization of ferromagnets are achieved by Li ion motion across the ferromagnet/lithionic conductor interfaces at no more than 1 V. Furthermore, the magnetic evolution driven by the conversion reaction between FeO and Fe over a larger voltage range demonstrates ferromagnetic ordering of the FeO surface. These findings not only open new perspectives for developing high-performance magneto-ionic devices but also are crucial to designing spintronic devices composed of iron and oxide multilayer structures.

Scientific and accurate prediction of river runoff is important for river flood control and sustainable use of water resources. This study evaluates the ability of a Nonlinear Auto Regressive model (NAR) in predicting runoff volume. Using the Cuntan Hydrological Station in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River as the research object, the model was established based on the runoff characteristics from 1951 to 2020 and tested by NAR. To improve the prediction efficiency, complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN) preprocessing technique is used to decompose the data. The results show that the coupled CEEMDAN-NAR model has better predictive ability than the single model, with a coupled model deterministic coefficient (DC) of 0.93 and a prediction accuracy of Class A. HIGHLIGHTS Proposed a runoff prediction model using CEEMDAN-NAR hybrid approach.; Decomposition of runoff data using CEEMDAN preprocessing techniques to improve model prediction accuracy.; Using models to predict runoff in the upper Yangtze River from 2005 to 2020 and verifying their accuracy; The CEEMDAN-NAR model provides better predictions than the GRU, NAR and EEMD-NAR prediction models.

Cotton (Gossypium L.) is the most important fiber crop worldwide. Here, transcriptome analysis was conducted on developing fibers of a G. mustelinum introgression line, IL9, and its recurrent parent, PD94042, at 17 and 21 days post-anthesis (dpa). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of PD94042 and IL9 were identified. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that the annotated DEGs were rich in two main biological processes and two main molecular functions. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis likewise showed that the annotated DEGs were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. In total, 52 DEGs were selected as candidate genes based on comparison of the DEGs and GO function annotation information. Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis results for 12 randomly selected DEGs were consistent with transcriptome analysis. SNP identification based on G. mustelinum chromatin segment introgression showed that 394 SNPs were identified in 268 DEGs, and two genes with known functions were identified within fiber strength quantitative trait loci (QTL) regions or near the confidence intervals. We identified 52 key genes potentially related to high fiber strength in a G. mustelinum introgression line and provided significant insights into the study of cotton fiber quality improvement.

This paper investigates algebraic objects equipped with an operator, such as operated monoids, operated algebras etc. Various free object functors in these operated contexts are explicitly constructed. For operated algebras whose operator satisfies a set $\Phi$ of relations (usually called operated polynomial identities (aka. OPIs)), Guo defined free objects, called free $\Phi$-algebras, via universal algebra. Free $\Phi$-algebras over algebras are studied in details. A mild sufficient condition is found such that $\Phi$ together with a Gr\"obner-Shirshov basis of an algebra $A$ form a Gr\"obner-Shirshov basis of the free $\Phi$-algebra over algebra $A$ in the sense of Guo et al.. Ample examples for which this condition holds are provided, such as all Rota-Baxter type OPIs, a class of differential type OPIs, averaging OPIs and Reynolds OPI., Comment: Slightly revised version of the published paper in Journal of Algebra

We report a transition metal such as manganese doped methylammonium lead halide perovskite (MA(Pb:Mn)I3) solar cell with an power conversion efficiency (PCE) over 20%. The rational design and fabrication of MA(Pb:Mn)I3 lead to the enhancements of all the photovoltaic parameters. To incorporate Mn can effectively eliminate the trap-assist and bi-molecular recombination. The photo-absorption ability at shorter wavelengths (i.e., less than 500 nm) and charge carrier lifetime can be elaborated. More importantly, the existence of the Mn2+-I−-Mn3+ motif contributes for the double exchange effect, giving rise to the charge/spin transport. By a combination of linearly and circularly polarized photo-excitations, we have explicitly determined the role of intrinsic spin–orbit coupling (SOC) in MA(Pb:Mn)I3. More dark states are expected to be available for the photocurrent generation. This study may pave the way for deep understandings of transition metals doped hybrid perovskites for highly efficient solar cell applications.

The lower Cambrian succession in the Jiaobang section, Jianhe County, eastern Guizhou, China, includes, in ascending order, the Bianmachong, Balang, and Tsinghsutung formations, with a total thickness of about 645 m. Twenty-six morphological genera (including one new genus) are identified from the Balang and the underlying Bianmachong formations, many of which are common and widely distributed. Six acritarch assemblages are discerned in the Balang Formation. They are, in ascending order, the Adara alea‒Skiagia ornata, the Acrum radiale‒Pterospermella velata, the Comasphaeridium molliculum‒Solisphaeridium baltoscandium, the Corrugasphaera perfecta n. sp.‒Pterospermella vinctusa n. sp., the Acrum novum‒Heliosphaeridium oligum, and the Acrum membranosum‒Adarve diafanum acritarch assemblages. An obvious change of organic-walled microfossil assemblages occurred in the interval between 84 m and 98 m from the bottom of the Balang Formation which roughly corresponds to the boundary between the Oryctacarella duyunensis trilobite Zone and the overlying Arthricocephalus chauveaui trilobite Zone. In addition, organic-walled microfossils are scarce in about 24 m thick from the bottom of the Balang Formation. One new genus and five new species including Plagasphaera balangensis n. gen. n. sp., Asteridium tubulus n. sp., Cymatiosphaera spina n. sp., Corrugasphaera perfecta n. sp., and Pterospermella vinctusa n. sp. are described.

