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Background Cashew nut shell is a by-product of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) production, which is abundant in many developing countries. Cashew nut shell liquor (CNSL) contains a functional chemical, cardanol, which can be converted into a hydroxyoxime. The hydroxyoximes are expensive reagents for metal extraction. Methods CNSL-based oxime was synthesized and used to extract Ni, Co, and Mn from aqueous solutions. The extraction potential was compared against a commercial extractant (LIX 860N). Results All metals were successfully extracted with pH0.5 between 4 and 6. The loaded organic phase was subsequently stripped with an acidic solution. The extraction efficiency and pH0.5 of the CNSL-based extractant were similar to a commercial phenol-oxime extractant. The metals were stripped from the loaded organic phase with a recovery rate of 95% at a pH of 1. Conclusions Cashew-based cardanol can be used to economically produce an oxime in a simple process. The naturally-based oxime has the economic potential to sustainably recover valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries. Graphic abstract

Skin pigmentation depends not only on melanosomes produced by melanocytes but also on the migration of melanosomes to adjacent keratinocytes and their distribution on the skin surface. The inhibitory effects of cardanol diene (CADI), a major phenolic compound extracted from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), on melanin transfer in B16F10-HaCAT co-culture cells and a crude extracted compound of cashew nut shell oil (CNCE) on melanin production in zebrafish were investigated. β-arbutin was used as a positive control. CADI inhibited the expression levels of the melanin phagocytosis-associated protein PAR-2 and filopodia-associated protein NMDAR1, and the effect was better than that of β-arbutin at the same concentration. To further study the inhibitory mechanism of CADI in melanin transfer, fluorescence microspheres were used to simulate melanin and co-culture with keratinocytes. The results indicated that CADI inhibited melanin transfer through suppressing keratinocyte phagocytosis, dendrite formation and filopodia three channels. We also found that CNCE inhibited melanin production in zebrafish and showed significant inhibitory effects on TYR, DCT and α-MSH. Thus, the natural components extracted from CNSL effectively inhibited skin pigmentation, providing insight into the application of new anti-melanin drugs in cosmetics and medicine.

The protective performance of graphene/polymer composite coatings largely depends on the interface design in resin matrix. Herein, we report the synthesis of bio-based cardanol epoxy modified graphene oxide (GODN) nanomaterial and its application in epoxy coatings for the achievement of fine interface toward high performance anticorrosion composite coatings. The chemical composition of prepared GODN nanomaterial was investigated by FTIR, Raman and XPS spectra, respectively. The presence of cardanol epoxy attached on GO surface promotes the formation of chemical bonds between GO and epoxy resin, providing strong interfacial interaction and enhanced adhesion. Electrochemical results revealed that the GODN1%/EP composite coating exhibits high impedance (4.38 × 108 Ω cm2) even after 45 days immersion. Compared with pure EP coating, the localized corrosion reaction of GODN1%/EP coating can be inhibited under defected interface. The enhanced protective performance of GODN/EP composite coating was attributed to two aspects: (1) the impermeable GO greatly suppressed the penetration of aggressive ions and (2) the attached cardanol epoxy chains effectively improved the interfacial interaction and thus inhibited the crack propagation.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to use the bio-based resource as the starting material for the synthesis of azo dye. Cardanol is one of the most used bio-based resources for carrying out the synthesis of various compounds having numerous end applications. The study presents an attempt to develop an azo dye from Cardanol having end applications in pH-responsive dyes. Design/methodology/approach The cardanol was sulfonated to block the para position by which ortho positioned hydroxyl group after diazotization and coupling will provide necessary pH-sensitivity. The diazotization of two naphthalene derivatives, i.e. 1-naphthol-8-amino-3,6-disulfonic acid (H-acid) and 7-amino-4-hydroxy-2-naphthalene sulfonic acid (J-acid) was carried out using the standard practice, and the diazotized compounds were coupled with the sulfonated cardanol. The obtained dyes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, carbon-hydrogen-nitrogen-sulfur analysis and hydroxyl value. The colour properties were checked using UV-vis spectrophotometry and density functional theory, while thermogravimetric analysis was used for the thermal degradation studies of both the dyes. Findings Water-soluble cardanol-based azo dyes were prepared successfully having good thermal stability, and the obtained results are being presented in this paper. Originality/value The originality lies between the use of cardanol as a bio-based resource for the synthesis of azo-dye and the obtained azo-dye has the pH-sensitivity.

This paper is aimed at studying the thermal properties of poly(lactic acid), PLA with different plasticizers. Plasticized PLA was obtained by mixing and extruding PLA with 20 mass% of neat cardanol, epoxidized cardanol acetate (ECA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) 400. The glass transition of completely amorphous samples, melting and crystallization behavior of plasticized PLA were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry. Results obtained show that, below Tg, a higher enthalpy relaxation occurs for PLA plasticized by cardanol derivatives. This is indicative of a faster mobility of PLA chains below Tg, when cardanol derivatives are used as plasticizers. On the other hand, an opposite behavior was observed for the crystallization studies. In facts, a much faster crystallization was found for PLA plasticized by PEG, which in turn indicates a much higher mobility of PLA chains above Tg compared to PLA plasticized by cardanol derivatives. Mechanical properties obtained on completely amorphous samples show that PLA plasticized by ECA is characterized by lower modulus, which is indicative of a more efficient plasticization. On the other hand, the thicker crystals formed during crystallization of PLA plasticized by ECA involve a more relevant increase in the modulus in semicrystalline samples.

The current research work presents an attempt to develop an antimicrobial agent from the bioresource cardanol which can be embedded in the polymer matrix to develop a UV curable coating. The brominated cardanol (BC) was synthesized from liquid bromine (Br2) and cardanol followed by the reaction with triethylamine (TEA) to synthesize quaternary ammonium cardanol (AC). Further, the reaction with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) gives a UV curable antimicrobial agent (AA). This AA was incorporated in the epoxy acrylate UV curable system in various proportions along with the photoinitiator and coated onto a wooden substrate. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies and elemental analysis results revealed that the desired product has been formed. An antimicrobial test was performed with three types of microorganisms viz., bacteria, yeast, and fungi. The test results showed that the antimicrobial performance of the coatings was increased with the significant inhibition percentage values of 81.59% for gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), 77.12% for gram-negative bacteria (E. coli), and 73.82% for yeast (Candida albicans). Also, there was a decrease in the growth% value of the fungi (Aspergillus niger) as the concentration of AA in the system was increased. The mechanical properties of all the coatings were similar. There was a decrease in the Tg as well as in the degradation temperature of the coating films as the concentration of AA was increased, but the char yield got increased, as well. The sample with 20 wt% of AA showed the maximum amount of char yield (11.49%).

