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We consider the sequential CFC-type nabla fractional difference ( CFC ∇ a + 1 ν ∇ a μ CFC u ) ( t ) {(^{\mathrm{CFC}}\nabla^{\nu}_{a+1}{}^{\mathrm{CFC}}\nabla^{\mu}_{a}u)(t)} and show that one can derive monotonicity-type results even in the case where this difference satisfies a strictly negative lower bound. This illustrates some dissimilarities between the integer-order and fractional-order cases.

An efficient protocol is developed for the synthesis of Rilpivirine intermediate 4-[(4-chloro-2-pyrimidinyl) amino]benzonitrile hydrochloride via a simple two-step approach. Initially 1-(4-cyanophe...

In this article, we present a Lyapunov-type inequality for a conformable boundary value problem associated with anti-periodic boundary conditions. To demonstrate the applicability of established result, we obtain a lower bound on the eigenvalue of the corresponding eigenvalue problem.

The World Health Organization and national guidelines recommend HIV testing and counseling at tuberculosis (TB) clinics for all patients, regardless of TB diagnosis (1). Population-based HIV Impact Assessment (PHIA) survey data for 2015-2016 in Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe were analyzed to assess HIV screening at TB clinics among persons who had positive HIV test results in the survey. The analysis was stratified by history of TB diagnosis* (presumptive versus confirmed†), awareness§ of HIV-positive status, antiretroviral therapy (ART)¶ status, and viral load suppression among HIV-positive adults, by history of TB clinic visit. The percentage of adults who reported having ever visited a TB clinic ranged from 4.7% to 9.7%. Among all TB clinic attendees, the percentage who reported that they had received HIV testing during a TB clinic visit ranged from 48.0% to 62.1% across the three countries. Among adults who received a positive HIV test result during PHIA and who did not receive a test for HIV at a previous TB clinic visit, 29.4% (Malawi), 21.9% (Zambia), and 16.2% (Zimbabwe) reported that they did not know their HIV status at the time of the TB clinic visit. These findings represent missed opportunities for HIV screening and linkage to HIV care. In all three countries, viral load suppression rates were significantly higher among those who reported ever visiting a TB clinic than among those who had not (p

A highly efficient green protocol is described for the development of novel benzo[4,5]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidine analogues through the one-pot fusion of the 2-amino-benzothiazole with different chos...

We report expedient methods to analyze the inactive and active ingredients and other impurities in Fulvestrant injection, using gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. The levels (LOQ to 150%) of Fulvestrant and related impurities were quantified using HPLC. A gradient temperature program was employed to reduce the analysis time and improve the peaks' resolution in the present study. The separation of impurities was achieved on the symmetry C8 column and maintained temp at 35 °C. The injection volume was 10 µL, and detection was made at 225 nm. For GC method used the DB-Wax column. Helium as a carrier with a flow rate of 5.0 mL min−1. The injector inlet temperature and FID temperature were maintained at 220 °C and 280 °C, respectively. Both methods exhibited excellent intra- and inter-day precision, with RSD 0.999. The methods were validated for linearity, precision, specificity, accuracy, and robustness for their intended purpose as per the current ICH guidelines. Finally, both the techniques were used in the quality control lab to estimate the solvents and impurities of reference listed drug and in house samples.

The Knoevenagel condensation is a powerful tool to build carbon-carbon bonds. Knoevenagel synthesis of cyanoacrylates has received considerable attention, mainly because the compounds possess wide-...

Monocarboxylate transporters 1 and 4 (MCT1 and MCT4) are involved in tumor development and progression. Their expression levels are related to clinical disease prognosis. Accordingly, both MCTs are promising drug targets for treatment of a variety of human cancers. The noninvasive imaging of these MCTs in cancers is regarded to be advantageous for assessing MCT-mediated effects on chemotherapy and radiosensitization using specific MCT inhibitors. Herein, we describe a method for the radiosynthesis of [18 F]FACH ((E)-2-cyano-3-{4-[(3-[18 F]fluoropropyl)(propyl)amino]-2-methoxyphenyl}acrylic acid), as a novel radiolabeled MCT1/4 inhibitor for imaging with PET. A fluorinated analog of α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (FACH) was synthesized, and the inhibition of MCT1 and MCT4 was measured via an L-[14 C]lactate uptake assay. Radiolabeling was performed by a two-step protocol comprising the radiosynthesis of the intermediate (E)/(Z)-[18 F]tert-Bu-FACH (tert-butyl (E)/(Z)-2-cyano-3-{4-[(3-[18 F]fluoropropyl)(propyl)amino]-2-methoxyphenyl}acrylate) followed by deprotection of the tert-butyl group. The radiofluorination was successfully implemented using either K[18 F]F-K2.2.2 -carbonate or [18 F]TBAF. The final deprotected product [18 F]FACH was only obtained when [18 F]tert-Bu-FACH was formed by the latter procedure. After optimization of the deprotection reaction, [18 F]FACH was obtained in high radiochemical yields (39.6 ± 8.3%, end of bombardment (EOB) and radiochemical purity (greater than 98%).