For lithium-ion capacitors, electrode potential tuning has been widely regarded as an efficient technology to improve their performance where the anode is usually pre-lithiated for desired potentials. However, the attention on the cathode is quite rare which denies the further excavation of this promising strategy. Herein, we reported the precious regulation of the potential of a cathode made of nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets to fully leverage the merit of the electrode materials and the electrolyte potential window. Specifically, the nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets in the optimized potential range of 1.6–4.5 V vs Li/Li+ show a specific capacity of around 150 mA h g−1 at 0.2 A g−1, which is four-time higher than that of the typical activated carbon cathode without potential tuning, and could be stably cycled for over 10 000 cycles without obvious decay. After pairing with a pre-lithiated anode, the as-assembled lithium-ion capacitors based on such a cathode can lead to simultaneously optimize the specific capacitance and voltage window of the device that contributes to a 17-fold increase in energy density, large power density, and long-term stability. The simple and effective strategy demonstrated here may inspire an alternative avenue to regulate the real performance of hybrid energy storage devices.

Alternaria alternata, a causal agent of leaf blights and spots on a wide range of hosts, has a high risk of developing resistance to fungicides. Procymidone, a dicarboximide fungicide (DCF), has been widely used in controlling Alternaria leaf blights in China for decades. However, the resistance of A. alternata against DCFs has rarely been reported from crucifer plants. A total of 198 A. alternata isolates were collected from commercial fields of broccoli and cabbage during 2018–2019, and their sensitivities to procymidone were determined. Biochemical and molecular characteristics were subsequently compared between the high-level procymidone-resistant (ProHR) and procymidone-sensitive (ProS) isolates, and also between ProHR isolates from broccoli and cabbage. Compared with ProS isolates, the mycelial growth rate, sporulation capacity and virulence of most ProHR isolates were reduced; ProHR isolates displayed an increased sensitivity to osmotic stresses and a reduced sensitivity to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); all ProHR isolates showed a reduced sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) except for the isolate B102. Correlation analysis revealed a positive cross-resistance between procymidone and iprodione, or fludioxonil. When treated with 10 μg/mL of procymidone, both mycelial intracellular glycerol accumulations (MIGAs) and relative expression of AaHK1 in ProS isolates were higher than those in ProHR isolates. Sequence alignment of AaHK1 from ten ProHR isolates demonstrated that five of them possessed a single-point mutation (P94A, V612L, E708K or Q924STOP), and four isolates had an insertion or a deletion in their coding regions. No significant difference in biochemical characteristics was observed among ProHR isolates from two different hosts, though mutations in AaHK1 of the cabbage-originated ProHR isolates were distinct from those of the broccoli-originated ProHR isolates.

Palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation (AAA) of vinyl benzoxazinanones has become an important strategy for the synthesis of chiral nitrogen-containing heterocycle compounds. However, the asymmetric synthesis of linear-selective products has rarely been reported. The simultaneous control of regio-, E/Z- and enantioselectivities constitutes a major challenge and inhibits the advancement of this chemistry. Herein, we present a palladium-catalyzed AAA of vinyl benzoxazinanones with α-thiocyanato ketones, affording various chiral thiocyanates characterized with high linear-, E- and stereoselectivities. The reaction has a broad substrate scope and the chiral thiocyanates can be transformed to useful heterocycles. Experimental and computational studies suggest an inner-sphere mechanism for AAA process, which results from the acidic and coordination effect of the nucleophilic substrates with palladium catalyst.

We performed a genome-wide scan to detect selection signatures that showed evidence of positive selection in the domestication process by re-sequencing the whole genomes of Landrace and Yorkshire pigs. Fifteen annotated elements with 13 associated genes were identified using the Z-transformed FST (Z(FST)) method, and 208 annotated elements with 140 associated genes were identified using the Z-transformed heterozygosity (ZHp) method. The functional analysis and the results of previous studies showed that most of the candidate genes were associated with basic metabolism, disease resistance, cellular processes, and biochemical signals, and several were related to body morphology and organs. They included PPP3CA, which plays an essential role in the transduction of intracellular Ca2+-mediated signals, and WWTR1, which plays a pivotal role in organ size control and tumor suppression. These results suggest that genes associated with body morphology were subject to selection pressure during domestication, whereas genes involved in basic metabolism and disease resistance were subject to selection during artificial breeding. Our findings provide new insights into the potential genetic variation of phenotypic diversity in different pig breeds and will help to better understand the selection effects of modern breeding in Landrace and Yorkshire pigs.

Coal and gas outburst seriously threatens the safety of underground coal mining. After the outburst, it will not only cause harm in the near-field outburst roadway but may also have a strong impact on the far-field ventilation network connected to the outburst roadway, expanding the impact of the disaster. In order to define the propagation law of shock wave and airflow induced by the outburst and its influence on the far-field ventilation network, the coal and gas outburst experimental system was used to carry out an experimental study under different air current and local resistance conditions in this paper. The results show that, under different air current states, the first overpressure peak increases with an increase of outburst pressure and decreases with an increase of propagation distance. Compared with the propagation characteristics in a windless roadway, the first overpressure peak and attenuation coefficient of shock wave propagating downwind are smaller, whereas opposite in upwind state. The local resistance enhances the impact and disturbance ahead of it and weakens that after it. When shock airflow propagates downwind, the increase of shock airflow velocity is approximately equal to the original airflow velocity in the roadway, whereas the airflow direction may reverse when the shock airflow propagates upwind. This paper provides some references to prevent the impact expansion of coal and gas outburst, which are of great significance for the optimization of ventilation network and emergency management.

Li-ion-conducting chloride solid electrolytes receive considerable attention due to their physicochemical characteristics such as high ionic conductivity, deformability and oxidative stability. However, the raw materials are expensive, and large-scale use of this class of inorganic superionic conductors seems unlikely. Here, a cost-effective chloride solid electrolyte, Li2ZrCl6, is reported. Its raw materials are several orders of magnitude cheaper than those for the state-of-the-art chloride solid electrolytes, but high ionic conductivity (0.81 mS cm–1 at room temperature), deformability, and compatibility with 4V-class cathodes are still simultaneously achieved in Li2ZrCl6. Moreover, Li2ZrCl6 demonstrates a humidity tolerance with no sign of moisture uptake or conductivity degradation after exposure to an atmosphere with 5% relative humidity. By combining Li2ZrCl6 with the Li-In anode and the single-crystal LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 cathode, we report a room-temperature all-solid-state cell with a stable specific capacity of about 150 mAh g–1 for 200 cycles at 200 mA g–1., Stable inorganic solid electrolytes are instrumental in developing high-voltage Li metal batteries. Here, the authors present the synthesis and electrochemical energy storage properties of a cost-effective and humidity-tolerant chloride solid electrolyte.

