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1. Thermo‐chemo‐mechanical modeling of refractory behavior in service: Key points and new developments

Author

Athanasios Batakis, Emmanuel de Bilbao, Anh Khoa Nguyen, Thomas Sayet, Eric Blond, Mécanique des Matériaux et Procédés (MMP), Laboratoire de Mécanique Gabriel Lamé (LaMé), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Centre Val de Loire (INSA CVL), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Tours (UT)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Centre Val de Loire (INSA CVL), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Tours (UT), Institut Denis Poisson (IDP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Tours (UT)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux : Haute Température et Irradiation (CEMHTI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Tours-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Centre Val de Loire (INSA CVL), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Tours, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Tours-Université d'Orléans (UO), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université de Tours-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Centre Val de Loire (INSA CVL), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université de Tours-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Centre Val de Loire (INSA CVL), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université de Tours-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Service (systems architecture), Materials science, Mechanical engineering, 02 engineering and technology, [SPI.MECA.MSMECA]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Materials and structures in mechanics [physics.class-ph], [SPI.MECA.SOLID]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Solid mechanics [physics.class-ph], 01 natural sciences, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, Percolation theory, 0103 physical sciences, Thermal, Convergence (routing), Numerical modeling, [SPI.MECA.MEMA]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Mechanics of materials [physics.class-ph], Materials Chemistry, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, [SPI.MECA.SOLID]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Mechanics of the solides [physics.class-ph], Refractory (planetary science), Refractory corrosion, 010302 applied physics, Marketing, Partial differential equation, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Multiphysics couplings, [SPI.MECA.GEME]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Mechanical engineering [physics.class-ph], Self-organized gradient percolation model, Ceramics and Composites, Key (cryptography), 0210 nano-technology, Focus (optics)
Abstract

International audience; The lifespan of refractory results from a complex interaction between chemistry, thermal conditions, and mechanics. The development of numerical models able to predict the results of such complex multi-physics couplings requires an intensive use of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes framework. Today, the main barriers to reach fully predictive simulations are: the access to relevant data at high temperature (chemical kinetics, chemical expansion coefficient, etc), the numerical complexity and the computational time. The theoretical framework is briefly illustrated on refractory lining applications with a focus on the impact of the swelling induced by corrosion. Then, the numerical difficulties to ensure the numerical convergence and the accuracy of the results when solving classical partial differential equations are examined. Finally, a new approach to model the capillary impregnation by slag, based on percolation theory, is proposed. The basics of this method and the first numerical results are presented.

Published
2020
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2. Understanding and identifying the oxygen transport mechanisms through a mixed-conductor membrane

Author

Pierre-Marie Geffroy, Thierry Chartier, Nicolas Richet, Eric Blond, Axe 1 : procédés céramiques (SPCTS-AXE1), Science des Procédés Céramiques et de Traitements de Surface (SPCTS), Institut des Procédés Appliqués aux Matériaux (IPAM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Céramique Industrielle (ENSCI)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Institut des Procédés Appliqués aux Matériaux (IPAM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Céramique Industrielle (ENSCI)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Laboratoire de Mécanique des Systèmes et des Procédés (LMSP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche Claude Delorme [Jouy-en-Josas] (CRCD), Air Liquide [Siège Social], Laboratoire Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche en Ingénierie des Systèmes, Mécanique et Energétique ( PRISME ), Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Bourges ( ENSI Bourges ), Centre de Recherche Claude Delorme [Jouy-en-Josas] ( CRCD ), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Céramique Industrielle (ENSCI)-Institut des Procédés Appliqués aux Matériaux (IPAM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Céramique Industrielle (ENSCI)-Institut des Procédés Appliqués aux Matériaux (IPAM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Mécanique des Matériaux et Procédés (MMP), Laboratoire de Mécanique Gabriel Lamé (LaMé), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université de Tours-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Centre Val de Loire (INSA CVL), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université de Tours-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Centre Val de Loire (INSA CVL), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)

Subjects
General Chemical Engineering, [ SPI.MAT ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, chemistry.chemical_element, Nanotechnology, [SPI.MECA.MSMECA]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Materials and structures in mechanics [physics.class-ph], 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Oxygen, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, [SPI.MECA.MEMA]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Mechanics of materials [physics.class-ph], Oxygen surface exchanges, Oxygen flux, Membrane surface, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Membranes, Applied Mathematics, Oxygen transport, Oxygen semi-permeation, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, [SPI.MECA.STRU]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Mechanics of the structures [physics.class-ph], 0104 chemical sciences, Mixed conductors, Membrane, Mixed conductor, chemistry, Environmental chemistry, Current (fluid), 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

International audience; Recent developments in oxygen transport membranes have led to a selection of membrane materials or designs to achieve a judicious compromise between the oxygen flux, chemical stability and mechanical performance of membranes under operating conditions. This paper briefly describes the state of the art in the current understanding of oxygen transport through mixed-conductor membranes for oxygen separation. A better understanding of oxygen transport mechanisms, in particular, oxygen exchange at the membrane surface, leads to the identification of relevant key parameters that control the oxygen semi-permeation performance of the membrane. From a rational approach, key parameters are identified and discussed to identify promising membrane materials.

