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1. Growth resistance and resilience of mixed silver fir and Norway spruce forests in central Europe: Contrasting responses to mild and severe droughts

Author

Ulrich Kohnle, James Ryder, Jürgen Bauhus, Matthias Cuntz, Arthur Gessler, Arun K. Bose, Andreas Rigling, Mathieu Lévesque, Alessandra Bottero, David I. Forrester, Harald Bugmann, Juan Carlos Zamora-Pereira, Rasoul Yousefpour, Marc Hanewinkel, Julia Schwarz, Loïc Gillerot, Julien Sainte-Marie, Dominic Michel, Maxime Cailleret, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Risques, Ecosystèmes, Vulnérabilité, Environnement, Résilience (RECOVER), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Forest Research Institute of Baden-Württemberg FVA, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, ETH Zürich, Forest Ecology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, IT Services Group, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), SILVA (SILVA), AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Forest Management & Silviculture, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, ANR-16-SUMF-0001,ForRISK,Forest density reduction to minimize the vulnerability of Norway spruce and silver fir to extreme drought – a risk assessment(2016), and European Project: 606803,EC:FP7:KBBE,FP7-ERANET-2013-RTD,SUMFOREST(2014)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Biodiversity & Conservation, forest management, Forests, 01 natural sciences, ALPINE TIMBERLINE, Basal area, adaptation strategies, BARK THICKNESS, [SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, WATER, Primary Research Article, General Environmental Science, Global and Planetary Change, TREE GROWTH, CLIMATE-CHANGE, biology, Ecology, Norway, food and beverages, PICEA-ABIES, ABIES-ALBA, Abies alba, Droughts, Europe, climate change, FAGUS-SYLVATICA L, Biodiversity Conservation, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Climate Change, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Forest management, Environmental Sciences & Ecology, 010603 evolutionary biology, STANDS, parasitic diseases, Environmental Chemistry, Beech, Ecosystem, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, species interaction, Science & Technology, Resistance (ecology), Thinning, inventory data, Picea abies, tree rings, fungi, Interspecific competition, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Primary Research Articles, EXTREME DROUGHTS, 13. Climate action, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Environmental Sciences
Abstract

Extreme droughts are expected to increase in frequency and severity in many regions of the world, threatening multiple ecosystem services provided by forests. Effective strategies to adapt forests to such droughts require comprehensive information on the effects and importance of the factors influencing forest resistance and resilience. We used a unique combination of inventory and dendrochronological data from a long‐term (>30 years) silvicultural experiment in mixed silver fir and Norway spruce mountain forests along a temperature and precipitation gradient in southwestern Germany. We aimed at examining the mechanisms and forest stand characteristics underpinning the resistance and resilience to past mild and severe droughts. We found that (i) fir benefited from mild droughts and showed higher resistance (i.e., lower growth loss during drought) and resilience (i.e., faster return to pre‐drought growth levels) than spruce to all droughts; (ii) species identity determined mild drought responses while species interactions and management‐related factors strongly influenced the responses to severe droughts; (iii) intraspecific and interspecific interactions had contrasting effects on the two species, with spruce being less resistant to severe droughts when exposed to interaction with fir and beech; (iv) higher values of residual stand basal area following thinning were associated with lower resistance and resilience to severe droughts; and (v) larger trees were resilient to mild drought events but highly vulnerable to severe droughts. Our study provides an analytical approach for examining the effects of different factors on individual tree‐ and stand‐level drought response. The forests investigated here were to a certain extent resilient to mild droughts, and even benefited from such conditions, but were strongly affected by severe droughts. Lastly, negative effects of severe droughts can be reduced through modifying species composition, tree size distribution and stand density in mixed silver fir‐Norway spruce forests., We examined mechanisms and stand characteristics underpinning the growth resistance (Rt), recovery (Rc) and resilience (Rs) to past mild and severe droughts in mixed silver fir and Norway spruce mountain forests in southwestern Germany. We found that the forests investigated were to a certain extent resilient to mild droughts, and even benefited from such conditions, but were strongly affected by severe droughts (especially those stands with higher residual basal area and larger trees). Lastly, negative effects of severe droughts can be reduced through modifying species composition, tree size distribution and stand density in mixed silver fir‐Norway spruce forests.