In 21st century, organic and domestic wastes and discharges from varied chemical and manufacturing industries to water bodies become a critical issue and challenge for the researchers, engineers and policy makers. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are efficient, sustainable, economically viable and green techniques to elimination on-degradable organic pollutants by biological and traditional processes. A number of research articles have been published from the past two decades on the wastewater treatment using various advanced oxidation processes. The main objective of this review paper is to provide the quick view for researchers, academicians and scientists in the area of wastewater treatment using various types of AOPs, which incorporate green principles involves in the processes for removal of different pollutants and contaminants including dyes, phenols, pesticides, herbicides etc. from wastewaters, with emphasis on the degradation efficiency of various photocatalysts. The formation reactions of •OH radical and the mechanisms of degradation of various organic pollutants in the wastewater is also discussed. This review covers various types of advanced oxidation processes, viz., ozone-based processes, photocatalysis and Fenton-based reactions.

Azilsartan (I) is an orally administered drug to control high blood pressure in adults. 1 , 4 Azilsartan medoxomil (II), a US FDA approved prodrug of Azilsartan (Figure 1), is an angiotensin II rec...

In this paper, we consider three types of fractional difference equations with forcing term. The asymptotic behaviors of positive solutions for the proposed equations are extensively investigated. Our approach mainly relies on the features of discrete fractional calculus and some mathematical inequalities. To conclude our theoretical findings, we give an example demonstrating complete consistency to the main results.

Purpose Nucleic acid-based therapies are a promising therapeutic tool. The major obstacle in their clinical translation is their efficient delivery to the desired tissue. We developed a novel nanosized delivery system composed of conjugates of α-tocopherol, polyethyleneimine, and polyethylene glycol (TPP) to deliver nucleic acids. Methods We synthesized a panel of TPP molecules using different molecular weights of PEG and PEI and analyzed with various analytical approaches. The optimized version of TPP (TPP111 - the 1:1:1 molecular ratio) was self-assembled in water to produce nanostructures and then evaluated in diversified in vitro and in vivo studies. Results Through a panel of synthesized molecules, TPP111 conjugate components self-assembled in water, forming globular shaped nanostructures of ~90 nm, with high nucleic acid entrapment efficiency. The polymer had low cytotoxicity in vitro and protected nucleic acids from nucleases. Using a luciferase-expressing plasmid, TPP111-plasmid nano-complexes were rapidly up-taken by cancer cells in vitro and induced strong transfection, comparable to PEI. Colocalization of the nano-complexes and endosomes/lysosomes suggested an endosome-mediated uptake. Using a subcutaneous tumor model, intravenously injected nano-complexes preferentially accumulated to the tumor area over 24 h. Conclusion These results indicate that we successfully synthesized the TPP111 nanocarrier system, which can deliver nucleic acids in vitro and in vivo and merits further evaluation.

We report the synthesis of 1, 5, 10 wt% cobalt oxide/reduced graphene oxide (CoO–RGO) composite materials by a simple solvothermal method. We assessed their catalytic activity in liquid phase epoxidation reaction without any sacrificial reductant and fully characterised the prepared catalysts by different techniques, including powder XRD, Raman spectra, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and ICP-MS. 5 wt% Cobalt oxide (CoO–RGO-5) promoted material showed high conversion (57%) of trans-stilbene oxide and excellent selectivity (96%) towards trans-stilbene epoxidation in DMF solvent by using the molecular oxygen as an oxidant. The conversion efficiency of trans-stilbene reaction remained the same for fresh and recycled catalysts after the 4th run.

Calcium oxide incorporated porous carbon materials were synthesized by the impregnation method to study CO2 adsorption and separation of CO2/CH4. The X-ray diffraction, Raman analysis, N2 isotherms...

With an attempt to make a useful and convenient database, a case study has been conducted on impact of seawater intrusion to groundwater in the coastal localities of Visakhapatnam, India. Thirty groundwater samples were collected from varied locations covering at a stretch of 50 km from Bhemili to Paravada of Visakhapatnam coastal region. The groundwater samples were collected in pre- and post-monsoon in the year of 2017. The analytic studies to assess the quality of water were conducted. In comparison with WHO standards, chloride ion exceeded the permitted levels in (70% and 73%) of samples, calcium ion (23.3% and 13.3%) of samples, TDS (100% and 100%)of samples in pre- and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. The hydrochemical facies evolution diagrams and piper diagrams were used as tools to ascertain the factors and mechanisms responsible to vulnerability of groundwater due to seawater intrusion. As per the study, a type of mixed groundwater has been identified in the both the seasons. About 16% and 10% of samples were prone to seawater intrusion during pre- and post-monsoon seasons, respectively.

We report an efficient multicomponent method for the synthesis of biologically active 1,3,4-thiadiazole-1H-pyrazol-4-yl-thiazolidin-4-one hybrids from the reaction of pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde, 5-(substituted phenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amines, and 2-mercaptoacetic acid in ethanol under ultrasound irradiation. Reactions gave excellent yields (91–97%) of desired products in short times (55–65 min) at 50 °C. All the twelve new thiazolidin-4-one derivatives were fully characterized by spectroscopic techniques and were screened for their antibacterial activity. Among the screened hybrids, derivatives with 4-nitro and 3-nitro groups substituted on the phenyl ring showed fourfold (MBC = 156.3 µg/cm3) and twofold (MBC = 312.5 µg/cm3) stronger potency against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain as compared to the standard ciprofloxacin. SAR studies revealed the importance of the functional groups on the phenyl ring of 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine moiety for varying bacterial activity. The electron-withdrawing (NO2) group at para- and meta-position played a significant role in enhancing the antibacterial activity. The prominent features of the described protocol are excellent yields, green protocol, catalyst-free, high atom economy (94%), and excellent carbon efficiency (98%).