The objective of the current research work is to prepare a difunctional reactive dispersing agent derived from cardanol which can be used as an alternative for dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA) in waterborne polyurethane dispersion synthesis. The novelty of the research lies between the use of bio-based resource and utilizing the sulfonic acid group as an anionic dispersible group. The cardanol was sulfonated using oleum followed by the reaction of the hydroxyl group of phenol with the epichlorohydrin (ECH). The obtained product was then hydrolyzed to generate double functionalities which can be introduced in the PU backbone through a chemical reaction with a diisocyanate. The obtained intermediates and product were characterized using hydroxyl values, epoxy equivalent weights (EEW), CHNS analysis, FTIR and 1H-NMR analysis. The typical acetone process was used for the preparation of WPUDs, and the cured films were further analyzed for the various coating properties in which thermal properties showed significant improvements with the incorporation of HESC to the PU system along with the increased char yield and glass transition temperature (Tg), whereas the mechanical properties did not show any improvements, which could be attributed to the bulky structure of HESC and increased rigidity in the polymeric network. The detailed synthesis, characterizations and obtained results are presented and discussed here.

Plasticizers that enable flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are usually combustible, restricting the application of PVC in fire-prone scenarios. In this context, intrinsically flame-retardant plasticizers displaying dual function continue to be the focus of intensive research. Despite their efficiency, the majority of these dual-functional plasticizers previously reported contain halogen elements, which, once ignited, emanate toxic and potentially carcinogenic substances, along with toxic gases and smoke, polluting the environment, damaging the biota, and threatening human health. Here, we report a strategy to obtain a halogen-free, intrinsically flame-retardant PVC bio-plasticizer that harnesses the phenolic hydroxyl of naturally occurring cardanol and covalent attachment of an organophosphate moiety. When combined with di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DOP), the organophosphate-containing cardanol is qualified as a co-plasticizer, while endowing the PVC materials with flame retardancy. Unlike inorganic flame-retardants, the engineered cardanol is compatible with PVC such that the mechanical properties of the PVC materials are not compromised. The rationale underlying the present effort may provide guidance for developing sustainable alternatives to halogen-containing plasticizers to address the sustainability challenge now confronting PVC industry.

Biobased benzoxazine composites were designed and prepared using renewable bio-phenol (cardanol), newly synthesized 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO)-urea diamine and eco-friendly borassus aethiopum flower carbon (ABAFC) reinforcement through appropriate experimental conditions. The molecular structure of the DOPO-urea diamine and DOPO-urea diamine-based cardanol-benzoxazine monomers was confirmed using spectral analysis. The biobased benzoxazine matrix and varying weight percentages (1, 3 and 5wt.%) of the bio-carbon-reinforced composites were characterized by different analytical techniques. Result obtained from different studies showed that the glass transition temperature, percentage char yield and contact angle values were increased with the increase in weight percentage of bio-carbon reinforcement. Further, it was also ascertained that the results obtained from corrosion studies using hybrid bio-carbon-reinforced cardanol-benzoxazine composites as the coating materials for steel specimen act as efficient protecting materials. Thus, the overall results suggested that the DOPO urea diamine-based cardanol-benzoxazine composites reinforced with bio-carbon can be used for high-performance corrosion-resistant coating applications.

1,3-Dioxolan-4-one (DOX) chemistry was exploited for the synthesis of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based copolymers. A new DOX monomer, bearing the naturally occurring carvacrol (CarvDOX) as a pendant, ...

In the present work, the surface behavior of cotton fabrics coated with a series of bio-based polybenzoxazines is explored. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of bio-based benzoxazine monomers (C-x) using cardanol (C) and seven different amines (x = ba, ha, dda, oda, ddm, jef, and fa). The molecular structures of the benzoxazine monomers have been confirmed using FTIR and NMR analyses. The microstructure of the polybenzoxazine-coated cotton fabrics observed from FE-SEM reveals that formation of rough nanostructure is influenced by molecular structure of monomers. Further, surface analysis shows that poly(C-dda)-coated cotton fabric offers superior water contact angle (WCA = 155° ± 3) with low sliding angle (6°). Also, poly(C-dda)-coated cotton fabric delivers the lowest surface energy (14.1 mN/m) and high resistance against acidic and alkaline media. Subsequently, oil–water separation investigation shows that the poly(C-dda)-coated cotton fabric yields 99% of separation efficiency with flux value of 7200 L/m2h. Thus, the cardanol-based polybenzoxazine-coated cotton fabrics prepared in the present work can find application in the field of oil–water separation due to their superior water-repellent nature.

Aedes aegypti is the main mosquito vector of dengue, zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever diseases. The low effectiveness of vector control options is mainly related to the increased insect's resistance and to the toxicity of products used for non-target organisms. The development of new environmentally friendly and safer products is imperative. Technical cashew nut shell liquid (tCNSL), mostly composed by cardanol (C), is an abundant by-product of the cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) production chain, available at low cost, and with proven larvicidal activity. However, chemical modifications in both tCNSL and cardanol were required to increase their water solubilities. Our objectives were to synthesise and characterise sustainable, low-cost and easy-to-use multiple function products based on tCNSL, cardanol, and the sulphonates obtained from both; and to evaluate all these products efficacy as surfactants, larvicidal, and antimicrobial agents. None of the sulphonates presented antimicrobial and larvicidal activities. tCNSL and cardanol were successfully emulsified with sodium technical cashew nut shell liquid sulphonate (NatCNSLS, complex mixture of surfactants). The emulsions obtained presented larvicidal activity due to the presence of tCNSL and cardanol in their composition. Our results showed that the tCNSL+NatCNSLS mixture emulsion was an effective larvicide and surfactant multiple function product, with high availability and easy-to-use, which can facilitate its large-scale use in different environments. Graphical abstract.