Published
2021
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2. Author Correction: Trade-offs in using European forests to meet climate objectives

Author

Kim Naudts, Matthew J. McGrath, Juliane Otto, James Ryder, Aude Valade, Anne Sofie Lansø, Yiying Chen, Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Josefine Ghattas, Sylvestre Njakou Djomo, Guillaume Marie, Systems Ecology, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Multidisciplinary, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Land use, Trade offs, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 01 natural sciences, Agricultural economics, Geography, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Air temperature, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Portfolio, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; In this Letter, in "About 75% of this reduction is expected to come from emission reductions and the remaining 25% from land use, land-use change and forestry", `25%' should read `1%' and '75%' should read '99%'. In the sentence "The carbon-sink-maximizing portfolio has a small negative effect on annual precipitation (-2 mm) and no effect on air temperature (Table 1)" the word `precipitation' was omitted. Denmark was accidentally deleted during the conversion of Fig. 1. The original Letter has been corrected online.

Published
2019
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3. Trade-offs in using European forests to meet climate objectives

Author

James Ryder, Sylvestre Njakou Djomo, Josefine Ghattas, Yiying Chen, Guillaume Marie, Aude Valade, Juliane Otto, Matthew J. McGrath, Anne Sofie Lansø, Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Kim Naudts, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), CREAF - Centre for Ecological Research and Applied Forestries, Aarhus University [Aarhus], Systems Ecology, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Carbon Sequestration, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Natural resource economics, International Cooperation, Forest management, Climate change, Geographic Mapping, 010501 environmental sciences, Carbon sequestration, Forests, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Global Warming, Article, 11. Sustainability, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, SDG 15 - Life on Land, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Multidisciplinary, Global temperature, Atmosphere, Air, Global warming, Temperature, Carbon sink, Forestry, 15. Life on land, Albedo, Carbon Dioxide, Sustainable Development, Europe, Climate change mitigation, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Goals
Abstract

The Paris Agreement promotes forest management as a pathway towards halting climate warming through the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions1. However, the climate benefits from carbon sequestration through forest management may be reinforced, counteracted or even offset by concurrent management-induced changes in surface albedo, land-surface roughness, emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds, transpiration and sensible heat flux2–4. Consequently, forest management could offset CO2 emissions without halting global temperature rise. It therefore remains to be confirmed whether commonly proposed sustainable European forest-management portfolios would comply with the Paris Agreement—that is, whether they can reduce the growth rate of atmospheric CO2, reduce the radiative imbalance at the top of the atmosphere, and neither increase the near-surface air temperature nor decrease precipitation by the end of the twenty-first century. Here we show that the portfolio made up of management systems that locally maximize the carbon sink through carbon sequestration, wood use and product and energy substitution reduces the growth rate of atmospheric CO2, but does not meet any of the other criteria. The portfolios that maximize the carbon sink or forest albedo pass only one—different in each case—criterion. Managing the European forests with the objective of reducing near-surface air temperature, on the other hand, will also reduce the atmospheric CO2 growth rate, thus meeting two of the four criteria. Trade-off are thus unavoidable when using European forests to meet climate objectives. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that if present-day forest cover is sustained, the additional climate benefits achieved through forest management would be modest and local, rather than global. On the basis of these findings, we argue that Europe should not rely on forest management to mitigate climate change. The modest climate effects from changes in forest management imply, however, that if adaptation to future climate were to require large-scale changes in species composition and silvicultural systems over Europe5,6, the forests could be adapted to climate change with neither positive nor negative climate effects. Simulations of commonly proposed forest-management portfolios for Europe show that no single portfolio would meet all the requirements of the Paris Agreement, and climate benefits from forest management would be modest and local.

Published
2018
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4. A multi-level canopy radiative transfer scheme for ORCHIDEE (SVN r2566), based on a domain-averaged structure factor

Author

Matthew J. McGrath, James Ryder, Sebastiaan Luyssaert, B. Pinty, Kim Naudts, Aude Valade, James T. Weedon, Yiying Chen, Juliane Otto, and Systems Ecology

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Canopy, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Atmospheric circulation, Scattering, Vegetation, 01 natural sciences, Physics::Geophysics, Atmosphere, Range (statistics), Radiative transfer, Environmental science, Leaf area index, 010606 plant biology & botany, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing
Abstract