Published
2017
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3. Assèchement de résidus de sables bitumineux avec un géosynthétique électrocinétique

Author

Eric Blond, Nathalie Touze-Foltz, Sébastien Bourgès-Gastaud, Patricia Dolez, AFITEX, Hydrosystèmes et Bioprocédés (UR HBAN), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), CTT GROUP SAGEOS CA, Partenaires IRSTEA, and Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)

Subjects
0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Electrokinetic phenomena, Bound water, OIL SANDS TAILINGS, Geotechnical engineering, MATURE FINE TAILINGS, CONSOLIDATION, 021101 geological & geomatics engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, ELECTRO-OSMOSIS, Consolidation (soil), Petroleum engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Geocomposite, General Chemistry, FLUID FINE TAILINGS, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, Dewatering, Tailings, ELECTROKINETIC GEOCOMPOSITE, 6. Clean water, Control and Systems Engineering, ASSECHEMENT, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Oil sands, Tonne
Abstract

International audience; The oil sands industry generates large quantities of mineral waste, such as fluid fine tailings (FFT), whose disposal is often challenging. The use of planar electrokinetic geocomposites (eGCPs) in FFT disposal areas could improve in-situ dewatering by allowing water to drain after it is expulsed during consolidation and by permitting the use of electro-osmosis (EO) to displace a significant portion of the remaining water. Four dewatering experiments involving mature fine tailings (MFT) are presented here: in three of them increasing normal stresses are applied on the MFT followed by EO; in the fourth test, EO is applied before the normal stress is increased. The results show that eGCPs adequately filter MFT; the particles did not clog or blind the filter. MFT were significantly dewatered under an applied normal stress followed by EO. EO was very efficient at extracting the more tightly bound water that remained after mechanical dewatering. In one configuration, a significant improvement of the shear strength from nearly 0 kPa to a mean value of 25 kPa was obtained, which is significantly higher than the 10 kPa required by Alberta regulations. The final solids content in that case was about 70%, starting from an initial solids content of 45%. The energy required for that test was 10.6 kW h per dry tonne.

Published
2017
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4. Surface exchange model for ITM membrane in transient stage

Author

M. Riechmann, Camille Gazeau, Thierry Chartier, Nicolas Richet, Eric Blond, Pierre-Marie Geffroy, Athanasios Batakis, Laboratoire pluridisciplinaire de recherche en ingénierie des systèmes, mécanique et énergétique (PRISME), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Centre Val de Loire (INSA CVL), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Science des Procédés Céramiques et de Traitements de Surface (SPCTS), Institut des Procédés Appliqués aux Matériaux (IPAM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Céramique Industrielle (ENSCI)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Mathématiques - Analyse, Probabilités, Modélisation - Orléans (MAPMO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Centre de Recherche Claude Delorme [Jouy-en-Josas] (CRCD), Air Liquide [Siège Social], Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Céramique Industrielle (ENSCI)-Institut des Procédés Appliqués aux Matériaux (IPAM), and Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Field (physics), Kinetics, Analytical chemistry, Thermodynamics, chemistry.chemical_element, Filtration and Separation, Oxygen permeation, 02 engineering and technology, [SPI.MECA.MSMECA]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Materials and structures in mechanics [physics.class-ph], 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Biochemistry, Oxygen, Modelling, Desorption, [SPI.MECA.MEMA]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Mechanics of materials [physics.class-ph], General Materials Science, Physics::Chemical Physics, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Transient stage, Steady state, Chemistry, Permeation, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Surface exchanges, Mixed conductor (MIEC), 0104 chemical sciences, Membrane, Transient (oscillation), 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

