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The existence of a fire event at the Iron Age hillfort of Nabás, which is located on the southern bank of the Ría de Vigo (Galicia, NW of the Iberian Peninsula), favoured an extraordinary preservation of carbonised plant remains and offered an unusual opportunity to focus our research on the study of the final episode of a house life-cycle. The archaeobotanical approach focused on perishable materials combining charcoal, with carpology and pollen analysis, in tandem with a taphonomic assessment. The charcoal assemblage includes charcoal without signs of working, and wooden manufactures although the former group was probably related to the roof and timber of the round-house. This interpretation is based on the size and concentration of charcoal fragments, as well as the short taxonomic list (deciduous and evergreen Quercus sp., Fabaceae, Corylus avellana, Rosaceae/Maloideae, Salix/Populus, Alnus sp., Frangula alnus, Betula sp., Phragmites/Arundo and Ulmus sp.), and the recurrence of biological alterations such as xylophages’ galleries and hyphae. Aggregated grains and chaff of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) were found in several samples suggesting their storage, probably inside an organic container. Finally, pollen analysis offered clues about the uses of plants such as Ericaceae during the occupation phase of the round-house., María Martín-Seijo was funded by a Post-Doc Grant Plan I2C mod. B with the project “MATERIAL-Materiality and Material Culture: Wood and Other Plant-based Materials in Archaeological Contexts” and Andrés Currás was funded by the Xunta de Galicia under the GAIN Postdoctoral Program. The excavation of Nabás, led by MMS in 2006, was funded by the Consellería de Cultura-Xunta de Galicia (2006-CP035). Charcoal and carpological analyses were undertaken at the Laboratory of the Study Group for the Prehistory of NW Iberia-Archaeology, Antiquity and Territory (GEPN-AAT) and pollen analysis at the SERP-Universitat de Barcelona.

The Equotip Hardness Tester is applied to different types of quartz and other lithic raw materials in order to determine if variations in the rebound hardness measured by this device may serve as a proxy for detecting the levels of continuity and isotropy of toolstones. Continuity, the amount of cracks and other internal defects; and isotropy, the measure of the directional properties of a raw material, are known to have important effects on the level of consistency and predictability of fractures, which in turn is traditionally considered a main factor for defining the flaking quality of a given raw material. The results demonstrate the existence of differences among the raw materials analysed in both the average value and the variability of the rebound hardness. While cryptocrystalline samples show the most homogeneous results, quartz and metamorphic rocks display a comparatively higher variance. In the specific case of quartz, such variability seems to be mainly caused by the presence of internal planes and discontinuities, while anisotropy, although also active, had played a comparatively modest role. The results achieved by the Equotip Hardness Tester suggest that this device could be successfully used for a basic or preliminary estimating of some of the physical and mechanical properties of stone raw materials. Therefore, it is a potential index test for complementing other, more accurate, laboratory methods.

As anywhere else around the world, GIS is an essential tool in Galician Archaeology (NW Spain) when examining and analysing spatial data. This is also true for the study of mounds in that area, since spatial analysis and statistics have become increasingly used for contrasting hypotheses regarding the locational preferences of these monuments, usually inferred from observations made during fieldwork or taken from studies conducted elsewhere. Drawing on this basis, in this paper, we have analysed the locational patterns of the tumuli of the upper tracts of the Serra do Barbanza (Galicia, NW Spain). Using a site-predictive modelling approach, several environmental covariates were analysed in order to explore their potential role in explaining the distribution of prehistoric mounds in the area. Subsequently, we studied the clustering of these monuments via second-order modelling. Our results suggest that tumuli in the Serra do Barbanza tended to cluster on a very local scale, a trend that can only be explained by intended site spacing strategies that may have taken place over millennia. Finally, by using significance testing via Monte Carlo Simulation, we have modelled both the effect of possible preferences regarding the location of mounds and the potential impact of tradition, with pre-existent megaliths possibly fostering the construction of more monuments in the nearby areas.

With the aim of offering a first approach to issues of such importance as the number of sites that make up the Galician rock art, their iconographic variability or geographical distribution, we have analysed the official archaeological inventory of the Galician autonomous government (Servizo de Arqueoloxía da la Dirección Xeral do Patrimonio Cultural de la Xunta de Galicia). The database obtained was subsequently analyzed by using Geographic Information System and statistical software. The results show how, nowadays, there is a total of 3,374 known petroglyphs unevenly distributed across the Galician territory. Our analysis shows an absolute predominance of geometric motifs over the naturalists, but it also hints at the existence of a remarkable heterogeneity, which becomes patent not only in the density of petroglyphs, but also in the relative frequency of motifs and their tendency to appear or not together on the same panels or with respect to the location of rock art sites on the landscape., Con el objetivo de ofrecer una primera aproximación a cuestiones tan fundamentales como el número de estaciones que conforman el fenómeno rupestre gallego, su composición temática o su distribución geográfica, hemos llevado a cabo un vaciado del Preinventario del Servizo de Arqueoloxía de la Dirección Xeral do Patrimonio Cultural de la Xunta de Galicia. La base de datos obtenida ha sido analizada posteriormente por medio de sistemas de información geográfica y software estadístico. En la actualidad, se conocen un total de 3.374 estaciones rupestres distribuidas de modo desigual a lo largo del territorio gallego. Su análisis evidencia el dominio absoluto de las figuras geométricas frente a las naturalistas, pero también la existencia de una considerable heterogeneidad que se manifiesta no sólo en la densidad de petroglifos, sino también en la frecuencia relativa de motivos, en su tendencia a comparecer o no de modo conjunto en los mismos paneles o en la propia implantación de las rocas grabadas en el paisaje.