Although mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is preventable through antiretroviral treatment (ART) during pregnancy and postpartum, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) estimates that 160,000 new HIV infections occurred among children in 2018 (1). Child survival and HIV-free survival rates* are standard measures of progress toward eliminating MTCT† (2). Nationally representative Population-based HIV Impact Assessment (PHIA)§ survey data, pooled from eight sub-Saharan African countries¶ were used to calculate survival probability among children aged ≤3 years by maternal HIV status during pregnancy and HIV-free survival probability among children aged ≤3 years born to women with HIV infection, stratified by maternal ART** status during pregnancy. Survival probability was significantly lower among children born to women with HIV infection (94.7%) than among those born to women without HIV infection (97.6%). HIV-free survival probability of children born to women with HIV infection differed significantly by the timing of initiation of maternal ART: 93.0% among children whose mothers received ART before pregnancy, 87.8% among those whose mothers initiated ART during pregnancy, and 53.4% among children whose mothers did not receive ART during pregnancy. Focusing on prevention of HIV acquisition and, among women of reproductive age with HIV infection, on early diagnosis of HIV infection and ART initiation when applicable, especially before pregnancy, can improve child survival and HIV-free survival.

An eco-friendly and efficient green protocol is developed for the synthesis of sixteen pyrazolo-phthalazine derivatives (5a–p) by using inexpensive biodegradable eggshell powder (ESP) as a heterogeneous catalyst. The four-component one-pot condensation reaction proceeded through Knoevenagel–Michael reaction of different chosen active methylene compounds, phthalic anhydride, and hydrazine hydride with various substituted aromatic aldehydes in the water at 60 °C, and furnished the high yields of products (93–98%) in rapid reaction time of 28 to 45 min. The material was characterized by different analytical techniques (SEM, TEM, XRD, BET, and FT-IR), and was composed of the high percentage of calcium oxides and carbonates, and less percentage of Na and Mg elements (based on EDX analysis). The ESP material displayed recyclability (4 times) without any notable loss of catalytic efficacy. Besides, this procedure offers 98% of the atom economy and 100% of carbon efficiency together with significant fiscal and enviro-friendly benefits.

A novel and efficient ultrasonic-assisted one-pot tandem reaction has been developed for synthesis of triazole derivatives with excellent yield (94–98%) in short reaction time (

Edible fruits of two indigenous medicinal Ficus species (Ficus sycomorus L. and Ficus burtt-davyi Hutch) collected from eight different sites in South Africa were assessed for nutritional value, elemental concentration, and the possible risk associated with their consumption. The metal concentrations in the fruits and growth soil were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The results showed elemental concentrations in the fruits to contribute significantly to recommended dietary allowances and were found to be in decreasing order of Ca > Mg > Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Cr and Ca ˃ Mg ˃ Fe ˃ Mn ˃ Zn ˃ Cu for both F. sycomorus and F. burtt-davyi fruits. The results for proximate composition of F. sycomorus fruits were (in %) 55.8 for moisture, 25.3 for carbohydrates, 5.6 for protein, 8.9 for fats, 55.8 for crude fiber, and 4.4 for ash; for F. burtt-davyi fruits, it was (in %) 78.9 for carbohydrates, 5.0 for protein, 8.4 for lipids, 4.0 for crude fiber, and 3.7 for ash. The health risk assessment showed target hazard quotient, and hazard indices for all the studied heavy metals in the fruits for all the sites were to be less than one and the target carcinogenic risk values to be within the acceptable regulatory cancer risk range. This study confirms that the fruits of F. sycomorus and F. burtt-davyi are safe for human consumption due to low non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic adverse health effects.

The development of C-C and C-heteroatom (C-N, C-O and C-P) bond reactions is a field of significant interest and has received momentous attention in modern organic chemistry. These reactions have been exploited in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and molecules of interest in materials science. With the increasing awareness of global warming and the use of renewable energies, it is of paramount importance to reduce the usage of hazardous chemicals in both industrial and academic research and to achieve a healthier environment through green practices. Green chemistry is a rapidly emerging approach that shows us a path for the sustainable growth of future science and technologies. In the recent past, healthy growth has been recorded in a number of organic reactions in aqueous media, which are environment-friendly and energy conserving. This review documents the literature on the development of green methodologies involving the design of C-C, C-O, C-N and C-P bond formations of coupling and condensed reactions. It emphasizes the exceptional practices and important advances achieved using alternative green tools, such as microwave (MW), high-speed ball milling (HSBM) and ultrasound irradiation techniques, and a variety of reusable catalysts and green solvents, with attention to water.

Bentazone is one of the toxic insecticides used to control forest tent caterpillar moths, boll weevils, gypsy moths, and other types of moths in various field crops. We report the efficacy of biochar prepared from the Azardirachta Indica waste biomass as adsorbent for removal of Bentazone. Biochar material was prepared by pyrolysis process under limited oxygen conditions. Biochar material was characterized by proximate and ultimate analysis, SEM analysis, FTIR analysis and TG/DTA analyses. The Bentazone adsorption capacity by biochar from aqueous solutions was assessed. Effect of time, adsorbent dosage, insecticide concentration and pH on the adsorption characteristics of the biochar were evaluated. Adsorption parameters were obtained at equilibrium contact time of 150 min, with biochar dosage of 0.5 g at pH 8. From the optimization studies, desirability of 0.952 was obtained with response (adsorption uptake) of 79.40 mg/g, for initial concentration of insecticide (50 mg/L), adsorbent dosage (0.448 g), time 30.0 min and pH 2. The adsorption isotherm data for the removal of Bentazone fitted well with the Freundlich isotherm. This study indicates that the biochar produced from the bark of Azardirachta Indica biomass could be employed as a potential adsorbent for removal of synthetic organic pollutants from the water streams.