In order to better simulate heat fluxes over multilayer ecosystems, in particular tropical forests and savannahs, the next generation of Earth system models will likely include vertically-resolved vegetation structure and multi-level energy budgets. We present here a multi-level radiation transfer scheme which is capable of being used in conjunction with such methods. It is based on a previously established scheme which encapsulates the three dimensional nature of canopies, through the use of a domain-averaged structure factor, referred to here as the effective leaf area index. The fluxes are tracked throughout the canopy in an iterative fashion until they escape into the atmosphere or are absorbed by the canopy or soil; this approach explicitly includes multiple scattering between the canopy layers. A series of tests show that the results from the two-layer case are in acceptable agreement with those from the single layer, although the computational cost is necessarily increased due to the iterations. The ten-layer case is less precise, but still provides results to within an acceptable range. This new approach allows for the calculation of radiation transfer in vertically resolved vegetation canopies simulated in global circulation models.

Published
2018
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5. Evaluating the performance of land surface model ORCHIDEE-CAN v1.0 on water and energy flux estimation with a single-and multi-layer energy budget scheme

Author

Jan Polcher, Alexander Knohl, James Ryder, Catherine Ottlé, Jan Elbers, Eddy Moors, Jérôme Ogée, Matthew J. McGrath, Timo Vessala, Frank Tiedemann, Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Dennis Loustau, Juliane Otto, Philippe Peylin, Thomas Foken, Yiying Chen, Vladislav Bastrikov, Samuel Launiainen, Kim Naudts, Andrew Black, Eva van Gorsel, Vanessa Haverd, Aude Valade, Bernard Heinesch, Peking University [Beijing], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Emerald Publishing, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia (UBC), Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], BayCEER, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech [Gembloux], Université de Liège, Jönköping University [Sweden], Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Department of Physical Sciences, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Department of Physics, Department of Forest Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Ecosystem processes (INAR Forest Sciences), Micrometeorology and biogeochemical cycles, Systems Ecology, Amsterdam Global Change Institute, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Georg-August-University [Göttingen], University of Helsinki, Équipe Instrumentation embarquée et systèmes de surveillance intelligents (LAAS-S4M), Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes [Toulouse] (LAAS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National Polytechnique [Toulouse] (INP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National Polytechnique [Toulouse] (INP)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Canopy, PINE FOREST, TIME SCALES, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Energy balance, Energy flux, Atmospheric model, Atmospheric sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 114 Physical sciences, GLOBAL VEGETATION MODEL, BOREAL FOREST, ORCHIDEE-CAN, energy flux, land surface model, ddc:551, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Life Science, Leaf area index, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Tree canopy, 4112 Forestry, Advection, lcsh:QE1-996.5, General Medicine, 15. Life on land, Energy budget, DECIDUOUS FOREST, lcsh:Geology, Climate Resilience, 13. Climate action, Klimaatbestendigheid, SATELLITE DATA, HEAT-FLUX, PLANT CANOPIES, Environmental science, FOREST CANOPY, CARBON UPTAKE
Abstract

Canopy structure is one of the most important vegetation characteristics for land–atmosphere interactions, as it determines the energy and scalar exchanges between the land surface and the overlying air mass. In this study we evaluated the performance of a newly developed multi-layer energy budget in the ORCHIDEE-CAN v1.0 land surface model (Organising Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic Ecosystems – CANopy), which simulates canopy structure and can be coupled to an atmospheric model using an implicit coupling procedure. We aim to provide a set of acceptable parameter values for a range of forest types. Top-canopy and sub-canopy flux observations from eight sites were collected in order to conduct this evaluation. The sites crossed climate zones from temperate to boreal and the vegetation types included deciduous, evergreen broad-leaved and evergreen needle-leaved forest with a maximum leaf area index (LAI; all-sided) ranging from 3.5 to 7.0. The parametrization approach proposed in this study was based on three selected physical processes – namely the diffusion, advection, and turbulent mixing within the canopy. Short-term sub-canopy observations and long-term surface fluxes were used to calibrate the parameters in the sub-canopy radiation, turbulence, and resistance modules with an automatic tuning process. The multi-layer model was found to capture the dynamics of sub-canopy turbulence, temperature, and energy fluxes. The performance of the new multi-layer model was further compared against the existing single-layer model. Although the multi-layer model simulation results showed few or no improvements to both the nighttime energy balance and energy partitioning during winter compared with a single-layer model simulation, the increased model complexity does provide a more detailed description of the canopy micrometeorology of various forest types. The multi-layer model links to potential future environmental and ecological studies such as the assessment of in-canopy species vulnerability to climate change, the climate effects of disturbance intensities and frequencies, and the consequences of biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions from the terrestrial ecosystem.