A metal–organic framework (MOF) thin film constructed from Zn nodes and naphthalenediimide (NDI) linkers was grown in-situ uniformly on a transparent conducting glass substrate. This transparent thin film exhibits intriguingly high-contrast electrochromic (EC) switching between canary yellow and dark brown by means of a one-electron redox reaction at its NDI linkers. The findings provide a basic comprehension of the relations between redox state and electrochromism and enrich the application of MOF in the field of optoelectronic materials.

Alloyed green-emitting CdZnSeS/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) demonstrate potential applications in solid-state lighting and displays owing to their various advantages, such as high color purity, light conversion efficiency, and color rendering index. However, their applications in white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) are limited by their poor photostabilities on blue-emitting gallium nitride (GaN) LED chips. In this study, the effect of the specific surface area (SSA) in the coating layers on the photostabilities of QDs was investigated. SSA was adjusted by controlling the proportions of dense aluminum oxide (AlOX) layers and porous silica dioxide (SiO2) layers to fabricate QD protective layers via a catalyst-free sol-gel method. The results showed that the synthesized AlOX possessing the lowest SSA among the synthesis protective layers presented the best QD photostabilities on the LED chips. Moreover, they exhibited a 9.9-fold increase in the operational lifetime (T80) compared to that of pristine QDs. In addition, the QD-based WLED achieved an excellent display performance with a wide color gamut (115%) of the National Television System Committee (NTSC) color gamut standard. This approach offers a promising strategy for enhancing the QD photostabilities for applications in solid-state lighting and displays by coating the protective layers on the QD surface.

Levulinic acid (LA) is considered as an important intermediate for production of chemicals, resins, polymers, and fuel additives. Herein, five Bronsted–Lewis acidic ionic liquids (ILs) were synthesized and their acidities of ILs were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy. The order of their acidic strength was similar to that of the used metal chlorides (ZnCl2 > FeCl3 > CuCl > CrCl3). Cellulose was effectively converted to LA in pure water at 180 °C in 10 h without additives, and the maximum yield of LA was more than 49% over the Bronsted–Lewis IL [HO3S-(CH2)3-py]Cl-FeCl3. The synergistic catalytic effect of the Lewis and Bronsted acidic centers of the catalyst played a significant role for the conversion of cellulose to LA. Some solid residues were formed along with the synthesis of LA, and the result of its characterization suggested that they had good thermal stability and their structures were benzene or amorphous (partially hydrogenated) fused benzene ring. Otherwise, the IL reusability was good, and when it was reused for five times, its catalytic performance was not changed. Therefore, the conversion route for cellulose to LA in pure water with the Bronsted–Lewis acidic ILs provides an environmentally friendly method for biobased-platform from biomass.

Through a simple solvothermal method, the bimetallic sulfide nanomaterial (Ni–Mo–S) was successfully grown on the surface of CeO2 to restrain the severe photogenerated electron–hole recombination of CeO2. The presence of a close contact interface between the 0D metal sulfide particles and the 2D CeO2 sheet is conducive to charge transfer. Meanwhile, the introduction of Ni–Mo–S nanoparticles on 2D CeO2 can accelerate surface electron mobility, which could obviously inhibit the combination of electrons and holes. Also, there are many unsaturation sites of metal sulfide introduced on the surface and low hydrogen evolution overpotential, which can serve as active sites for hydrogen evolution. In addition, the 2D structure of CeO2 can provide a support framework for the 0D Ni–Mo–S particles, thereby greatly reducing the recombination of useful electrons and holes. All of these advantages of photocatalysts discussed above make for the enhancement of photocatalyst catalytic performance, which equal to about 66 times compared with pure CeO2. Besides, a series of research tests were carried out from different angles to support the relevant results and proposed possible reaction mechanisms.

Various clinical studies have shown that myocardial troponin T (cTnT) is highly correlated with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). A highly sensitive molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) sensing electrode for the detection of cTnT in patients' blood serum can enable cost-effective, rapid, and real-time testing for patients requiring intensive care. However, the existing MIP-based sensing electrode does not perform well for low-concentration detection of cTnT (

Coal and gas outbursts are a violent release of energy in part driven by rapidly desorbing gas from the fragmenting coal. We present a coupled two-phase model of coal and gas outbursts to define the timing, rate and magnitude of gas desorption and its contribution to the resulting energetics. The model involves a fragmenting ejection of the outburst from an overpressurized coal that retreats omnidirectionally from a point and develops a deepening crater. This model is applied to represents both experiments and in situ observations. These results indicate that the outburst is initially driven by free gas before desorbing gas rate exceeds this free gas liberation rate early into the outburst (at ∼17 s in our model). The cumulative mass of desorbed gas only exceeds the free gas later into the event at approximately double this duration (at ∼29 s in our model). During the outburst, ∼55 % of the expansion energy is contributed by desorbing gas. Using the initial gas emission rates for both non-tectonic and tectonic coals defines a power-law relationship between the initial gas desorption rate and the desorption gas contribution (∼14 %–92 %), indicating that the desorbing gas plays a decisive role in outburst development. Furthermore, taking the gas emission model as a boundary conditions for numerical simulations, the gas pressure potential energy (GPPE) released in the first millisecond at the maximum gas emission rate is derived to characterize its effects on the dynamic characteristics of the outburst two-phase flow. The maximum energy release intensity considering gas desorption is ∼5 times that without gas desorption for non-tectonic coal. For tectonic (mylonitized) coals the energy release is a further ∼4 times greater than that of non-tectonic coals. This paper presents a novel quantitative study defining the role of gas desorption in outbursts and contributes to the understanding of causal mechanisms and precursory phenomena preceding catastrophic outbursts.