The two different benzoxazine (Bz) monomers were synthesized from two different bisphenol-AF (BF)- and bisphenol-S (BS)-based diamines with cardanol (CL) precursor, whose molecular structures were confirmed using spectroscopy tools. Further, 2.5 wt%, 5 wt% and 7.5 wt% of phenol-3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane benzoxazine-functionalized MCM-41 (APMS) were reinforced with cardanol-bisphenol AF core diamine-based benzoxazine (BFCL-Bz) and cardanol-bisphenol-S core diamine-based benzoxazine (BSCL-Bz) and cured, which leads to increased thermal stability. Successfully developed polybenzoxazines (PBz) nanocomposites dielectric properties were studied. It was observed that the incorporation of 7.5 wt% of APMS into BFCL-PBz polybenzoxazine results an ultra-low dielectric constant value of about 1.78 at 1 MHz, whereas the APMS/BSCL-PBz composites showed 2.16 for the same weight % concentration of APMS. This may be attributed to the presence of fluorine moieties in APMS/BFCL-PBz system. Data resulted from different studies, and it is concluded that the hybrid composites developed in the present work can conveniently be used in the form of adhesives, sealants and encapsulants for low k interlayer dielectric materials for high-performance microelectronics applications.

High-performance epoxy coatings were prepared by crosslinking commercial diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A with silicon–sulfur containing di- and tetra-functional carboxyl curing agents based on cardanol. The curing agents were synthesized and products were analyzed by chemical, spectroscopic, and chromatographic techniques. In the next part, coatings were formulated by varying the ratio of epoxy resin to curing agents on equivalent basis, such as 1:0.6, 1:0.8, and 1:1. The coatings were applied on mild steel panels and cured at 150°C for 30 min. The resultant coatings were evaluated for performance properties including mechanical, chemical, optical, thermal anticorrosive, and flame retardant properties. It was observed that with an increase in concentration of silicon–sulfur containing curing agents, water contact angles of the coatings substantially increased. Moreover, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Tafel analysis, and salt spray studies revealed that anticorrosive properties of the coatings improved with an increase in concentration of silicon and sulfur. In spite of synergistic effect of silicon–sulfur, only marginal improvement in flame retardant properties was observed.

An environmentally compatible organic solar cell (OSC) has potential to build a global clean energy infrastructure for the world. However, much less attention has been focused on the structures sou...

Phenolic resin can include any of various synthetic thermosetting resins, such as Novolac, which is obtained by the reaction of phenols with simple aldehydes, such as formaldehyde. Phenolics can be...

Cardanol is a substituted phenol obtained from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) by the vacuum distillation. It is a feasible alternative to petrochemically derived phenol for many applications. Carda...

Photochromic molecules derived from bioresources and their hybrids with various carbon nanomaterials always resulted in devices with outstanding performance. Among different carbon nanomaterials su...

This paper reports the development of the first vitrimer based on polybenzoxazines containing disulfide bonds and cardanol. The synthesis of the monomer was carried out following a sustainable process, without any solvent and purification. The novel polybenzoxazine can be recycled, reshaped and (re)processed, thanks to a fast relaxation process (18 seconds at 120 °C) and low activation energy (64.5 kJ mol−1). Furthermore, the benzoxazine vitrimer shows significant and healable adhesive properties over short times and at low temperatures. These features support it also being considered in additive manufacturing applications, with the possibility of applying 3D printing technology, extending its application to many fields of materials.

The high rigidity and brittleness of traditional thermosetting resin based on bisphenol epoxy limits its many potential technical applications. Here, a novel tertiary amine containing cardanol-based epoxy resin (NC-514-DEA) was synthesized by reaction of diethanolamine (DEA) with cardanol epoxy resin (NC-514). Moreover, NC-514-DEA modified graphene oxide (GOND) was prepared and used as a reactive nano-reinforcing filler for epoxy composites. The results show that, compared with neat epoxy resin, the fracture toughness of the epoxy composite with 0.5 wt% GOND is increased by nearly 10%, and the friction coefficient is reduced from 0.567 to 0.408, demonstrating the best performance among specimens. The improved mechanical and wear resistance properties of prepared composites were attribute to the synergistic effect of NC-514-DEA and GO, which inhibited the generation and propagation of cracks by enhancing the interfacial interaction and distributing stress. In addition, the synthetic process of GOND is green, simple and efficient, providing a novel way for designing epoxy composite materials with many potential applications.

The present study aims to evaluate the anticonvulsant and antioxidant activity of the alkylated cardanol in mice, as well as the possible mechanisms involved. Albino mice were used. The pentylenetetrazol, picrotoxin, and pilocarpine were used to induce seizures clonic. The effect of selective receptor antagonist GABAA on anticonvulsant activity was investigated with flumazenil. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the formation of lipid peroxides, nitrite content, and concentration of reduced glutathione. The largest dose of alkylated cardanol increased the latency of the first seizure induced by pentylenetetrazol acting on the GABAergic receptors. The treatment did not alter body weight and did not cause death in animals. It was observed a reduction in locomotor activity and motor coordination. Treatment reduced the level of lipid peroxidation and contents of nitrite and increased levels of GSH in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. Alkylated cardanol showed a protective effect against convulsions induced in mice.

The Diels–Alder (DA) reaction is regarded as quite a useful strategy in organic and macromolecular syntheses. The reversibility of this reaction and the advent of self-repair technology, as well as other applications in controlled macromolecular architectures and crosslinking, have strongly boosted the research activity, which is still attracting a huge interest in both academic and industrial research. The DA reaction is a simple and scalable toolbox. Though it is well-established that furan/maleimide is the most studied diene/dienophile couple, this perspective article reports strategies using other reversible systems with deeper features on other types of diene/dienophile pairs being either petro-sourced (cyclopentadiene, anthracene) or bio-sourced (muconic and sorbic acids, myrcene and farnesene derivatives, eugenol, cardanol). This review is composed of four sections. The first one briefly recalls the background on the DA reactions involving cyclodimerizations, dienes, and dienophiles, parameters affecting the reaction, while the second part deals with the furan/maleimide reaction. The third one deals with petro-sourced and bio-sourced (or products becoming bio-sourced) reactants involved in DA reactions are also listed and discussed. Finally, the authors’ opinion is given on the potential future of the crosslinking–decrosslinking reaction, especially regarding the process (e.g., key temperatures of decrosslinking) or possibly monocomponents. It presents both fundamental and applied research on the DA reaction and its applications.