International audience; Mixed Ionic and Electronic Conductors (MIECs) are promising membrane materials for oxygen separation fromair at high temperature. The transient stage is critical due to the stress induced by the chemical strain, combinedwith the oxygen activity field through the membrane. In the literature, permeation models are able to predict theoxygen flux in steady state or to identify the slowest mechanism. In this paper, the proposed model aims topredict the oxygen activity fields through the membrane both in transient stage and steady state. A macroscopicapproach is proposed, the balance of a temporary species is introduced to take into account separately thedissociative adsorption, associative desorption and interface reaction between surface and bulk. New densitiesof probability are proposed to model dissociative adsorption and associative desorption in order to take intoaccount the difference between “classical” catalysis and the MIECs case. This model is implementing in the finiteelement software COMSOL Multiphysics© thanks to the combination of the modules “coefficient form PDE”and “coefficient form boundary PDE”. The results of the model are in good agreement with steady state andtransient stage experimental data. The different kinetics of oxygen release and oxygen intake are wellreproduced.

Published
2017
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5. New advances in the laboratory characterization of refractories: testing and modelling

Author

Paul Leplay, David Ryckelynk, Michel Boussuge, Yang Zhang, Rudy Michel, Antoine Coulon, Gilles Dusserre, Jacques Poirier, Thierry Cutard, Emmanuel de Bilbao, Jean Gillibert, Eric Blond, Cardiovasculaire, métabolisme, diabétologie et nutrition (CarMeN), Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux : Haute Température et Irradiation (CEMHTI), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon], Mécanique des Matériaux et Procédés (MMP), Laboratoire de Mécanique Gabriel Lamé (LaMé), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Centre Val de Loire (INSA CVL), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Tours-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Centre Val de Loire (INSA CVL), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Tours, Centre des Matériaux (MAT), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Rhode Island (URI), Institut Clément Ader (ICA), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT École nationale supérieure des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux (IMT Mines Albi), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), F2ME/MMH, Laboratoire Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche en Ingénierie des Systèmes, Mécanique et Energétique (PRISME), Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Bourges (ENSI Bourges)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Bourges (ENSI Bourges)-Université d'Orléans (UO), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-IMT École nationale supérieure des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux (IMT Mines Albi), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), CREE Saint Gobain, Université d'Orléans (UO)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Bourges (ENSI Bourges)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Bourges (ENSI Bourges), Centre des Matériaux (CDM), Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT École nationale supérieure des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux (IMT Mines Albi), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT École nationale supérieure des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux (IMT Mines Albi), and IMT Mines Albi, IMT Mines Albi

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Laboratory methods, Materials science, [SPI] Engineering Sciences [physics], in situ experiments, Metals and Alloys, Computational Mechanics, Mechanical engineering, refractories, 02 engineering and technology, advanced characterization, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Characterization (materials science), modelling, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Creep, Mechanics of Materials, optical methods, 0103 physical sciences, Materials Chemistry, Forensic engineering, Deformation (engineering), 0210 nano-technology, Corrosion kinetics
Abstract

International audience; This publication presents new advances in the field of refractories characterization. These laboratory methods that combine experiments and numerical analyses and concern both the thermomechanical and thermochemical behaviour are illustrated through different examples: identification of asymmetrical creep, determination of elastic and inelastic properties, measurements of macroscopic deformation, phase transformations or corrosion kinetics. These advanced techniques offer the refractory community new opportunities to improve the knowledge and the prediction of the phenomena of degradation of the refractories.

Published
2017
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6. Numerical study of the effects of refractory lining geometries on the swelling induced by oxidation

Author

Nicolas Schmitt, Eric Blond, Tarek Merzouki, Université d'Orléans (UO), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Laboratoire de Mécanique et Technologie (LMT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), F2ME, Laboratoire Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche en Ingénierie des Systèmes, Mécanique et Energétique (PRISME), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Bourges (ENSI Bourges)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Bourges (ENSI Bourges), F2ME/MMH, and École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Materials science, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Oxygen, [PHYS.MECA.MEMA]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Mechanics of materials [physics.class-ph], chemistry.chemical_compound, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 0103 physical sciences, Silicon carbide, medicine, Ceramic, Composite material, Porosity, Refractory (planetary science), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 010302 applied physics, Applied Mathematics, General Engineering, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design, Finite element method, chemistry, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Swelling, medicine.symptom, 0210 nano-technology, Material properties, Analysis
Abstract

Finite element (FE) computations have been performed to analyze the thermo-chemo-mechanical behavior of SiC-based refractory parts in linings used in waste-to-energy plants. These parts are in contact on one side with smoke and ashes at high temperature, and on the other side with the pressurized vapor pipe. Three multi-layered lining designs have been studied: two with tiles and one with a concrete panel. A coupled model taking into account the transport of dioxygen in the gas through the porosity, the reaction of dioxygen in contact with silicon carbide particles and the formation of solid components gradually clogging the pores, has been implemented in the finite element code ABAQUS ? . These phenomena affect the mass diffusion rate of dioxygen through the refractory layer and induce a macroscopic swelling of the material. The analysis of the numerical results allows for a better understanding of the influence of the lining design and the nature of the ceramics on the lifespan of such refractory parts. HighlightsPaper proposes an analysis of behavior of SiC-based refractory linings which are subjected to a chemical environment.The model takes into account the transport of oxygen in the gas through the porosity.The model takes into account the chemical expansion induced by oxidation.Three designs of the lining are studied.The obtained results allow the highlighting of the design effect in relation with material properties.