The parasitic reactions leading to capacity fading and charge loss remain a serious issue for capacitive deionization (CDI). NaTi2(PO4)3 (NTP) has recently emerged as a promising faradaic cathode in hybrid CDI (HCDI) with high Na+ uptake capacity and good Na+ selectivity, but it is still challenged by serious parasitic reactions. Although the irreversible faradaic reactions on carbon electrode are raising growing attention in CDI research field, the parasitic reactions on faradaic materials are seldom studied in HCDI by now. In this work, we evaluated the parasitic reactions of NTP-reduced graphene oxide (rGO) electrode in both three-electrode mode and full-cell HCDI mode. By using deaired electrolyte, the coulombic efficiency of NTP-rGO is significantly enhanced from 75.0% to 98.2% in 3rd cycle, and the capacity retention rate is promoted from 37.5% to 80.3% at the low current density of 0.1 mA g−1 in 100 cycles, suggesting that electrochemical reduction of oxygen and its derived reactions are the main parasitic reactions in NTP-based HCDI. In full-cell HCDI desalination tests, by introducing cation exchange membrane to block the penetration of dissolved oxygen, the parasitic reactions and pH fluctuations are successfully suppressed. The study here provides an insight into understanding and suppressing the parasitic reactions in HCDI, and should be of value to the development of efficient and stable HCDI for practical applications.

Rational design of ionic liquids (ILs), which is highly dependent on the accuracy of the model used, has always been crucial for CO2 separation from flue gas. In this study, a support vector machine (SVM) model which is a machine learning approach is established, so as to improve the prediction accuracy and range of IL melting points. Based on IL melting points data with 600 training data and 168 testing data, the estimated average absolute relative deviations (AARD) and squared correlation coefficients (R2) are 3.11 %, 0.8820 and 5.12 %, 0.8542 for the training set and testing set of the SVM model, respectively. Then, through the melting points model and other rational design processes including conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) calculation and physical property constraints, cyano-based ILs are obtained, in which tetracyanoborate [TCB]- is often ruled out due to incorrect estimation of melting points model in the literature. Subsequently, by means of process simulation using Aspen Plus, optimal IL are compared with excellent IL reported in the literature. Finally, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tricyanomethanide [EMIM][TCM] is selected as a most suitable solvent for CO2 separation from flue gas, the process of which leads to 12.9 % savings on total annualized cost compared to that of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide [EMIM][Tf2N].

Stainless steel 316SS and Hastelloy C276, as the representatives of iron-based and nickel-based alloy, respectively, were employed to explore the corrosion properties under reducing subcritical and supercritical water containing sulfide. Experiments were executed at a pressure of 25 MPa, temperatures of 350 °C–520 °C, and sulfur concentrations of 1000 and 5000 ppm for 80 h. An isothermal equilibrium phase diagram involving the oxidation/sulfidation products of Fe, Cr, and Ni, was established by theoretical calculation in supercritical water system at 520 °C, in order to predict the corresponding products under various conditions and assist the discussion on corrosion mechanism. The results show that whether in subcritical water or in supercritical water, 316SS always exhibited better corrosion resistance relative to C276. In subcritical water at 350 °C, a portion of corrosion film peeled off from 316SS specimen, while numerous pores or cracks appeared on the surface of scale for C276. Under supercritical water at 520 °C, a compact scale grown on 316SS sample surface was composed of Fe3O4, FeCr2O4, and FeS. For C276, a duplex-layer scale formed on alloy surface. However, due to the higher content of Ni in C276, Ni-sulfide channels through the inner layer were developed, accelerating the sulfidation corrosion of alloys. Overall, the high-temperature alloys with high Cr content and low Ni/Cr ratio can be considered as the candidate material of equipment in supercritical water gasification of sulfur-containing coal.

The multi-phase-field (MPF) model coupled with reliable CALPHAD thermodynamic/atomic mobility descriptions, appropriate faceted anisotropy and key experimental validation is employed to perform the quantitative simulation of the microstructure evolution of the hypereutectic Al-16 ​wt%Si alloy during solidification. By considering the effect of latent heat released during the eutectic phase transformation in the simulation, the appropriate entire solidification sequence is obtained. All the characteristics in the as-cast microstructure can be nicely reproduced, including the primary (Si) encircled by the second primary (Al) halo, and the coupled eutectic grains appearing at the Liquid/(Al) interface rather than Liquid/(Si) interface. Moreover, three types of growth patterns of eutectic (Si) with different lengths are distinguished according to the distance between primary (Si) and the nucleation position of eutectic (Si). Furthermore, the evaluated ratios of width to length for 50 eutectic (Si) grains due to the MPF simulation are in good agreement with the experimental data. The quantitative phase-field simulation of the entire solidification process of the hypereutectic Al-16 ​wt%Si alloy in the present work is anticipated to pave the way for revealing the grain refinement mechanism in hypereutectic Al–Si alloys in the future studies.

International audience; The 2015−2016 El Niño was one of the strongest on record, but its influence on the carbon balance is less clear. Using Northern Hemisphere atmospheric CO2 observations, we found both detrended atmospheric CO2 growth rate (CGR) and CO2 seasonal-cycle amplitude (SCA) of 2015−2016 were much higher than that of other El Niño events. The simultaneous high CGR and SCA were unusual, because our analysis of long-term CO2 observations at Mauna Loa revealed a significantly negative correlation between CGR and SCA. Atmospheric inversions and terrestrial ecosystem models indicate strong northern land carbon uptake during spring but substantially reduced carbon uptake (or high emissions) during early autumn, which amplified SCA but also resulted in a small anomaly in annual carbon uptake of northern ecosystems in 2015−2016. This negative ecosystem carbon uptake anomaly in early autumn was primarily due to soil water deficits and more litter decomposition caused by enhanced spring productivity. Our study demonstrates a decoupling between seasonality and annual carbon cycle balance in northern ecosystems over 2015−2016, which is unprecedented in the past five decades of El Niño events.

Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters have aroused considerable attention, particularly for their great potential in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). In typical TADF molecules, intramolecular charge transfer (CT) between electron-donor (D) and electron-acceptor (A) moieties is the dominant transition. Actually, CT transitions can possibly occur between different molecules as well. Herein, we used a nonconjugated triptycene (TPE) moiety to space D and A moieties and developed two novel emitters tBuDMAC-TPE-TRZ and tBuDMAC-TPE-TTR to explore the roles of intra- and intermolecular CT transitions. Along with weak intramolecular CT transitions, intermolecular CT transitions are dominant for tBuDMAC-TPE-TRZ and tBuDMAC-TPE-TTR neat films. Particularly, tBuDMAC-TPE-TRZ showed a high maximum external quantum efficiency of 10.0% in a nondoped solution-processed OLED, which was evidently higher than that of a corresponding 10 wt % tBuDMAC-TPE-TRZ-doped OLED with 4,4',4″-tris(carbazol-9-yl)triphenylamine (TCTA) as the host matrix. The results prove that intermolecular CT transitions indeed participate in the CT transition process in these systems and they are helpful to enhance the electroluminescence performance of emitting systems with weak intramolecular CT transitions.

自愈合材料具有修复损坏并改善产品寿命、 安全性和功能的能力. 但自愈合效应在有序分子晶体中却很少被报道, 且自愈效率较低. 在本研究中, 我们首次报告了常温下N-甲基脲(NMU)晶体颗粒中各向同性压力触发的集体性自愈行为. 其中, 自愈率最高可以达到100%, 并伴随着“粉晶-单晶”转变. 自愈后的晶体会在更高压力作用下破裂, 并在卸压过程中再次愈合. 原位光学显微镜、 单晶X射线衍射、 粉末晶体X射线衍射和拉曼实验表明, 在0.3 GPa附近的各向异性相变和晶粒间的紧密接触是NMU晶体颗粒产生集体性自愈响应的两个先决条件. 该集体性自愈行为的高自愈率来源于在自愈合过程中外部压力被持续不断地消耗并转化为氢键重组的化学能, 这也为提高其他分子晶体中自愈合效率提供了思路.

With the rapid development of nanogenerator technology, intelligent motion sensors, wearable electronic devices, and human–computer interaction have received more and more attention. However, traditional motion sensors are limited by factors such as external power supply and their own volume and do not have the characteristics of flexibility, high intelligence, and high integration of modern sensors. This paper studied and realized a matrix motion sensor based on flexible PVDF hybrid material, which worked under piezoelectric mechanisms. The performance test of the prepared motion sensor proves that the device has good environmental adaptability. Its output performance is characterized. Under the test conditions of 3 Hz and 300 N, the output voltage of the nanogenerator is 15 mV. On this basis, the nanogenerator is used for the collection of human movement energy and the monitoring of human motion status, and through the design of electronic skin and human–computer interaction testing, it shows the huge application of flexible nanogenerator movement state monitoring and human health monitoring potential. We believe that the proposed flexible, low cost, hybrid nanogenerator will supply an effective method for energy harvesting devices.

The influence of cooling rate on the mechanical properties of resistance-welded continuous carbon fiber/poly-ether-ether-ketone (CF/PEEK) joints and crystallization behavior of PEEK in the heating elements (HEs) was investigated. 6 kinds of joints with different cooling rates were designed and prepared in resistance welding processes. A lap shear strength (LSS) improvement of 28% was reported for joints with lower cooling rates relative to joints without controlled cooling process, and the crystallinity degrees measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of lower-cooling-rate joints were also higher. The fatigue performances showed the same trend. The polarized optical microscope (POM) images showed that stainless steel (SS) wires in the HEs acted as heterogeneous nucleating agents, promoting high-density nucleation sites and accelerating formation of transcrystallinity at a cooling rate lower than 80 °C/min, and the transcrystallinity was hardly observed at higher cooling rates. The results of crystallization kinetics also showed that the Avrami exponent n reduced with cooling rate increasing, indicating that a two-dimensional growth of transcrystallinity dominated at lower cooling rates. It was suggested that qualities of resistance-welded joints were significantly affected by crystallinity and morphology which were both controlled by the cooling rate.

Two-dimensional (2D) material MXenes have been intensively concerned in energy-storage field due to these unique properties of metallic-like conductivity, good hydrophilicity and high volumetric capacity. However, the self-restocking of ultra-thin 2D materials seriously hinders these performances, which significantly inhibits the full exploitation of MXenes in the field of energy storage. To solve this issue, a strategy to prepare delaminated Ti3C2Tx (MXene) nanoflakes/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composites is proposed using the electrostatic self-assembly between positively charged Ti3C2Tx with tetrabutylammonium ion (TBA+) modification and negatively charged graphene. The nanoflakes of Ti3C2Tx/rGO are well dispersed and arranged in a face-to-face structure to effectively alleviate the self-restacking and provide more electroactive sites for accessible of electrolyte ions. The prepared delaminated Ti3C2Tx/rGO anode shows a high reversible capacity up to 1394 mAh g−1 at a current density of 50 mA g−1. Moreover, a lithium-ion capacitor (LIC) was assembled with delaminated Ti3C2Tx/rGO anode and activated carbon (AC) cathode which can exhibit a specific capacity of 70.7 F g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1 and deliver an ultrahigh energy density of 114 Wh kg−1 at a relatively high power density of 3125 W kg−1. These good electrochemical performances demonstrate the potential of delaminated Ti3C2Tx/rGO as an anode material for lithium-ion capacitors.

In modern industrial processes, dynamics and nonlinearities are two main difficulties for soft sensing of key quality variables. Thus, nonlinear dynamic models like long short-term memory (LSTM) network have been applied for data sequence modeling due to its powerful representation ability. Nevertheless, most dynamic methods cannot deal with data series with irregular sampling intervals, which is a common phenomenon in many industrial plants. To handle this problem, a novel sampling-interval-aware LSTM (SIA-LSTM) is proposed in this paper, which takes the sampling intervals between sequential samples into consideration to adjust the influence of the previous sample on the current one. To this end, two non-increasing functions of the sampling interval are designed to weight different sampling intervals in the dynamic data sequence. Then, each sampling-interval weight is multiplied to the corresponding previous hidden state to adjust its impact. Finally, the adjusted hidden state is used as an adaptive input for the three control gates in each LSTM unit to obtain the current hidden state. The proposed SIA-LSTM is applied to an actual hydrocracking process for soft sensor of the C5 content in the light naphtha and the final boiling point of the heavy naphtha.