Published
2016
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6. Spring Snow-Albedo Feedback Analysis Over the Third Pole: Results From Satellite Observation and CMIP5 Model Simulations

Author

James Ryder, Xiaoyi Wang, Shilong Piao, Taotao Zhang, Yaoming Ma, Dan Liu, Tao Wang, Hui Guo, Jinzhi Ding, Yue Li, Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research - Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (UCAS), CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes - Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University [Beijing], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle ( SIMM ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -ESPCI ParisTech-PSL Research University ( PSL ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d'Informatique pour l'Entreprise et les Systèmes de Production ( LIESP ), Université Lumière - Lyon 2 ( UL2 ) -École Centrale de Lyon ( ECL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon ( INSA Lyon ), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] ( LSCE ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation ( LFMFP ), Ghent University [Belgium] ( UGENT ) -Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Telecom Bretagne - Rennes, and Télécom Bretagne

Subjects
[ SDU.OCEAN ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Magnitude (mathematics), Climate change, 02 engineering and technology, Spring (mathematics), 01 natural sciences, [ SDU.ENVI ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, geography, Plateau, geography.geographical_feature_category, Albedo, Snow, 020801 environmental engineering, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Climatology, Climate model, Satellite, Geology
Abstract

International audience; The snow‐albedo feedback is a crucial component in high‐altitude cryospheric change but is poorly quantified over the Third Pole, encompassing the Karakoram and Tibetan Plateau. Here we present an analysis of present‐day and future spring snow‐albedo feedback over the Third Pole, using a 28 year satellite‐based albedo and the latest climate model simulations. We show that present‐day spring snow‐albedo feedback strength is primarily determined by the decrease in albedo due to snow metamorphosis, rather than that due to reduced snow cover in the Karakoram, but not found in Southeastern Tibet. We further demonstrate an emergent relationship between snow‐albedo feedback from the seasonal cycle and that from climate change across models. Combined with contemporary satellite‐based snow‐albedo feedback from seasonal cycle, this relationship enables us to estimate that the feedback strength for the Karakoram with a relatively high glaciated area is −2.42 ± 0.48% K−1 under an unmitigated scenario, which is much stronger than that for Southeastern Tibet (−1.64 ± 0.48% K−1) and for the Third Pole (−0.89 ± 0.44% K−1), respectively. Moreover, it is noteworthy that the magnitude of the constrained strength is only half of the unconstrained model estimate for the Third Pole, suggesting that current climate models generally overestimate the feedback of spring snow change to temperature change based on the unmitigated scenario.

Published
2018
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7. Europes forest management did not mitigate climate warming

Author

Matthew J. McGrath, Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Aude Valade, Kim Naudts, Juliane Otto, Yiying Chen, James Ryder, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Systems Ecology, and Amsterdam Global Change Institute

Subjects
Greenhouse Effect, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, Forest management, Climate change, Forests, 010501 environmental sciences, Global Warming, 01 natural sciences, Carbon Cycle, Carbon cycle, Environmental protection, Debt, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Afforestation, Greenhouse effect, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, SDG 15 - Life on Land, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Multidisciplinary, Atmosphere, Ecology, Global warming, Forestry, 15. Life on land, Carbon, Europe, Climate change mitigation, 13. Climate action, Environmental science
Abstract

Europe's managed forests contribute to warming For most of the past 250 years, surprisingly it seems that Europe's managed forests have been a net source of carbon, contributing to climate warming rather than mitigating it. Naudts et al. reconstructed the history of forest management in Europe in the context of a land-atmosphere model. The release of carbon otherwise stored in litter, dead wood, and soil carbon pools in managed forests was one key factor contributing to climate warming. Second, the conversion of broadleaved forests to coniferous forests has changed the albedo and evapotranspiration of those forests, also leading to warming. Thus, climate change mitigation policies in Europe and elsewhere may need to consider changes in forest management. Science , this issue p. 597

Published
2016
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8. A multi-layer land surface energy budget model for implicit coupling with global atmospheric simulations