Published
2016
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7. Effect of Slag Impregnation on Thermal Degradations in Refractories

Author

François Hild, Philippe Blumenfeld, Nicolas Schmitt, Eric Blond, Jacques Poirier, Laboratoire de Mécanique et Technologie (LMT), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ArcelorMittal Maizières Research SA, ArcelorMittal, Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux : Haute Température et Irradiation (CEMHTI), and Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Materials science, Metallurgy, Oxide, Slag, 02 engineering and technology, engineering.material, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Microstructure, 01 natural sciences, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, chemistry.chemical_compound, Viscosity, Bauxite, Thermoelastic damping, chemistry, visual_art, 0103 physical sciences, Materials Chemistry, Ceramics and Composites, engineering, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Thermomechanical analysis, 0210 nano-technology, Porosity
Abstract

International audience; Degradation in bauxite refractory linings used in steel plants is localized in the slag‐impregnated zone of refractories. It is proposed to estimate the contribution of the pressure of the impregnated liquid on the degradation of refractories. The study of the gradient of chemical composition allows for the evaluation of the liquid content, the oxide content in the liquid phase, and the “slag” viscosity. The thermomechanical analysis of a porous refractory impregnated by slag enables us to propose analytical expressions for a rapid estimate of the maximum “slag pressure” and its location as well as the level of thermoelastic stresses.

Published
2007
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8. Multiphysics Modelling Applied to Refractory Behaviour in Severe Environments

Author

Nicolas Schmitt, Emmanuel de Bilbao, Eric Blond, Tarek Merouki, Alain Gasser, Laboratoire Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche en Ingénierie des Systèmes, Mécanique et Energétique (PRISME), Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Bourges (ENSI Bourges)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Laboratoire de Mécanique et Technologie (LMT), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux : Haute Température et Irradiation (CEMHTI), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université d'Orléans (UO)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Bourges (ENSI Bourges)

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Materials science, Model prediction, Multiphysics, Computation, Mechanical engineering, multiphysics coupling, 02 engineering and technology, Oxidation test, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Irreversible thermodynamic, 01 natural sciences, SiC oxidation, Finite element method, [PHYS.MECA.MEMA]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Mechanics of materials [physics.class-ph], refractory, 0103 physical sciences, Mechanical design, 0210 nano-technology, Refractory (planetary science)
Abstract

International audience; It is a common practice to design refractory linings with the help of thermal computations, thermochemistry analyses and strong workman know-how. Their mechanical design is often limited to simple thermo-elastic computations. Sometimes computations are refined considering non-linear mechanical behaviour, even if corrosion often induces additional chemical strain and strong change in service of the mechanical behaviour of the refractory. The aim of this presentation is to briefly recast the irreversible thermodynamic framework in order to underline the implications of some basic thermodynamic concepts in term of refractory behaviour modelling. Then, the use of these concepts to develop fully 3D finite element simulations accounting simultaneously for thermal, mechanical and chemistry phenomena will be illustrated on the particular case of SiC-based refractory. Comparison between long duration oxidation test at high temperature and model prediction allows the validation of the proposed approach. Then, an extension to the industrial case of refractory lining in Waste to Energy plant will be illustrated. The interest of taking into account the thermo-chemo-mechanical coupling effects is shown.

