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54 results on '"IPF"'

1. Development of Advanced Gyrotrons in Europe

Author

Bernhard Piosczyk, Stefan Illy, Ipp Greifswald, G. Gantenbein, Tomasz Rzesnicki, Stefano Alberti, Egyc Teams at Kit, Epfl-Crpp, Hellas, Ipf Stuttgart, Ipf-Cnr, W X teams, Ioannis Gr. Pagonakis, Jean-Philippe Hogge, Jianbo Jin, Manfred Thumm, Klaus Hesch, Stefan Kern, Andrej Samartsev, V. Erckmann, John Jelonnek, Konstantinos A. Avramidis, and W7-X Teams and EGYC Teams at KIT, EPFLCRPP, HELLAS, IPF Stuttgart, IPF-CNR and IPP Greifswald

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Engineering, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Nuclear engineering, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Gyrotron, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, business, Plasma fusion, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

The German PMW project and the European EGYC consortium are driving gyrotron developments for the two major plasma fusion experiments in Europe using ECRH, Wendelstein W7-X at Greifswald and the international ITER at Cadarache. 1 MW CW, 140 GHz conventional cavity gyrotrons have been developed and are being delivered to W7-X whereas advanced 2 MW CW, 170 GHz coaxial-cavity gyrotron technology has been tested for ITER. Additionally, an 1 MW, 170 GHz conventional cavity design is under development for ITER. Furthermore, research work on gyrotron concepts for future fusion experiments, focusing on frequency-step tunable gyrotrons and multi-MW coaxial-type gyrotrons is ongoing at Europe, in particular at KIT. This paper is reporting some of the important results and the ongoing research work.

Published
2013

2. ECRH for W7-X: Transmission Losses of High-Power 140-GHz Wave Beams

Author

F. Noke, M. Weissgerber, W X Ecrh Team at Ipp Greifswald, L. Jonitz, W. Kasparek, F. Purps, W X Ecrh Team at Fzk Karlsruhe, F. Hollmann, G. Gantenbein, V. Erckmann, W X Ecrh Team at Ipf Stuttgart, W7-X ECRH Team at IPP Greifswald, W7-X ECRH Team at FZK Karlsruhe, and W7-X ECRH Team at IPF Stuttgart

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Plasma parameters, 020209 energy, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Electron cyclotron resonance, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Optics, law, Gyrotron, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, General Materials Science, Civil and Structural Engineering, Physics, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Magnetic confinement fusion, Microwave transmission, Heating system, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Transmission (telecommunications), Continuous wave, business
Abstract

Electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) is the main heating system for W7-X. A 10-MW ECRH plant with continuous wave (cw) capability is under construction to support the W7-X operation, which aims at demonstrating the steady-state capability of stellarators at reactor-relevant plasma parameters. The ECRH system consists often radio-frequency (rf) modules with 1 MW power each at 140 GHz. The rf beams of the individual gyrotrons are transmitted in common to the W7-X torus via open multibeam mirror lines. The losses of individual components of the transmission system were measured with both low- and high-power methods. Integrated full-power, cw measurements of the long-distance transmission losses are reported and compared to theoretical design estimates.

Published
2009

3. Fast Switching and Power Combination of High-Power Electron Cyclotron Wave Beams: Principles, Numerical Results, and Experiments

Author

M. Grünert, Alessandro Bruschi, S. Cirant, M.I. Petelin, Ipf Stuttgart, A. G. Litvak, V. Erckmann, Ecrh Groups at Ipp Greifswald, W. Kasparek, Dmitry Yu. Shchegolkov, Burkhard Plaum, M. Thumm, Fzk Karlsruhe, and M. Malthaner

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, 020209 energy, Beam steering, Automatic frequency control, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Multiplexer, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Optics, law, Transmission line, Gyrotron, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, General Materials Science, Diplexer, Civil and Structural Engineering, Physics, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Electric power transmission, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, business, Frequency modulation
Abstract

To combine powers from a set of gyrotrons and to switch the combined wave beam between a number of output channels, various kinds of multiplexers can be used. Especially, narrow-band frequency diplexers in connection with small frequency-shift keying of gyrotrons can be used to switch the millimeter-wave power between two output channels. This technique can, for example, be used for fast beam steering for synchronous stabilization of rotating neoclassical tearing modes in tokamaks. Beam steering can be performed by a multistage multiplexer, provided that phase-controlled sources are available. In the paper, various concepts for fast directional switches as well as their integration into transmission lines are discussed. Calculations and low-power measurements of prototypes are presented. A resonant diplexer experiment is at present being prepared to be tested at high power in the electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) system for Wendelstein 7X (W7-X). Requirements and techniques for frequency control of the gyrotrons are discussed, and the results of preliminary frequency modulation experiments are shown. Finally, future prospects for the application of diplexers in large ECRH systems are discussed.

Published
2007

4. Electron Cyclotron Heating for W7-X: Physics and Technology

Author

V. Erckmann, W X Ecrh Team, P. Brand, H. Braune, Yuriy Turkin, Ipf Stuttgart, W. Kasparek, A. Weller, H. P. Laqua, G. Michel, M. Weißgerber, H. Maassberg, Manfred Thumm, G. Dammertz, Nikolai B. Marushchenko, and G. Gantenbein

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Microwave amplifiers, 020209 energy, Mechanical Engineering, Cyclotron, Magnetic confinement fusion, 02 engineering and technology, Electron, 01 natural sciences, Electron cyclotron resonance, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Gyrotron, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, General Materials Science, Wave coupling, Stellarator, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

The Wendelstein 7X (W7-X) stellarator (R = 5.5 m, a = 0.55 m, B < 3.0 T), which at present is being built at Max-Planck-Institut fur Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, aims at demonstrating the inherent ste...

Published
2007

5. Bottom-Up Design of Configurable Oligomer-Derived Conducting Metallopolymers for High-Power Electrochemical Energy Storage

Author

Evgeniya Vorobyeva, Mathieu Salanne, Maria R. Lukatskaya, Franziska Lissel, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Leibniz Association, Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Réseau sur le stockage électrochimique de l'énergie (RS2E), Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris - Chimie ParisTech-PSL (ENSCP), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM), PHysicochimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX (PHENIX), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Université de Nantes (UN)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris - Chimie ParisTech-PSL (ENSCP), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), and Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)

Subjects
Battery (electricity), Materials science, Metal ions in aqueous solution, Supramolecular chemistry, General Physics and Astronomy, chemistry.chemical_element, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Oligomer, Metal, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], chemistry.chemical_compound, conjugated oligomers, Side chain, General Materials Science, Electrical conductor, supercapacitors, electrochemical energy storage, General Engineering, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, conductive metallopolymers, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Lithium, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

International audience; In this Perspective, we sketch out a vision of fast charging and self-healable energy systems that are primarily organic, feature only abundant elements, and operate with ions other than lithium. Using conductive oligomers as highly configurable building blocks, it is possible to create intrinsically adaptable conductive polymeric networks that can be rejuvenated and recycled using simple and safe chemical treatments. Using the versatile organic chemistry toolbox, these oligomers can be further functionalized, for example, with redox-active side chains for high charge storage capacity and ligands capable of complexing metal centers. Cross-linking with metal ions converts the soluble oligomers into insoluble supramolecular networks to yield high-performing electrode materials. The oligomer-based approach can thus provide an exceptional level of control to the design of organic-based battery materials.

Published
2021

6. On the analysis of ionic surface conduction to unravel charging processes at macroscopic soft and hard solid–liquid interfaces

Author

Jérôme F. L. Duval, Ralf Zimmermann, Carsten Werner, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Leibniz Association, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Terre et Environnement de Lorraine (OTELo), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics], Engineering, Polymers and Plastics, business.industry, Solid surface, 02 engineering and technology, Surfaces and Interfaces, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Engineering physics, 0104 chemical sciences, Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Ion adsorption, Surface conduction, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 0210 nano-technology, business, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Solid liquid
Abstract

The electrohydrodynamics of soft interfaces and the processes underlying interfacial charge formation by, for example, unsymmetrical ion adsorption are important aspects of current research on the electrosurface phenomena. In particular, the recent progress in both fields greatly benefits from the now-possible accurate evaluation and quantitative interpretation of (ionic) excess conductivities at solid surfaces and in 3D polyelectrolytic architectures. Achievements in the proper formulation of the conceptual and theoretical framework and in the improvement of measurement capabilities have been tightly connected to the work of Johannes (Hans) Lyklema (1930–2017). Considering his valuable contributions, we herein summarize the theoretical basis of surface conductivity analyses, review the experimental options for the quantification of the surface conductivity at macroscopic planar solid–liquid interfaces, and discuss exemplary surface conductivity case studies for soft and hard interfaces permeable or not to ions and fluid flow. Dedication: Johannes Lyklema (November 23, 1930–October 31, 2017) was a key scientist in colloid and interface science. He completed his doctorate at the University of Utrecht in 1957 under the supervision of Professor J. Th. G. Overbeek with a thesis entitled ‘Adsorption of counterions.’ In 1963, he was appointed a Professor of Physical and Colloid Chemistry at Wageningen Agricultural College (later named Wageningen University), a position he kept until his retirement in 1995. Under his directorate, the Laboratory of Physical and Colloid Chemistry at the Wageningen University became a world-leading research center known for its key research in the fields of interfaces, macromolecules, and electrochemistry. Johannes Lyklema published almost 400 articles and wrote the five-volume text book ‘Fundamentals of Interface and Colloid Science’; he gave lectures in five languages and in five continents, received honorary doctorates in Belgium, Sweden, and Spain, and has been awarded with the Order of the Dutch Lion, to quote only a few of the distinctions and awards he received during his career. In his research, Johannes Lyklema paid particular attention to the analysis and interpretation of the electrosurface phenomena. He was the founder and chairman of the International Advisory Board of the conference series Electrokinetic Phenomena (ELKIN) and section editor on electrokinetics in this journal (Current Opinion in Colloid and Interface Science). We will remember Johannes Lyklema as an eminent scientist as well as a warm-hearted and outstanding person.

Published
2019

7. Coarse-Grained Model of Oxidized Membranes and Their Interactions with Nanoparticles of Various Degrees of Hydrophobicity

Author

Holger Merlitz, Chan-Fei Su, Fabrice Thalmann, Carlos M. Marques, Jens-Uwe Sommer, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Leibniz Association, Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), and Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Unsaturated lipid, Chemistry, Nanoparticle, 02 engineering and technology, Permeation, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Lipid peroxidation, chemistry.chemical_compound, General Energy, Membrane, Chemical engineering, Molecule, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 0210 nano-technology, [PHYS.COND.CM-SCM]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Soft Condensed Matter [cond-mat.soft]
Abstract

International audience; We investigate the consequences of lipid peroxidation on the permeation properties of membranes comprising unsaturated lipid molecules by means of coarse-grained molecular simulations. After discussion on the impact of peroxidation on the properties of lipid bilayers such as stretching modulus, area per lipid, water permeation, and the distributions of various lipid components across the membrane, we focus in particular on the effect of peroxidation on the passive translocation of small nanoparticles of varying hydrophobicity across lipid bilayers. We consider two types of oxidized lipid bilayers which differ in their degree of peroxidation using a schematic model for the oxidized beads. Consistently with our previous work for nonoxidized lipid bilayers, we find a narrow window of translocation of the nanoparticles when their hydrophobicity is varied. Our studies suggest that oxidized lipid bilayers feature a more hydrophilic environment and strongly enhance the translocation rate of small nanoparticles without the formation of pores. Furthermore, an optimal permeation rate is found for peroxidized membranes, associated with more hydrophilic nanoparticles than that in the case of nonoxidized lipid bilayers. Strategies for targeting peroxidized lipid membranes in a more specific way are discussed in the light of our findings.

Published
2019

8. One-way rotation of a chemically anchored single molecule-rotor

Author

Vladimír Zobač, Franziska Lissel, Saurabh Srivastava, Roberto Robles, Jorge Monsalve, Tim Kühne, Frank Eisenhut, Nicolás Lorente, Gianaurelio Cuniberti, Dmitry A. Ryndyk, Christian Joachim, Francesca Moresco, Oumaima Aiboudi, European Commission, Helmholtz Association, Helmholtz International Center for FAIR, Chemical Industry Association (Germany), Groupe NanoSciences (CEMES-GNS), Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Center for Advancing Electronics in Dresden (CFAED), Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Materials Science [Dresden], Theoretical Chemistry, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Leibniz Association, Centro de Fisica de Materiales (CSIS-UPV/EHU), and University San Sebastian

Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics], Materials science, Rotor (electric), Rotation around a fixed axis, Anchoring, 02 engineering and technology, Electron, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Rotation, 01 natural sciences, Molecular physics, 0104 chemical sciences, law.invention, law, Excited state, Molecule, General Materials Science, Density functional theory, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

This article is part of the themed collection: Recent Open Access Articles., We present the chemical anchoring of a DMBI-P molecule-rotor to the Au(111) surface after a dissociation reaction. At the temperature of 5 K, the anchored rotor shows a sequential unidirectional rotational motion through six defined stations induced by tunneling electrons. A typical voltage pulse of 400 mV applied on a specific location of the molecule causes a unidirectional rotation of 60° with a probability higher than 95%. When the temperature of the substrate increases above 20 K, the anchoring is maintained and the rotation stops being unidirectional and randomly explores the same six stations. Density functional theory simulations confirm the anchoring reaction. Experimentally, the rotation shows a clear threshold at the onset of the C–H stretch manifold, showing that the molecule is first vibrationally excited and later it decays into the rotational degrees of freedom., This work has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the project MEMO, grant agreement no. 766864. Support by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the German Helmholtz Association, Helmholtz International Research School for Nanoelectronic Networks NanoNet (VH-KO-606) is gratefully acknowledged. Computer resources were obtained at the RES computers Finisterrae II in project RES-QCM-2019-1-0024 and Cibeles in project RES-QS-2019-3-0012 and are gratefully acknowledged. F.L. thanks the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie (FCI) for a Liebig Fellowship and C.J. the WPI MANA project for financial support.

Published
2021

9. Self-Organization at the Crack Tip of Fatigue-Resistant Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers

Author

Patrick Heuillet, Giorgia Scetta, Matteo Ciccotti, Nathan Selles, Jianzhu Ju, Costantino Creton, Eric Euchler, Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle (UMR 7615) (SIMM), Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Leibniz Association, and Laboratoire de Recherches et de Contrôle du Caoutchouc et des Plastiques (LRCCP)

Subjects
010407 polymers, Materials science, Polymers and Plastics, Organic Chemistry, deformation, molecular structure, 02 engineering and technology, X-ray scattering, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Elastomer, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, materials, Inorganic Chemistry, [PHYS.MECA.MEMA]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Mechanics of materials [physics.class-ph], Thermoplastic polyurethane, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, ddc:540, Materials Chemistry, Composite material, 0210 nano-technology, energy
Abstract

Macromolecules 54(18), 8726 - 8737 (2021). doi:10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00934, Despite their technological relevance, the resistance of soft thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) to crack propagation in cyclic fatigue has never been investigated in detail. In particular, a clear shortcoming in the literature for this class of materials is the lack of connection between the cyclic fatigue resistance and the large strain behavior that has a fundamental role in defining the material���s resistance to crack propagation. We demonstrate here for the first time that when the strain-induced stiffening mechanism of TPU (already observed for large deformation) is combined with the presence of the nonhomogeneous strain, as in the case of cyclic fatigue, it produces a selective reinforcement in the crack tip area, which is the key to explain the remarkable cyclic fatigue resistance of TPU. Using commercial TPU with similar modulus (���8 MPa) but different large strain behavior, we show that the described mechanism stems from the multiphase nature of TPU and it is not necessarily linked to a specific large strain property as the case of TPU, which undergoes strain-induced crystallization., Published by Soc., Washington, DC

Published
2021
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10. Avidin Localizations in pH-Responsive Polymersomes for Probing the Docking of Biotinylated (Macro)molecules in the Membrane and Lumen

Author

Susanne Boye, Silvia Moreno, Albena Lederer, Dietmar Appelhans, Annarita Falanga, Stefania Galdiero, Brigitte Voit, Sébastien Lecommandoux, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Leibniz Association, University of Naples Federico II, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, de Biologie et de Physique (ENSCBP)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Team 3 LCPO : Polymer Self-Assembly & Life Sciences, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, de Biologie et de Physique (ENSCBP)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, de Biologie et de Physique (ENSCBP)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Center for Advancing Electronics in Dresden (CFAED), Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Moreno, S., Boye, S., Lederer, A., Falanga, A., Galdiero, S., Lecommandoux, S., Voit, B., and Appelhans, D.

Subjects
Polymers and Plastics, Membrane permeability, Polymers, Bioengineering, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Permeability, Biomaterials, Fluorescence resonance energy transfer, Materials Chemistry, Purification, Membranes, biology, Chemistry, Vesicle, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Avidin, 0104 chemical sciences, Membrane, Förster resonance energy transfer, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, Macromolecules, Biotinylation, Polymersome, biology.protein, Biophysics, Surface modification, 0210 nano-technology, polymersome, gH625, membrane, avidin
Abstract

International audience; To mimic organelles and cells and to construct next-generation therapeutics, asymmetric functionalization and location of proteins for artificial vesicles is thoroughly needed to emphasize the complex interplay of biological units and systems through spatially separated and spatiotemporal controlled actions, release, and communications. For the challenge of vesicle (= polymersome) construction, the membrane permeability and the location of the cargo are important key characteristics that determine their potential applications. Herein, an in situ and post loading process of avidin in pH-responsive and photo-cross-linked polymersomes is developed and characterized. First, loading efficiency, main location (inside, lumen, outside), and release of avidin under different conditions have been validated, including the pH-stable presence of avidin in polymersomes’ membrane outside and inside. This advantageous approach allows us to selectively functionalize the outer and inner membranes as well as the lumen with several bio(macro)molecules, generally suited for the construction of asymmetrically functionalized artificial organelles. In addition, a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) effect was used to study the permeability or uptake of the polymersome membrane against a broad range of biotinylated (macro)molecules (different typology, sizes, and shapes) under different conditions.

Published
2020

11. Source apportionment of fine particulate matter in a Middle Eastern Metropolis, Tehran-Iran, using PMF with organic and inorganic markers

Author

Imad El Haddad, Gülcin Abbaszade, Hossein Hassankhany, Mohammad Arhami, Juergen Schnelle-Kreis, James J. Schauer, Ralf Zimmermann, Alexandra Lai, Vahid Hosseini, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Urs Baltensperger, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, André S. H. Prévôt, Sepideh Esmaeilirad, Francesco Canonaco, Gaëlle Uzu, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Leibniz Association, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry [Paul Scherrer Institute] (LAC), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), and Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)

Subjects
Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Regionallocal sources, Fraction (chemistry), PM2.5, 010501 environmental sciences, Inorganic ions, Combustion, Organic markers, complex mixtures, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, GEOF, chemistry.chemical_compound, 11. Sustainability, Environmental Chemistry, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Organic matter, Sulfate, Waste Management and Disposal, Chemical composition, Pm2.5, Pmf, Metals, Organic Markers, Regional/local Sources, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Regional/local sources, Total organic carbon, Pollutant, chemistry.chemical_classification, PMF, Pollution, chemistry, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Environmental chemistry, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science
Abstract

International audience; With over 8 million inhabitants and 4 million motor vehicles on the streets, Tehran is one of the most crowded and polluted cities in the Middle East. Frequent exceedances of national daily PM2.5 limit have been reported in this city during the last decade, yet, the chemical composition and sources of fine particles are poorly determined. In the present study, 24-hour PM2.5 samples were collected at two urban sites during two separate campaigns, a one-year period from 2014 to 2015 and another three-month period at the beginning of 2017. Concentrations of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), inorganic ions, trace metals and specific organic molecular markers were measured by chemical analysis of filter samples. The dominant mass components were organic matter (OM), sulfate and EC. With a 20% water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) fraction, the predominance of primary anthropogenic sources (i.e. fossil fuel combustion) was anticipated. A positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis using the ME-2 (Multilinear Engine-2) solver was then applied to this dataset. 5 factors were identified by Marker-PMF, named as traffic exhaust (TE), biomass burning (BB), industries (Ind.), nitrate-rich and sulfate-rich. Another 4 factors were identified by Metal-PMF, including, dust, vehicles (traffic non-exhaust, TNE), industries (Ind.) and heavy fuel combustion (HFC). Traffic exhaust was the dominant source with 44.5% contribution to total quantified PM2.5 mass. Sulfate-rich (24.2%) and nitrate-rich (18.4%) factors were the next major contributing sources. Dust (4.4%) and biomass burning (6.7%) also had small contributions while the total share of all other factors was < 2%. Investigating the correlations of different factors between the two sampling sites showed that traffic emissions and biomass burning were local, whereas dust, heavy fuel combustion and industrial sources were regional. Results of this study indicate that gas- and particle-phase pollutants emitted from fossil fuel combustion (mobile and stationary) are the principal origin of both primary and secondary fine aerosols in Tehran.

Published
2020

12. Dynamics of fiberboids

Author

Falko Ziebert, Arthur Baumann, Igor M. Kulić, Antony Bazir, VIDAL, Armelle, Biophysique (BIOPHYSIQUE), Institut Lumière Matière [Villeurbanne] (ILM), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut für Theoretische Physik [Heidelberg], Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Leibniz Association, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), and Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Interface (Java), [SPI] Engineering Sciences [physics], FOS: Physical sciences, Popular Physics (physics.pop-ph), 02 engineering and technology, Condensed Matter - Soft Condensed Matter, Physics - Popular Physics, 01 natural sciences, [PHYS] Physics [physics], Physical Phenomena, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 0103 physical sciences, [CHIM] Chemical Sciences, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Statistical physics, 010306 general physics, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Scale (chemistry), Dynamics (mechanics), General Chemistry, Models, Theoretical, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Nonlinear Sciences - Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems, Nylons, Complex dynamics, Order (biology), Spite, Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft), 0210 nano-technology, Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO), Aluminum
Abstract

Fiberboids are active filaments trapped at the interface of two phases, able of harnessing energy (and matter) fluxes across the interface in order to produce a rolling-like self-propulsion. We discuss several table-top examples and develop the physical framework for understanding their complex dynamics. In spite of some specific features in the examples studied we conclude that the phenomenon of fiberboids is highly generic and robust across different materials, types of fluxes and timescales. Fiberboid motility should play a role from the macroscopic realm down to the micro scale and, as recently hypothesized, possibly as a means of biological self-propulsion that has escaped previous attention., Extended version, new figures. 14 pages, 12 figures

Published
2020

13. Tuning the conductance of a molecular wire by the interplay of donor and acceptor units

Author

Tim Erdmann, Dmitry Skidin, Florian Günther, Sibylle Gemming, Justus Krüger, Seddigheh Nikipar, Frank Eisenhut, Christian Joachim, Dmitry A. Ryndyk, Gianaurelio Cuniberti, Francesca Moresco, Anton Kiriy, Brigitte Voit, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden, Center for Advancing Electronics in Dresden (CFAED), Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Leibniz Association, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research [Dresden], Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Chemnitz University of Technology / Technische Universität Chemnitz, Universität Bremen, Groupe NanoSciences (CEMES-GNS), Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Materials science, molecular electronics, band structure, STM, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Molecular physics, law.invention, Molecular wire, chemistry.chemical_compound, law, molecular wire, Thiophene, General Materials Science, Electronic band structure, Spectroscopy, Quantum tunnelling, [PHYS]Physics [physics], DA polymer, Conductance, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, density-functional, Acceptor, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, Scanning tunneling microscope, 0210 nano-technology, conductance, donor-acceptor polymer
Abstract

International audience; We investigate the conductance of optimized donor–acceptor–donor molecular wires obtained by on-surface synthesis on the Au(111) surface. A careful balance between acceptors and donors is achieved using a diketopyrrolopyrrole acceptor and two thiophene donors per unit along the wire. Scanning tunneling microscopy imaging, spectroscopy, and conductance measurements done by pulling a single molecular wire at one end are presented. We show that the conductance of the obtained wires is among the highest reported so far in a tunneling transport regime, with an inverse decay length of 0.17 Å−1. Using complex band structure calculations, different donor and acceptor groups are discussed, showing how a balanced combination of donor and acceptor units along the wire can further minimize the decay of the tunneling current with length.

Published
2018

14. Anisotropic and heterogeneous dynamics in stretched elastomer nanocomposites

Author

Mark Sutton, Gert Heinrich, Françoise Ehrburger-Dolle, Isabelle Morfin, Frédéric Livet, Yuriy Chushkin, Françoise Bley, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Physique (LSP), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique [Saint Martin d’Hères] (LIPhy), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de thermodynamique et physico-chimie métallurgiques (LTPCM), Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Leibniz Association, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Department of Physics [Montréal], and McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]

Subjects
Materials science, Relaxation (NMR), 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Elastomer, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Condensed Matter::Soft Condensed Matter, Correlation function (statistical mechanics), Dynamic light scattering, Chemical physics, Volume fraction, Particle, Dynamical heterogeneity, 0210 nano-technology, Anisotropy, [PHYS.COND.CM-SCM]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Soft Condensed Matter [cond-mat.soft], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

We use X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) to investigate the dynamics of a stretched elastomer by means of probe particles. The particles dispersed in the elastomer were carbon black or silica aggregates classically used for elastomer reinforcement but their volume fraction is very low (ϕ < 10−2). We show that their dynamics is slower in the direction of the tensile strain than in the perpendicular one. For hydroxylated silica which is poorly wetted by the elastomer, there is no anisotropy. Two-time correlation functions confirm anisotropic dynamics and suggest dynamical heterogeneity already expected from the q−1 behavior of the relaxation times. The height χ* of the peak of the dynamical susceptibility, determined by the normalized variance of the instantaneous correlation function, is larger in the direction parallel to the strain than in the perpendicular one. It also appears that its q dependence changes with the morphology of the probe particle. Therefore, the heterogeneous dynamic probed by the particles is not related only to that of the strained elastomer matrix. In fact, it results from modification of the dynamics of the polymer chains near the surface of the particles and within the aggregate porosity (bound polymer). It is concluded that XPCS is a powerful method for investigating the dynamics, at a given strain, of the bound polymer–particle units which are responsible, at large volume fractions, for the reinforcement.

Published
2019

15. New family and genus of a Dendrilla-like sponge with characters of Verongiida. Part II. Discovery of chitin in the skeleton of Ernstilla lacunosa

Author

Christina Diaz, Iaroslav Petrenko, Jean Vacelet, Heike Meissner, Sonia Żółtowska-Aksamitowska, Dirk Erpenbeck, Diaa T. A. Youssef, Jane Fromont, Roberta Galli, Hermann Ehrlich, Mikhail V. Tsurkan, The University of Sydney, The Natural History Museum [London] (NHM), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Leibniz Association, and Technishe Universität Bergakademie Freiberg (TU Bergakademie Freiberg)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, biology, Spongin, 010607 zoology, Verongimorpha, Dendroceratida, Calcofluor-white, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Sponge, Demosponge, Chitin, chemistry, comic_books, Chitinase, Botany, biology.protein, Animal Science and Zoology, 14. Life underwater, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, comic_books.character, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

Evolution and multi-functionality of the chitin system in sponges (Porifera) is currently a prime focus in modern experimental zoology including in phylogenetic studies of diverse poriferan taxa. Here, we present the first evidence of chitin in the skeleton of the demosponge originally defined as Dendrilla lacunosa (Porifera: Dendroceratida: Keratosa). The presence of chitin has been clearly confirmed using special Calcofluor white staining, Fourier-transform Infrared (FTIR) and Raman Spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), as well as a chitinase digestion assay. This feature is, however, unusual for Keratosa sponges with skeletons usually made of structural protein – spongin, and at the same time is typical for sponges of the Verongiida (subclass Verongimorpha). Consequently, obtained bioanalytical results, together with our findings about distinctive morphological and molecular characters of this Dendrilla-like sponge confirmed the necessity of renaming this organism as a novel species Ernstilla lacunosa in the new family Ernstillidae. This study is the first example of the impact of the reporting of chitin on the systematics of sponges.

Published
2019

16. A model for the stress tensor in dilute suspensions of rigid spheroids in a generalized Newtonian fluid

Author

Gilles Ausias, Jan Domurath, Marina Saphiannikova, Julien Férec, Gert Heinrich, Institut de Recherche Dupuy de Lôme (IRDL), Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Matériaux de Bretagne (LIMATB), Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Brest (UBO), Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), and Leibniz Association

Subjects
Materials science, Shear thinning, 010304 chemical physics, Cauchy stress tensor, Applied Mathematics, Mechanical Engineering, General Chemical Engineering, Intrinsic viscosity, Carreau fluid, Mechanics, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Homogenization (chemistry), 010305 fluids & plasmas, Condensed Matter::Soft Condensed Matter, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, Nonlinear system, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Generalized Newtonian fluid, 0103 physical sciences, Newtonian fluid, General Materials Science
Abstract

International audience; When non-spherical particles, like rods or discs, are added to a liquid the increase in viscosity of the mixture is often described by the Lipscomb model. One important result of Lipscomb's model is that it predicts a strong increase in the viscosity of the suspension with increasing aspect ratio of the filler particles. Despite the fact that this model was originally proposed for a Newtonian matrix fluid it is also applied to polymer melts filled with non-spherical particles. Such an approach completely decouples the influence of the particle shape from the nonlinear properties of the suspending fluid. Yet, since polymer melts often exhibit strong non-Newtonian behavior, e.g. shear thinning, it is to be expected that such a superposition will give a wrong prediction of the suspension viscosity. To investigate this problem we performed a numerical study of a suspension based on a non-Newtonian matrix fluid and rigid spheroidal particles. In particular, we simulated different flows of a Carreau fluid around spheroidal particles and used numerical homogenization to obtain the intrinsic viscosity of the suspension as function of applied rate of deformation, thinning exponent and aspect ratio. In the Newtonian regime we also compare with results from literature. In the transition region from Newtonian to non-Newtonian behavior we obtained lower values of the intrinsic viscosity. In the power-law regime of the Carreau model, i.e. at high deformation rates, we found that the intrinsic viscosity of the suspension is independent of the applied rate of deformation. Further we obtained from the simulations that the intrinsic viscosity at high deformation rates strongly depends not only on the aspect ratio of the particles but also one the thinning exponent in the Carreau model, implying that the superposition approach in fact leads to a wrong prediction of the suspension viscosity at high deformation rates.

Published
2019

17. Synergistic Effects of Anionic/Cationic Dendrimers and Levofloxacin on Antibacterial Activities

Author

Jean-Pierre Majoral, Dietmar Appelhans, Natalia Wrońska, Maria Bryszewska, Katarzyna Lisowska, Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, University of Lódź, Laboratoire de chimie de coordination (LCC), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Leibniz Association, Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, University of Lodz (project no. B1811000000036), Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Dendrimers, medicine.drug_class, Antibiotics, Pharmaceutical Science, Environmental pollution, 02 engineering and technology, Levofloxacin, [CHIM.THER]Chemical Sciences/Medicinal Chemistry, 010402 general chemistry, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Article, Synergistic effects, Analytical Chemistry, lcsh:QD241-441, lcsh:Organic chemistry, Dendrimer, Drug Discovery, medicine, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Escherichia coli, Bacteria, biology, Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Drug Synergism, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, biology.organism_classification, Combinatorial chemistry, Anti-Bacterial Agents, 3. Good health, 0104 chemical sciences, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, Chemistry (miscellaneous), Staphylococcus aureus, [SDV.SP.PHARMA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Pharmaceutical sciences/Pharmacology, Molecular Medicine, Antibacterial activity, 0210 nano-technology, medicine.drug
Abstract

International audience; Despite the numerous studies on dendrimers for biomedical applications, the antibacterial activity of anionic phosphorus dendrimers has not been explored. In our research, we evaluated the antibacterial activity of modified polycationic and polyanionic dendrimers in combination with levofloxacin (LVFX) against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Proteus hauseri ATCC 15442) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538) bacteria. In the case of Gram-negative bacteria, we concluded that a combination of dendrimers and antibiotic gave satisfactory results due to a synergistic effect. The use of fluoroquinolone antibiotics, such as LVFX, not only caused resistance in disease-causing microorganisms but also increased environmental pollution. Therefore, reduction of drug dosage is of general interest.

Published
2019

18. Short infrared wavelength quantum cascade detectors based on m-plane ZnO/ZnMgO quantum wells

Author

Adrian Hierro, Julien Jaeck, Julen Tamayo-Arriola, Raffaele Colombelli, J-M Chauveau, Adel Bousseksou, Gottfried Strasser, N. Le Biavan, Sophie Derelle, Arnaud Jollivet, Hanh T. Hoang, Maria Tchernycheva, Maxime Hugues, S. Pirotta, François H. Julien, Borislav Hinkov, Miguel Montes Bajo, Lorenzo Rigutti, Laboratoire des Fluides Complexes et leurs Réservoirs (LFCR), TOTAL FINA ELF-Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay (COmUE) [Palaiseau], ONERA-Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), Institut d'électronique fondamentale (IEF), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies (C2N (UMR_9001)), Centre de recherche sur l'hétéroepitaxie et ses applications (CRHEA), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica and ISOM (ETSI Telecomunicacion), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Ciudad Universitaria, Institut fur Photonik und Festkoerperelectronik (IPF), Technishe Universitat Wien, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies [Orsay] (C2N), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), This work was funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation FET-Open Program under Grant Agreement No. 665107 (project ZOTERAC)., Institute of Applied Physics [Vienna] (TU Wien), Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Groupe de physique des matériaux (GPM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences appliquées Rouen Normandie (INSA Rouen Normandie), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut national des sciences appliquées Rouen Normandie (INSA Rouen Normandie), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés (IRMA), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut national des sciences appliquées Rouen Normandie (INSA Rouen Normandie), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), and Normandie Université (NU)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Photocurrent, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Materials science, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), business.industry, 02 engineering and technology, Electron, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Responsivity, Wavelength, 0103 physical sciences, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, Optoelectronics, QW - QUANTUM WELLS, 0210 nano-technology, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), business, Spectroscopy, QCD - QUANTUM CASCADE DETECTORS, Quantum well, Molecular beam epitaxy
Abstract

International audience; This paper reports on the demonstration of quantum cascade detectors (QCDs) based on ZnO/ ZnMgO quantum wells (QWs) grown by molecular beam epitaxy on an m-plane ZnO substrate. The TM-polarized intersubband absorption is peaked at a 3 lm wavelength. The sample has been processed in the form of square mesas with sizes ranging from 10_10 lm2 up to 100_100 lm2. The I-V characteristics reveal that 86% of the 260 devices are operational and that the surface leakage current is negligible at room temperature, which is not the case at 77 K. The photocurrent spectroscopy of 100_100 lm2 QCDs reveals a photocurrent resonance at a 2.8 lm wavelength, i.e., slightly blue-shifted with respect to the intersubband absorption peak. The photocurrent persists up to room temperature. The calibrated peak responsivity amounts to 0.15mA/W under irradiation at Brewster’s angle of incidence. This value allows us to estimate the transfer efficiency (1.15%) of the photoexcited electrons into the active QW of the next period. Published by AIP Publishing.

Published
2018

19. Recognition of breathprints of lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease using the Aeonose® electronic nose

Author

Maria Degen, Jana Haberer, Werner Seeger, Andreas Guenther, Guillermo Barreto, Ekaterina Krauss, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center [Gießen, Germany] (UGMLC), European IPF Registry and Biobank (eurIPFreg/bank), Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research (MPI-HLR), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Croissance cellulaire, réparation et régénération tissulaires (CRRET), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Agaplesion Pneumologische KliniK Waldhof-Elgershausen

Subjects
Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, COPD, Electronic nose, business.industry, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 010401 analytical chemistry, Case-control study, Complete remission, Pulmonary disease, medicine.disease, 01 natural sciences, Gastroenterology, 3. Good health, 0104 chemical sciences, Unmet needs, Clinical trial, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, 030228 respiratory system, Internal medicine, medicine, Lung cancer, business
Abstract

International audience; Objectives: There is a high unmet need in a non-invasive screening of lung cancer (LC). We conducted this single-center trial to evaluate the effectiveness of the electronic nose Aeonose ® in LC recognition.Materials and methods: Exhaled volatile organic compound (VOC) signatures were collected by Aeonose ® in 42 incident and 78 prevalent LC patients, of them 29 LC patients in complete remission (LC CR), 33 healthy controls (HC) and 23 COPD patients. By dichotomous comparison of VOC's between incident LC and HC, a discriminating algorithm was established and also applied to LC CR and COPD subjects. Area under Curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity and Matthews's correlation coefficient (MC) were used to interpret the data.Results: The established algorithm of Aeonose ® signature allowed safe separation of LC and HC, showing an AUC of 0.92, sensitivity of 0.84 and a specificity of 0.97. When tested in a blinded fashion, the device recognized 19 out of 29 LC CR patients (=65.5%) as LC-positive, of which only five developed recurrent LC later on (after 18.6 months [Formula: see text]; mean value [Formula: see text]). Unfortunately, the algorithm also recognized 11 of 24 COPD patients as being LC positive (with only one of the 24 COPD patients developing LC 56 months after the measurement).Conclusion: The Aeonose ® revealed some potential in distinguishing LC from HC, however, with low specificity when applying the algorithm in a blinded fashion to other disease cohorts. We conclude that relevant VOC signals originating from comorbidities in LC such as COPD may have erroneously led to the separation between LC and controls.Clinical trial registration: (NCT02951416).

Published
2020

20. Tuning the Interactions in Multiresponsive Complex Coacervate-Based Underwater Adhesives

Author

Olaf Heckert, Marco Dompé, Thomas E. Kodger, Alla Synytska, Mehdi Vahdati, Marleen Kamperman, Dominique Hourdet, Ugo Sidoli, Jasper van der Gucht, Francisco J. Cedano-Serrano, Costantino Creton, Polymer Science, Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle (SIMM), ESPCI ParisTech-PSL Research University (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Leibniz Association, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle (UMR 7615) (SIMM), Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
POLYELECTROLYTE COMPLEXES, Non-covalent interactions, Acrylic Resins, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Biomimetic Materials, LCST, WATER, Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), Spectroscopy, chemistry.chemical_classification, Coacervate, Temperature, General Medicine, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Polyelectrolytes, Polyelectrolyte, Computer Science Applications, Underwater adhesion, 0210 nano-technology, Materials science, 010402 general chemistry, Lower critical solution temperature, Article, Catalysis, Inorganic Chemistry, Rheology, Adhesives, CEMENT, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Molecular Biology, VLAG, Environmentally-triggered setting process, Osmolar Concentration, Organic Chemistry, Bioinspired materials, Stimuli Responsive Polymers, 0104 chemical sciences, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, GRAFT-COPOLYMERS, Chemical engineering, chemistry, Ionic strength, Wettability, Adhesive, Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Complex coacervate
Abstract

International audience; In this work, we report the systematic investigation of a multiresponsive complex coacervate-based underwater adhesive, obtained by combining polyelectrolyte domains and thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) units. This material exhibits a transition from liquid to solid but, differently from most reactive glues, is completely held together by non-covalent interactions, i.e., electrostatic and hydrophobic. Because the solidification results in a kinetically trapped morphology, the final mechanical properties strongly depend on the preparation conditions and on the surrounding environment. A systematic study is performed to assess the effect of ionic strength and of PNIPAM content on the thermal, rheological and adhesive properties. This study enables the optimization of polymer composition and environmental conditions for this underwater adhesive system. The best performance with a work of adhesion of 6.5 J/m 2 was found for the complex coacervates prepared at high ionic strength (0.75 M NaCl) and at an optimal PNIPAM content around 30% mol/mol. The high ionic strength enables injectability, while the hydrated PNIPAM domains provide additional dissipation, without softening the material so much that it becomes too weak to resist detaching stress.

Published
2019

21. Highly Oriented Nanowire Thin Films with Anisotropic Optical Properties Driven by the Simultaneous Influence of Surface Templating and Shear Forces

Author

Andreas Fery, Patrick T. Probst, Gero Decher, Petr Formanek, Sribharani Sekar, Matthias Pauly, Tobias A. F. König, univOAK, Archive ouverte, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Leibniz Association, Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden)

Subjects
Materials science, Shear force, Nanowire, wrinkles, Nanoparticle, 02 engineering and technology, Substrate (electronics), 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Nanomaterials, [CHIM.GENI]Chemical Sciences/Chemical engineering, anisotropic optical properties, General Materials Science, Composite material, Thin film, Anisotropy, Nanoscopic scale, [CHIM.GENI] Chemical Sciences/Chemical engineering, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Chimie/Génie chimique, 0104 chemical sciences, thin films, oriented assembly, nanowire, spray coating, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

The functional properties of nanoparticle thin films depend strongly on the arrangement of the nanoparticles within the material. In particular, anisotropic optoelectronic properties can be achieved through the aligned assembly of 1D nanomaterials such as silver nanowires (AgNWs). However, the control of the hierarchical organization of these nanoscale building blocks across multiple length scales and over large areas is still a challenge. Here, we show that the oriented deposition of AgNWs using grazing incidence spraying of the nano-object suspensions on a substrate comprising parallel surface wrinkles readily produces highly oriented monolayer thin films on macroscopic areas (>5 × 5 mm2). The use of textured substrates enhances the degree of ordering as compared to flat ones and increases the area over which AgNWs are oriented. The resulting microscopic linear arrangement of AgNWs evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reflects in a pronounced macroscopic optical anisotropy measured by conventional polarized UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy. The enhanced ordering obtained when spraying is done in the same direction as the wrinkles makes this approach more robust against small rotational offsets during preparation. On the contrary, the templating effect of the wrinkle topography can even dominate the shear-driven alignment when spraying is performed perpendicular to the wrinkles: the concomitant but opposing influence of topographic confinement (alignment along the wrinkles) and of spray-induced shear forces (orientation along the spraying direction) lead to films in which the predominant orientation of AgNWs gradually changes from one direction to its perpendicular one over the same substrate in a single processing step. This demonstrates that exploiting the subtle balance between shear forces and substrate-nanowire interactions mediated by wrinkles offers a new way to control the self-assembly of nanoparticles into more complex patterns.

Published
2018

22. Spectral field mapping in plasmonic nanostructures with nanometer resolution

Author

Pavel Potapov, Axel Lubk, J. Krehl, Andreas Fery, Giulio Guzzinati, Jo Verbeeck, Johannes Schultz, Bernd Büchner, Jérôme Martin, Darius Pohl, Leibniz-Institut für Festkörper- und Werkstoffforschung Dresden (IFW Dresden), Leibniz Association, Electron Microscopy for Materials Science - EMAT (Antwerp, Belgium), Universiteit Antwerpen [Antwerpen], Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique (LNIO), Institut Charles Delaunay (ICD), Université de Technologie de Troyes (UTT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Technologie de Troyes (UTT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Universiteit Antwerpen = University of Antwerpen [Antwerpen], and University of Antwerp (UA)

Subjects
Materials science, Field (physics), Science, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 0103 physical sciences, [SPI.NANO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics, 010306 general physics, lcsh:Science, plasmonic coupling, Multidisciplinary, business.industry, Physics, Resolution (electron density), Surface plasmon, Plasmonic nanostructures, General Chemistry, Spectral component, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Magnetic field, Condensed Matter - Other Condensed Matter, Plasmonic devices, Deflection (physics), Cathode ray, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, Optoelectronics, lcsh:Q, 0210 nano-technology, business, Engineering sciences. Technology, Beam (structure), Physics - Optics, Optics (physics.optics), Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other)
Abstract

Plasmonic nanostructures and -devices are rapidly transforming light manipulation technology by allowing to modify and enhance optical fields on sub-wavelength scales. Advances in this field rely heavily on the development of new characterization methods for the fundamental nanoscale interactions. However, the direct and quantitative mapping of transient electric and magnetic fields characterizing the plasmonic coupling has been proven elusive to date. Here we demonstrate how to directly measure the inelastic momentum transfer of surface plasmon modes via the energy-loss filtered deflection of a focused electron beam in a transmission electron microscope. By scanning the beam over the sample we obtain a spatially and spectrally resolved deflection map and we further show how this deflection is related quantitatively to the spectral component of the induced electric and magnetic fields pertaining to the mode. In some regards this technique is an extension to the established differential phase contrast into the dynamic regime., Characterizing plasmonic coupling has proven elusive. Here, the authors obtain a spectrally resolved deflection map related to a focused electron beam, which has excited a surface plasmon resonance, and relate this deflection to the spectral component of the induced electric and magnetic fields pertaining to the mode.

Published
2018
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23. Application of local least squares finite element method (LLSFEM) in the interface capturing of two-phase flow systems

Author

Jan Domurath, Mehdi Mostafaiyan, Mahdi Salami Hosseini, Hossein Ali Khonakdar, Sven Wießner, Gert Heinrich, Sahand University of Technology, Institut de Recherche Dupuy de Lôme (IRDL), Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), and Leibniz Association

Subjects
General Computer Science, Interface (Java), Gaussian, Mathematical analysis, General Engineering, Tangent, Reynolds number, Least squares finite element method, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Least squares, Finite element method, Two-phase flow, 010305 fluids & plasmas, 010101 applied mathematics, symbols.namesake, Flow (mathematics), 0103 physical sciences, symbols, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, 0101 mathematics, Mathematics
Abstract

International audience; A least squares finite element method (LSFEM) is applied locally for the prediction of the interface advection in a two-phase flow system. Moreover, a phantom element is introduced, which determines the nodal values of the volume fractions at the onset of the flow, and provides a highly satisfactory reconstructed interface at the same time. The quality of the interface reconstruction is also examined after advection and the interface tangent, as an important parameter in the surface tension calculations, is estimated by the derivatives of the volume fraction on the Gaussian points in the vicinity of the interface intersections. The validity of the method is examined by comparing the results of the drop deformation for various Reynolds numbers with available data in the literature. Finally, some explanatory examples are provided to evaluate our suggested procedure. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Published
2018

24. Remarkable reversal of electrostatic interaction forces on zwitterionic soft nanointerfaces in a monovalent aqueous electrolyte: an AFM study at the single nanoparticle level

Author

Isabelle Bihannic, Céline Caillet, Jérôme F. L. Duval, Ralf Zimmermann, Audrey Beaussart, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Terre et Environnement de Lorraine (OTELo), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), and Leibniz Association

Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics], Materials science, Nanoparticle, 02 engineering and technology, Adhesion, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Electrokinetic phenomena, symbols.namesake, Derjaguin approximation, Chemical physics, Dendrimer, Nano, symbols, Surface modification, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, General Materials Science, 0210 nano-technology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Debye
Abstract

Soft (nano)colloids are increasingly used in medical applications due to the versatile options they offer in terms of e.g. tunable chemical composition, adaptable physical properties and (bio)functionalization perspectives. Obtaining a clear understanding of the nature of the interaction forces that such particles experience with neighboring charged (bio)surfaces is a mandatory prerequisite to draw a comprehensive and mechanistic picture of their stability and reactivity and to further optimize their current functionalities. In this study, adopting an original strategy for nanoparticle attachment to atomic force microscopy (AFM) tips, we demonstrate that the sign of electrostatic forces between carboxylate-terminated poly(amidoamine) nanodendrimers (∼9 nm in diameter) and planar cysteamine-coated gold surfaces can be tailored under fixed pH conditions upon the sole variation of the monovalent salt concentration in solution. The origin of this unconventional electrostatic force reversal is deciphered upon confrontation between AFM force measurements and mean-field force evaluation performed beyond the Derjaguin approximation by integrating the dendrimer and cysteamine electrostatic properties derived independently from electrokinetic measurements. It is shown that the electrostatic force reversal (i) originates from the zwitterionic character of the nanodendrimer–solution interphase, and (ii) becomes operational under the strict condition that the sub-nanometric separation distance between peripheral carboxylate groups and intraparticulate amines is of the order of the characteristic electric Debye layer thickness. The possibility to mediate – via suitable adjustment of monovalent salt content in solution – both the magnitude and sign of the electrostatic forces acting on soft interfaces with zwitterionic functionality paves the way for the design of innovative strategies to control the stability of nanoparticles against aggregation, and to modulate their adhesion onto inorganic surfaces or living organisms.

Published
2018

25. Cationic Phosphorus Dendrimer Enhances Photodynamic Activity of Rose Bengal against Basal Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines

Author

Jean-Pierre Majoral, Serge Mignani, Monika Dabrzalska, Barbara Klajnert-Maculewicz, Anna Janaszewska, Maria Zablocka, Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, University of Lódź, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques (LCBPT - UMR 8601), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC), Laboratoire de chimie de coordination (LCC), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Leibniz Association, Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Dendrimers, medicine.medical_treatment, Pharmaceutical Science, Photodynamic therapy, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Mice, Dendrimer, Cell Line, Tumor, Drug Discovery, medicine, Rose bengal, Animals, Basal cell carcinoma, Photosensitizer, [CHIM.COOR]Chemical Sciences/Coordination chemistry, Rose Bengal, Photosensitizing Agents, Chemistry, Singlet oxygen, Cationic polymerization, Phosphorus, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, medicine.disease, eye diseases, 0104 chemical sciences, stomatognathic diseases, Biochemistry, Photochemotherapy, Molecular Medicine, 0210 nano-technology, Phototoxicity, Reactive Oxygen Species
Abstract

International audience; In the last couple of decades, photodynamic therapy emerged as a useful tool in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma. However, it still meets limitations due to unfavorable properties of photosensitizers such as poor solubility or lack of selectivity. Dendrimers, polymers widely studied in biomedical field, may play a role as photosensitizer carriers and improve the efficacy of photodynamic treatment. Here, we describe the evaluation of an electrostatic complex of cationic phosphorus dendrimer and rose bengal in such aspects as singlet oxygen production, cellular uptake, and phototoxicity against three basal cell carcinoma cell lines. Rose bengal–cationic dendrimer complex in molar ratio 5:1 was compared to free rose bengal. Obtained results showed that the singlet oxygen production in aqueous medium was significantly higher for the complex than for free rose bengal. The cellular uptake of the complex was 2–7-fold higher compared to a free photosensitizer. Importantly, rose bengal, rose bengal–dendrimer complex, and dendrimer itself showed no dark toxicity against all three cell lines. Moreover, we observed that phototoxicity of the complex was remarkably enhanced presumably due to high cellular uptake. On the basis of the obtained results, we conclude that rose bengal–cationic dendrimer complex has a potential in photodynamic treatment of basal cell carcinoma.

Published
2017

26. Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Star Block Copolymer Modified Epoxy Resin Blends

Author

Ralf Lach, Sabu Thomas, Marco Liebscher, Shankar P. Khatiwada, Rameshwar Adhikari, C. Sarath Chandran, Jean Marc Saiter, Gert Heinrich, Sciences et Méthodes Séparatives (SMS), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Mahatma Gandhi University, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Leibniz Association, and Collaboration

Subjects
Diglycidyl ether, Materials science, Chemical modification, Izod impact strength test, 02 engineering and technology, Epoxy, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Indentation hardness, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, chemistry, Indentation, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Copolymer, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Composite material, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 0210 nano-technology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

In this work, we investigate the morphological and mechanical properties of blends of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) and epoxidized polystyrene–polybutadiene star block copolymer (epST3) using diamino-diphenyl sulphone (DDS) as a hardener. The epoxidation of the star block copolymer was performed using meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA). Chemical modification of the copolymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy while the morphology of the blends was analyzed by microscopic techniques. The mechanical behavior of the blends was analyzed by recording microindentation as well as impact tests. It has been demonstrated that the completely macrophase-separated morphology of the blends could be dispersed into the structures comprising co-continuous networks of the block copolymer phase and the epoxy resin leading to an increment in impact strength. At the same time, the hardness and stiffness of the blends, as shown by the indentation microhardness and indentation modulus, was maintained to a pretty high level.

Published
2017

27. Evidence of Ion-pairing in cationic brushes from evaluation of brush charging and structure by electrokinetic and surface conductivity analysis

Author

Wilhelm T. S. Huck, Gesine Gunkel-Grabole, Johanna Bünsow, Jérôme F. L. Duval, Ralf Zimmermann, Carsten Werner, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Leibniz Association, Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Terre et Environnement de Lorraine (OTELo), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Density gradient, Analytical chemistry, 02 engineering and technology, Electrolyte, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Chloride, Streaming current, Surface conductivity, Electrokinetic phenomena, medicine, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Chemistry, Cationic polymerization, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, General Energy, Chemical physics, Electrohydrodynamics, 0210 nano-technology, Physical Organic Chemistry, medicine.drug
Abstract

Strong cationic poly(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyltrimethylammonium chloride) (PMETAC) brushes are widely employed as platform for studying fundamental physicochemical properties of permanently charged polymers at interfaces. We report here a detailed analysis of the structure, interfacial and bulk charging of PMETAC brushes over a broad range of pH values and salt concentrations (pH 2.5–9.5, 0.01–10 mM KCl electrolyte). Streaming current and surface conductivity measurements were quantitatively analyzed on the basis of a recently developed theory for electrohydrodynamics at diffuse soft interfaces under lateral flow conditions taking into account ion pairing at low salt concentrations. In addition, the effects of different chaotropic anions on brush charge and thickness were deciphered from interpretation of surface conductivity data collected in 1 mM KNO3, KI, and KClO4 electrolytes. In combination, confrontation between theory and experiments reveals the existence of a PMETAC segment density gradient at the...

Published
2017

28. Tunneling spectroscopy measurements on hydrogen-bonded supramolecular polymers

Author

Laurent Bouteiller, Roozbeh Shokri, Günter Reiter, L. Simon, Olga Guskova, François Vonau, Dominique Aubel, Jens-Uwe Sommer, Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physikalisches Institut [Freiburg], Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Chimie des polymères (LCP), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Leibniz Association, Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Hydrogen, Hydrogen bond, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, Adhesion, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 3. Good health, law.invention, Supramolecular polymers, Crystallography, chemistry, law, 0103 physical sciences, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Organic chemistry, Molecule, General Materials Science, Scanning tunneling microscope, 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology, Spectroscopy, HOMO/LUMO, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

We studied the formation of hydrogen-bonded supramolecular polymers of Ethyl Hexyl Urea Toluene (EHUT) on a gold (111) surface by low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. Tunneling spectroscopy performed along an individual molecule embedded in a self-assembled layer revealed strong changes in the value of the HOMO-LUMO gap. A variation of the LUMO state is attributed to the effect of space charge accumulation resulting from anisotropic adhesion of the molecule. In addition, for specific tunneling conditions, changes induced through the formation of hydrogen bonds became visible in the differential conductance (dI/dV) maps; isolated molecules, hydrogen bonded dimers and supramolecular polymers of EHUT were distinguishable through their electronic properties.

Published
2014

29. Electrokinetics of soft polymeric interphases with layered distribution of anionic and cationic charges

Author

Jérôme F. L. Duval, Ralf Zimmermann, Carsten Werner, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Terre et Environnement de Lorraine (OTELo), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Leibniz Association, Center of Regenerative Therapies Dresden, and Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden)

Subjects
Electrophoresis, Polyelectrolyte multilayers, Materials science, Polymers and Plastics, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, Electrolyte, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Streaming current, Electrokinetic phenomena, symbols.namesake, Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Streaming current reversal, Nanobiotechnology, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Particle mobility reversal, Debye length, Cationic polymerization, Surfaces and Interfaces, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Electrokinetics, Polyelectrolyte, 0104 chemical sciences, Chemical physics, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, symbols, 0210 nano-technology, Polymer-coated particles
Abstract

International audience; Soft surface coatings attract increasing attention due to the versatile options they provide in numerous applications e.g. in the flourishing nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology areas. Optimisation of the performance of such ion- and solvent-permeable polyelectrolytic materials requires a detailed understanding of their electrostatic properties. This task is rendered difficult by the inherent non-uniform distribution of their structural charges. In this article, we review recent advances made in the measurement and theory of the electrokinetics (electrophoresis/streaming current) of soft surface coatings that carry spatially-separated cationic and anionic charges. Examples of such charge-stratified systems are polyelectrolyte-coated particles, polyelectrolyte multilayers, particles with zwitterionic interfacial functionality, microbial cells or hard–soft composite interfaces. It is shown here that the electrokinetic features of such colloidal systems are remarkably different from those of their counterparts with homogeneously distributed cationic and anionic charges. In particular, the interplay between electrostatic and hydrodynamic flow fields developed under electrokinetic conditions in the bulk and interfacial compartments of charge-stratified colloids/films are shown to induce a reversal of their electrokinetic response (electrophoretic mobility/streaming current) that depends on the concentration of monovalent electrolyte in solution. The prerequisites for occurrence of such spectacular behaviour are theoretically identified in terms of the Debye length, the spatial length scales defining charge layering, and the typical length for flow penetration within the colloids/films. Electrophoresis and streaming current results recently reported for poly(amidoamine) carboxylated nanodendrimers, natural rubber colloids and poly(ethyleneimine)-supported lipid bilayers are further discussed to illustrate the generic electrokinetic properties of soft interfaces defined by a given stratification of their anionic and cationic structural charges.

Published
2016

30. Fabrication and Characterization of Completely Biodegradable Copolyester-Chitosan Blends: I. Spectroscopic and Thermal Characterization

Author

Hai Hong Le, Ralf Lach, Wolfgang Grellmann, Rabindra Prasad Dhakal, Rameshwar Adhikari, Sven Henning, Jean Marc Saiter, Paras Nath Yadav, Andre Wutzler, Hans-Joachim Radusch, Shanta Pokhrel, Antonella Esposito, Gert Heinrich, Tribhuvan University, Polymer Service GmbH Merseburg, Leibnitz Institute of Polymer Research (LIPR), Leibnitz Institute of Polymer Research, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Laboratoire d’Etude et de Caractérisation des Amorphes et des Polymères (AMME-LECAP EA 4528 International Laboratory), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut national des sciences appliquées Rouen Normandie (INSA Rouen Normandie), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Materials Science, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg (MLU), Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Leibniz Association, and Publica

Subjects
Thermogravimetric analysis, Materials science, Polymers and Plastics, Organic Chemistry, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Copolyester, Biodegradable polymer, 0104 chemical sciences, Chitosan, chemistry.chemical_compound, Differential scanning calorimetry, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Polymer chemistry, Materials Chemistry, Thermal stability, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], 0210 nano-technology, Glass transition, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

Summary Chitosan was prepared from shells of locally available fresh water prawns with variation of sodium hydroxide concentration and reaction time. The biopolymer was melt-mixed with a commercially available biodegradable polymer, the poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT). The chitosan and blend films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The glass transition temperature (Tg) and melting point of the materials remained unchanged implying complete incompatibility of the blend components. Kinetic study showed that activation energy of the degradation process, i.e., thermal stability of the blends, decreased with increasing chitosan content in the blends. As the thermal properties of all the samples were found to be identical, it can be concluded that there was no effect of the added chitosan on the crystallization and melting behavior of the PBAT. These findings support the notion of the absence of interactions among the blend components. The rate of biodegradation was found to be higher in blends compared to pure PBAT polymer.

Published
2016

31. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) characterization of the interaction of anti-cancer photosensitizers with dendrimers

Author

Josep Cladera, Monika Dabrzalska, Barbara Klajnert-Maculewicz, Jean-Pierre Majoral, Maria Bryszewska, Núria Benseny-Cases, Ramon Barnadas-Rodríguez, Maria Zablocka, Serge Mignani, Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, University of Lódź, ALBA Synchrotron light source [Barcelone], Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques (LCBPT - UMR 8601), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC), Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratoire de chimie de coordination (LCC), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Leibniz Association, ALBA Synchrotron light source, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona [Barcelona] (UAB), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Dendrimers, Biodistribution, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Drug Delivery Systems, Neoplasms, Dendrimer, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, Rose bengal, Humans, Organic chemistry, Photosensitizer, [CHIM.COOR]Chemical Sciences/Coordination chemistry, Drug Carriers, Rose Bengal, Photosensitizing Agents, Chemistry, Cationic polymerization, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Combinatorial chemistry, 0104 chemical sciences, Methylene Blue, Drug delivery, Nanocarriers, 0210 nano-technology, Methylene blue
Abstract

International audience; The systemic or local administration of a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy is highly limited by poor selectivity, rapid deactivation and long-lasting skin toxicity due to unfavorable biodistribution. Drug delivery systems based on nanocarriers may help specific and effective delivery of photosensitizers. In the present paper, the interaction of two photosensitizers, methylene blue and rose bengal, with phosphorous cationic and anionic dendrimers as potential nanocarriers, has been characterized. A novel method is presented based on the analysis of the infrared spectra of mixtures of photosensitizer and dendrimer. The capacity of dendrimers to bind the photosensitizers has been evaluated by obtaining the corresponding binding curves. It is shown that methylene blue interacts with both cationic and anionic dendrimers, whereas rose bengal only binds to the cationic ones. Dendrimers are shown to be potential nanocarriers for a specific delivery of both photosensitizers.

Published
2016

32. Interrelations between charging, structure and electrokinetics of nanometric polyelectrolyte films

Author

David Küttner, Jérôme F. L. Duval, Ralf Zimmermann, Carsten Werner, Mirko Nitschke, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Terre et Environnement de Lorraine (OTELo), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), and Leibniz Association

Subjects
Langmuir, Materials science, Polymers, Static Electricity, Acrylic Resins, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Streaming current, Biomaterials, Electrolytes, Electrokinetic phenomena, Surface conductivity, Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Ellipsometry, Polymer chemistry, medicine, Polyethyleneimine, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [PHYS]Physics [physics], chemistry.chemical_classification, Molecular Structure, Membranes, Artificial, Electrochemical Techniques, Polymer, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Polyelectrolyte, Nanostructures, 0104 chemical sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Swelling, medicine.symptom, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

Streaming current, surface conductivity and swelling data of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) thin films are analyzed on the basis of the theory for diffuse soft interfaces (J.F.L. Duval, R. Zimmermann, A.L. Cordeiro, N. Rein, C. Werner, Langmuir 25 (2009) 10691). Focus is put on ways to unravel the electroosmotic and migration contributions of the measured surface conductivity, which is crucial for appropriate electrokinetic analysis of films carrying high densities of dissociable groups. Results demonstrate that the osmotically-driven swelling of the PAA films with increasing pH is accompanied by an increase in diffuseness for the interphasial polymer segment density distribution. This heterogeneity is particularly marked at low ionic strength with a non-monotonous dependence of the streaming current on pH and the presence of a maximum at pH ∼ 6.5. The analysis of the PEI films evidences heterogeneous swelling with lowering pH, i.e. upon protonation of the amine groups. The characteristic decay length in the interphasial PEI segment density distribution is found to be nearly independent of the pH, which is in line with the moderate swelling determined by ellipsometry. A critical discussion is given on the strengths and limitations of electrokinetics/surface conductivity for quantifying the coupled electrohydrodynamic and structural properties of moderately to highly swollen polyelectrolyte thin films.

Published
2011

33. Consequences of a Single Double Bond within a Side Group on the Ordering of Supramolecular Polymers

Author

Olga Guskova, Laurent Bouteiller, Benjamin Isare, Günter Reiter, Roozbeh Shokri, Asad Jamal, Laurent Simon, Jens-Uwe Sommer, Kaiwan Jahanshahi, Physikalisches Institut [Freiburg], Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Leibniz Association, Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Chimie des polymères (LCP), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, and Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Steric effects, Materials science, Double bond, Hydrogen bond, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Epitaxy, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Supramolecular assembly, Supramolecular polymers, Crystallography, General Energy, chemistry, Molecule, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 0210 nano-technology, Pendant group, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

By combining atomic force microscopy experiments and full-atomistic computer simulations, we compared the two-dimensional ordering dynamics of two variants of supramolecular polymers of bis-urea molecules which differed only by a single cis-double bond in their side groups. At early stages of ordering, the double bonds favored kinks at the level of individual molecules, which induced transient steric constraints hindering the spontaneous formation of long supramolecular polymers. In addition, due to these kinks, molecule–substrate interactions were disturbed. At later stages, however, due to a progressively increasing number of established directional hydrogen bonds between molecules, the self-assembly process improved and thereby increased the length of the supramolecular polymers. Large domains of micrometer-long and aligned supramolecular polymers were formed, epitaxially guided by the graphite substrate and having a constant width consistent with the length of the molecule. Thus, introducing flexible ...

Published
2015

34. Effect of dendritic polymers on a simple model biological membrane

Author

Maria Zablocka, Dietmar Appelhans, Maria Bryszewska, Karol Ciepluch, Jean-Pierre Majoral, Bo Nyström, Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, University of Lódź, Department of Chemistry [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Leibniz Association, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratoire de chimie de coordination (LCC), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Liposome, Materials science, Polymers and Plastics, Organic Chemistry, technology, industry, and agriculture, Nanoparticle, Nanotechnology, Biological membrane, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Membrane, Dynamic light scattering, Dendrimer, Materials Chemistry, Zeta potential, Biophysics, [CHIM.COOR]Chemical Sciences/Coordination chemistry, 0210 nano-technology, Lipid bilayer
Abstract

International audience; The higher disruption of lipid bilayer and higher cytotoxicity caused by nanoparticles are often linked to the aggregation process of the particles onto the biological membrane of the cell. To understand how nanoparticles behave when they meet a biological membrane it is important to consider their potential applications in biomedical science. In spite of many biological applications of dendritic scaffolds, a major problem of their cationic exponents is the disruptive biological properties against cell membranes leading to toxicity. Up to now many studies about biological and biochemical effects on membranes have emerged. Therefore, we have investigated the interaction of different kinds of dendritic scaffols on a simple biological membrane model: a small cationic dendrimer with viologen units, hyperbranched poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI), and maltosylated PEI. Our main aim was to check how different types of dendritic scaffolds can affect the model membrane. To probe this effect, we employed dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, fluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Results from this work facilitate our understanding of interaction of dendritic nanoparticles with biological membranes. This investigation can help use to explain the toxicological effect of these nanoparticles. As a model of a biological membrane, we use negatively charged liposomes, consisting of a mixture of lipids: 90 % DMPC (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) and 10 % DPPG (1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol).

Published
2015

35. Recent Progress and Perspectives in the Electrokinetic Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Films

Author

Ralf Zimmermann, Carsten Werner, Jérôme F. L. Duval, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Leibniz Association, Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Terre et Environnement de Lorraine (OTELo), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Materials science, Polymers and Plastics, Nanotechnology, Review, 02 engineering and technology, Interfacial charge, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Streaming current, lcsh:QD241-441, Electrokinetic phenomena, Surface conductivity, chemistry.chemical_compound, lcsh:Organic chemistry, Polyelectrolyte films, Acrylic acid, Bilayer, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Electrokinetics, Polyelectrolyte, 0104 chemical sciences, Characterization (materials science), chemistry, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Electrohydrodynamics, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

International audience; The analysis of the charge, structure and molecular interactions of/within polymeric substrates defines an important analytical challenge in materials science. Accordingly, advanced electrokinetic methods and theories have been developed to investigate the charging mechanisms and structure of soft material coatings. In particular, there has been significant progress in the quantitative interpretation of streaming current and surface conductivity data of polymeric films from the application of recent theories developed for the electrohydrodynamics of diffuse soft planar interfaces. Here, we review the theory and experimental strategies to analyze the interrelations of the charge and structure of polyelectrolyte layers supported by planar carriers under electrokinetic conditions. To illustrate the options arising from these developments, we discuss experimental and simulation data for plasma-immobilized poly(acrylic acid) films and for a polyelectrolyte bilayer consisting of poly(ethylene imine) and poly(acrylic acid). Finally, we briefly outline potential future developments in the field of the electrokinetics of polyelectrolyte layers.

Published
2015
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36. Overview of ASDEX Upgrade results

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Kallenbach, A., Aguiam, D., Aho-Mantila, L., Angioni, C., Arden, N., Parra, R. Arredondo, Asunta, O., Baar, M., Balden, M., Behler, K., Bergmann, A., Bernardo, J., Bernert, M., Beurskens, M., Biancalani, A., Bilato, R., Birkenmeier, G., Bobkov, V., Bock, A., Bogomolov, A., Bolzonella, T., Boswirth, B., Bottereau, C., Bottino, A., Brand, H., Brezinsek, S., Brida, D., Brochard, F., Bruhn, C., Buchanan, J., Buhler, A., Burckhart, A., Cambon-Silva, D., Camenen, Y., Carvalho, P., Carrasco, G., Cazzaniga, C., Carr, M., Carralero, D., Casali, L., Castaldo, C., Cavedon, M., Challis, C., Chankin, A., Chapman, I., Clairet, F., Classen, I., Coda, S., Coelho, R., Coenen, J. W., Colas, L., Conway, G., Costea, S., Coster, D. P., Croci, G., Cseh, G., Czarnecka, A., D Arcangelo, O., Day, C., Delogu, R., Marne, P., Denk, S., Denner, P., Dibon, M., D Inca, R., Di Siena, A., Douai, D., Drenik, A., Drube, R., Dunne, M., Duval, B. P., Dux, R., Eich, T., Elgeti, S., Engelhardt, K., Erdos, B., Erofeev, I., Esposito, B., Fable, E., Faitsch, M., Fantz, U., Faugel, H., Felici, F., Fietz, S., Figueredo, A., Fischer, R., Ford, O., Frassinetti, L., Freethy, S., Froschle, M., Fuchert, G., Fuchs, J. C., Funfgelder, H., Galazka, K., Galdon-Quiroga, J., Gallo, A., Gao, Y., Garavaglia, S., Garcia-Munoz, M., Geiger, B., Cianfarani, C., Giannone, L., Giovannozzi, E., Gleason-Gonzalez, C., Gloggler, S., Gobbin, M., Gorler, T., Goodman, T., Gorini, G., Gradic, D., Grater, A., Granucci, G., Greuner, H., Griener, M., Groth, M., Gude, A., Gunter, S., Guimarais, L., Haas, G., Hakola, A. H., Ham, C., Happel, T., Harrison, J., Hatch, D., Hauer, V., Hayward, T., Heinemann, B., Heinzel, S., Hellsten, T., Henderson, S., Hennequin, P., Herrmann, A., Heyn, E., Hitzler, F., Hobirk, J., Holzl, M., Hoschen, T., Holm, J. H., Hopf, C., Hoppe, F., Horvath, L., Houben, A., Huber, A., Igochine, V., Ilkei, T., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Jacob, W., Jacobsen, A. S., Jacquot, J., Janky, F., Jardin, A., Jaulmes, F., Jenko, F., Jensen, T., Joffrin, E., Kasemann, C., Kalvin, S., Kantor, M., Kappatou, A., Kardaun, O., Karhunen, J., Kasilov, S., Kernbichler, W., Kim, D., Kimmig, S., Kirk, A., Klingshirn, H. -J, Koch, F., Kocsis, G., Kohn, A., Kraus, M., Krieger, K., Krivska, A., Kramer-Flecken, A., Kurki-Suonio, T., Kurzan, B., Lackner, K., Laggner, F., Lang, P. T., Lauber, P., Lazanyi, N., Lazaros, A., Lebschy, A., Li, L., Li, M., Liang, Y., Lipschultz, B., Liu, Y., Lohs, A., Luhmann, N. C., Lunt, T., Lyssoivan, A., Madsen, J., Maier, H., Maj, O., Mailloux, J., Maljaars, E., Manas, P., Mancini, A., Manhard, A., Manso, M. -E, Mantica, P., Mantsinen, M., Manz, P., Maraschek, M., Martens, C., Martin Oberkofler, Marrelli, L., Martitsch, A., Mastrostefano, S., Mayer, A., Mayer, M., Mazon, D., Mccarthy, P. J., Mcdermott, R., Meisl, G., Meister, H., Medvedeva, A., Merkel, P., Merkel, R., Merle, A., Mertens, V., Meshcheriakov, D., Meyer, H., Meyer, O., Miettunen, J., Milanesio, D., Mink, F., Mlynek, A., Monaco, F., Moon, C., Nazikian, R., Nemes-Czopf, A., Neu, G., Neu, R., Nielsen, A. H., Nielsen, S. K., Nikolaeva, V., Nocente, M., Noterdaeme, J. -M, Nowak, S., Oberkofler, M., Oberparleiter, M., Ochoukov, R., Odstrcil, T., Olsen, J., Orain, F., Palermo, F., Papp, G., Perez, I. Paradela, Pautasso, G., Enzel, F., Petersson, P., Pinzon, J., Piovesan, P., Piron, C., Plaum, B., Plockl, B., Plyusnin, V., Pokol, G., Poli, E., Porte, L., Potzel, S., Prisiazhniuk, D., Putterich, T., Ramisch, M., Rapson, C., Rasmussen, J., Raupp, G., Refy, D., Reich, M., Reimold, F., Ribeiro, T., Riedl, R., Rittich, D., Rocchi, G., Rodriguez-Ramos, M., Rohde, V., Ross, A., Rott, M., Rubel, M., Ryan, D., Ryter, F., Saarelma, S., Salewski, M., Salmi, A., Sanchis-Sanchez, L., Santos, G., Santos, J., Sauter, O., Scarabosio, A., Schall, G., Schmid, K., Schmitz, O., Schneider, P. A., Schneller, M., Schrittwieser, R., Schubert, M., Schwarz-Selinger, T., Schweinzer, J., Scott, B., Sehmer, T., Sertoli, M., Shabbir, A., Shalpegin, A., Shao, L., Sharapov, S., Siccinio, M., Sieglin, B., Sigalov, A., Silva, A., Silva, C., Simon, P., Simpson, J., Snicker, A., Sommariva, C., Sozzi, C., Spolaore, M., Stejner, M., Stober, J., Stobbe, F., Stroth, U., Strumberger, E., Suarez, G., Sugiyama, K., Sun, H. -J, Suttrop, W., Szepesi, T., Tal, B., Tala, T., Tardini, G., Tardocchi, M., Terranova, D., Tierens, W., Told, D., Tudisco, O., Trevisan, G., Treutterer, W., Trier, E., Tripsky, M., Valisa, M., Valovic, M., Vanovac, B., Varela, P., Varoutis, S., Verdoolaege, G., Vezinet, D., Vianello, N., Vicente, J., Vierle, T., Viezzer, E., Toussaint, U., Wagner, D., Wang, N., Wang, X., Weidl, M., Weiland, M., White, A. E., Willensdorfer, M., Wiringer, B., Wischmeier, M., Wolf, R., Wolfrum, E., Xiang, L., Yang, Q., Yang, Z., Yu, Q., Zagorski, R., Zammuto, I., Zarzoso, D., Zhang, W., Zeeland, M., Zehetbauer, T., Zilker, M., Zoletnik, S., Zohm, H., Team, Asdex Upgrade, Team, Eurofusion Mst, Institute of Forest Botany, Georg-August-University [Göttingen], Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Eindhoven] (DIFFER), Institute of Applied Physics (IFA - CSIC), GRIDSEN, IPFN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (IST), Institut de biologie et chimie des protéines [Lyon] (IBCP), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Univ Tennessee, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, The University of Tennessee [Knoxville], Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), CEA Cadarache, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Department of Information Technology (INTEC), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Institut für Geophysik [Clausthal-Zellerfeld], Technische Universität Clausthal (TU Clausthal), Association EURATOM-ÖAW, University of Innsbruck, Institut für Plasmaforschung [Stuttgart] (IPF), Universität Stuttgart [Stuttgart], Institute of Plasma Physics, Association Euratom/IPP.CR (IPP PRAGUE), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School [Worcester] (UMASS), University of Massachusetts System (UMASS)-University of Massachusetts System (UMASS), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Torino and INFN (DF_TORINO), Dipartimento di Fisica infi & Università di Torino, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Institut d'Electronique du Solide et des Systèmes (InESS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences des Procédés et des Matériaux (LSPM), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Institut Galilée-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for World Forestry, Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute, Sygen International Plc, Genus Plc, Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes (IBMP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik [Kiel] (IEAP), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Department of Experimental Medical Science, AUTRES, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik [Garching] (IPP), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Euratom/CCFE Fusion Association, Atomic Energy Research Institute [Budapest], Centre for Energy Research [Budapest] (MTAE), Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA)-Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux et Procédés (SIMaP), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG), ENEA C.R. Frascati, Via E. Fermi, 45, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy, affiliation inconnue, Department of Radiology, St. James's Hospital, Dept of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Database group, Computer Science and engeenering Department [San Diego] (DB CSE UCSD), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, F. Hoffmann-La RocheAG, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Eindhoven] ( DIFFER ), Institute of Applied Physics ( IFA - CSIC ), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa ( IST ), Institut de Microélectronique, Electromagnétisme et Photonique - Laboratoire d'Hyperfréquences et Caractérisation ( IMEP-LAHC ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Savoie Mont Blanc ( USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] ) -Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble ( INPG ) -Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology ( Grenoble INP ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ), Institut de biologie et chimie des protéines [Lyon] ( IBCP ), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland ( VTT ), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung ( AWI ), Laboratoire de Science et Génie des Matériaux et de Métallurgie ( LSG2M ), Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy 1 ( UHP ) -Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine ( INPL ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ), Department of Information Technology ( INTEC ), Ghent University [Belgium] ( UGENT ), Institut fur Geophysical, IPF, Institute of Plasma Physics, Association Euratom/IPP.CR ( IPP PRAGUE ), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] ( ASCR ), University of Massachusetts Medical School [Worcester] ( UMASS ), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique ( IRFM ), Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Torino and INFN ( DF_TORINO ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut d'Electronique du Solide et des Systèmes ( InESS ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut Jean Lamour ( IJL ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Laboratoire des Sciences des Procédés et des Matériaux ( LSPM ), Université Paris 13 ( UP13 ) -Université Sorbonne Paris Cité ( USPC ) -Institut Galilée-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes ( IBMP ), Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), IEAP, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel ( CAU ), Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik [Garching] ( IPP ), J. W. Goethe-University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences KFKI Atomic Energy Research Institute, Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux et Procédés ( SIMaP ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology ( Grenoble INP ) -Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble ( INPG ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ), Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire - Clermont-Ferrand ( LPC ), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 ( UBP ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), university college cork, University College Cork ( UCC ), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule [Zürich] ( ETH Zürich ), Database group, Computer Science and engeenering Department [San Diego] ( DB CSE UCSD ), University of California [San Diego] ( UC San Diego ), Aguiam, D, Aho-Mantila, L, Angioni, C, Arden, N, Parra, R, Asunta, O, Debaar, M, Balden, M, Behler, K, Bergmann, A, Bernardo, J, Bernert, M, Beurskens, M, Biancalani, A, Bilato, R, Birkenmeier, G, Bobkov, V, Bock, A, Bogomolov, A, Bolzonella, T, Boeswirth, B, Bottereau, C, Bottino, A, Van den Brand, H, Brezinsek, S, Brida, D, Brochard, F, Bruhn, C, Buchanan, J, Buhler, A, Burckhart, A, Cambon-Silva, D, Camenen, Y, Carvalho, P, Carrasco, G, Cazzaniga, C, Carr, M, Carralero, D, Casali, L, Castaldo, C, Cavedon, M, Challis, C, Chankin, A, Chapman, I, Clairet, F, Classen, I, Coda, S, Coelho, R, Coenen, J, Colas, L, Conway, G, Costea, S, Coster, D, Croci, G, Cseh, G, Czarnecka, A, D'Arcangelo, O, Day, C, Delogu, R, de Marne, P, Denk, S, Denner, P, Dibon, M, D'Inca, R, Disiena, A, Douai, D, Drenik, A, Drube, R, Dunne, M, Duval, B, Dux, R, Eich, T, Elgeti, S, Engelhardt, K, Erdos, B, Erofeev, I, Esposito, B, Fable, E, Faitsch, M, Fantz, U, Faugel, H, Felici, F, Fietz, S, Figueredo, A, Fischer, R, Ford, O, Frassinetti, L, Freethy, S, Froeschle, M, Fuchert, G, Fuchs, J, Fuenfgelder, H, Galazka, K, Galdon-Quiroga, J, Gallo, A, Gao, Y, Garavaglia, S, Garcia-Munoz, M, Geiger, B, Cianfarani, C, Giannone, L, Giovannozzi, E, Gleason-Gonzalez, C, Gloeggler, S, Gobbin, M, Goerler, T, Goodman, T, Gorini, G, Gradic, D, Graeter, A, Granucci, G, Greuner, H, Griener, M, Groth, M, Gude, A, Guenter, S, Guimarais, L, Haas, G, Hakola, A, Ham, C, Happel, T, Harrison, J, Hatch, D, Hauer, V, Hayward, T, Heinemann, B, Heinzel, S, Hellsten, T, Henderson, S, Hennequin, P, Herrmann, A, Heyn, E, Hitzler, F, Hobirk, J, Hoelzl, M, Hoeschen, T, Holm, J, Hopf, C, Hoppe, F, Horvath, L, Houben, A, Huber, A, Igochine, V, Ilkei, T, Ivanova-Stanik, I, Jacob, W, Jacobsen, A, Jacquot, J, Janky, F, Jardin, A, Jaulmes, F, Jenko, F, Jensen, T, Joffrin, E, Kaesemann, C, Kallenbach, A, Kalvin, S, Kantor, M, Kappatou, A, Kardaun, O, Karhunen, J, Kasilov, S, Kernbichler, W, Kim, D, Kimmig, S, Kirk, A, Klingshirn, H, Koch, F, Kocsis, G, Koehn, A, Kraus, M, Krieger, K, Krivska, A, Kraemr-Flecken, A, Kurki-Suonio, T, Kurzan, B, Lackner, K, Laggner, F, Lang, P, Lauber, P, Lazanyi, N, Lazaros, A, Lebschy, A, Li, L, Li, M, Liang, Y, Lipschultz, B, Liu, Y, Lohs, A, Luhmann, N, Lunt, T, Lyssoivan, A, Madsen, J, Maier, H, Maj, O, Mailloux, J, Maljaars, E, Manas, P, Mancini, A, Manhard, A, Manso, M, Mantica, P, Mantsinen, M, Manz, P, Maraschek, M, Martens, C, Martin, P, Marrelli, L, Martitsch, A, Mastrostefano, S, Mayer, A, Mayer, M, Mazon, D, Mccarthy, P, Mcdermott, R, Meisl, G, Meister, H, Medvedeva, A, Merkel, P, Merkel, R, Merle, A, Mertens, V, Meshcheriakov, D, Meyer, H, Meyer, O, Miettunen, J, Milanesio, D, Mink, F, Mlynek, A, Monaco, F, Moon, C, Nazikian, R, Nemes-Czopf, A, Neu, G, Neu, R, Nielsen, A, Nielsen, S, Nikolaeva, V, Nocente, M, Noterdaeme, J, Nowak, S, Oberkofler, M, Oberparleiter, M, Ochoukov, R, Odstrcil, T, Olsen, J, Orain, F, Palermo, F, Papp, G, Paradela Perez, I, Pautasso, G, Enzel, F, Petersson, P, Pinzon, J, Piovesan, P, Piron, C, Plaum, B, Ploeckl, B, Plyusnin, V, Pokol, G, Poli, E, Porte, L, Potzel, S, Prisiazhniuk, D, Puetterich, T, Ramisch, M, Rapson, C, Rasmussen, J, Raupp, G, Refy, D, Reich, M, Reimold, F, Ribeiro, T, Riedl, R, Rittich, D, Rocchi, G, Rodriguez-Ramos, M, Rohde, V, Ross, A, Rott, M, Rubel, M, Ryan, D, Ryter, F, Saarelma, S, Salewski, M, Salmi, A, Sanchis-Sanchez, L, Santos, G, Santos, J, Sauter, O, Scarabosio, A, Schall, G, Schmid, K, Schmitz, O, Schneider, P, Schneller, M, Schrittwieser, R, Schubert, M, Schwarz-Selinger, T, Schweinzer, J, Scott, B, Sehmer, T, Sertoli, M, Shabbir, A, Shalpegin, A, Shao, L, Sharapov, S, Siccinio, M, Sieglin, B, Sigalov, A, Silva, A, Silva, C, Simon, P, Simpson, J, Snicker, A, Sommariva, C, Sozzi, C, Spolaore, M, Stejner, M, Stober, J, Stobbe, F, Stroth, U, Strumberger, E, Suarez, G, Sugiyama, K, Sun, H, Suttrop, W, Szepesi, T, Tal, B, Tala, T, Tardini, G, Tardocchi, M, Terranova, D, Tierens, W, Told, D, Tudisco, O, Trevisan, G, Treutterer, W, Trier, E, Tripsky, M, Valisa, M, Valovic, M, Vanovac, B, Varela, P, Varoutis, S, Verdoolaege, G, Vezinet, D, Vianello, N, Vicente, J, Vierle, T, Viezzer, E, von Toussaint, U, Wagner, D, Wang, N, Wang, X, Weidl, M, Weil, White, A, Willensdorfer, M, Wiringer, B, Wischmeier, M, Wolf, R, Wolfrum, E, Xiang, L, Yang, Q, Yang, Z, Yu, Q, Zagorski, R, Zammuto, I, Zarzoso, D, Zhang, W, van Zeeland, M, Zehetbauer, T, Zilker, M, Zoletnik, S, Zohm, H, Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), York Plasma Institute (YPI), University of York [York, UK], EURATOM/CCFE Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre [Abingdon], Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, EURATOM-ENEA-CNR Association, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck - University of Innsbruck, Institute of Plasma Physics [Praha], Association EURATOM-TEKES, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland, Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear [Lisboa] (IPFN), Institute of Atomic Physics, Université de Roumanie, FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics (AMOLF), FOM Institute DIFFER - Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, The Netherlands, Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (CCFE), University College Cork (UCC), Italian National agency for new technologies, Energy and sustainable economic development [Frascati] (ENEA), KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics (KFKI-RMKI), National Technical University of Athens [Athens] (NTUA), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering [Univ California San Diego] (MAE - UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), General Atomics [San Diego], Ricerca Formazione Innovazione (Consorzio RFX), Warsaw University of Technology [Warsaw], Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires ( PIIM ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne ( EPFL ), Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas ( LPP ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Observatoire de Paris-École polytechnique ( X ) -Sorbonne Universités-PSL Research University ( PSL ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), York Plasma Institute ( YPI ), Culham Science Centre, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] ( CNR ), Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Sevilla. RNM138: Física Nuclear Aplicada, IST, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Max Planck Inst Astrophys, Max Planck Society, Department of Applied Physics, TEC, JET EFDA, Culham Sci Ctr, Technische Universität München, Consorzio RFX, IRFM, Assoc EURATOM FZJ, Euratom, Julich Research Center, Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Energy & Climate Res, University of Lorraine, ENEA, Istituto Fisica del Plasma 'Piero Caldirola' (IFP-CNR), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Innsbruck Medical University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plasma Physics & Laser Microfusion (IFPiLM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Swedish Research Council (VR), General Atomics & Affiliated Companies, University of Sevilla, University of Texas at Austin, Max Planck Comp & Data Facil, Ecole Polytechnique, Hochschule der Medien, Technical University of Denmark, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, University of California at Santa Barbara, School services, SCI, LPP-ERM/KMS EURATOM Association, Vienna University of Technology, Assoc EURATOM Hellen Republ, NCSR Demokritos, IPP, York University, CCFE Fusion Assoc, BSC, Univ Coll Cork UCC, Princeton University, Ghent University, Chinese Acad Sci, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Natl Astron Observ, Department of Radio Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Univ Aix Marseille 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Aix-Marseille, Universite de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, UMR 6098, CNRS, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Plasma Science and Fusion Center, White, Anne E., Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Arslanbekov, R, Atanasiu, C, Becker, G, Becker, W, Behringer, K, Bolshukhin, D, Borrass, K, Brambilla, M, Braun, F, Carlson, A, Egorov, S, Fahrbach, H, Finken, K, Foley, M, Franzen, P, Gafert, J, Fournier, K, Gantenbein, G, Gehre, O, Geier, A, Gernhardt, J, Gruber, O, Gunter, S, Hartmann, D, Heger, B, Hofmeister, F, Hohenocker, H, Horton, L, Jacchia, A, Jakobi, M, Kaufmann, M, Keller, A, Kendl, A, Kim, J, Kirov, K, Kochergov, R, Kollotzek, H, Kraus, W, Lasnier, C, Laux, M, Leonard, A, Leuterer, F, Lorenz, A, Lorenzini, R, Maggi, C, Mank, K, Martines, E, Mast, K, Meisel, D, Meo, F, Merkl, D, Muck, A, Muller, H, Munich, M, Murmann, H, Na, Y, Neuhauser, J, Nguyen, F, Nishijima, D, Nishimura, Y, Nunes, I, Peeters, A, Pereverzev, G, Pinches, S, Proschek, M, Pugno, R, Quigley, E, Roth, J, Sandmann, W, Savtchkov, A, Schade, S, Schilling, H, Schneider, W, Schramm, G, Schwarz, E, Schweizer, S, Seidel, U, Serra, F, Sesnic, S, Sihler, C, Sips, A, Speth, E, Stabler, A, Steuer, K, Streibl, B, Tabasso, A, Tanga, A, Tichmann, C, Troppmann, M, Urano, H, Vollmer, O, Wenzel, U, Wesner, F, Westerhof, E, Wursching, E, Yoon, S, Zasche, D, Zehrfeld, H, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, ASDEX Upgrade Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society, EUROfusion MST1 Team, Adamek, J, Aho Mantila, L, Akaslompolo, S, Amdor, C, Bardin, S, Orte, L, Belonohy, E, Boom, J, Brochard, T, Bruedgam, M, Casson, F, Curran, D, da Silva, F, Eixenberger, H, Endstrasser, N, Gal, K, Munoz, M, da Graca, S, Hangan, D, Haertl, T, Hauff, T, Hoehnle, H, Ionita, C, Janzer, A, Kasparek, W, Kocan, M, Konz, C, Koslowski, R, Kubic, M, Kurki Suonio, T, Leipold, F, Lindig, S, Lisgo, S, Makkonen, T, Mehlmann, F, Menchero, L, Merz, F, Mueller, S, Mueller, H, Muenich, M, Neuwirth, D, Nold, B, Podoba, Y, Pompon, F, Polozhiy, K, Pueschel, M, Rathgeber, S, Rooij, G, Sauter, P, Sempf, M, Sommer, F, Staebler, A, Teschke, M, Tsalas, M, Van Zeeland, M, Veres, G, Viola, B, Vorpahl, C, Wachowski, M, Wauters, T, Weller, A, Wenninger, R, Wieland, B, Wuersching, E, Zhang, Y, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Max Planck IPP-EURATOM Assoziation, Universidade de Lisboa, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, Technical University of Munich, IRFM-CEA, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Université de Lorraine, and École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Materials science, Energies [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], 114 Physical sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Electron cyclotron resonance, H-MODE DISCHARGES, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, ASDEX Upgrade, overview, ASDEX Upgrade, law, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], Physics::Plasma Physics, ITER, 0103 physical sciences, Fusió nuclear, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, 010306 general physics, tokamak, DEMO, tokamak physic, Fusion reactions, nuclear fusion, Divertor, Magnetic confinement fusion, [ SPI.GPROC ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, [ PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], Fusion power, Condensed Matter Physics, ___, Plasma parameter, Plasma diagnostics, Atomic physics, tokamak physics
Abstract

The ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) programme is directed towards physics input to critical elements of the ITER design and the preparation of ITER operation, as well as addressing physics issues for a future DEMO design. Since 2015, AUG is equipped with a new pair of 3-strap ICRF antennas, which were designed for a reduction of tungsten release during ICRF operation. As predicted, a factor two reduction on the ICRF-induced W plasma content could be achieved by the reduction of the sheath voltage at the antenna limiters via the compensation of the image currents of the central and side straps in the antenna frame. There are two main operational scenario lines in AUG. Experiments with low collisionality, which comprise current drive, ELM mitigation/suppression and fast ion physics, are mainly done with freshly boronized walls to reduce the tungsten influx at these high edge temperature conditions. Full ELM suppression and non-inductive operation up to a plasma current of I p = 0.8 MA could be obtained at low plasma density. Plasma exhaust is studied under conditions of high neutral divertor pressure and separatrix electron density, where a fresh boronization is not required. Substantial progress could be achieved for the understanding of the confinement degradation by strong D puffing and the improvement with nitrogen or carbon seeding. Inward/outward shifts of the electron density profile relative to the temperature profile effect the edge stability via the pressure profile changes and lead to improved/decreased pedestal performance. Seeding and D gas puffing are found to effect the core fueling via changes in a region of high density on the high field side (HFSHD). The integration of all above mentioned operational scenarios will be feasible and naturally obtained in a large device where the edge is more opaque for neutrals and higher plasma temperatures provide a lower collisionality. The combination of exhaust control with pellet fueling has been successfully demonstrated. High divertor enrichment values of nitrogen E N ⩾ 10 have been obtained during pellet injection, which is a prerequisite for the simultaneous achievement of good core plasma purity and high divertor radiation levels. Impurity accumulation observed in the all-metal AUG device caused by the strong neoclassical inward transport of tungsten in the pedestal is expected to be relieved by the higher neoclassical temperature screening in larger devices.

37. Experimental clues of soft glassy rheology in strained filled elastomers

Author

Luc Piché, Gert Heinrich, Frédéric Livet, Isabelle Morfin, Mark Sutton, Françoise Bley, Françoise Ehrburger-Dolle, MODI, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique [Saint Martin d’Hères] (LIPhy), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux et Procédés (SIMaP), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG), Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Leibniz Association, Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaft, Department of Physics [Montréal], and McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]

Subjects
Materials science, Polymers and Plastics, tensile stress relaxation, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, Elastomer, 01 natural sciences, Power law, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, Rheology, Ultimate tensile strength, Materials Chemistry, filled elastomers, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Composite material, chemistry.chemical_classification, Nanocomposite, Polymer, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, soft glassy rheology, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, Exponent, Relaxation (physics), 0210 nano-technology, [PHYS.COND.CM-SCM]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Soft Condensed Matter [cond-mat.soft]
Abstract

Tensile stress-relaxation measurements have been performed on a series of cross-linked filled elastomers. The fillers are chosen to investigate the effect of the filler–filler and the filler–matrix interactions on the time dependence of the tensile relaxation modulus E(t) after UP and DOWN jumps. For the carbon black-filled sample (strong filler–elastomer interaction) E(t) decreases as log(t) when the strain e is strictly larger than 0.2 and reached by UP jumps. For the silica-filled samples in the same conditions, and for all samples after a DOWN jump, including e = 0.2, the experimental data can be fitted with a power law equation characterized by the exponent m. Thus, in all cases, |dE(t)/dt| scales as t−α with α ⩵ m + 1. Pertinence of the soft glassy rheology model for interpreting these results is examined. It is shown that α could be equivalent to the effective noise temperature x and related to the polymer chain mobility. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014, 52, 647–656

Published
2014

38. Magnetic-field assisted performance of InGaAs/GaAsSb terahertz quantum cascade lasers

Author

Christoph Deutsch, Gottfried Strasser, Karl Unterrainer, Louis-Anne de Vaulchier, Yves Guldner, Michael Krall, Tobias Zederbauer, Simon Maëro, Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain (LPA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut fur Photonik und Festkoerperelectronik (IPF), Technishe Universitat Wien, Institute for Solid State Electronics, Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and de Vaulchier, Louis-Anne

Subjects
Materials science, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), business.industry, Terahertz radiation, Far-infrared laser, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS] Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Terahertz spectroscopy and technology, Semiconductor laser theory, Photomixing, Optics, Quantum dot laser, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Optoelectronics, 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology, Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, business, Quantum well
Abstract

International audience; We report on a magnetic-field investigation of a In0:53Ga0:47As=GaAs0:51Sb0:49 terahertz quantum cascade laser. Owing to the suppression of inter-Landau level non-radiative scattering, the device performances are strongly improved at high magnetic field. Working temperature up to 190K and current threshold of 450A=cm2 are measured at 11 teslas, comparable to the state-of-the-art GaAs/AlGaAs terahertz lasers. The nominally symmetric three-well structure presents significantly better performance with negative bias polarisation because of the inverted-interface roughness impact on the laser action.

Published
2013

39. Waveguide saturable absorbers at 1.55 μm based on intraband transitions in GaN/AlN QDs

Author

L. Monteagudo-Lerma, Eva Monroy, Pedro Corredera, Miguel Gonzalez-Herraez, S. Valdueza-Felip, G. Strasser, Fernando B. Naranjo, Eirini Sarigiannidou, Laetitia Rapenne, Universidad de Alcalá. Departamento de Electrónica, Service de Physique des Matériaux et Microstructures (SP2M - UMR 9002), Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie (INAC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Departamento de Electronica, Grupo de Ingenieria Fotonica, Universidad de Alcalá - University of Alcalá (UAH), Instituto de Fisica Aplicada, CSIC. C/Serrano, Laboratoire des matériaux et du génie physique (LMGP ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut fur Photonik und Festkoerperelectronik (IPF), Technishe Universitat Wien, and Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Technology, Materials science, Fabrication, Scanning electron microscope, Optical power, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Transmittance, TECHNOLOGY, Ciencias tecnológicas, Saturation (magnetic), 010302 applied physics, business.industry, All-optical devices, Cross-phase modulation, Semiconductor nonlinear optics including MQW, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, 3. Good health, Transmission electron microscopy, Optoelectronics, CIENCIAS TECNOLÓGICAS, Electrónica, Electronics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Waveguide, Waveguides
Abstract

We report on the design, fabrication and optical characterization of GaN/AlN quantum-dot-based waveguides for all-optical switching via intraband absorption saturation at 1.55 μm. The transmittance of the TMpolarized light increases with the incident optical power due to the saturation of the s-p z intraband absorption in the QDs. Single-mode waveguides with a ridge width of 2 μm and a length of 1.5 mm display 10 dB absorption saturation of the TM-polarized light for an input pulse energy of 8 p J and 150 fs. © 2013 Optical Society of America., This work was supported by Spanish Government Project TEC2012-37958-C02-01, Comunidad de Madrid Project S2009/ESP-178, and the EU Marie Curie IEF ‘SolarIn’ (#331745), and EU ERC-StG ‘TeraGaN’ (#278428) projects.

Published
2013

40. Intelligent materials with adaptive adhesion properties based on comb-like polymer brushes

Author

Manfred Stamm, Cornelia Bellmann, E. Svetushkina, Frank Simon, Costantino Creton, Leonid Ionov, Alla Synytska, David Martina, Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft [Dresden] (HTW Dresden ), Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Leibniz Association, Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle (SIMM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)

Subjects
Materials science, STREAMING CURRENT, 02 engineering and technology, macromolecular substances, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Polyethylene Glycols, Contact angle, chemistry.chemical_compound, ROUGH SURFACES, THIN-FILMS, Polymer chemistry, Electrochemistry, Copolymer, Surface roughness, PARTICLES, General Materials Science, Dimethylpolysiloxanes, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], Spectroscopy, chemistry.chemical_classification, [PHYS]Physics [physics], PRESSURE-SENSITIVE-ADHESIVES, technology, industry, and agriculture, TACK, Adhesiveness, Surfaces and Interfaces, Adhesion, Polymer, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 0104 chemical sciences, COPOLYMACROMONOMERS, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Wettability, Adhesive, 0210 nano-technology, Layer (electronics), Ethylene glycol, [PHYS.COND.CM-SCM]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Soft Condensed Matter [cond-mat.soft]
Abstract

International audience; We investigated the adaptive adhesion properties of comb-like random copolymer brushes made of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) grafted on flat and rough substrates. The properties of the brush layers were investigated using ARXPS, contact angle, electrokinetics, null ellipsometry, and adhesion measurements. It was found that hydrophobic PDMS segments segregate at the brush topmost layer in the dry state. However, hydrophilic PEG chains segregate at the brush topmost layer in the wet state. The adhesion properties of fabricated materials were tested using the AFM colloid probe technique and probe tack tester. It was found that the adhesive properties depend strongly on the mechanical properties (stiff/soft) and chemical functionality (hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity) of the applied adhesion tester as well as on the chemical composition, surface roughness, and thickness of the brush. In particular, hydrophobic PDMS and hydrophilic PEG adhere more strongly to hydrophobically modified and hydrophilic native colloid probes, respectively. Thick brushes are more adhesive than thin ones, and brushes grafted to flat substrates are stickier than those grafted to rough substrates when measured with a hard AFM probe. Unlike the results of adhesion measurements performed using hard AFM probes, the PDMS surface probed by soft pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA) is almost nonadhesive. However, PEG is strongly adhesive, and the adhesion increases with the PEG fraction in the brush when probed by both hydrophilic and hydrophobic soft adhesives. The surfaces roughness also has a considerable effect on adhesion. Contrary to the adhesion measurements performed by hard AFM colloid probes, the adhesion of rough surfaces measured with a soft PAA or SIS tack tester is greater than that on the corresponding flat one.

Published
2012

41. XPCS Investigation of the Dynamics of Filler Particles in Stretched Filled Elastomers

Author

Isabelle Morfin, Françoise Bley, Mark Sutton, Françoise Ehrburger-Dolle, Frédéric Livet, Luc Piché, Gert Heinrich, Sven Richter, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique [Saint Martin d’Hères] (LIPhy), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux et Procédés (SIMaP), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Leibniz Association, Department of Physics [Montréal], and McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]

Subjects
Filler (packaging), Materials science, Polymers and Plastics, Organic Chemistry, Dynamics (mechanics), 02 engineering and technology, Carbon black, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Elastomer, 01 natural sciences, Inorganic Chemistry, Dynamic light scattering, 0103 physical sciences, Nano, Materials Chemistry, Relaxation (physics), Ballistic motion, Composite material, 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

International audience; The complexity of the mechanical behavior of filled elastomers can be partly attributed to the fact that the duration of an applied strain plays a crucial role. In order to bring new insights into this still incompletely solved problem, we look for relationships between the macroscopic mechanical relaxation and the relaxation of the filler particles at the nano-to mesoscale. To this end, X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) in homodyne and heterodyne configurations combined with tensile stress relaxation is employed. The paper is devoted to the study of the role of the filler filler and the filler matrix interactions in a cross-linked,elastomer on the aging mechanisms under strain. The fillers investigated are carbon black, as an example of strong filler matrix interactions, and hydroxylated silica for which the filler filler interaction is strong (H-bonds). Homodyne XPCS correlation reveals features of jammed systems (compressed exponential and ballistic motion) for both systems. The exponents characterizing the aging of the homodyne relaxation times are not the same in the carbon black and in the silica filled samples. For both systems, the decrease of the particle velocity determined by heterodyne detection with aging time follows a power law. The silica sample is characterized by a slow decrease of the velocity during aging. For the carbon black sample, the velocity remains small and decreases faster than for the silica sample. The reverse is observed for the behavior of the tensile force.

Published
2012

42. Electrohydrodynamics of soft polyelectrolyte multilayers: point of zero-streaming current

Author

David Küttner, Jérôme F. L. Duval, Ralf Zimmermann, Carsten Werner, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), and Leibniz Association

Subjects
Langmuir, Surface Properties, Analytical chemistry, 02 engineering and technology, Electrolyte, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Streaming current, Electrokinetic phenomena, Electrolytes, Electrochemistry, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, General Materials Science, Thin film, Particle Size, Spectroscopy, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Chemistry, Charge density, Membranes, Artificial, Surfaces and Interfaces, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Polyelectrolyte, 0104 chemical sciences, Chemical physics, Hydrodynamics, Electrohydrodynamics, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

We report a comprehensive formalism for the electrokinetics (streaming current, I(str)) at soft multilayered polyelectrolyte films. These assemblies generally consist of a succession of permeable diffuse layers that differ in charge density, thickness, and hydrodynamic softness. The model, which extends one that we recently reported for the electrokinetics of monolayered soft thin films (Langmuir 2010, 26, 18169-18181), is valid without any restriction in the number and thickness of layers, or in the degree of dissociation and density of ionizable groups they carry. It further covers the limiting cases of hard and free draining films and correctly compares to semianalytical expressions derived for I(str) under conditions where the Debye-Hückel approximation applies. The flexibility of the theory is illustrated by simulations of I(str) for a two-layer assembly of cationic and anionic polymers over a large range of pH values and electrolyte concentrations. On this basis, it is shown that the point of zero streaming current (PZSC) of soft multilayered interphases, defined by the pH value where I(str) = 0, generally depends on the concentration of the (indifferent) electrolyte. The magnitude and direction of the shift in PZSC with varying salinity are intrinsically governed by the dissymmetry in protolytic characteristics and density of dissociable groups within each layer constituting the film, together with the respective film thickness and hydrodynamic softness. The fundamental effects covered by the theory are illustrated by streaming current measurements performed on two practically relevant systems, a polyelectrolyte bilayer prepared from poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and a polymer-cushioned (PEI) bilayer lipid membrane.

Published
2011

43. Highly conducting poly(methyl methacrylate) / carbon nanotubes composites: Investigation on their thermal, dynamic-mechanical, electrical and dielectric properties

Author

Emmanuel Logakis, C. Pandis, Petra Pötschke, Polycarpos Pissis, J. Pionteck, National Technical University of Athens [Athens] (NTUA), Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), and Leibniz Association

Subjects
Materials science, 02 engineering and technology, Dielectric, Carbon nanotube, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, chemistry.chemical_compound, Crystallinity, Differential scanning calorimetry, law, Composite material, Methyl methacrylate, B. Electrical properties, B. Thermomechanical properties, Nanocomposite, General Engineering, Percolation threshold, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Poly(methyl methacrylate), 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, visual_art, A. Carbon Nanotubes, Ceramics and Composites, visual_art.visual_art_medium, 0210 nano-technology, A. Nano composites
Abstract

Nanocomposites of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) containing various multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) contents were prepared using melt mixing. Several techniques were employed to study the influence of the MWCNT addition on the thermal, mechanical, electrical and dielectric properties of the PMMA matrix. The electrical percolation threshold ( p c ) was found to be 0.5 vol.% by performing AC and DC conductivity measurements. Significantly high conductivity levels ( σ dc ) were achieved: σ dc exceeds 10 −2 S/cm already at 1.1 vol.%, the criterion for EMI shielding ( σ dc > 10 −1 S/cm) is fulfilled at 2.9 vol.%, and the highest loaded sample (5.2 vol.%) gave a maximum value of 0.5 S/cm. Dielectric relaxation spectroscopy measurements in broad frequency (10 −1 −10 6 Hz) and temperature ranges (−150 to 170 °C) indicated weak polymer–filler interactions, in consistency with differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic-mechanical analysis findings. Weak polymer–filler interactions and absence of crystallinity facilitate the achievement of high conductivity levels in the nanocomposites.

Published
2011

44. Electrokinetics of a poly(N-isopropylacrylamid-co-carboxyacrylamid) soft thin film: evidence of diffuse segment distribution in the swollen state

Author

Martin Kaufmann, Ralf Zimmermann, Jérôme F. L. Duval, Carsten Werner, Dirk Kuckling, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), and Leibniz Association

Subjects
Polymers, Surface Properties, Analytical chemistry, Acrylic Resins, 02 engineering and technology, Electrolyte, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Streaming current, Surface conductivity, Electrokinetic phenomena, Electrolytes, Ellipsometry, medicine, Electrochemistry, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, General Materials Science, Thin film, Spectroscopy, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, chemistry.chemical_classification, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Acrylamides, Models, Statistical, Chemistry, Electric Conductivity, Surfaces and Interfaces, Polymer, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 0104 chemical sciences, Kinetics, Hydrodynamics, Salts, Swelling, medicine.symptom, 0210 nano-technology, Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
Abstract

Streaming current measurements were performed on poly(N-isopropylacrylamid-co-carboxyacrylamid) (PNiPAAM-co-carboxyAAM) soft thin films over a broad range of pH and salt concentration (pH 2.5-10, 0.1-10 mM KCl) at a constant temperature of 22 °C. The films are negatively charged because of the ionization of the carboxylic acid groups in the repeat unit of the copolymer. For a given salt concentration, the absolute value of the streaming current exhibits an unconventional, nonmonotonous dependence on pH with the presence of a maximum at pH ∼6.4. This maximum is most pronounced at low electrolyte concentration and gradually disappears with increasing salinity. Complementary ellipsometry data further reveal that the average film thickness increases by a factor of ∼2.2 with increasing pH over the whole range of salt concentration examined. The larger the solution salt concentration, the lower the pH value where expansion of the hydrogel layer starts to take place. The dependence of film thickness on pH and electrolyte concentration remarkably follows that obtained for surface conductivity. The streaming current and surface conductivity results could be consistently interpreted on a quantitative basis using the theory we previously derived for the electrokinetics of charged diffuse (heterogeneous) soft thin films complemented here by the derivation of a general expression for the surface conductivity of such systems. In particular, the maximum in streaming current versus pH is unambiguously attributed to the presence of an interphasial gradient in polymer segment density following the heterogeneous expansion of the chains within the film upon swelling with increasing pH. A quantitative inspection of the data further suggests that pK values of ionogenic groups in the film as derived from the streaming current and surface conductivity data differ by ∼0.9 pH unit. Such a difference is attributed to the impact of position-dependent hydrophobicity across the film on the degree of ionization of carboxylic sites.

Published
2010

45. On the applicability of the Brinkman equation in soft surface electrokinetics

Author

Ralf Zimmermann, Jérôme F. L. Duval, Carsten Werner, Stanislav S. Dukhin, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Leibniz Association, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Terre et Environnement de Lorraine (OTELo), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Surface Properties, Thermodynamics, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Biomaterials, Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Shear stress, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Boundary value problem, Viscous stress tensor, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Darcy's law, Chemistry, Mechanics, Stokes flow, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Kinetics, Models, Chemical, Brinkman number, 0210 nano-technology, Porous medium, Shear flow, Porosity, Algorithms
Abstract

The Stokes equation is commonly used within the field of electrokinetics of hard impermeable surfaces while the Brinkman equation is adopted for tackling hydrodynamics in the framework of soft (permeable) surface electrokinetics (SSE). The latter was initially proposed for modeling the hydrodynamics in so-called hybrid systems that consist of a porous medium and an adjacent fluid phase basically because the conventional Darcy law or Debye and Bueche model initially proposed for that purpose failed to provide the required velocity and shear stress-continuity conditions at the porous media-fluid interface. However, even though the physical background of the Brinkman equation and its boundary conditions have been discussed when applied to the hydrodynamics of hybrid systems, controversy still remains with respect to their applicability in the field of SSE. Indeed, recent experiments pointed out better agreement between shear flow into a regular array of rods oriented across the flow and the solution of the Brinkman equation for hybrid systems providing a stress-jump boundary condition is taken into account (M.F. Tachie et al., J. Fluid. Mech. 493 (2003) 319). As there is identity in the Brinkman model for hybrid systems and for SSE, the question arises whether the above discontinuity of viscous stress must be incorporated or not into SSE modeling. Recent determination of hydrodynamic penetration length lambda(o)(-1) of swollen and collapsed thermo-responsive films (J.F.L. Duval, R. Zimmermann, A.L. Cordeiro, N. Rein, C. Werner, Langmuir 25 (2009) 10691) suggests that there is no need for a cardinal revision of the Brinkman model, although further experimental investigations are required to support such a conclusion. With regard to these experiments, almost complete agreement between independent determination of lambda(o)(-1) by swelling experiments and its derivation according to Brinkman model was obtained.

Published
2010

46. Blueshift of intersubband magneto-optical transitions linked to void states of thin barriers in multiple quantum well structures

Author

Francesca Carosella, Gottfried Strasser, Robson Ferreira, Karl Unterrainer, Gérald Bastard, Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain (LPA), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut fur Photonik und Festkoerperelectronik (IPF), Technishe Universitat Wien, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics], Physics, Void (astronomy), Condensed matter physics, Condensed Matter::Other, Superlattice, Multiple quantum, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 02 engineering and technology, Condensed Matter::Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Redshift, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Blueshift, Magneto optical, 0103 physical sciences, Double quantum, 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Quantum well
Abstract

We show by numerical diagonalization that the presence of interface defects leads to a small low-energy redshift of the intersubband magnetoabsorption in single quantum wells but to a large blueshift in double quantum wells with very thin intermediate barrier. The blueshift is associated with states that localize around voids in the thin defective barrier.

Published
2010

47. Power combination of two 140 GHz gyrotrons and fast switching of the combined beam

Author

G. Michel, L. Lubyako, Frank Hollmann, M. Petelin, W. Kasparek, V. Erckmann, F. Noke, D.Yu. Shchegolkov, F. Purps, Y. Koshurinov, ECRH Group at IPP Greifswald, ECRH Group at IPF Stuttgart, ECRH Group at IAP Nizhny Novgorod, ECRH Group at FZK Karlsruhe, and ECRH Group at IFP Milano

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, business.industry, 020209 energy, Mechanical Engineering, Cyclotron, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Electron cyclotron resonance, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Power (physics), law.invention, Resonator, Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Transmission line, law, Gyrotron, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, General Materials Science, business, Diplexer, Beam (structure), Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

Experiments on the combination of the high-power wave beams from two gyrotrons and fast switching of the combined beam between two transmission channels are described. The measurements were performed using a high-power resonator diplexer in the optical transmission line of the electron cyclotron heating system for W7-X. The principle and the engineering design of the prototype four-port quasi-optical diplexer is presented. The wave beams from two gyrotrons with output powers of 370 and 560 kW, respectively, have been combined for pulse lengths up to 10 s, limited only by the uncooled mirrors used in the diplexer. By modulating the gyrotron frequency using a fast high-voltage body modulator, controlled toggling of the combined power between the two outputs of the diplexer was demonstrated with switching frequencies of up to 20 kHz. The experiments are compared to theory, showing good agreement when the limited stability of the free-running gyrotrons is taken into account.

Published
2009

48. Electrokinetics of Diffuse Soft Interfaces. IV. Analysis of Streaming Current Measurements at Thermo-responsive Thin Films

Author

Nelly Rein, Ralf Zimmermann, Jérôme F. L. Duval, Carsten Werner, Ana L. Cordeiro, Laboratoire Environnement et Minéralurgie (LEM), Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine (INPL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Leibniz Association, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, and University of Toronto

Subjects
Hydronium, Polymers, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Static Electricity, Acrylic Resins, Analytical chemistry, Ionic bonding, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate, Streaming current, Diffusion, Electrolytes, Electrokinetic phenomena, chemistry.chemical_compound, Hydroxides, Electrochemistry, General Materials Science, Thin film, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Polytetrafluoroethylene, Spectroscopy, Acrylamides, Aqueous solution, Viscosity, Osmolar Concentration, Temperature, Surfaces and Interfaces, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Poisson–Boltzmann equation, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, Ionic strength, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-CHEM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Chemical Physics [physics.chem-ph], 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

Streaming current measurements were performed on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-co-N-(1-phenylethyl) acrylamide [P(NIPAAm-co-PEAAm)] thermoresponsive thin films above and below the transition temperature of the polymer (i.e., at 22 and 4 degrees C, respectively). Electrokinetic measurements (ionic strength 0.01-10 mM KCl, pH 2.5-9.5 in 1 mM KCl) revealed that the charging of the polymer/aqueous solution interface is determined by unsymmetrical adsorption of hydroxide and hydronium ions onto the Teflon AF substrate that supports the hydrogel film. The magnitude of the streaming current significantly decreased with decreasing temperature, that is, when the hydrogel was swelling. The pH- and ionic strength-dependent data for unswollen and swollen films were interpreted on the basis of the here-reported general theory for the electrokinetics of diffuse soft gel layers. The formalism based on the Debye-Brinkman equation for hydrodynamics and the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation for electrostatics extends previous theoretical studies by considering the most general situation of a charged gel layer supported by a charged rigid surface. Full analytical expression is provided for the streaming current in the limit of homogeneous distribution of segments under low potential conditions. Numerical analysis of the governing transport and electrostatic equations allows for the computation of streaming current for cases where analytical developments are not possible. The theory successfully reproduces the electrokinetic data for the P(NIPAAm-co-PEAAm) copolymer film at 22 and 4 degrees C over the whole range of pH and ionic strength examined. It is found that the 3-fold increase of the hydrogel film thickness with decreasing temperature from 22 to 4 degrees C (i.e., from 23 to 70 nm as measured by ellipsometry), is in line with homogeneous swelling and an increase of the hydrodynamic penetration length (1/lambdao) by a factor of approximately 1.6. Additionally, the hydrodynamic thicknesses (deltaH) of the swollen and unswollen hydrogels are evaluated in terms of their respective hydrodynamic penetration length and electrosurface characteristics of the supporting Teflon AF surface.

Published
2009

49. Two-electron states bound to interface defects in quantum cascade lasers subjected to a strong magnetic field

Author

Karl Unterrainer, Carlo Sirtori, Gottfried Strasser, Robson Ferreira, G. Bastard, Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain (LPA), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques (MPQ (UMR_7162)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Thales Research and Technology [Palaiseau], THALES [France], Institut fur Photonik und Festkoerperelectronik (IPF), Technishe Universitat Wien, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), THALES, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Physics, Condensed matter physics, Phonon, 02 engineering and technology, Electron, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Laser, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Magnetic field, Cascade, law, [PHYS.COND.CM-GEN]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Other [cond-mat.other], 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology, Quantum cascade laser, Quantum, Quantum well
Abstract

The binding of two electrons in interface defects of quantum cascade laser structures is investigated when a strong magnetic field is applied parallel to the growth axis of the structure. We show that this binding is rarely energetically possible. However, we also show that once two electrons are sufficiently far away, they remain in a quasistable state despite the emission of acoustical phonons.

Published
2007

50. Laser-induced-fluorescence observation of ion velocity distribution functions in a plasma sheath

Author

G. Bachet, N. Claire, Fabrice Doveil, Ulrich Stroth, Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut für Plasmaforschung [Stuttgart] (IPF), and Universität Stuttgart [Stuttgart]

Subjects
Physics, Debye sheath, Argon, chemistry.chemical_element, Atmospheric-pressure plasma, Plasma, Electron, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Ion, symbols.namesake, Distribution function, chemistry, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], 0103 physical sciences, symbols, Plasma diagnostics, Atomic physics, 010306 general physics
Abstract

International audience; Experimental results obtained by laser-induced-fluorescence on metastable ion velocity distribution functions MIVDF in electrostatic presheaths and sheaths in argon plasmas produced by the thermoionic effect in a multipolar dc discharge are presented. The shape of the measured MIVDF are in qualitative agreement, for the presheath, with Emmert's model and exhibit: 1 a Maxwellian profile at the center of the device where the potential is zero; 2 a distribution function's shape made of three distinct parts at the entrance of the presheath. Inside the sheath the recorded MIVDF recovers a Maxwellian profile with a width unexpectedly related to the background neutral pressure. The velocity and potential profiles that can be deduced from the measured MIVDF show a strong influence of the primary electrons emitted by the filaments.

Published
2006

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