Author

Catherine Ottlé, Jan Polcher, Matthew J. McGrath, James Ryder, Juliane Otto, Aude Valade, Yiying Chen, Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Kim Naudts, Philippe Peylin, Vanessa Haverd, E. van Gorsel, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Peking University [Beijing], CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Équipe Instrumentation embarquée et systèmes de surveillance intelligents (LAAS-S4M), Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes [Toulouse] (LAAS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National Polytechnique [Toulouse] (INP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National Polytechnique [Toulouse] (INP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Systems Ecology

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Planetary boundary layer, 0207 environmental engineering, Energy balance, 02 engineering and technology, Atmospheric model, Sensible heat, 01 natural sciences, Physics::Geophysics, SDG 17 - Partnerships for the Goals, Surface layer, 020701 environmental engineering, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Tree canopy, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Energy budget, lcsh:Geology, Boundary layer, Environmental science, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

See, stats, and : https : / / www . researchgate . net / publication / 276534648 A - layer for simulations Article DOI : 10 . 5194 / gmdd - 7 - 8649 - 2014 CITATIONS 9 READS 155 12 , including : Some : land Master Jan French 193 , 481 SEE Eva Australian 98 , 225 SEE Vanessa The 85 SEE Juliane Climate (GERICS) 22 SEE All . The . Abstract In Earth system modelling , a description of the energy budget of the vegetated surface layer is fundamental as it determines the meteorological conditions in the planetary boundary layer and as such contributes to the atmospheric conditions and its circu - lation . The energy budget in most Earth system models has long been based on a 5 " big - leaf approach " , with averaging schemes that represent in - canopy processes . Such models have difficulties in reproducing consistently the energy balance in field obser - vations . We here outline a newly developed numerical model for energy budget simula - tion , as a component of the land surface model ORCHIDEE - CAN (Organising Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic Ecosystems – CANopy) . This new model implements tech - 10 niques from single - site canopy models in a practical way . It includes representation of in - canopy transport , a multilayer longwave radiation budget , height - specific calculation of aerodynamic and stomatal conductance , and interaction with the bare soil flux within the canopy space . Significantly , it avoids iterations over the height of tha canopy and so maintains implicit coupling to the atmospheric model LMDz . As a first test , the model 15 is evaluated against data from both an intensive measurement campaign and longer term eddy covariance measurements for the intensively studied Eucalyptus stand at Tumbarumba , Australia . The model performs well in replicating both diurnal and an - nual cycles of fluxes , as well as the gradients of sensible heat fluxes . However , the model overestimates sensible heat flux against an underestimate of the radiation bud - 20 get . Improved performance is expected through the implementation of a more detailed calculation of stand albedo and a more up - to - date stomatal conductance calculation .

Published
2016
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9. A vertically discretised canopy description for ORCHIDEE (SVN r2290) and the modifications to the energy, water and carbon fluxes