Published
2014
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9. Measurement of the volume expansion of SiC refractories induced by molten salt corrosion

Author

M.L. Bouchetou, Pascal Prigent, E. de Bilbao, Jacques Poirier, Eric Blond, Charyar Mehdi-Souzani, Nicolas Schmitt, Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux : Haute Température et Irradiation (CEMHTI), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Universitaire de Recherche en Production Automatisée (LURPA), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan), Laboratoire de Mécanique et Technologie (LMT), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), F2ME, Laboratoire Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche en Ingénierie des Systèmes, Mécanique et Energétique (PRISME), Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Bourges (ENSI Bourges)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Bourges (ENSI Bourges)-Université d'Orléans (UO), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Bourges (ENSI Bourges)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Bourges (ENSI Bourges), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Bourges (ENSI Bourges)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Schmitt, Nicolas, Université d'Orléans (UO)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Bourges (ENSI Bourges), and Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
SiC, Materials science, Pellets, volume expansion, Salt (chemistry), refractories, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Corrosion, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, [PHYS.MECA.MEMA]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Mechanics of materials [physics.class-ph], [PHYS.MECA.MEMA] Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Mechanics of materials [physics.class-ph], Phase (matter), 0103 physical sciences, Coupling (piping), Ceramic, Molten salt, Refractory (planetary science), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 010302 applied physics, chemistry.chemical_classification, Metallurgy, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, chemistry, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

International audience; Corrosion tests of oxide-bonded SiC-based refractory cylinders with molten salts (mainly CaSO4, K2SO4) were performed at high temperature to enable better understanding of the corrosion mechanisms operating in these materials. Salt pellets were placed on the upper surface of small refractory cylinders. After they had been melted, the corrosive product soaked into the pores of the refractory cylinders and partially corroded the SiC phase. SEMEDS analyses showed thatCaSiO3 was the mainnewphase formed, growing from SiC aggregates into the pores.Theshapes of the initial and corroded cylinders were measured at room temperature using a 3D coordinate measuring machine equipped with a laser-plane sensor. These measurements enabled monitoring of the evolution of the residual radial deformation versus the depth from the surface in contact with the salt pellets, and consequently the characterisation of the local volume expansion induced by the phase change. Coupling SEM-EDS analyses with 3D digitising revealed the link between the corrosion product and the volume expansion.

Published
2013
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10. The Impact of Experimental Factors on Oxygen Semi-Permeation Measurements

Author

Aurélien Vivet, Jacques Fouletier, Pierre-Marie Geffroy, C. Steil, Thierry Chartier, Nicolas Richet, Eric Blond, P. Del Gallo, Axe 1 : procédés céramiques, Science des Procédés Céramiques et de Traitements de Surface (SPCTS), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Céramique Industrielle (ENSCI)-Institut des Procédés Appliqués aux Matériaux (IPAM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Céramique Industrielle (ENSCI)-Institut des Procédés Appliqués aux Matériaux (IPAM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et de Physico-chimie des Matériaux et des Interfaces (LEPMI ), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), F2ME, Laboratoire Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche en Ingénierie des Systèmes, Mécanique et Energétique (PRISME), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Bourges (ENSI Bourges)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Bourges (ENSI Bourges), Centre de Recherche Claude Delorme [Jouy-en-Josas] (CRCD), and Air Liquide [Siège Social]

Subjects
Work (thermodynamics), Materials science, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Oxygen transport, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, Permeation, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Oxygen, 0104 chemical sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Membrane, High oxygen, chemistry, Chemical physics, Materials Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Diffusion (business), 0210 nano-technology, Perovskite (structure)
Abstract

International audience; Many recent studies have focused on the development of perovskite membranes with high oxygen semi-permeation performance. However, the usual experimental setups used to measure oxygen semi-permeation values may lead to significant errors in the actual performance of the membrane materials. In this paper, special attention is paid to the experimental conditions and the associated impacts on oxygen semi-permeation measurements collected from the membrane. Furthermore, the experimental setups described in the literature do not allow the direct identification of the limiting step for oxygen transport through the membrane, i.e., either through bulk oxygen diffusion or oxygen surface exchange on both membrane surfaces. In this work, a specific experimental setup is proposed for the discrimination of oxygen bulk diffusion and surface exchange phenomena

Published
2013
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11. Elaboration of La1−xSrxFe1−yGayO3−δ multilayer membranes by tape casting and co-firing for syngas application

Author

Pierre-Marie Geffroy, Thierry Chartier, Nicolas Richet, Aurélien Vivet, Eric Blond, L. Nguyen, Axe 1 : procédés céramiques, Science des Procédés Céramiques et de Traitements de Surface (SPCTS), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Céramique Industrielle (ENSCI)-Institut des Procédés Appliqués aux Matériaux (IPAM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Céramique Industrielle (ENSCI)-Institut des Procédés Appliqués aux Matériaux (IPAM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche en Ingénierie des Systèmes, Mécanique et Energétique (PRISME), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Bourges (ENSI Bourges), Centre de Recherche Claude Delorme [Jouy-en-Josas] (CRCD), and Air Liquide [Siège Social]

