Search

Your search keyword '"Atmosfera"' showing total 30 results
Start Over Descriptor "Atmosfera" Topic 01 natural sciences
30 results on '"Atmosfera"'

1. Máquinas en el aire: manifestaciones atmosféricas

Author

Agustin Mercado Reyes

Subjects
atmósfera, universos de valor, Value (ethics), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:Philosophy (General), Philosophy, Context (language use), General Medicine, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmosphere (architecture and spatial design), 01 natural sciences, Object (philosophy), corpóreo e incorpóreo, Epistemology, crisis ecológica, lcsh:B1-5802, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

El presente texto reflexiona acerca del concepto de atmósfera, en el contexto de la crisis climática actual, cuya complejidad se exacerba por su carácter global y urgente. Si bien dicha noción se puede entender a través de datos cuantitativos resultantes de la medición sobre un objeto corporal, la ontología que Félix Guattari desarrolló en sus últimos escritos nos provee de un sistema en el que cada entidad real presupone la convivencia de registros tanto corpóreos como incorpóreos, y tanto reales como posibles, y por tanto un entendimiento puramente corporal sería insuficiente. El sistema de Guattari invita a aceptar la multiplicación de las manifestaciones y de las potencias del objeto atmosférico, y señala la dificultad de articular y conciliar distintos tipos de valores inherentes que presenta.

Published
2021

2. An overview of and issues with sky radiometer technology and SKYNET

Author

Vijay K. Soni, Masahiro Momoi, Boossarasiri Thana, Monica Campanelli, Akihiro Yamazaki, Nas Urt Tugjsurn, Natalia Kouremeti, Govindan Pandithurai, Sujung Go, Huizheng Che, Kazuma Aoki, Tomoaki Nishizawa, Hitoshi Irie, Sang Woo Kim, Makiko Hashimoto, Teruyuki Nakajima, Rei Kudo, Akiko Higurashi, Claire L. Ryder, Franco Marenco, Stelios Kazadzis, Pradeep Khatri, Akihiro Uchiyama, Victor Estellés, Dong Liu, Shantikumar S. Ningombam, and Jhoon Kim

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, photometry, media_common.quotation_subject, skynet network, SKYNET, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:TA170-171, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, Remote sensing, Aerosols, Radiometer, Dobson unit, lcsh:TA715-787, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, Diffuse sky radiation, Albedo, aerosol optical properties, Aerosol, AERONET, lcsh:Environmental engineering, sky radiometer, Atmosfera, Sky, Environmental science
Abstract

This paper is an overview of the progress in sky radiometer technology and the development of the network called SKYNET. It is found that the technology has produced useful on-site calibration methods, retrieval algorithms, and data analyses from sky radiometer observations of aerosol, cloud, water vapor, and ozone. A formula was proposed for estimating the accuracy of the sky radiometer calibration constant F0 using the improved Langley (IL) method, which was found to be a good approximation to observed monthly mean uncertainty in F0, around 0.5 % to 2.4 % at the Tokyo and Rome sites and smaller values of around 0.3 % to 0.5 % at the mountain sites at Mt. Saraswati and Davos. A new cross IL (XIL) method was also developed to correct an underestimation by the IL method in cases with large aerosol retrieval errors. The root-mean-square difference (RMSD) in aerosol optical thickness (AOT) comparisons with other networks took values of less than 0.02 for λ≥500 nm and a larger value of about 0.03 for shorter wavelengths in city areas and smaller values of less than 0.01 in mountain comparisons. Accuracies of single-scattering albedo (SSA) and size distribution retrievals are affected by the propagation of errors in measurement, calibrations for direct solar and diffuse sky radiation, ground albedo, cloud screening, and the version of the analysis software called the Skyrad pack. SSA values from SKYNET were up to 0.07 larger than those from AERONET, and the major error sources were identified as an underestimation of solid viewing angle (SVA) and cloud contamination. Correction of these known error factors reduced the SSA difference to less than 0.03. Retrievals of other atmospheric constituents by the sky radiometer were also reviewed. Retrieval accuracies were found to be about 0.2 cm for precipitable water vapor amount and 13 DU (Dobson Unit) for column ozone amount. Retrieved cloud optical properties still showed large deviations from validation data, suggesting a need to study the causes of the differences. It is important that these recent studies on improvements presented in the present paper are introduced into the existing operational systems and future systems of the International SKYNET Data Center.