Author

Hans Pretzsch, James Ryder, V. Bellasen, Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Josephine Ghattas, Matthew J. McGrath, T. De Groote, Philippe Peylin, D. Solyga, Nicolas Vuichard, Y. Yan, Matteo Campioli, Päivi Merilä, Vanessa Haverd, Gonzalo Berhongaray, B. Pinty, Jens Kattge, Aude Valade, Ernst Detlef Schulze, Josep Peñuelas, Gerhard Bönisch, Juliane Otto, Yiying Chen, Kim Naudts, Natasha MacBean, Fabienne Maignan, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Climate Service Center [Hambourg] (GERICS), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (GKSS), Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux (CESAER), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, University of Antwerp (UA), Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Metla, Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), Joint Research center, European Commission, Technische Universitaet Muenchen (TUM), DEU, Compagnie Générale de Géophysique (CGG), ERC [242564], ADEME (Bi-CaFF), European Community's Seventh Framework Programme [284181-TREES4FUTURE], ESA ECV, Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona [Barcelona] (UAB), Compagnie Générale de Géophysique, Systems Ecology, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Canopy, 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Forest management, Climate change, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Basal area, Evapotranspiration, Modèle climatique global, ddc:551, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, SDG 15 - Life on Land, Hydrology, Physics, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Orchidée, Primary production, Albedo, 15. Life on land, Modèle de végétation mondial, ddc, lcsh:Geology, 13. Climate action, Le cycle du carbone, Forêt, Spatial ecology, Environmental science, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Since 70 % of global forests are managed and forests impact the global carbon cycle and the energy exchange with the overlying atmosphere, forest management has the potential to mitigate climate change. Yet, none of the land-surface models used in Earth system models, and therefore none of today's predictions of future climate, accounts for the interactions between climate and forest management. We addressed this gap in modelling capability by developing and parametrising a version of the ORCHIDEE land-surface model to simulate the biogeochemical and biophysical effects of forest management. The most significant changes between the new branch called ORCHIDEE-CAN (SVN r2290) and the trunk version of ORCHIDEE (SVN r2243) are the allometric-based allocation of carbon to leaf, root, wood, fruit and reserve pools; the transmittance, absorbance and reflectance of radiation within the canopy; and the vertical discretisation of the energy budget calculations. In addition, conceptual changes were introduced towards a better process representation for the interaction of radiation with snow, the hydraulic architecture of plants, the representation of forest management and a numerical solution for the photosynthesis formalism of Farquhar, von Caemmerer and Berry. For consistency reasons, these changes were extensively linked throughout the code. Parametrisation was revisited after introducing 12 new parameter sets that represent specific tree species or genera rather than a group of often distantly related or even unrelated species, as is the case in widely used plant functional types. Performance of the new model was compared against the trunk and validated against independent spatially explicit data for basal area, tree height, canopy structure, gross primary production (GPP), albedo and evapotranspiration over Europe. For all tested variables, ORCHIDEE-CAN outperformed the trunk regarding its ability to reproduce large-scale spatial patterns as well as their inter-annual variability over Europe. Depending on the data stream, ORCHIDEE-CAN had a 67 to 92 % chance to reproduce the spatial and temporal variability of the validation data.

Published
2015
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10. Reconstructing European forest management from 1600 to 2010

Author

Matthew J. McGrath, Daniel McInerney, Mart-Jan Schelhaas, F. Pasztor, Juliane Otto, Kim Naudts, Matthias Bürgi, Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Urs Gimmi, Patrick Meyfroidt, Yiying Chen, Jed O. Kaplan, Aude Valade, James Ryder, Karl-Heinz Erb, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique [FNRS], Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Swiss Federal Research Institute, Institute of Social Ecology Vienna (SEC), Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt [Klagenfurt, Austria], Coillte Teoranta, Climate Service Center [Hambourg] (GERICS), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (GKSS), Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Systems Ecology, and UCL - SST/ELI/ELIC - Earth & Climate

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Population, Forest management, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, lcsh:Life, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, lcsh:QH540-549.5, Forest ecology, ddc:551, Life Science, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Forest farming, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Vegetatie, Earth-Surface Processes, SDG 15 - Life on Land, ddc:910, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, education.field_of_study, 0303 health sciences, Forest inventory, Vegetation, Land use, Agroforestry, lcsh:QE1-996.5, 15. Life on land, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, Environmental science, Secondary forest, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, lcsh:Ecology, Temperate rainforest
Abstract

European forest use for fuel, timber and food dates back to pre-Roman times. Century-scale ecological processes and their legacy effects require accounting for forest management when studying today's forest carbon sink. Forest management reconstructions that are used to drive land surface models are one way to quantify the impact of both historical and today's large scale application of forest management on today's forest-related carbon sink and surface climate. In this study we reconstruct European forest management from 1600 to 2010 making use of diverse approaches, data sources and assumptions. Between 1600 and 1828, a demand-supply approach was used in which wood supply was reconstructed based on estimates of historical annual wood increment and land cover reconstructions. For the same period demand estimates accounted for the fuelwood needed in households, wood used in food processing, charcoal used in metal smelting and salt production, timber for construction and population estimates. Comparing estimated demand and supply resulted in a spatially explicit reconstruction of the share of forests under coppice, high stand management and forest left unmanaged. For the reconstruction between 1829 and 2010 a supply-driven back-casting method was used. The method used age reconstructions from the years 1950 to 2010 as its starting point. Our reconstruction reproduces the most important changes in forest management between 1600 and 2010: (1) an increase of 593 000 km2 in conifers at the expense of deciduous forest (decreasing by 538 000 km2), (2) a 612 000 km2 decrease in unmanaged forest, (3) a 152 000 km2 decrease in coppice management, (4) a 818 000 km2 increase in high stand management, and (5) the rise and fall of litter raking which at its peak in 1853 removed 50 Tg dry litter per year.

Published
2015
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