In the present work, amine-functionalized Prosopis juliflora carbon (APJC)-reinforced diphenyldiaminomethane-based cardanol benzoxazine (DDCBz) composites have been developed and characterized with a view to utilizing them for possible load-bearing and corrosion-resistant applications. Chemical structure of the DDCBz was ascertained using Fourier transform infrared, Proton nuclear magnetic resonance and Maldi mass spectroscopy. The 5 wt% APJC/DDCBz composites exhibit good hydrophobic character, thermal stability and mechanical properties compared to those of neat matrix and other wt% of APJC-reinforced composites. Similarly, glass transition temperature (Tg) and water contact angle of composites are enhanced according to their weight percentage concentration. Results from corrosion studies indicate that the mild steel specimens coated with DDCBz matrix and APJC/DDCBz composites offer enhanced corrosion resistance. Data obtained from different studies infer that the APJC-reinforced DDCBz composites possess an improved thermal stability, thermomechanical behaviour, hydrophobic characteristics and corrosion-resistant properties, which make them suitable for high-performance thermal and corrosion-resistant applications.

In the present work, the hybrid siloxane-based cardanol-benzoxazine-epoxy (1:1 ratio) matrix (SBCBz-EP) capable of curing at substantially low temperature when compared with that of conventional benzoxazines was prepared and characterized. The matrix SBCBz-EP was reinforced with varying weight percentages (1, 3 and 5 wt%) of hydroxyl-terminated cyclotriphosphazene (HTCP) and the resulting hybrid composites were characterized by modern analytical methods, which can be used for paint-related applications due to their low-temperature curing behaviour. Data obtained from differential scanning calorimeter analysis infer that the glass transition temperature of the hybrid matrix (SBCBz-EP) and HTCP reinforced with 1, 3 and 5 wt% composites was 73°C, 75°C, 82°C, and 88°C, respectively. The polymerization temperature obtained for SBCBz-EP matrix and HTCP-reinforced hybrid composites was considerably lower than that of conventional benzoxazines. The present hybridization approach of benzoxazine and epoxy paves an avenue to alleviate the deficient characteristics of both industrially valuable resins namely high curing temperature and brittle behaviour of benzoxazines and also to improve thermal stability, mechanical strength and flame-retardant behaviour of epoxy resins. Data obtained from mechanical, dielectric, thermal stability and corrosion-resistant studies indicate that the properties of hybrid composites (HTCP/SBCBZ-EP) were enhanced to an appreciable extent according to the wt% of HTCP and it can be suggested that these hybrid composite materials can be used in the form of adhesives, sealants, encapsulants and water-resistant coatings for high performance industrial applications.

Epoxy resins are widely commercialized in the market because of their important applications such as adhesives, protective and decorative coatings. However, their usages have brought in negative impacts on the environment since approximately 70% of the epoxy resins are prepared from toxic petroleum-based precursor bisphenol. Great effort has been made on the use of biobased compounds to create an environmentally friendly epoxy resin industry. In this research, fully biobased epoxy coatings were prepared from cardanol-derived resins with furfurylamine (FA) or 1,8-diamino-p-menthane (DAPM) as the curing agent without the use of any solvent. Hydrophobization was realized by the addition of a fluorine-free additive, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The thermal-mechanical and wettability properties of the coatings exhibited a strong dependency on the type of epoxy resin and curing agent. The coatings were also assessed for their anti-icing and anticorrosion performances. The fully biobased NC514-DAPM coating showed a very low ice adhesion strength at 55.0 ± 5.2 kPa. It also showed good anticorrosive properties as demonstrated in its high corrosion potential and low corrosion current. Hydrophobization by PDMS was able to further reduce the ice adhesion strength of the fully biobased coatings by 32–38%, however, its effect on the anticorrosion remains inconclusive due to the varying thicknesses of the coatings. Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Accepted version We would like to thank the Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR) of Singapore for the funds (SERC 1528000048) provided in this research.

Cardanol is a bio-phenol used in the field of polybenzoxazine (polyBZ) due to its abundance, low cost, effectiveness, and ease of reaction. Its impact on the polymerization kinetic of benzoxazine as well as on the thermal stability has been hereby investigated. To this aim, three di-functional benzoxazine monomers (BZ) are synthesized by bridging with ethylene diamine either two phenols (di-phenol), one phenol and one cardanol (asymmetric card-phenol), or two cardanol moieties (di-cardanol). FT-IR measurements show that the presence of the cardanol aliphatic chain modifies the formation of hydrogen bonding network. These differences are highlighted in the chemorheology of polymerization, where the di-phenol BZ monomer shows an early vitrification explained by the formation of a high degree of H-bonding interactions during curing. An important feature of benzoxazines reactions, highlighted in this study, is that vitrification does not stop the polymerization process. Cardanol long alkyl side chain can cause a plasticizing effect and induces a lower degree of polymerization. This is observed through the decrease of the glass transition temperature (Tg) and the apparition of a β relaxation for cardanol-based polymers. Interestingly, the thermal stability is significantly improved for cardanol-based polyBZ, which can be the result of H-bonds reorganization in the system due to the cardanol aliphatic chains.

With the increase in demand for bio-based coatings with lower volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, methacrylated cardanol (MACO) and triethoxysilane-functionalized cardanol (TSCO) have been investigated as bio-based reactive diluents for formulating alkyd coatings as a substitute for volatile solvents. The viscosity of the representative alkyd resin was significantly reduced through the use of cardanol-based reactive diluents (over 84% diluent efficiency at 30 wt% loading). Both MACO and TSCO were able to participate in the cross-linked network of the alkyd coating as confirmed by the gel content and cross-link density of the cured coating films. Moreover, the cross-link density of the alkyd coating was significantly improved by using TSCO as the reactive diluent, leading to a significant enhancement in mechanical strength and solvent resistance of the alkyd coating. This work will facilitate the adoption of cardanol as a renewable building block in the coating industry in order to produce greener alkyd coatings.