The use of mixed oxides is a well-appreciated approach in the fields of material science and synthesis, due to remarkable tunable surface properties such as acidic and basic characteristics, oxidation/reduction capabilities, and high agility of lattice oxygen, which makes them ideal choices as heterogeneous catalysts. The activity of the mixed oxides broadly relies on the nature of support and active material used and on the preparation method, calcination temperatures. Wide range of techniques for preparation of mixed oxide materials are adoptable, viz. sol-gel, co-precipitation, wet impregnation, microwave irradiation and hydrothermal methods. Use of mixed oxides as solid catalysts have gained popularity in many valued organic transformations, via alkylation, oxidation, condensation, dehydration, dehydrogenation, cycloaddition and isomerization. Application of mixed oxides in the area of green organic synthesis is a valuable strategy, which contributed significantly to the design of many novel heterocyclic scaffolds. The chemistry of N-heterocycle scaffolds, which generally possess five and six membered rings, is an interesting area for both synthetic and medicinal chemistry research constituting over 60% organics used in various arenas. The position and number of nitrogen atoms in the rings, distinguish them as pyrroles, pyrazoles, imidazoles, triazoles, pyridines and pyramidines classes. In this review, we focus on the scope, importance and versatile applications of mixed metal oxides and their synergetic effects as heterogeneous catalysts in the synthesis of variety of N-heterocyclic derivatives. The scientific aspects of the mixed oxides as catalytic active materials to design efficient synthetic protocols for the organic transformations is also discussed. Keywords: Heterogeneous catalysis, Bimetallic catalysts, Mixed oxides, One-pot synthesis, Green chemistry, N-heterocycles, Multicomponent reactions, Nanocomposites

Background: The oxazolone class of compounds is known to exert a profound effect on malignant cell proliferation, tumor angiogenesis and /or on the established neoplastic vasculature. Additionally, these compounds are generally known to have a low tendency to interact with DNA which is not common with most of the conventional cytotoxic agents. Thus, this class of compounds is of particular interest for the discovery and development of patient-friendly anticancer agents. Objective: The initial objective of this study was to synthesize and evaluate 2-substituted 4-arylidene- 5(4H)-oxazolones for their potential anticancer properties. Methods: A simple, mild and non-hazardous synthetic methodology has been developed for the preparation of 2-substituted 4-arylidene-5(4H)-oxazolones. The methodology involved lemon juice mediated condensation of N-acyl glycine derivatives including hippuric acid with arylaldehydes in PEG-400 under ultrasound irradiation. All the synthesized compounds were screened via an MTT assay for their potential cytotoxic properties in vitro using the cancerous cell lines e.g. K562 (human chronic myeloid leukemia), Colo-205 (human colon carcinoma), and A549 (human lung carcinoma) and a non-cancerous HEK293 (human embryonic kidney) cell line. Results: Compounds 3a, 3c and 3i showed promising growth inhibition against A549 cell line but no significant effects on HEK293 cell line, indicating their selectivity towards cancer cells. Moreover, their IC50 values suggested that all these compounds were comparable to the reference drug doxorubicin indicating their potential against lung cancer. Conclusion: he 4-arylidene-5(4H)-oxazolone framework presented here could be a new template for the design and discovery of potential anticancer agents especially for lung cancer.

Carpobrotus dimidiatus is an indigenous South African medicinal plant species from the Aizoaceae family that bears edible fruit that is consumed for nutritional value. In this study, the elemental ...

In this work, effective mineralization of antibiotics, oxytetracycline (OTC) and ampicillin (AMP) using WO3/BiOCl photocatalyst stacked to graphene sand composite (GSC) and chitosan (CT) was investigated. Common sugar and river sand were used as precursor for the preparation of GSC. Modified hydrolysis method was used to prepare WO3/BiOCl photocatalyst with different weight percentage ratios of WO3. 60%WO3/BiOCl displayed highest photocatalytic efficiency for OTC and AMP removal. Furthermore, 60%WO3/BiOCl was immobilized onto GSC and CT to prepare 60%WO3/BiOCl/GSC and 60%WO3/BiOCl/CT nanocomposites. The prepared photocatalysts were characterized using FESEM, TEM, HRTEM, EDX, FTIR, XRD, FT-RAMAN, BET, photoluminescence and UV-Visible reflectance spectral analysis. Both 60%WO3/BiOCl/GSC and 60%WO3/BiOCl/CT displayed significant photocatalytic activity for OTC and AMP removal. The adsorption effect of OTC and AMP photodegradation was also evaluated. The adsorption of OTC and AMP was described by pseudo second order kinetics. Simultaneous adsorption and photocatalysis had synergetic effect on antibiotic degradation. Power law model was applied to understand the complex nature of mineralization process. 60%WO3/BiOCl/GSC and 60%WO3/BiOCl/CT exhibited significant recycle efficiency and easier recovery of photocatalyst for 10 catalytic cycles as compared to 60%WO3/BiOCl. Keywords: WO3/BiOCl, Antibiotics, Supported photocatalysis, Adsorption, Mineralization, Kinetics