A stage structures (scattered and school children) model with temperature-dependent latent period to investigate hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) transmission is proposed. The periodic delay induced by latent period in modelling brings new challenges to dynamics analysis. With the help of defined basic reproduction number R 0 , we prove: when R 0 1 , the disease-free equilibrium is globally attractive; when R 0 > 1 , this model is uniformly persistent. Next, the model is applied to simulate the HFMD reported data in Guangxi province, China from January 2018 to December 2019. The simulation results are consistent with our theories, and it also shows that scattered children are the main affected population. Finally, by comparing with time-averaged latent period, numerical experiments analyze the effect of time-varying latent period on HFMD transmission. Based on the HFMD transmission case in Guangxi Province, we find that the use of time-averaged latent period underestimates the real value of R 0 and the number of new infections containing scattered and school children is also underestimated.

Knowledge of Sn(II) speciation in aqueous and gaseous phases and the corresponding isotope effects are critical for understanding the transport and deposition of Sn in various geological and cosmochemical processes. In this study, we use first principles method to investigate the speciation of stannous (Sn(II)) chloride in fluids under hydrothermal and supercritical conditions. The results show that SnCl3−, SnCl2(H2O) and SnCl(H2O)2+ are stable in hydrothermal solutions at temperatures of up to 300 °C, with SnCl3− being the dominant species, whereas SnCl2 and SnCl2(H2O) are the stable species in vapor phases. Notably, SnCl2 is found to be stable under supercritical conditions. The reduced partition function ratios (β factors) for the stable Sn(II) species and three major Sn minerals (cassiterite, megawite, and romarchite) are also calculated by first principles methods. The calculation results show that under equilibrium, heavy Sn isotopes are preferentially partitioned into stannic (Sn(IV)) species, and gaseous species enrich heavy Sn isotopes relative to aqueous species. Based on the equilibrium Sn isotope fractionation factors derived in this study, we use a transport-precipitation model to evaluate the Sn isotope response to cassiterite precipitation in hydrothermal fluids. The modeling results show that significant Sn isotope variability could be produced during cassiterite precipitation, with temperature and Sn speciation being the primary controlling factors. Furthermore, by comparing the Sn isotope variability in natural cassiterite and those derived from the model, we argue that Sn should occur predominantly as Sn(IV) species in hydrothermal fluids during cassiterite precipitation in tin mineralizing systems.

In this paper, a stochastic SICA epidemic model with standard incidence rate for HIV transmission is proposed. The sufficient conditions of the extinction and persistence in mean for the disease are established. Numerical simulations show that random perturbations can suppress disease outbreaks and the risk of HIV transmission can be reduced by reducing the transmission coefficient of HIV while increasing the strength of the stochastic perturbation.

Dendritic structures are widely present in nature, from river networks to snowflakes. There is a long-term interest in discovering their common formation mechanism, especially the driving force leading to the branching and the reason to keep symmetry. The inhibition of lithium dendrites in secondary batteries also calls for the deep understanding on the formation of dendritic structures. Here in this article, we report an investigation on the driving force of the formation of dendritic structures. Silver particles are synthesized by Galvanic replacement reaction (GRR) in which metal rods are immersed into the silver nitrate solution to reduce silver ions followed by silver particles formation on the surface of rods. The silver ions concentration profile near the rods is measured by Mach-Zehnder interferometer during the reaction. It is found that the formation of silver dendritic particles is accompanied by the interface concentration gradient. A regulation on the gradient leads to the change of silver morphology, experimentally confirming the dominant role of the interface concentration gradient in the formation of diverse structures.

Stocks that are fundamentally connected with each other tend to move together. Considering such common trends is believed to benefit stock movement forecasting tasks. However, such signals are not trivial to model because the connections among stocks are not physically presented and need to be estimated from volatile data. Motivated by this observation, we propose a framework that incorporates the inter-connection of firms to forecast stock prices. To effectively utilize a large set of fundamental features, we further design a novel pipeline. First, we use variational autoencoder (VAE) to reduce the dimension of stock fundamental information and then cluster stocks into a graph structure (fundamentally clustering). Second, a hybrid model of graph convolutional network and long-short term memory network (GCN-LSTM) with an adjacency graph matrix (learnt from VAE) is proposed for graph-structured stock market forecasting. Experiments on minute-level U.S. stock market data demonstrate that our model effectively captures both spatial and temporal signals and achieves superior improvement over baseline methods. The proposed model is promising for other applications in which there is a possible but hidden spatial dependency to improve time-series prediction.

A bipolar plate is designed to have high electric conductivity, low corrosion and good mechanical strength characteristics. The two most common materials adopted for bipolar plates are carbon and metal. The carbon bipolar plate has good electric conductivity and corrosion resistance but brittle. The metal bipolar plate has good mechanical strength, acceptable electrical conductivity but worse corrosion resistance. The main objective of this paper is to design and fabricate graphite composite laminate based PEMFC bipolar plate. A thermoset type phenolic resin is adopted as the matrix with a plain weave type woven graphite fiber cloth adopted as the composite laminate reinforcement. In the fabrication process, thermoset phenol-formaldehyde resin is first printed onto the plain-weave woven carbon fiber cloth and the waiting until air-dry as prepregs. Several layers of prepregs were then stacked into a mold and heated. The resin contained in the prepregs melted and cured into a composite laminate. The carbonization process is further conducted to increase the electric conductivity. The flow channels are carved and the bipolar plate is completely fabricated. The developed bipolar plates are assembled into a single cell PEMFC and tested. The composite bipolar plate performance with or without carbonization are also studied. The back side bipolar plate electric conductivity would also significantly affect the cell performance. Therefore, increasing the back side conductivity could increase the cell performance.