In the present work, three types of polybenzoxazines were synthesized using caprolactam-based diamine (CPA-NH2) and formaldehyde with different phenols, namely 4-fluorophenol, cardanol, and phenol, under appropriate experimental conditions. The molecular structure of the benzoxazine monomers was confirmed by FTIR, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopic techniques. Polybenzoxazines were obtained through ring-opening polymerization of benzoxazine monomers, and their formation was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The elemental composition and morphological behavior of polybenzoxazines were characterized by SEM-EDAX and AFM techniques. The naturally occurring cardanol- and caprolactam-based diamine (CPA-NH2)-based benzoxazine was selected for detailed studies. The synthesized SiO2–TiO2 nanohybrid reinforcement was functionalized with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (3-APS) and reinforced with cardanol-based benzoxazine (CPBz) monomer. The resulted nanocomposites were studied for their corrosion protection behavior against mild steel surface along with thermomechanical (TGA and DMA) and morphological (SEM, XRD, and TEM) properties. The results obtained from electrochemical impedance analysis indicate that the 5 wt% of F–SiO2–TiO2 of reinforced CPBz exhibits an effective corrosion-resistant behavior toward surface of steel specimen than that of other samples.

Cardanol glycidyl ether, epoxidized acetylated castor oil methyl ester, and epoxidized soybean oil were grafted on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) chains to obtain flexible PVC materials. The structure and properties of graft modification of PVC materials were investigated. The glass transition temperature of graft modification of PVC with cardanol glycidyl ether, epoxidized acetylated castor oil methyl ester, and epoxidized soybean oil was 42.1 °C, 43.8 °C, and 37.9 °C, respectively. The mechanical properties illustrated that graft modification of PVC materials were more flexible than PVC. The extraction tests showed that the modified PVC materials presented no migration in n-hexane and can be used to prepare flexible PVC products with high requirements of durability. The internal plasticizing mechanism was also discussed according to the free volume theory.

Renewable resource based polyol derived from undecylenic acid, a by-product of castor oil, was successfully synthesized by three consecutive reactions: methylation, thiol-ene addition, and amidation. The biobased polyol is a sulfur- and nitrogen-containing polyol. The structure was confirmed by FTIR, NMR, and mass spectroscopic techniques. The undecylenic acid based polyol was used as a polyol along with phosphated cardanol-based polyol in the preparation of polyurethane coatings. The obtained polyurethanes were assessed for their properties by various techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical and thermal analysis (DMTA), Universal testing machine (UTM) and electrochemical study. Interestingly, the biobased polyol improved mechanical property such as toughness of the material when it was incorporated in different weight percentages to the phosphated cardanol-based polyol. Moreover, the synergistic effect of the phosphorous and biobased polyol with the elements - sulfur and nitrogen, enhanced the anti-corrosion and antimicrobial natures of the polyurethane coating. The corrosion rate was drastically decreased from 3.0 × 10–4 to 1.8 × 10–7 mm per year for the prepared polyurethane coatings.

Poor interface strength and water resistance are significant challenges in taking full advantage of the excellent performances of natural fiber-reinforced biopolymer composites. Herein, a mussel-inspired co-deposition process was developed to synthesize a nanostructured layer on the surface of cellulose nanofiber (CNF) with target water-resistant property and high adhesion strength of soy protein isolate (SPI)/CNF composite adhesives. Renewable resource cardanol was selected as an environmentally sustainable interphase constituent. First, hydrolyzable alkoxy silane cardanol (ASC) was synthesized via an epoxide ring opening reaction of the cardanol-based glycidyl ether with aminopropyltriethoxysilane. When assembled on the CNFs, the ASC/dopamine system conformally coated every fiber, yielding a nanostructured polydopamine (pDA)/ASC hybrid coating that subsequently acted as the resin/fiber interphases during the adhesive preparation. The nanohybrid coatings contained versatile catechol functional groups as “bonding sites” and long aliphatic chains as a “flexible barrier”. The integrated advantages of the CNF network and the “bonding site and flexible barrier” structures on the outside surface contributed to the strong cohesive interaction between the soy protein and nanofibers, and hence the reactive water-resistant barrier was formed between the two substrates. Thanks to the tailored interphase, the resins achieved impressive adhesion properties with a wet shear strength up to 1.27 MPa, which was 189% and 95% higher than that of the neat resin and the adhesive prepared with pristine fibers, respectively. The findings demonstrate that the sustainable cardanol holds potential for the development of water-resistant biobased composites.

Owing to the natural abundance, variety of structural features, and highly specific functions, natural monomers render themselves as potential candidates for production of high performance functional polymers. The emerging concept of the biorefinery and development of new biosynthetic routes to synthesize a versatile and broad spectrum of natural monomers and polymers continues to gain momentum. The production of high quality polymers from renewable feedstocks requires innovative chemical modifications and catalytic transformations to achieve higher yields in an efficient manner. A fresh look into monomers available from natural resources such as terpenes, rosin, glycerol, furans, tannins, suberin, their derivatives and miscellaneous monomers may inspire future applications with impactful biobased materials. There are also many areas that require urgent discussion and review pertaining to recent developments in the field; this includes monomer sources that give molecules having special structural features. In particular, cardanol, a naturally occurring low-molecular-weight compound is unique as it contains a phenolic head group and a hydrocarbon chain with different degrees of unsaturation. This molecule possesses functional groups that are amenable for classical chemical modification, which is instrumental in developing a wide range of functional monomers and polymers. A large number of soft and hard materials have been developed from cardanol-based monomers. During the past, a large number of industrial grade materials have been developed from plant-based monomers, including development from microbial and fermentation processes (i.e. lactic acid). This review provides a comprehensive study and survey on recent developments on monomers and polymers derived from urushiol and cardanol based monomers and polymers, vegetable oil-based monomers and polymers, microbially produced monomers and polymers. These all represent emerging fronts giving a vast scope while highlighting important potential material and reagent opportunities.