Polymer nanoparticles and microparticles have been used primarily for drug delivery. There is now growing interest in further developing polymer-based solid cavitation agents to also enhance ultrasound imaging. We previously reported on a facile method to produce hollow poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles with different diameters and degrees of porosity. Here, we investigate the cavitation response from these PLGA microparticles with both therapeutic and diagnostic ultrasound transducers. Interestingly, all formulations exhibited stable cavitation; larger porous and multicavity particles also provided inertial cavitation at elevated acoustic pressure amplitudes. These larger particles also achieved contrast enhancement comparable to that of commercially available ultrasound contrast agents, with a maximum recorded contrast-to-tissue ratio of 28 dB. Therefore, we found that multicavity PLGA microparticles respond to both therapeutic and diagnostic ultrasound and may be applied as a theranostic agent. Ministry of Education (MOE) Ministry of Health (MOH) National Medical Research Council (NMRC) Accepted version The authors acknowledge the support from the Ministry of Education in Singapore under the Tier 1 grant scheme (RG144/18, RG127/19). This research is supported by the Singapore Ministry of Health’s National Medical Research Council under NMRC/OFYIRG/0034/2017.

The authors thank the Head, Department of Geology and Inter-disciplinary School of Science (IDSS) , SPPU for providing necessary facilities. MKJ acknowledges the financial support received from Science Education and Research Board (SERB) and Department of Science and Technology (DST) by way of its Young Scientist Scheme (Ref. No. SR/FTP/ES-2/2014) Women's scientist scheme (Ref No. SR/WOS-A/EA-14/2017) . S. Mounic and A. Marquet respec-tively from Toulouse TIMS and ICPMS facilities. RT acknowledges a "Juan de la Cierva-formacion" Fellowship (FJC2018-036729) granted by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and co-funded by the European Development Fund and the European Social Fund.", The Spontang Ophiolite complex represents the most complete ophiolite sequence amongst the South Ladakh ophiolites and comprises mantle rocks (depleted harzburgites, dunites and minor lherzolites) as well as crustal rocks (basalt, isotropic gabbros, layered gabbros etc.). In the present study, detailed geochemistry (whole rock as well as mineral chemistry) and Sr-Nd isotopic analyses of thirty-six ultramaficmafic samples have been attempted to constraint the evolution and petrogenetic history of the Tethyan oceanic crust. Major, trace-element and REE patterns of the peridotites and their minerals indicate that the lherzolites experienced lower degrees of partial melting resembling abyssal peridotites (at higher temperatures, TREE = 1216 C) than the harzburgites (6%–8% versus 15%–17%). Elevated eNd(t) and variable 87Sr/86Sr(t) ratios along with REE patterns suggest that the Spontang mafic rocks display N-MORB affinity with negligible participation of oceanic sediments in their genesis are originated from a depleted upper mantle with little contribution from subduction-related fluids. MORB-type Neotethyan oceanic crust is associated with the earliest phase of subduction (of older Jurassic age) through which a younger intra-oceanic island arc (Spong arc) subsequently developed. Harzburgites REE display typical U-shaped patterns, suggesting that these rocks have been metasomatized by LREE-enriched fluids. On the other side, mafic rocks are characterized by heterogeneous (Nb/La)PM and (Hf/Sm)PM and relatively homogeneous eNd(t), indicating interaction of subduction-related melts with the upper mantle during the initiation of subduction, in Early Cretaceous times., Science Education and Research Board (SERB), Department of Science & Technology (India) SR/FTP/ES-2/2014, Women's scientist scheme SR/WOS-A/EA-14/2017, "Juan de la Cierva-formacion" Fellowship FJC2018-036729, Spanish Government, European Social Fund (ESF), European Development Fund

Arylphosphonium-benzoxaborole conjugates have been synthesized as potential mitochondria targeting anticancer agents. The synthesized compounds have been tested for their effects on cell viability in various solid tumor cell lines including breast cancer 4T1 and MCF-7, pancreatic cancer MIAPaCa-2 and colorectal adenocarcinoma WiDr. Compound 6c is designated as a lead compound for further studies due to its enhanced effects on cell viability in the above-mentioned cell lines. Seahorse Xfe96 based metabolic assays reveal that the lead candidate 6c inhibits mitochondrial respiration in 4T1 and WiDr cell lines as evidenced by the reduction of mitochondrial ATP production and increase in proton leak. Epiflourescent microscopy experiments also illustrate that 6c causes significant mitochondrial fragmentation in 4T1 and WiDr cells, morphologically consistent with programmed cell death. Our current studies illustrate that arylphosphonium-benzoxaborole conjugates have potential to be further developed as anticancer agents.

Sustainable rural drinking water is a widespread aim in India, and globally, from the household to district, state, and national scales. Sustainability issues in the rural drinking water sector range from increasing water demand to declining groundwater levels, premature deterioration of village schemes and services, inadequate revenues for operations and maintenance, weak capacity of water operators, frequently changing state and national policies, and destabilizing effects of climate change. This paper focuses on the special role of district-scale drinking water planning, which operates at the intersection between bottom-up water demand and top-down water programs. After surveying the challenges associated with bottom-up and top-down planning approaches, we present recent efforts to strengthen district and block drinking water planning in the state of Maharashtra. A combination of district interviews, institutional history, village surveys, GIS visualization, and planning workshops were used to advance district planning goals and methods. Results assess bottom-up processes of water demand, top-down water programs and finance, and intermediate-level planning at the district and block scales. Discussion focuses on potential improvements in district planning methods in Maharashtra.