Subjects
Tape casting, Materials science, Oxygen semi-permeation, Co-firing, 02 engineering and technology, Partial pressure, Large range, Chemical expansion, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Methane, 0104 chemical sciences, Atmosphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Membrane, chemistry, Multilayer membrane, Materials Chemistry, Ceramics and Composites, Chemical stability, Composite material, 0210 nano-technology, Syngas
Abstract

The decrease of the dense layer thickness can lead to increase the internal stresses in the membrane due to the chemical expansion of membrane material under a large gradient of oxygen partial pressure. This chemical expansion due to p O 2 gradient through the membrane leads to important mechanical stresses in the membrane and commonly to the membrane rupture under large range of p O 2 , i.e. air/methane atmosphere. The solution suggested in this paper is the elaboration by tape casting and co-firing process of multilayer membranes with a specific design in order to decrease stresses due to the chemical expansion in working conditions.

Published
2013
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12. Thermomechanical computations of refractory linings accounting for swelling induced by chemical reaction

Author

Emmanuel de Bilbao, Tarek Merzouki, Nicolas Schmitt, Alain Gasser, Eric Blond, Schmitt, Nicolas, Laboratoire Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche en Ingénierie des Systèmes, Mécanique et Energétique (PRISME), Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Bourges (ENSI Bourges)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Laboratoire de Mécanique et Technologie (LMT), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux : Haute Température et Irradiation (CEMHTI), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université d'Orléans (UO)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Bourges (ENSI Bourges)

Subjects
Materials science, 02 engineering and technology, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Chemical reaction, [PHYS.MECA.MEMA]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Mechanics of materials [physics.class-ph], [PHYS.MECA.MEMA] Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Mechanics of materials [physics.class-ph], medicine, Composite material, Swelling, medicine.symptom, 0210 nano-technology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Refractory (planetary science), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience

Published
2013
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13. A MACROSCOPIC MODEL OF THE THERMO-CHEMO-MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF MIXED IONIC AND ELECTRONIC CONDUCTORS

Author

Nicolas Richet, Pierre-Marie Geffroy, Camille Gazeau, Olivier Valentin, Eric Blond, F2ME, Laboratoire Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche en Ingénierie des Systèmes, Mécanique et Energétique (PRISME), Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Bourges (ENSI Bourges)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Bourges (ENSI Bourges)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Axe 1 : procédés céramiques, Science des Procédés Céramiques et de Traitements de Surface (SPCTS), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Céramique Industrielle (ENSCI)-Institut des Procédés Appliqués aux Matériaux (IPAM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Céramique Industrielle (ENSCI)-Institut des Procédés Appliqués aux Matériaux (IPAM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche Claude Delorme [Jouy-en-Josas] (CRCD), Air Liquide [Siège Social], and Gazeau, Camille

Subjects
Work (thermodynamics), State variable, Materials science, Diffusion, Mechanical engineering, Ionic bonding, Thermodynamics, [PHYS.MECA.MSMECA] Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Materials and structures in mechanics [physics.class-ph], 02 engineering and technology, [SPI.MECA.MSMECA]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Materials and structures in mechanics [physics.class-ph], Permeation, [PHYS.MECA.MSMECA]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Materials and structures in mechanics [physics.class-ph], 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, [SPI.MECA.MSMECA] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Materials and structures in mechanics [physics.class-ph], Grain boundary diffusion coefficient, Ceramic, 0210 nano-technology, Stoichiometry
Abstract

International audience; This paper suggests a macroscopic model describing the thermo-chemo-mechanical behaviour of ceramic dense membrane for oxygen separation application. This work takes in account to oxygen permeation and strain induced by stoichiometry variation with working conditions. This model, developed within the traditional framework of phenomenological approach, is based on the assumption of strain partitions and requires only three state variables: oxygen activity, temperature and total strain. Oxygen bulk diffusion and surface exchanges are described thanks to the thermodynamic approach developed by Onsager. While many works focused on semi-permeation induced strain, the proposed model also includes the temperature effect on chemical expansion. Strains predicted by the proposed model are validated thanks to experimental test on La0.8Sr0.2Fe0.7Ga0.3O3-δ. Implemented in F.E.A code Abaqus, this model permits studying the design and the process management effects such as chemical shocks on the membrane reliability.