With the aim to reinforce polylactide (PLA) mechanical properties, poly(acrylonitrile-butadienestyrene) (ABS) is considered as a polymer of choice. However, PLA and ABS are immiscible, leading to blends with weak properties. Cardanol is a lipid phenolic known to compatibilize these two polymers thanks to its reaction with ABS, but does not react with PLA and restricts its use to the modification of ABS. In this work, we investigated the effect of cardanol-based compatibilizers able to react by reactive extrusion with both PLA and ABS. In a first approach, cardanol unsaturations were epoxidized (CardE), hoping to react with PLA, while cardanol phenolic group would react with ABS. This compatibilizer was efficient as attested by ABS nodules size reduction and dispersion within PLA, in addition to the merging of the relaxation temperatures of both polymers at 69.5 °C when 5 wt% CardE was used. In addition, it led to a substantial improvement of PLA/ABS impact strength and elongation at break. In a second approach, we used of a mixture of compatibilizers, containing raw and epoxidized cardanol, both of them reacting either with PLA or with ABS. Here, a clear synergistic effect was observed, as attested by the exceptional increases of both impact strength (+172% compared to neat PLA) and elongation at break (+1000% compared to neat PLA). We assumed modified chains of both PLA and ABS with cardanol derivatives during reactive extrusion would intersperse between PLA and ABS, reducing the interfacial tension and improving the interfacial adhesion, leading to the outstanding compatibilization of the blend.

International audience; Along with characterization of vinyl monomers from high oleic soybean oil (HOSBM) and cardanol (CBM) in free radical (co)polymerization, a series of stable latexes based on various ratios of these fully renewable plant-based monomer mixtures have been synthesized using a miniemulsion process. The combination of aliphatic fatty acid fragments of HOSBM with aromatic CBM structure led to the formation of durable latexes from fully renewable feeds as well as the ability of the resulting cross-linked latex films to balance thermomechanical properties. Biobased latexes were synthesized from 10 to 75 wt % of CBM and 25–90 wt % of HOSBM in the feed, characterized, and tested in films and coatings performances. The synergistic effects of both the constituents in the films and coatings were observed. The incorporation of cardanol-based fragments enhances the Young’s modulus of the films, whereas the plant oil-based units contribute to softer and more flexible films. Even small (10 wt %) fractions of CBM can provide noticeable strength to the soft latex polymer material based entirely on HOSBM. All cross-linked latex films in this study exhibit decent properties and performance in terms of pendulum and pencil hardness, water and solvent resistance, as well as adhesion to the steel substrate. To the best of our knowledge, latexes from fully renewable plant-based monomer mixtures have not been reported before in literature.

In the evolving resin world, people are trying to develop the resins from bio-resources with the properties similar to or superior to the commercial resins. This research work presents an attempt to develop the flame-retardant coating from cardanol as a starting material. The two intermediates obtained using Phenylphosphonic dichloride (PPDC) and Dichlorodimethylsilane (DCDMS) are used in the development of polyurethane backbone in various proportions. Itaconic acid (IA) based polyol was used as a chain extender for curing. Characterization of the intermediates obtained was done using the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, acid value, hydroxyl value, epoxy value, etc. All the characterizations showed that the required products have been formed. The Coated films showed similar mechanical properties which were analyzed using flexibility, impact resistance and pencil hardness. The gel content and water absorption values obtained are inversely proportional to each other which can be correlated with the barrier properties of the films. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the FR50 produced the maximum amount of char and FR100 had the highest Tg with the value of 81.68 °C. Flame retardancy of the cured films was checked using the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL- 94 vertical burning test. All the coating films with the developed precursors were able to self-extinguish the fire within 10 s and FR50 obtained 29 as the highest value of LOI.

A series of copolymers (PSH#s, where # is the molar content (%) of (dimethylamino)ethylmethacrylate (DMAEMA) and sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA)) containing both plant-based cardanol and zwitterionic moieties was synthesized via free radical polymerization of 2-hydroxy-3-cardanylpropyl methacrylate (HCPM) and DMAEMA, followed by betainisation with 1,3-propanesultone. Transparent PSH# films could be prepared on the silicon wafers through spin-coating and UV-crosslinking processes. The bactericidal and antifouling properties of the polymer films were found to be closely related to the ratio of the HCPM and SBMA moieties in the copolymers. The films having a larger content of the bactericidal HCPM moiety show better bactericidal properties, while those having a larger content of the hydrophilic SBMA moiety show enhanced adhesion resistance to biofoulants. Moreover, all the films having both HCPM and SBMA moieties have sufficient biocompatibility, regardless of their ratio.

The amphyphylic triazoanilines recently synthesized 1-(4-(3-aminophenyl)-1H-1,2,3- triazole-1-yl)-3-(3-pentadecylphenoxy)propan-2-ol (1) and 1-(4-(4-aminophenyl)-1H- 1,2,3-triazole-1-yl)-3-(3-pentadecylphenoxy)propan-2-ol (2), synthesized from cardanol and glycerol, have photophysical properties which allow their use in the development of fluorescent biomarkers with applicability in the biodiesel quality control. Based on this, the present research evaluated the toxic effects of both compounds in different biological models through the investigation of survival and mortality percentages as a measure of acute toxicity on Daphnia similis and Oreochromis niloticus, larvicidal assay against Aedes aegypti, and cytotoxic activity on mammary cells. Results demonstrate that these triazoanilines 1 and 2 have shown low acute toxicity to the biological models investigated in this study up to the following concentrations: 4.0 mg L-1 (D. similis), 4.0 mg L-1 (A. aegypti larvae), 1.0 mg L-1 (O. niloticus), and 1.0 mg mL-1 (mammary cells). This fact suggests the potential for safe use of compounds 1 and 2 as fluorescent markers for the monitoring of biodiesel quality, even in the case of environmental exposure. Besides all of that, the reuse of cardanol and glycerol, both industrial wastes, favors the maintenance of environmental health and is in agreement with the assumptions of green chemistry. Graphical abstract ᅟ.

International audience; Well‐defined linear alkyl benzene surfactants (COxn) were successfully synthesized using cardanol as a green phenolic alternative and initiator for polyoxazoline (POx), the hydrophilic block of nonionic surfactants. Various hydrophilic lipophilic balance values were investigated by varying the POx length according to the [monomer]/[initiator] ratio. The chemical structure of the surfactants, in particular the terminal groups, was well identified by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry demonstrating the good progress of the cationic ring‐opening polymerization. The COxn surfactants spontaneously self‐assembled in water at a critical aggregation concentration of 1–2 µmol L−1 into nano‐objects characterized by a hydrodynamic diameter of 11–24 nm and a number of aggregations ranging from 30 to 60 according to the worm‐like micelle model.

Commercially available methacrylates often contain derivates of bisphenol A (BPA), a known human endocrine disruptor and petrochemical derived compound; therefore, alternatives are being investigated to increase sustainability and reduce toxicity. An asymmetric, bio-based bisphenol, VAC, was synthesized via an electrophilic aromatic condensation of vanillyl alcohol and cardanol. The alkyl side chain of VAC was subsequently hydrogenated to yield VAHC to determine the effects of side chain unsaturation on material properties. These bisphenols were methacrylated to prepare VACDM and VAHCDM, blended with a reactive diluent, cured, and compared to BPA dimethacrylate (BPADM), bio-based bisguaiacol dimethacrylate (BGDM), and a commercial BPA based vinyl ester (VE828). Resins containing VACDM and VAHCDM have reduced viscosities relative to BGDM and both BPA-based dimethacrylates, and the unsaturation on the side chain was shown to provide further reduced viscosities. Cured resins with VACDM and VAHCDM exhibit directly comparable thermal stability in both inert and oxidative environments, and decreased glass-transition temperatures due to increased aliphatic character relative to BPA-based resins. The toughness of the thermosets comprised of the bio-based bisphenols were greater than that of BPADM, where the alkyl substituent was shown to impart toughness into the network, yet the level of side chain saturation shows minimal effect on fracture toughness.

Although a large number of natural and non-natural metalloporphyrins are known, examples with fluorescence and fat-soluble properties are rare. We have achieved the synthesis of a fluorescent and fat-soluble zinc porphyrin incorporating four units of hydrogenated cardanol (H-cardanol). The synthesis is sustainable since the product is derived from cashew-nut shell liquid (CNSL), which is a renewable and bio-waste material. The H-cardanol triazole zinc porphyrin conjugate (HTZPC) was synthesized through applying a copper(I) catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction between a H-cardanol derived azide and a tetraarylporphyrin derived alkyne. The absorption and emission properties of the hydrocarbon solvent soluble HTZPC were evaluated using UV-vis and fluorescence emission spectra obtained in various solvents. The results were compared with related molecules like a triazole-zinc porphyrin conjugate (TZPC), zinc tetra-C(4)-methoxyphenyl porphyrin (ZP), and a H-cardanol-triazole conjugate (HTC). The results showed that HTZPC undergoes J-type aggregation in both non-polar and highly polar solvents, which is dictated by van der Waals attractive forces between H-cardanol units in polar solvents (e.g. methanol and dimethylformamide) and π–π stacking interactions between porphyrin units in non-polar solvents (hexane). Moreover, the spectra indicated that the triazole units could stabilize the zinc porphyrin via intermolecular coordinate-complex formation. We anticipate that fat-soluble HTZPC could find applications in medical fields (e.g. in the photodynamic therapy of fat tissue).

A bio-based phosphorus-containing benzoxazine monomer (CBz) was successfully synthesized through the reaction between cardanol and DOPO-based diamine. In order to simultaneously improve the toughness and flame retardancy of epoxy resin (EP), various contents of CBz in combination with boron-doped graphene (BG) nanosheets were incorporated into EP to obtain boron-doped graphene/cardanol derived benzoxazine-epoxy composites (EP/CBz/BG). By comparison, cardanol derived benzoxazine-epoxy co-polymers (EP/CBz) were also fabricated. Results show that the addition of the as-prepared CBz into EP not only endowed EP with excellent flame retardancy, but also improved the glass transition temperature and impact strength. Specifically, the peak heat release rate of EP composite with 13 wt% CBz and 2 wt% BG decreased by 48% compared to that of neat EP, accompanying with an increase of impact strength by 22%. These favorable features of EP/CBz/BG composites are attributed to the unique structure of CBz and high resistance to thermal decomposition of BG.

Cardanol was obtained by vacuum distillation of ‘‘cashew nut shell liquid’’ (CNSL). Cardanol is a by-product of cashew production and a building block for chemical synthesis; cardanol and its derivatives can be used for different types of applications. Three of these compounds are the subject of the present NMR study and theoretical comparison. 1H and 13C NMR signals were assigned using 1D and 2D NMR experiments. The DFT/B3LYP method using the cc-pVTZ basis set was employed for the calculations of the 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts (δ). The obtained data were used as an auxiliary tool for unequivocal assignment of all 1H and 1³C NMR signals. For these compounds, the adopted theoretical model was sufficient to obtain a good description of the chemical shifts.

The preparation of strong, tough, and biodegradable soy protein isolate (SPI)-based composite films remains challenging. The simulation of natural structures is highly desirable in the manufacture of synthetic polymer materials because it may significantly improve their mechanical properties and extend their applicability. Herein, we report a facile strategy for preparing a biodegradable SPI-based composite film by incorporating a biomass-derived, water-soluble hyperbranched polyester (HBPE) and a polyfunctional cardanol derivative. The fabricated SPI-based composite film has high tensile strength (11.6 MPa) and an excellent breaking strain (123%). This outstanding performance may be attributed to: the fractional free volume increase arising from the introduction of nanosized cavities into the matrix; the strain-induced orientation crystallization of the SPI-based composite film following incorporation of the polyfunctional cardanol derivative; and the strong intermolecular sacrificial hydrogen bonds and stable covalent bonds confined within the matrix. Furthermore, the biodegradable SPI-based composite film has excellent UV-barrier performance owing to the inclusion of the cardanol derivative.

In the present work, we developed a green and more efficient method to prepare biobased polyurethane (PU) foams under catalyst-free condition. Firstly, novel organosilicon grafting cardanol-based autocatalytic polyols (SCAPs) with low viscosity were synthesized through the ring opening of cardanol glycidyl ether (CGE) and the hydrosilation of unsaturated alkyl chain with heptamethyltrisiloxane (HMTS). Subsequently, PU foams were synthesized by SCAPs in absence of catalyst. The structure and properties of the PU foams were evaluated and discussed. In addition, the thermal degradation mechanism of PU foams was investigated by using a thermogravimetric analysis instrument coupled with fourier transform infrared and mass spectrometer (TG-FTIR-MS). The results showed that the PU foams had high compression strength and thermo-stability.