C19H13ClN4O6, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 4.8032(1) Å, b = 19.5545(5) Å, c = 19.6915(6) Å, β = 90.640(1)°, V = 1849.39(8) Å3, Z = 4, R gt(F) = 0.0369, wR ref(F 2) = 0.1011, T = 100(2) K.

Eleven new tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran derivatives were synthesized via a three component reaction of different aromatic aldehydes, methyl cyanoacetate and 1,3-cyclohexadione, with water as solvent under catalyst-free microwave irradiation. The structures of all the new molecules were well analysed and their structures established by using various spectral techniques (1H NMR, 13C NMR, 15N NMR and HRMS). Various advantages of reported protocol are the ease of preparation, short reaction times (10 min), aqueous solvent and excellent yields (89–98%). Additionally, this method provides a clean access to the desired products by simple workup.

For effective cleaning of oil and gas wells and their revival, a novel fluid composition of enzyme-G with acid mixture together with corrosion inhibitor and selected additives is developed. Laboratory and field experiments endorse the effectiveness of the new fluid composition. Upon testing and analyzing the results with various treatment combinations, the procedure is optimized. Its efficacy is validated by treating various oil and natural gas operations. This communication provides a comprehensive description of the method for cleaning the oil and gas wells and their stimulation for improving the production. The novel enzymes-G composition developed, effectively removes the impurities from the face of the wellbore, improve pore formation and create additional artificial channels to enhance the production of oil and gas. The developed protocols could also be used in injection wells to improve the injection rates. Highlights •Increasing the production of oil/gas from the petroleum wells can be achieved by stimulation technique.•The chemicals used in this treatment, break the long chain polymers, which are unbreakable with the regular techniques.•The major benefits of this design are the maximization of well cleaning and also economical.•The Enzyme-G Fluids was successfully pumped to improve the characteristics.•Best application for poor-performing wells and expired wells.

Among the bioactive heterocyclic frameworks, nitrogen containing multisubstituted imidazoles are versatile building blocks of many naturally occurring products. Imidazoles possess wide range of bio...

An operational approach for synthesis of eleven substituted 4H-chromene derivatives by one-pot, three-component reaction of aromatic aldehyde, methyl cyanoacetate and cyclic diketone through ultrasound irradiation, in the presence of aqueous ethanol under catalyst-free condition is reported. Different spectral methods, including 1H, 13C and 15N NMR and HRMS were utilized to characterize the new molecules. Benefits of the eco-friendly method are fast reaction (10 min), excellent yields (92–98%), no column chromatography and no byproducts. Reaction offers 94% atom economy and 100% carbon capture.

Extensive contamination of water bodies by textile dyeing industries, organic pollutants and agricultural waste has emerged water pollution as one of the major global environmental crisis. The effect of this gross negligence is posing serious threats to human health therefore today; conserving water resources for the essence of life is of grave concern. Recently, advancements in photocatalytic properties of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) for wastewater treatment have gained tremendous interest in research. However, pristine g-C3N4 suffers from bottlenecks such as low surface area, rapid recombination of photo-generated electron–hole pairs and insufficient light absorption which thereby, reduces the photocatalytic degradation activity. Hitherto, noble metals have been widely utilized as dopants but are cost ineffective, rarely found and are difficult to recover. In this updated and all-inclusive review we have briefly discussed photocatalysis mechanism, primarily focused on non-precious elemental doping via various synthesis techniques of noble metal free doped g-C3N4 photocatalysts. Typically metal, non-metal, rare earth metal doping and co-doping have been explored, which demonstrates the synergistic behavior of the doped nanocomposites in modulation of electronic structure, broaden the visible light absorption range, enhancement in photocatalytic wastewater remediation ability to obtain maximum pollutant eradication. Summary remarks conclude the review with valuable knowledge of noble metal free doped g-C3N4 photocatalysts for water purification and sheds light on current challenges and crucial issues associated with its commercialization. The future aspect aims at designing of efficient solar light driven photocatalysts for application in various domains i.e. production of H2 and O2, reduction of CO2, practical use of solar cells, treatment of wastewater, air purification and environmental conservation.

An efficient protocol to synthesize a series of new 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives under mild conditions is developed. The catalyst consists of iron loaded on zirconia (Fe2O3/ZrO2) and is reusable for up to six cycles. Excellent yields (92–98%) were obtained under room-temperature conditions in a short time (~ 20 min) with ethanol as solvent. Different wt% of catalyst material was prepared by simple wet-impregnation technique, and materials were characterised by powder-XRD, TEM, SEM, BET and FT-IR techniques. The structures of the new 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives were confirmed employing various spectroscopic techniques. Facile preparation and avoidance of any column separation are the main advantages of this protocol.