Published
2020

3. Characteristic atmospheric states during mid-summer droughts over Central America and Mexico

Author

Eric C. J. Oliver, Zijie Zhao, Neil J. Holbrook, Daniel Ballestero, and J. Mauro Vargas-Hernandez

Subjects
PRECIPITACIÓN, ATLANTIC OCEAN, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, CLIMATOLOGÍA, ATMÓSFERA, CUBA, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, MEXICO [NORTH AMERICA], 01 natural sciences, Mountainous terrain, El Niño Southern Oscillation, GULF OF MEXICO, Climatology, Submarine pipeline, Spatial variability, Geology, CENTRAL AMERICA, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Orographic lift
Abstract

Open Access Annual precipitation over Central America and large areas of Mexico is typically characterised by its bimodal distribution, with a precipitation minimum in July to August that occurs between two separate maxima from May to July and August to October. Several theories have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, which is often termed the mid-summer drought (MSD), but most fail to address the diferent characteristics associated with individual MSD events. Here, a regression-based approach is used to detect and quantify the annual and climatological MSD signature over Central America and Mexico. This approach has been evaluated and shown to be robust for various datasets with diferent spatial resolutions. It was found that in the southeast of the Mexico/Central America region, MSDs start earlier and end later than elsewhere, and are thus longer in duration. However, the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, Cuba, and large areas of Central America, exhibit climatologically stronger MSDs. Changes in precipitation, brought about by the interaction between reversals of the onshore/ofshore winds and orographic forcing associated with the steep mountainous terrain, have also been shown to be signifcant factors in the timing of MSD occurrences, ofering support for a combined theory of large-scale dynamics and regional forcing. Using self-organising maps (SOMs) as an analysis tool, it was found that MSD events over the domain display strong spatial variability. The MSDs over the domain also generate distinct signatures and may be forced by particular mechanisms. We found that El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) could be a potential classifer for the SOM identifed atmospheric states, based on the correspondence of MSD occurrences with ENSO phases La precipitación anual sobre Centroamérica y grandes áreas de México se caracteriza típicamente por su distribución bimodal, con un mínimo de precipitación en julio a agosto que ocurre entre dos máximos separados de mayo a julio y de agosto a octubre. Se han propuesto varias teorías para explicar este fenómeno, que a menudo se denomina sequía de mediados de verano (TME), pero la mayoría no aborda las diferentes características asociadas con los eventos de TME individuales. Aquí, se utiliza un enfoque basado en regresión para detectar y cuantificar la firma anual y climatológica de MSD en Centroamérica y México. Este enfoque ha sido evaluado y ha demostrado ser robusto para varios conjuntos de datos con diferentes resoluciones espaciales. Se encontró que en el sureste de la región de México / Centroamérica, los TME comienzan antes y terminan más tarde que en otros lugares y, por lo tanto, tienen una duración más prolongada. Sin embargo, la costa del Golfo de México, Cuba y grandes áreas de Centroamérica exhiben TME climatológicamente más fuertes. Los cambios en la precipitación, provocados por la interacción entre las reversiones de los vientos en tierra / de tierra y el forzamiento orográfico asociado con el terreno montañoso escarpado, también han demostrado ser factores significativos en el momento de la ocurrencia de TME, ofreciendo apoyo para una teoría combinada de grandes dimensiones. -Dinámica de escala y forzamiento regional. Utilizando mapas autoorganizados (SOM) como herramienta de análisis, se encontró que los eventos de MSD en el dominio muestran una fuerte variabilidad espacial. Los MSD sobre el dominio también generan firmas distintas y pueden ser forzados por mecanismos particulares. Descubrimos que El Niño-Oscilación del Sur (ENOS) podría ser un clasificador potencial para los estados atmosféricos identifcados por la MOS, con base en la correspondencia de las ocurrencias de MSD con las fases del ENOS. Universidad de Melbourne, Australia Universidad de Tasmania, Australia Universidad de Dalhousie, Canadá Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica Departamento de Física

Published
2020

4. Morphology, Mineralogy, and Chemistry of Atmospheric Aerosols Nearby an Active Mining Area: Aljustrel Mine (SW Portugal)

Author

S. Mogo, Victoria E. Cachorro, Ángel M. de Frutos, A.P. Barroso, Maria Manuela Silva, and uBibliorum

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Morphology (linguistics), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, atmospheric aerosols, 010501 environmental sciences, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), lcsh:QC851-999, 01 natural sciences, SEM-EDX, Aerosoles, Mass concentration (chemistry), ICP-MS, Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, mining exploitation, Mineral resources, Atmósfera, 2501 Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Particulates, Alentejo (Portugal), