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1. End-to-end ground calibration and in-flight performance of the FIREBall-2 instrument

Author

Donal O'Sullivan, Shouleh Nikzad, D. Vibert, Robert Grange, Jean Evrard, Nicole Melso, Keri Hoadley, P. Blanchard, Philippe Balard, April D. Jewell, Samuel Quiret, David Schiminovich, Nicolas Bray, Vincent Picouet, Gillian Kyne, Frederi Mirc, Etienne Perot, Erika T. Hamden, Bruno Milliard, Christopher Martin, Johan Montel, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)

Subjects
Galactic astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, 010309 optics, 0103 physical sciences, Calibration, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation, Spectrograph, Payload, Mechanical Engineering, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Galaxy, Redshift, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Stars, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Space and Planetary Science, Control and Systems Engineering, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Environmental science, Intergalactic travel, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

The payload of the Faint Intergalactic Redshifted Emission Balloon (FIREBall-2), the second generation of the FIREBall instrument (PI: C. Martin, Caltech), has been calibrated and launched from the NASA Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility (CSBF) in Fort Sumner, NM. FIREBall-2 was launched for the first time on the 22nd September 2018, and the payload performed the very first multi-object acquisition from space using a multi-object slit spectrograph (MOS). This performance-oriented paper presents the calibration and last ground adjustments of FIREBall-2, the in-flight performance assessed based on the flight data, and the predicted instrument's ultimate sensitivity. This analysis predicts that future flights of FIREBall-2 should be able to detect the HI Ly\alpha resonance line in galaxies at z~0.67, but will find it challenging to spatially resolve the circumgalactic medium (CGM)., Comment: PUBLISHED IN JATIS: 20 pages, 8 figures

Published
2020
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2. The geometry of the magnetic field in the Central Molecular Zone measured by PILOT

Author

G. Foënard, A. Lacourt, L. Rodriguez, I. Ristorcelli, L. Montier, Christopher Tibbs, René J. Laureijs, Peter Charles Hargrave, D. Alina, J. A. Tauber, G. de Gasperis, C. Engel, J.-Ph. Bernard, Bruno Maffei, K. Ferrière, F. Pajot, Silvia Masi, Muriel Saccoccio, Annie Hughes, P. de Bernardis, Giorgio Savini, A. M. Magalhes, E. M. de Gouveia Dal Pino, B. Mot, Etienne Perot, P. A. R. Ade, H. Roussel, Vincent Guillet, Johan Montel, Alessandro Buzzelli, Jean-Pierre Dubois, J. B. Durrive, Y. Longval, C. Marty, S. Stever, Maria Salatino, R. Misawa, Anna Mangilli, Jonathan Aumont, Carole Tucker, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier (LUPM), Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Thales Services, THALES, Département d'Astrophysique (ex SAP) (DAP), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Programme National 'Physique et Chimie du Milieu Interstellaire' (PCMI) of CNRS/INSU with INC/INP co-funded by CEA and CNES., Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and THALES [France]

Subjects
Milky Way, data analysis, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia e Astrofisica, center, Polarization, 0103 physical sciences, Methods, Magnetic pressure, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Balloons, Dust, extinction, Galaxy, Magnetic fields, Physics, Galaxy: center, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Molecular cloud, Galactic Center, POLARIZAÇÃO (ASTRONOMIA), Astronomy and Astrophysics, Galactic plane, Polarization (waves), methods: data analysis, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Magnetic field, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract

We present the first far infrared (FIR) dust emission polarization map covering the full extent Milky Way's Central molecular zone (CMZ). The data, obtained with the PILOT balloon-borne experiment, covers the Galactic Center region $-2\,^\circ, Comment: 17 pages, 14 figures, submitted to A&A

Published
2019
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3. Inflight performance of the PILOT balloon-borne experiment

Author

C. Engel, F. Pajot, J. Martignac, F. Bousqet, Y. Lepennec, S. Maestre, Nicolas Bray, Matthew Joseph Griffin, Peter A. R. Ade, A. Hughes, Silvia Masi, J. Narbonne, G. Foënard, René J. Laureijs, Frederi Mirc, Christopher Tibbs, J. M. Nicot, P. deBernardis, Y. André, G. Roudil, L. Rodriguez, Pierre Tapie, L. Bautista, B. Maffei, P. Etcheto, Etienne Perot, Peter Charles Hargrave, J. A. Tauber, J. P. Dubois, S. Grabarnik, B. Mot, M. Bouzit, L. Montier, O. Boulade, C. Marty, E. Doumayrou, Giampaolo Pisano, Isabelle Ristorcelli, H. Roussel, Nicolas Ponthieu, B. Leriche, A. Mangilli, X. Dupac, C. Tucker, Ph. Gelot, Y. Longval, Giorgio Savini, A. Lacourt, J. Aumont, V. Buttice, R. Misawa, M. Charra, Johan Montel, J. Pimentao, Muriel Saccoccio, W. Marty, B. Crane, M. Chaigneau, J.-P. Bernard, G. Parot, S. Stever, Maria Salatino, O. Simonella, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Point spread function, High energy particle, Far infrared, Residual, 01 natural sciences, Glitches, Background, Inflight performances, Interstellar dust, PILOT, Pointing, Polarization, Responses, Straylight, 0103 physical sciences, Calibration, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Cosmic dust, Remote sensing, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Polarization (waves), Wavelength, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Space and Planetary Science, Environmental science
Abstract

International audience; The Polarized Instrument for Long-wavelength Observation of the Tenuous interstellar medium (PILOT) is a balloon-borne experiment that aims to measure the polarized emission of thermal dust at a wavelength of 240 µm (1.2 THz). A first PILOT flight of the experiment took place from Timmins, Ontario, Canada, in September 2015 and a second flight took place from Alice Springs, Australia in April 2017. In this paper, we present the inflight performance of the instrument. Here we concentrate on the instrument performance as measured during the second flight, but refer to the performance observed during the first flight, if it was significantly different. We present a short description of the instrument and the flights. We measure the time constants of the detectors using the decay of the observed signal during flight following high energy particle impacts (glitches) and switching off the instrument's internal calibration source. We use these time constants to deconvolve the timelines and analyze the optical quality of the instrument as measured on planets. We then analyze the structure and polarization of the instrumental background. We measure the detector response flat field and its time variations using the signal from the residual atmosphere and from the internal calibration source. Finally, we analyze the spectral and temporal properties of the detector noise. The inflight performance is found to be satisfactory and globally in line with expectations from ground calibrations. We conclude by assessing the expected inflight sensitivity of the instrument in light of the measured inflight performance.

Published
2019
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4. End-to-End Driving in a Realistic Racing Game with Deep Reinforcement Learning

Author

Etienne Perot, Marin Toromanoff, Maximilian Jaritz, Raoul de Charette, Valeo Driving Assistance Domain, VALEO, Robotics & Intelligent Transportation Systems (RITS), Inria de Paris, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), and de Charette, Raoul

Subjects
[INFO.INFO-AI] Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], 0209 industrial biotechnology, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, 010401 analytical chemistry, [INFO.INFO-CV]Computer Science [cs]/Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition [cs.CV], [INFO.INFO-LG] Computer Science [cs]/Machine Learning [cs.LG], 02 engineering and technology, Car driving, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, [INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], [INFO.INFO-CV] Computer Science [cs]/Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition [cs.CV], 020901 industrial engineering & automation, End-to-end principle, [INFO.INFO-LG]Computer Science [cs]/Machine Learning [cs.LG], Asynchronous communication, Reinforcement learning, Artificial intelligence, Graphics, business, Function (engineering), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, media_common
Abstract

We address the problem of autonomous race car driving. Using a recent rally game (WRC6) with realistic physics and graphics we train an Asynchronous Actor Critic (A3C) in an end-to-end fashion and propose an improved reward function to learn faster. The network is trained simultaneously on three very different tracks (snow, mountain, and coast) with various road structures, graphics and physics. Despite the more complex environments the trained agent learns significant features and exhibits good performance while driving in a more stable way than existing end-to-end approaches.

Published
2017

5. The PILOT optical alignment for its first flight

Author

G. Roudil, B. Mot, Y. Longval, W. Marty, J. Aumont, R. Misawa, A. Caillat, Y. Lepennec, E. Doumayrou, G. Foënard, J. A. Tauber, A. Hughes, G. Parot, L. Montier, J. Pimentao, M. Chaigneau, F. Pajot, J.-Ph. Bernard, B. Crane, Johan Montel, B. Leriche, M. Bouzit, Nicolas Bray, V. Buttice, Nicolas Ponthieu, Pierre Tapie, Isabelle Ristorcelli, J. M. Nicot, Muriel Saccoccio, Giorgio Savini, F. Douchin, P. deBernardis, C. Coudournac, Frederi Mirc, J. Martignac, Etienne Perot, Bruno Maffei, J.-P. Torre, C. Engel, A. Mangilli, L. Rodriguez, Peter Charles Hargrave, S. Maestre, Y. André, Silvia Masi, L. Bautista, P. Etcheto, C. Marty, S. Stever, S. Grabarnik, Maria Salatino, O. Simonella, Giampaolo Pisano, J.-P. Dubois, Carole Tucker, P. Gélot, René J. Laureijs, F. Bousquet, Matthew Joseph Griffin, Peter A. R. Ade, J. Narbonne, Christopher Tibbs, and O. Boulade

Subjects
Cryostat, Optical alignment, Physics::Optics, Aerospace Engineering, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, Primary mirror, Optics, law, Polarization, 0103 physical sciences, Optical instrumentation, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Physics, Gregorian telescope, business.industry, Submillimeter telescope, Polarization (waves), Galaxy, Interstellar medium, Wavelength, Space and Planetary Science, business
Abstract

PILOT is a balloon-borne astronomy experiment designed to study the polarization of dust emission in the diffuse interstellar medium in our Galaxy at wavelengths 240 and 550 µm with an angular resolution of about two arc-min. PILOT optics is composed of an off-axis Gregorian telescope and a refractive re-imager system. All these optical elements, except the primary mirror, are in a cryostat cooled to 3K. We used optical and 3D measurements combined with thermo-elastic modeling to perform the optical alignment. This paper describes the system analysis, the alignment procedure, and finally the performances obtained during the first flight in September 2015

Published
2017

6. The optical performance of the PILOT instrument from ground end‐to‐end tests

Author

Y. Longval, O. Boulade, Maria Salatino, O. Simonella, René J. Laureijs, Nicolas Ponthieu, B. Leriche, Y. André, L. Bautista, J. Narbonne, J. A. Tauber, J. P. Dubois, Muriel Saccoccio, Carole Tucker, G. Roudil, Matthew Joseph Griffin, Peter A. R. Ade, Giorgio Savini, Isabelle Ristorcelli, J. Pimentao, L. Rodriguez, A. Caillat, B. Mot, M. Bouzit, A. Hughes, Peter Charles Hargrave, C. Engel, F. Bousqet, J. Montel, B. Maffei, E. Doumayrou, Silvia Masi, J.-P. Bernard, D. Alina, S. Maestre, G. Foënard, P. de Bernardis, L. Montier, M. Chaigneau, J. Aumont, R. Misawa, M. Charra, F. Douchin, W. Marty, Etienne Perot, C. Marty, V. Buttice, S. Grabarnik, Giampaolo Pisano, F. Pajot, B. Crane, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Point spread function, Image quality, Far infrared, 01 natural sciences, 010309 optics, Optics, Polarization, 0103 physical sciences, PILOT, Straylight, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, QB, Remote sensing, Cosmic dust, Physics, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Linear polarization, business.industry, Detector, Interstellar dust, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Polarization (waves), Wavelength, Cardinal point, business
Abstract

International audience; The Polarized Instrument for Long‐wavelength Observation of the Tenuous interstellar medium (PILOT) is a balloon‐borne astronomy experiment designed to study the linear polarization of thermal dust emission in two photometric bands centred at wavelengths 240 mu m (1.2 THz) and 550 mu m (545 GHz), with an angular resolution of a few arcminutes. Several end‐to‐end tests of the instrument were performed on the ground between 2012 and 2014, in order to prepare for the first scientific flight of the experiment that took place in September 2015 from Timmins, Ontario, Canada. This paper presents the results of those tests, focussing on an evaluation of the instrument's optical performance. We quantify image quality across the extent of the focal plane, and describe the tests that we conducted to determine the focal plane geometry, the optimal focus position, and sources of internal straylight. We present estimates of the detector response, obtained using an internal calibration source, and estimates of the background intensity and background polarization.

Published
2017
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7. Design and improvements of the Attitude Control System of the FIREBall balloon experiment

Author

Pierre Tapie, Bruno Milliard, Nicolas Bray, Jean-Marc Nicot, Pascal Vola, Robert Grange, Johan Montel, Jean Evrard, David Schiminovich, Frederi Mirc, Isabelle Zenone, Etienne Perot, and Albert Gomes

Subjects
Physics, Time delay and integration, Line-of-sight, Spectrometer, business.industry, Gyroscope, Gimbal, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, Azimuth, Telescope, Optics, law, Control system, 0103 physical sciences, business, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics
Abstract

FIREBALL (the Faint Intergalactic Redshifted Emission Balloon, funded by CNES-NASA, PI C.Martin, Caltech) is a balloon-borne 1m telescope coupled to an ultraviolet Multi Object Spectrometer (MOS), designed to study the faint and diffuse emission of the circumgalactic medium. The third flight of the experiment is planned in summer 2017. The goal of this paper is to describe the accurate pointing system of the 5-metres high / 1500kg gondola - that has been designed to fulfill stringent pointing requirements: less than 1 arcsec in elevation and cross elevation, and about 1 arcmin in field rotation (around the line of sight axis), over long integration time (a few hours). The pointing system is based on a multi stage closed loop scheme (4 Degrees Of Freedom), relying on a 1DOF gondola azimuth controller, a 2DOF gimbal frame supporting a 1.2-meter plano siderostat, and a 1DOF field rotation control system. The attitude determination is based on the hybridization of two accurate sensors: a Fiber Optic Gyrometer measurement unit and a star sensor integrated inside the instrument. The manuscript presents the design of the ACS. We also focus on flight train stability issues - due to the pendulum and torsion modes -, on the geometric equations specific to a siderostat pointing system, and on the description of the tests facilities.

Published
2016
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8. Inflight performance of the PILOT balloon-borne experiment

Author

P. Etcheto, G. Foenard, I. Ristorcelli, W. Marty, F. Bousquet, Maria Salatino, O. Simonella, S. Grabarnik, Nicolas Ponthieu, Frederi Mirc, L. Rodriguez, J. A. Tauber, B. Mot, Pierre Tapie, Nicolas Bray, Giampaolo Pisano, Etienne Perot, R. Misawa, L. Montier, Giorgio Savini, Y. Lepennec, S. Maestre, Peter Charles Hargrave, B. Crane, J. Aumont, Bruno Maffei, C. Tucker, J.-P. Dubois, G. Parot, E. Doumayrou, L. Bautista, J.-Ph. Bernard, Johan Montel, V. Buttice, A. Caillat, M. Bouzit, Y. Longval, P. de Bernardis, R. J. Laureijs, C. Engel, Silvia Masi, J. Martignac, A. Hughes, G. Roudil, B. Leriche, Muriel Saccoccio, P. Gélot, M. Chaigneau, J. M. Nicot, J. Narbonne, Y. André, J.-P. Torre, J. P. Crussaire, J. Pimentao, C. Marty, F. Pajot, O. Boulade, M. Charra, F. Douchin, Matthew Joseph Griffin, and Peter A. R. Ade

Subjects
Physics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Applied Mathematics, Far infrared, Dust, Computer Science Applications1707 Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Ceiling balloon, Polarization, 0103 physical sciences, Balloon, ISM, PILOT, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Flight data, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing
Abstract

PILOT is a stratospheric experiment designed to measure the polarization of dust FIR emission, towards the diffuse interstellar medium. The first PILOT flight was carried out from Timmins in Ontario-Canada on September 20th 2015. The flight has been part of a launch campaign operated by the CNES, which has allowed to launch 4 experiments, including PILOT. The purpose of this paper is to describe the performance of the instrument in flight and to perform a first comparison with those achieved during ground tests. The analysis of the flight data is on-going, in particular the identification of instrumental systematic effects, the minimization of their impact and the quantification of their remaining effect on the polarization data. At the end of this paper, we shortly illustrate the quality of the scientific observations obtained during this first flight, at the current stage of systematic effect removal.

Published
2016

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