Whole rock major and trace element compositions of seven eclogites from the Tso Morari ultra-high pressure (UHP) complex, Ladakh were determined with the aim of constraining the protolith origins of the subducted crust. The eclogites have major element compositions corresponding to sub-alkaline basalts. Trace element characteristics of the samples show enrichment in LILE's over HFSEs (Rb, Th, K except Ba) with LREE enrichments ((La/Lu)n = 1.28–5.96). Absence of Eu anomaly on the Primitive Mantle normalized diagram suggests the absence of plagioclase fractionation. Positive correlation between Mg# with Ni and Cr suggests olivine fractionation of mantle melts. Narrow range of (La/Yb)n (2.1–9.4) and Ce/Yb (6.2–16.2) along with Ti/Y (435–735) ratios calculated for the Tso Morari samples is consistent with generation of melts by partial melting of a garnet free mantle source within the spinel peridotite field. Ternary diagrams (viz. Ti–Zr–Y and Nb–Zr–Y) using immobile and incompatible elements show that the samples range from depleted to enriched and span from within plate basalts (WPB) to enriched MORB (E-MORB) indicating that the eclogite protoliths originated from basaltic magmas. Primitive Mantle normalized multi element plots showing significant Th and LREE enrichment marked by negative Nb anomalies are characteristic of continental flood basalts. Positive Pb, negative Nb, high Th/Ta, a narrow range of Nb/La and the observed wide variation for Ti/Y indicate that the Tso Morari samples have undergone some level of crustal contamination. Observed geochemical characteristics of the Tso Morari samples indicate tholeiitic compositions originated from enriched MORB (E-MORB) type magmas which underwent a limited magmatic evolution through the process of fractional crystallization and probably more by crustal contamination. Observed geochemical similarities (viz. Zr, Nb, La/Yb, La/Gd, La/Nb, Th/Ta ratios and REE) between Tso Morari eclogites and the Group I Panjal Traps make the trap basalt the most likely protoliths for the Tso Morari eclogites. Keywords: Trace elements, UHP metamorphism, Protolith, Eclogites, Tso Morari, Ladakh

Models that can predict the life of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) during thermal cycling fatigue (TCF) tests are highly desirable. The present work focuses on developing and validating a simplifi ...

In this work, the crack tip fields in the neighborhood of a stationary mode I crack in a hardening Cu single crystal, under tensile load was investigated. A modified boundary layer (MBL) simulation was performed with the implementation of Bassani and Wu (1991) hardening model while taking into account the crystal elastic anisotropy. The effect of latent hardening ratio (LHR) on the stress and strain fields was studied by considering three different values of LHR, q, viz. diagonal hardening ( q = 0 ) and latent hardening ( q = 1,1.4 ). In addition, the effect of crack tip constraint representing different test specimens and load conditions was examined with the inclusion of T-stress through the imposed displacement boundary condition. Important observations from this work include the suppression of kink band, presence of elastic sectors, and the occurrence of triple slip near the crack tip. The increase of T-stress suppressed the plastic strain accumulation and showed a decrease in the number of triple slip sectors near the crack tip. Whereas, the increase in q made the triple slip regions slightly prominent with wider angular spread for non-negative T. But, for negative T case, rise in q caused a suppression in the angular spread of triple slip regions. Also, the implementation of T-stress allowed for a correlation between full 3D and 2D plane strain simulations in the analysis of crack tip fields for hardening single crystals. The present study offers a comprehensive investigation of the effect of crack tip constraint and latent hardening ratio on the crack tip fields for hardening FCC single crystals.

Edible wild fruits of five Carpobrotus species (C. acinaciformis, C. deliciosus, C. dimidiatus, C. edulis subspecies edulis and C. mellei) were assessed for their nutritional value by determining the proximate chemical composition. Fruits were high in moisture (77.6% to 90.3%), carbohydrates (58.8% to 70.3%) and energy (1240 to 1370 kJ 100 g-1), with adequate amounts of protein (8.1% to 26.0%) and low in lipids (0.9% to 2.4%). Elemental concentrations were in decreasing order of Ca > Mg > Fe > Mn > Zn ~ Cu > Cr > Se ~ Ni ~ Co. Most fruits were rich in Cr (contributing between 30% and 143% towards its RDA) and C. delicious and C. mellei being rich in Mn, contributing 49 to 156% towards its RDA. Except for C. dimidiatus, toxicity studies revealed all species to contain low levels of toxic metals (As, Cd and Pb) making them suitable for human consumption.

South Asia has a complex history of migrations and is characterized by substantial pigmentary and genetic diversity. For this reason, it is an ideal region to study the genetic architecture of normal pigmentation variation. Here, we present a meta-analysis of two genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of skin pigmentation using skin reflectance (M-index) as a quantitative phenotype. The meta-analysis includes a sample of individuals of South Asian descent living in Canada (N = 348), and a sample of individuals from two caste and four tribal groups from West Maharashtra, India (N = 480). We also present the first GWAS of iris color in South Asian populations. This GWAS was based on quantitative measures of iris color obtained from high-resolution iris pictures. We identified genome-wide significant associations of variants within the well-known gene SLC24A5, including the nonsynonymous rs1426654 polymorphism, with both skin pigmentation and iris color, highlighting the pleiotropic effects of this gene on pigmentation. Variants in the HERC2 gene (e.g., rs12913832) were also associated with iris color and iris heterochromia. Our study emphasizes the usefulness of quantitative methods to study iris color variation. We also identified novel genome-wide significant associations with skin pigmentation and iris color, but we could not replicate these associations due to the lack of independent samples. It will be critical to expand the number of studies in South Asian populations in order to better understand the genetic variation driving the diversity of skin pigmentation and iris color observed in this region.