Pathology image analysis is an essential procedure for clinical diagnosis of numerous diseases. To boost the accuracy and objectivity of the diagnosis, nowadays, an increasing number of intelligent systems are proposed. Among these methods, random field models play an indispensable role in improving the investigation performance. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of pathology image analysis based on the Markov Random Fields (MRFs) and Conditional Random Fields (CRFs), which are two popular random field models. First of all, we introduce the framework of two random field models along with pathology images. Secondly, we summarize their analytical operation principle and optimization methods. Then, a thorough review of the recent articles based on MRFs and CRFs in the field of pathology is presented. Finally, we investigate the most commonly used methodologies from the related works and discuss the method migration in computer vision.

Methane is one of the main greenhouse trace gases and seriously affects the radiation balance of Earth systems due to its strong heat absorption capacity and long atmospheric retention time. Based on the methane stratification data simulated by the community atmospheric model with chemistry (CAM-chem), near-surface methane concentrations were estimated by utilizing the Gaussian function, and the spatiotemporal variation in the near-surface methane concentration in China from 2001 to 2019 was discussed in this research. The results show that (1) based on the methane stratification concentration data simulated by the atmospheric chemical model, the near-surface CH4 concentration estimated by Gaussian function model is reliable, which provides a new method to estimate the near-surface CH4 concentration over China; (2) from 2001 to 2019, the near-surface methane concentration in China showed an increasing trend with an annual growth rate of 7.20±0.23 ppb·a-1. The annual maximum near-surface methane concentration was measured in winter, and the minimum was measured in summer; (3) the spatial distribution differences are obvious: the methane concentration in the east was higher than that in the west, and the methane concentration in the north was higher than that in the south. Moreover, the distributions of methane in the east and west are consistent with the division of Hu Huanyong population line.

Forests in Northeast China in the Greater and Lesser Khingan Mountains (GKM and LKM) account for nearly 1/3 of the total state-owned forests in the country. Regional and historical comparisons of forest plants and macrofungi will favor biological conservation, forest management and economic development. A total of 1067 sampling plots were surveyed on forest composition and structure, with a macrofungi survey at Liangshui and Huzhong Nature Reserves in the center of two regions. Regional and historical differences of these parameters were analyzed with a redundancy ordination of their complex associations. There were 61–76 families, 189–196 genera, and 369–384 species, which was only 1/3 of the historical records. The same dominant species were larch and birch with Korean pine (a climax species) less as expected from past surveys in the LKM. Shrub and herb species were different in the two regions, as expected from historical records. There was 10–50% lower species diversity (except for herb evenness), but 1.8- to 4-time higher macrofungi diversity in the GKM. Compared with the LKM, both tree heights and macrofungi density were higher. Nevertheless, current heights averaging 10 m are half of historical records (> 20 m in the 1960s). Edible macrofungi were the highest proportion in both regions, about twice that of other fungal groups, having important roles in the local economy. A major factor explaining plant diversity variations in both regions was herb cover, followed by shrubs in the GKM and herb-dominant species in the LKM. Factors responsible for macrofungi variations were tree density and shrub height. Vaccinium vitis-idaea and Larix gmelinii in the GKM but tree size and diversity were important factors in the LKM. Our findings highlighted large spatial and historical differences between the GKM and LKM in plant-macrofungal composition, forest structure, and their complex associations, which will favor precise conservation and management of forest resources in two region in the future.

Supramolecular coordination complexes with solid-state stimuli-responsive characteristics are highly desirable but are rarely reported. Herein, we describe two coordination-driven self-assembled monoanthracene or dianthracene-based hexagonal metallacycles by subtle structure modification. Notably, the dianthracene-containing hexagon 1 exhibits tricolor mechanochromic and vapochromic characteristics, while the monoanthracene-containing hexagon 4 does not show obvious changes toward mechanical force. Further studies have indicated that changes in hexagon 1, especially the ulterior anthracene of hexagon 1 in the molecular stacking through intermolecular interactions toward external stimuli, are responsible for the above behavioral differences. Furthermore, the present work also demonstrates a novel light-harvesting strategy for achieving high-contrast mechanochromic fluorescence involving solid-state energy transfer from hexagon 1 to an organic carbazole derivant 6 without mechanofluorochromism or tetraphenylethylene derivant 7 exhibiting inconspicuous mechanofluorochromism.

The emergence of optical Internet of Things (optical-IoT) for sixth-generation (6G) networks has been envisaged to relieve the bandwidth congestion in the conventional radio frequency (RF) channel, and to support the ever-increasing number of smart devices. Among the plethora of device innovations deemed essential for fortifying the development, herein we report on the visible-to-near-infrared color-conversion luminescent-dyes based on lead sulphide quantum dots (PbS QDs), so as to achieve an eye-safe high-speed optical link. The solution-processed PbS QDs exhibited strong absorption in the visible range, radiative recombination lifetime of 6.4 $\mu$s, as well as high photoluminescence quantum yield of up to 88%. Our proof-of-principle demonstration based on an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation scheme established an infrared data transmission of 0.27 Mbit/s, readily supporting an indoor optical-IoT system, and shed light on the possibility for PbS-integrated transceivers in supporting remote access control of multiple nodes. We further envisaged that our investigations could find applications in future development of solution-processable PbS-integrated luminescent fibers, concentrators, and waveguides for high-speed optical receivers.