Published
2012

14. Corrosion of oxide bonded silicon carbide refractories by molten salts in solid waste-to-energy facilities

Author

E. de Bilbao, Jacques Poirier, Pascal Prigent, M.L. Bouchetou, Eric Blond, Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux : Haute Température et Irradiation (CEMHTI), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), F2ME, Laboratoire Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche en Ingénierie des Systèmes, Mécanique et Energétique (PRISME), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Bourges (ENSI Bourges)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Bourges (ENSI Bourges), and ANR-06-MAPR-0008,DRUIDE,Durabilité des Réfractaires utilisés dans l'Incinération des Déchets(2006)

Subjects
SiC, Materials science, Microstructure-final, Oxide, Core (manufacturing), 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Corrosion, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, chemistry.chemical_compound, Refractory, Materials Chemistry, Silicon carbide, Thermodynamic simulation, Porosity, Chemical composition, Process Chemistry and Technology, Refractories, Metallurgy, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Cristobalite, 0104 chemical sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, chemistry, Ceramics and Composites, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

International audience; Oxide bonded silicon carbide refractories are used successfully in solid waste-to-energy facilities (WtE). They are submitted to severe thermochemical stresses that limit their performance. Even if the corrosion resistance of silicon carbide is high, wear and failure of refractory lining are currently observed. For a better understanding of corrosion mechanisms, oxide bonded silicon carbide refractories, collected in the combustion chamber of several WtE facilities, were examined. The main mechanisms of corrosion, according to the environment of refractories, were determined. The chemical composition and the nature of the corrosive agents were calculated from the thermo-chemical modeling. They are mainly condensed phases of sulfates and chlorides (CaSO4, K2SO4, Na2SO4, KCl, and NaCl). In service conditions, these molten salts react with the SiC aggregates and the matrix of the refractories to form low melting compounds. The post-mortem analyses showed the formation of para-wollastonite in the porosity and around the SiC grains, on the hot face of refractory tiles. Other phases such as cristobalite and microline (KAlSiO8) were also formed down to the core of refractories. The volume expansion created by the formation of new mineral phases (cristobalite, para-wollastonite) causes the formation of micro cracks in the refractory lining. In this paper, the degradation mechanisms of oxide bonded silicon carbide refractories are presented and the main research developments for the future are discussed.

Published
2012
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15. Thermo-Chemo-Mechanical Modelling of Mixed Conductors in Transient Stages

Author

Olivier Valentin, Nicolas Richet, Eric Blond, F2ME, Laboratoire Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche en Ingénierie des Systèmes, Mécanique et Energétique (PRISME), and Université d'Orléans (UO)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Bourges (ENSI Bourges)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Bourges (ENSI Bourges)

Subjects
Materials science, perovskites, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, mixed ionic and electronic conductor, mechanical stresses, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Oxygen, Thermal expansion, transient stage, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, Electronic engineering, Diffusion (business), Mechanical reliability, Electrical conductor, thermal expansion, Chemo mechanical, Mechanics, Exchange kinetics, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, chemical expansion, Transient (oscillation), 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

International audience; This study deals with the modelling of the mechanical behaviour accounting for the expansion induced by the oxygen diffusion in MIECs membrane during permeation transient stage. A dedicated model of chemical expansion and its numerical implementation is used to study the relationship between the mechanical stress and the oxygen flux. The impact of the ratio between oxygen bulk diffusion and surface exchange kinetics on mechanical stress in transient stage is discussed. Finally, the necessity of a compromise between the oxygen flux performance and the mechanical reliability is underlined.

Published
2010
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16. Modeling of high temperature asymmetric creep behavior of ceramics

Author

Jacques Poirier, Nicolas Schmitt, Eric Blond, François Hild, Philippe Blumenfeld, Laboratoire de Mécanique et Technologie (LMT), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ArcelorMittal Maizières Research SA, and ArcelorMittal

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Materials science, Cauchy stress tensor, Refractories, Constitutive equation, Stiffness, Mechanical properties, 02 engineering and technology, Strain rate, Creep, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Modelling, 0103 physical sciences, Ultimate tensile strength, [SPI.MECA.MEMA]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Mechanics of materials [physics.class-ph], Materials Chemistry, Ceramics and Composites, medicine, Compression (geology), medicine.symptom, Composite material, Deformation (engineering), 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

International audience; An extension of the Bingham–Norton's rheological model accounting for high asymmetric tensile-compressive creep behavior is proposed for ceramics subjected to high temperature loadings. Such behavior is observed in heterogeneous ceramics made of grains having a high creep resistance embedded in a softer glassy phase. Two mechanisms of deformation are introduced: namely, under compressive stresses, grain facets are in contact and transmit the load, whereas under tensile stresses the grains are separated and the glassy matrix transmits the load. It leads to a difference in elastic stiffness and strain rate under tensile and compressive stresses. A new three-dimensional constitutive model is developed considering an additive decomposition of the stress tensor into a positive and negative part. Each stress tensor is the driving force of one mechanism of deformation that is characterized in a classical manner. A simplified identification of the model is performed at high temperature on a bauxite-based refractory, which is used in steel ladle linings. It is shown that for this ceramic few material parameters are sufficient to account for major differences of behavior observed in compression tests and three-point bend tests.

Published
2005
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17. Experimental Investigation of the Tension and Compression Creep Behavior of Alumina-Spinel Refractories at High Temperatures

Author

Jean Gillibert, Shengli Jin, Thomas Sayet, Soheil Samadi, Dietmar Gruber, Lucas Breder Teixeira, Eric Blond, Mécanique des Matériaux et Procédés (MMP), Laboratoire de Mécanique Gabriel Lamé (LaMé), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université de Tours-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Centre Val de Loire (INSA CVL), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université de Tours-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Centre Val de Loire (INSA CVL), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Centre Val de Loire (INSA CVL), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Tours (UT)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Centre Val de Loire (INSA CVL), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Tours (UT)

Subjects
Work (thermodynamics), Materials science, Uniaxial tension, refractories, [SPI.MECA.MSMECA]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Materials and structures in mechanics [physics.class-ph], 02 engineering and technology, [SPI.MECA.SOLID]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Solid mechanics [physics.class-ph], engineering.material, lcsh:Chemical technology, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Technology, creep, [SPI.MECA.MEFL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph], [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, [SPI.MECA.MEMA]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Mechanics of materials [physics.class-ph], 0103 physical sciences, Stress relaxation, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, lcsh:TP1-1185, Composite material, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 010302 applied physics, Working life, Tension (physics), lcsh:T, Spinel, [SPI.MECA.BIOM]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Biomechanics [physics.med-ph], General Medicine, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Compression (physics), [SPI.MECA.GEME]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Mechanical engineering [physics.class-ph], Creep, parameters identification, engineering, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

Refractory materials are subjected to thermomechanical loads during their working life, and consequent creep strain and stress relaxation are often observed. In this work, the asymmetric high temperature primary and secondary creep behavior of a material used in the working lining of steel ladles is characterized, using uniaxial tension and compression creep tests and an inverse identification procedure to calculate the parameters of a Norton-Bailey based law. The experimental creep curves are presented, as well as the curves resulting from the identified parameters, and a statistical analysis is made to evaluate the confidence of the results.

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18. Prevalent material parameters governing spalling of a slag-impregnated refractory

Author

P. Blumenfeld, Nicolas Schmitt, François Hild, Jacques Poirier, Eric Blond, Olivier Arnould, Laboratoire de Mécanique et Technologie (LMT), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ArcelorMittal Maizières Research SA, ArcelorMittal, Centre de recherches sur les matériaux à haute température (CRMHT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Mécanique et Technologie ( LMT ), École normale supérieure - Cachan ( ENS Cachan ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Arcelor Mittal - Research and Development (FRANCE), Centre de recherches sur les matériaux à haute température ( CRMHT ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Zidekhile, Farida, Laboratoire de Mécanique des Systèmes et des Procédés (LMSP), and Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SPI.OTHER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other, Materials science, Cyclic thermal loading, [ SPI.MECA ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph], 0211 other engineering and technologies, Porous media, 02 engineering and technology, engineering.material, 01 natural sciences, Stress (mechanics), Coupling (piping), General Materials Science, 0101 mathematics, Porosity, 021101 geological & geomatics engineering, Ladle, Refractory, [SPI.OTHER] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other, Mechanical Engineering, Metallurgy, Slag, [SPI.MECA]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph], Microstructure, Viscoplasticity, 010101 applied mathematics, Bauxite, Mechanics of Materials, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, engineering, Porous medium
Abstract

International audience; In steel ladle linings, bauxite refractories in contact with iron and steel slag are subjected to complex loadings. To identify the causes of degradation in different reactor linings, a coupling diagram made up of three poles is established: namely, slag Impregnation (I), Thermomechanics (TM) and Phase transformations (P). The variation of the microstructure and the gradient of the chemical composition resulting from the (I-P) coupling are characterized by microprobe analyses; a natural impregnation tracer is identified. The (I-T) coupling is studied by modeling the refractory lining behavior subjected to a cyclic thermal loading within the framework of the mechanics of porous continua. Parameters governing the location and amplitude of the maximum pore pressure are obtained and their influences are studied. The analysis of the (TM) pole leads to the identification of a thermo-elasto-viscoplastic model for bauxite in various states of slag impregnation. Numerical simulations show that the stress state developed during the heating stages can induce spalling, probably generated by a localized over-pressure of slag.

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