The stone of Saint-Samson is a Neolithic stele of 70 tons and 10 m of probable length. Its intriguing leaning position and its very regular morphology have aroused curiosity since medieval times. Three of its four faces—oriented towards the cardinal points—display engravings that were discovered in the 1970s. Now, a new recording protocol has combined 2D techniques for emphasizing the contrast of the engravings (oblique rotating lights) and 3D methods for restoring the volumes of the support (photogrammetry, structured-light scanner). The results obtained have made it possible to implement the first structural analysis of the stone. The north and west faces show an opposition between domestic (cattle, goats) and wild animals (suidae, cervidae, birds, cetaceans), depicted confronted and with their horns or tusks clearly visible. The south face was reserved for the human figure and for iconic artefacts (polished axe, throwing stick, ring disk, steering oar). The four faces have in common the presence of boats. The relationship linking the monument to waterways and the sea is approached by analysing both local legends and the phenomenon of the tidal wave.

Pits are the most common archaeological features in late prehistoric Europe, yet their function and formation dynamics remain obscure. This paper draws on stratigraphy, contextual observations, and a novel analytical protocol to address such topics. The article presents an interdisciplinary and comparative post-excavation procedure to evaluate some of the most abundant items found in prehistoric pits, combining a taphonomical approach to the analysis of ceramics, charcoal, and carpology. This procedure provided new insights into the use-lives of a selection of five pits from an open-air site in Galicia (NW Iberia), which was occupied intermittently during the second millennium cal. BCE. An early use as silos is posited, and their final closure entailed cultural practices and preferences whose material fingerprint has been identified via multivariate analysis., One of the radiocarbon dates of Monte das Cabanas was financed by GEPN-AAT and the other two by the Environmental Archaeology (ENVARCH) group of the CIBIO/InBio. María Martín-Seijo was funded by a Post-Doc Grant Plan I2Cmod. A with the project “Alén do bosque na Idade do Bronce do Noroeste da Ibéria. Estudo dos combustibles e das manufacturas en madeira a partir da cadea técnico-operativa”. Ana MS Bettencourt developed this work under the project Funerary and ceremonial practices between the Neolithic to the Bronze Age approached by Archaeometry (ARQUEOM Project Lab2PT Sept 2014)., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Ever since first published in 1970, Palazuelo de las Cuevas (Zamora) became known as “the va- riscite source” for nw Iberia. Later geological surveys and casual finds have shown this mineral to be much more widespread, including other localities in Zamora, Northern Portugal (Tras-os-Montes), Western León (Bierzo) and Eastern and Southwest Galicia (Ourense and Pontevedra). Still, the evidence of prehistoric mining is little known, perhaps due to the small size of the veins that otherwise are widely scattered, both circumstances possibly having a strong influence on the nature of the quarrying works and their archaeological visibility. With the aim of assessing the basic characteristics, regarding both the nature and intensity of the extractive works at Las Cercas / Teso del Diablo area, we have made use of high-resolution lidar data and gis tools for obtaining a sharper image of the present surface and revealing the sheer importance of the excavations carried on in earlier times. Also, some brief remarks are made on the chronology and distribution of this commodity across Western Iberia., Desde que se dio a conocer en 1970, Palazuelo de las Cuevas (Zamora) se convirtió en ‘la fuente de variscita’ para el no ibérico. Estudios geológicos posteriores y hallazgos casuales han demostrado que este mineral posee una distribución mucho más amplia, incluyendo otras localidades de Zamora, Norte de Portugal (Tras-os-Montes), el o de León (Bierzo) y del e y so de Galicia (Ourense y Pontevedra). Sin embargo, nuestro conocimiento sobre la minería prehistórica de este mineral es escaso todavía, tal vez debido al pequeño tamaño de las venas que, además, se encuentran ampliamente dispersas, lo que probablemente ha tenido una fuerte influencia en la naturaleza de las labores de extracción y su visibilidad arqueológica. Con el objetivo de evaluar los rasgos básicos, en cuanto a naturaleza e intensidad, de los trabajos de extracción en el área de Las Cercas/ Teso del Diablo, hemos hecho uso de datos lidar de alta resolución y herramientas sig para obtener una imagen más nítida de la superficie del terreno, lo que nos ha permitido identificar la enorme entidad de las excavaciones llevadas a cabo en el pasado. Finalmente, hacemos unas breves consideraciones sobre la cronología y pautas de distribución de la variscita en el área occidental de la Península Ibérica.

This paper focuses on the relationship between human communities and wood resources in the Sabor valley (Tras-os-Montes region, northeast Portugal) during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Charcoal from three archaeological sites—Terraco das Laranjeiras, Foz do Medal and Quinta de Crestelos—was analysed. As in other Early-Middle Bronze Age sites in Western Iberia, the majority of the samples were recovered from pits, which complicates charcoal debris interpretation. The charcoal analysis suggests that the formation processes of the archaeobotanical record involved both natural and anthropic factors. The charcoal assemblages studied showed that taxonomic variability was strongly conditioned by the number of fragments produced per feature. Hearths, pits and post-holes provided information about the consumption of wood resources, highlighting the importance of taxa such as Fraxinus sp. and Quercus spp. combined with shrubby species including small trees (Juniperus sp., Arbutus unedo, Fabaceae, Cistus sp. and Erica spp.) and attesting the presence of Olea europaea within Middle Bronze Age contexts.