The umami intensity of single flavor enhancer was detected by an electronic tongue and human sensory. The linear fit was performed to unravel the concentration–response values correlations of eight flavor enhancers. The electronic tongue response data were then analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant factor analysis (DFA) method. It was found that the umami response value of the electronic tongue and the flavor enhancer concentration showed a semi‐logarithmic function. Moreover, the PCA and DFA could successfully distinguish the variety and concentration of flavor enhancer. The umami intensities were also assessed by human sensory and showed consistency with those of electronic tongue tests. This implies the electronic tongue has a great potential as an alternative for biological tongue on sensing intensity of flavor enhancer., The umami response intensity of the electronic tongue was positively correlated with the concentration of all the umami substances and showed on a semi‐logarithmic function. The eight different flavor enhancers were successfully discriminated by PCA and DFA methods

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been used to investigate the composition of perovskite films upon exposure to different environmental factors, such as moisture, heat, and UV light. However, few research studies have determined that the X-ray itself could cause damage to the perovskite crystals. In this study, the X-ray-induced degradation of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite films was investigated via XPS within an in situ ultrahigh vacuum system. It is demonstrated that fresh methylammonium lead iodine contains Pb2+ without the initial existence of Pb0. The Pb0 signal was discovered after a few hours of soft X-ray exposure, which indicates that the CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite structure undergoes a decomposition process to form metallic Pb. In addition, the nitrogen content was found to be significantly decreasing in the first hour of X-ray exposure. The discovery of the X-ray-induced chemical state change and the volatile methylamine of perovskite crystals could be further applied as an indicator for the field of X-ray sensors or detectors.

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) as a novel photocatalyst with great potentials has been extensively employed in solar-driven energy conversion. Herein, the novel in situ g-C3N4 p-n homojunction photocatalyst with nitrogen vacancies (NV-g-C3N4) is successfully fabricated via hydrothermal synthesis followed by two-step calcination. The in situ NV-g-C3N4 homojunction can be employed as an effective photocatalyst for hydrogen generation through water splitting under visible light, and the optimum rate constant of 3259.1 μmol.g−1.h−1 is achieved, which is 8.7 times as high as that of pristine g-C3N4. Moreover, the markedly increased photocatalytic performance is ascribed to the enhanced light utilization, large specific surface area and unique nitrogen-vacated p-n homojunction structure, which provides more active sites and improves the separation of photo-excited electron-hole pairs. Besides, the underlying mechanism for efficient charge transportation and separation is also proposed. This work demonstrates that the remodeling of g-C3N4 p-n homojunction with nitrogen vacancies is a feasible way as highly efficient photocatalysts and might inspire some new strategies for energy and environmental applications.

Objective: The present work was undertaken to evaluate the effects of storage time, choline chloride, and high concentrations of Cu and Zn on the kinetic behavior of vitamin degradation during storage in two vitamin premixes and four vitamin-trace mineral (VTM) premixes.Methods: Two vitamin premixes (with or without 160,000 mg/kg of choline) were stored at 25°C and 60% humidity. Besides, four VTM premixes were used to evaluate the effects of choline (0 vs 40,000 mg/kg) and trace minerals (low CuSO4+ZnO vs high CuSO4+ZnO) on vitamin stability in VTM premixes stored in room, and the VTM premixes were stored in room temperature at 22°C. Subsamples from each vitamin and VTM premix were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 months. The retention of vitamin A (VA), vitamin D3 (VD3), vitamin E (VE), vitamin K3 (VK3), vitamin B1 (VB1), vitamin B2 (VB2), vitamin B3 (VB3), vitamin B5 (VB5), and vitamin B6 (VB6) in vitamin premixes and VTM premixes during storage was determined. The stability of vitamins in vitamin premixes and VTM premixes was determined and reported as the residual vitamin activity (% of initial) at each sampling point.Results: The effect of choline on VK3 retention was significant in vitamin premixes (p3, VK3, VB1, VB2, VB5, and VB6 in vitamin premix (p3, VB1, and VB2 loss during storage (p3 and VB6 (p

All-solid-state electrolytes have attracted widely attentions due to their adequate safety assurance, which demonstrates great potential in high energy batteries with lithium metal anode. In the view of practical application, the inorganic-organic solid composite electrolytes (SCEs) show most promising because of their excellent processability. However, poor ionic conductivity and unstable interface between electrodes and solid electrolytes hinder their development. In this review, we summarized the strategies to improve the ionic conductivity of the active inorganic fillers based SCEs and interface compatibility between electrodes and solid electrolytes. Tuning the physical-chemical properties (concentration, geometry, orientation and etc.) of the fillers, surface decoration and small-molecular additives can regulate polymer crystallization kinetics and trigger fast Li-ions transport pathways, which promotes the ionic conductivity. To ameliorate interfacial performance, the approaches mainly involve designing multilayered SCE with symmetric or asymmetric configuration, utilizing chemical interactions and liquid phase therapy, and blending of polymers with various molecular weights and functional groups to ameliorate interface contact, prevent the interface reaction and inhibit lithium dendrites. We hope this review can provide deeply understanding and guidance on the design of SCEs for all-solid-state lithium metal batteries.

It is critical to accurately assess the location and evolution of impending landslide hazards, especially when influenced by the effects of climate change. However, most existing landslide models only analyze the stability of individual grid cells without considering soil interaction between adjacent cells. This means that the stability of individual grid cells is not necessarily representative of actual slope stability at a given location, in turn affecting the accuracy of landslide stability assessments. In this paper, slope units are defined using the morphological image analysis and homogeneous slope unit method to represent the actual slope conditions and to extract the profile of each slope unit. The critical slip surface of the soil mass is investigated to account for the interaction between adjacent grid cells within the slope unit. A probabilistic analytical landslide model is established and the response mechanism of the hydrological processes is proposed. This model is applied to landslide hazard assessment in the Three-Gorges Reservoir Area, Fengjie County, China. Using historical rainfall data, the distribution of landslide hazards is analyzed for different antecedent precipitation levels and rainfall return periods. The results show that the amount of antecedent precipitation, and rainfall return period, have different effects on landslide triggering in the area. Importantly, the model reveals that extreme rainfall events induced by climate change will lead to a large number of new landslides in areas where they are not anticipated. Further investigation and monitoring (e.g., early-warning systems, long-term assessment) of rainfall-induced landslides in the Three-Gorges Reservoir Area is recommended.

Black orthorhombic (B-γ) CsSnI3 with low toxicity and excellent optoelectronic properties is a promising candidate for perovskite solar cell (PSC). However, the performance of the B-γ CsSnI3-based ...