MIL-101 (Cr) was synthesized by a hydrothermal method and used as support to prepare a series of polyethylenimine (PEI) incorporated MIL-101 (Cr) by wet impregnation method. All characterization results revealed that the structure of MIL-101 (Cr) was well-maintained by the incorporation of polyethylenimine and confirmed the presence of PEI within MIL-101 (Cr). The CO2 adsorption studies were carried out in a fixed bed reactor from 30 to 90 °C, 1 bar. The adsorption of CO2 has been increased by the incorporation of PEI. It was due to the chemical interaction between the NH2 and CO2 groups to form a carbamate. The high CO2 adsorption capacity 3.81 mmol g−1 was shown by 70 wt% PEI loaded MIL-101 (Cr) at 75 °C, 1 bar, because of more number of NH2 groups and a high number of CO2 molecules diffusion. Its adsorption capacity was 4.7 times higher than the adsorption capacity of MIL-101 (Cr) (0.80 mmol g−1). Moreover, in moisture condition, CO2 adsorption capacity was increased to 4.4 mmol g−1 by the formation of ammonium bicarbonate and showed good adsorption stability throughout each adsorption-desorption cycle. The Avrami adsorption kinetic model was well fitted with experimental breakthrough CO2 adsorption data of MIL-101 (Cr)-PEI-70. It suggested that the adsorption of CO2 on PEI incorporated material was chemical adsorption.

Hydrogen is a generally abundant, safe, clean and environmentally apt alternative fuel, which replenishes the void generated by depleting fossil fuel reserves. The adoption of hydrogen as an energy source has been restricted to low levels due to the complications associated with its viable storage and usage. Existing technologies, such as storage of hydrogen in compressed and liquefied forms are not adequate to meet the broad on-board applications. The gravimetric energy density (120 MJ/kg) of hydrogen is three times higher than that of gasoline products, so solid-state hydrogen storage is advantageous. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and graphene are solid adsorbents majorly employed for efficient H2 storage. The prominent features of MOFs such as permanent porosity, structural rigidity, and surface area are attractive and ideal for hydrogen storage. In addition, nanostructured carbon materials (MWCNTs and graphene) and their composites have demonstrated significant hydrogen storage capacities. Some important parameters for the success of the hydrogen economy include high storage density, adsorption/desorption temperature and cycling time. Cryo-hydrogen storage was achieved in MOFs and their composites with carbon structures, but storage at ambient temperature and acceptable pressures is a major hurdle. This review discusses various strategies and mechanisms in the design of adsorbents explored to improve H2 storage capacities and afford opportunities to develop new sustainable hydrogen technologies to meet energy targets.

The failure of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) during thermal cyclic fatigue (TCF) tests depends mainly on the thermal mismatch between the coating and the substrate, the thermally grown oxides (TG ...

Non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs), including dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban, are increasingly used for thromboembolism prevention. Contrary to older anticoagulants, such as coumadin, when antidotes existed and were broadly used in cases of emergent surgery and bleeding, antidotes for NOACs have not been developed until recently. Moreover, the monitoring of NOAC’s anticoagulant effect varies across different hospital settings and the absence of a single test that can accurately predict the degree of anticoagulation achieved increases the uncertainty. These uncertainties often result in management dilemmas for clinicians when patients who are on NOACs need a reversal of anticoagulation. Until recently, available antidotes for NOACs included only prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC), activated prothrombin complex concentrate (aPCC) and recombinant activated factor VII and the less optimal fresh frozen plasma (FFP). Recently though, novel antidotes for NOACs have been developed, including idarucizumab, which is a monoclonal antibody fragment that binds dabigatran, and andexanet alfa, a modified decoy form of the activated factor X (FXa) that binds FXa inhibitors and AT III. Another option, ciraparantag, which is a small molecule that binds to heparin, thrombin inhibitors and FXa inhibitors, is still in phase I development. In this review, we summarize the current evidence and present the available bypassing and novel reversal agents. Finally, we propose an algorithm for the management of patients who take NOACs and present to the emergency department with either trauma and active bleeding or need for emergent surgery.

This work presents the preparation of a new series of N-(substituted phenyl)-2-(4-oxo-5-(4-(thieno[2,3-d]-pyrimidin-4-yloxy)benzylidene)-2-thioxothiazolidin-3-yl)acetamide derivatives (8a–8l). A condensation reaction of thienopyrimidin-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one derivative (5) with various 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamides (7a–7l) was employed to afford the new thienopyrimidine tagged rhodanine derivatives under acetone solvent in the presence of potassium carbonate (K2CO3). All of the novel target molecules were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and LC–MS spectral analyses and were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activity by using the broth dilution method. Compounds 8c, 8g, and 8h found to have antibacterial potency against E. coli, B. subtilis, B. cereus, and K. pneumonia with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 3.25–6.25 μg/mL compared with the standard Gentamicin. Compounds 8c and 8f demonstrated better antifungal potency (MIC = 3.25–6.25 μg/mL) against A. flavus, A. niger, P. marneffei, and C. albicans when compared with Fluconazole.

We report a rapid and efficient synthesis protocol for mesalamine via a green approach with 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzoic acid as the starting material, for its large-scale production. This one-pot method involves the conversion of a chloro group into a hydroxyl group using aqueous KOH solution, followed by the reduction of a nitro group to amine using Pd/C. The product was characterised and confirmed by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C NMR, IR and mass spectrometry techniques. The salient features of the method include excellent conversion (99.3%), high yield (93%), cost effectiveness and validated results for benign, large-scale production.

This study reports on the diffusion and sorption phenomena of Cr(III) in water, propylene carbonate (PC), and a mixture of PC + water during the leather tanning process. The results presented here ...

Elements found in the edible parts of plants are considered to be the main source of nutrients for humans and animals. However, there is insufficient information on the relationship between heavy m...