In this study, a new type of bio-based azobenzene-containing benzoxazine (Bza) was synthesized using p-aminoazobenzene, paraformaldehyde, and cardanol the raw materials, and the resulting Bza was mixed with bio-based epoxy soybean oil (ESO) in different composition ratios in the presence of adipic acid as a reaction curing agent, affording a bio-based thermosetting composite thermosets. The chemical structure of the synthesized Bza was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The thermal curing behavior in the absence of any catalyst was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, indicating that the synthesized Bza exhibits certain liquid crystalline characteristics during heating. The existence of liquid crystal state was further confirmed by the polarizing microscope studies. The mechanical and thermal properties of the composite thermosets with different proportions of Bza were studied. The results show that the addition of increasing amount of Bza to ESO improved its performance to a certain extent; however, further addition beyond a certain range deteriorated the performance. Attributing to excellent processability and high performance of soybean oil-based thermosetting materials and photochromism of azobenzene compounds, the resulting composite materials endowing the characteristics of their components will have a wide range of applications in many fields.

International audience; Hydrophobically modified chitooligosaccharides (COSs) were tested for suitability as an emulsifier in cationic bituminous emulsions. COSs with polymerization degrees (DPs) of 5, 10, 15, and 20 were obtained by nitrous acid deamination. A complete study on depolymerization and precise product and side product characterization was undergone. Chemical modification of COSs was performed to achieve amphiphilic structures using three fatty epoxides with a growing chain length butyl (C4), octadecyl (C9), and hexadecyl glycidyl ether (C16)). The grafting efficiency according to reaction conditions was established. Different substitution degrees (DSs) were obtained by modulating the ratio of fatty epoxy to NH2. It was shown that after a certain DS, the oligomers thus formed were not water-soluble anymore. At the end, cardanol glycidyl ether was grafted on DP 5, 10, and 15 COSs, cardanol being a biobased compound extracted from cashew nut shell; this reaction led to a potentially fully biobased structure. Water-soluble candidates with a higher DS were used as surfactants to emulsify motor oil as a simulation of bitumen. Cardanol–chitosan-based surfactants led to direct oil-in-water emulsion (60/40 w/w) composed of particles of 15 μm average size that were stable at least for 24 h.

Biobased composites were successfully prepared using raw materials derived from biomass waste, i.e., an epoxy resin obtained from cardanol and nanocellulose from unbleached hemp fibers. The composites were prepared by solvent exchange and an impregnation of the cellulosic mat with the resin, followed by photocuring. Quantitative conversion was obtained, despite the high amount of fibers (30 wt%) and their absorbance in the UV region of the light spectrum. X-ray diffraction confirmed that the crystalline structure of cellulose did not change during the impregnation and curing process. The cured composites were flexible, hydrophobic, water resistant, transparent with a yellow/brown color, and in the rubbery state at room temperature.

Disposable surgical face masks are usually used by medical/nurse staff but the current Covid-19 pandemic has caused their massive use by many people. Being worn closely attached to the people's face, they are continuously subjected to routine movements, i.e., facial expressions, breathing, and talking. These motional forces represent an unusual source of wasted mechanical energy that can be rather harvested by electromechanical transducers and exploited to power mask-integrated sensors. Typically, piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators are exploited to this aim; however, most of the current devices are too thick or wide, not really conformable, and affected by humidity, which make them hardly embeddable in a mask, in contact with skin. Different from recent attempts to fabricate smart energy-harvesting cloth masks, in this work, a wearable energy harvester is rather enclosed in the mask and can be reused and not disposed. The device is a metal-free hybrid piezoelectric nanogenerator (hPENG) based on soft biocompatible materials. In particular, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes in the pure form and with a biobased plasticizer (cardanol oil, CA) are electrospun onto a laser-ablated polyimide flexible substrate attached on a skin-conformable elastomeric blend of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and Ecoflex. The multilayer structure of the device harnesses the piezoelectricity of the PVDF nanofibers and the friction triboelectric effects. The ultrasensitive mechanoelectrical transduction properties of the composite device are determined by the strong electrostatic behavior of the membranes and the plasticization effect of cardanol. In addition, encapsulation based on PVDF, PDMS, CA, and parylene C is used, allowing the hPENG to exhibit optimal reliability and resistance against the wet and warm atmosphere around the face mask. The proposed device reveals potential applications for the future development of smart masks with coupled energy-harvesting devices, allowing to use them not only for anti-infective protection but also to supply sensors or active antibacterial/viral devices.

In the present work, an ether-linked bisphenol-A diamine and cardanol-based benzoxazine was synthesized and its molecular structure was confirmed by FTIR and NMR. The benzoxazine-functionalized reduced graphene oxide hybrid material was prepared by solution blending technique and was incorporated into epoxy resin in varying (5%, 10% and 15%) weight percentages. The composites obtained were characterized by different analytical methods. Data obtained from mechanical studies inferred that there was a significant improvement in the values of tensile, flexural and impact strengths according to weight percentage incorporation of benzoxazine-functionalized graphene reinforcement. The values of dielectric constant are also enhanced according the weight percentage of reinforcement. Morphological properties of hybrid nanocomposites were analysed by SEM and XRD and the data obtained indicate that there was a uniform dispersion of reduced graphene oxide into the benzoxazine-epoxy matrix system, which was evidently well supported by the enhancement in the values of dielectric constant and mechanical properties. Among the different weight percentages of compositions used as reinforcement, 15 wt% C-bpda-rGo reinforced benzoxazine-epoxy composites possess better properties when compared with those of neat epoxy matrix and other weight percentages of hybrid nanocomposites. Data resulted from different studies infer that the hybrid composites developed in the present work possess an improved thermal, mechanical and dielectric properties suitable for high performance microelectronics applications.

Epoxidized cardanol-based prepolymer (ECP) generated from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) was successfully used as biobased compatibilizer/chain extender for poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) (80:20 wt%) blends. The reactive compatibilization effectiveness of different amounts of this biobased additive was compared with that of a petroleum-derived glycidyl-based copolymer, namely Joncryl ADR4300 (ADR) in term of mechanical, dynamic-mechanical and thermal properties, as well as rheological and morphological aspects. The addition of 3 wt% of ECP resulted in significant improvement of yield stress, elongation at break, Young modulus and toughness. The results obtained with this additive were similar or even superior to those observed for ADR. A sea-island-type morphology with very small PBAT domains was also reached with the compatibilization, as indicated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The compatibilization was also suggested from the slight increase of the glass transition temperature of the PBAT phase and also a decrease in crystallinity degree of PLA phase. The results presented in this work open new possibilities for developing cost-effective biobased and/or biodegradable materials for food packaging applications.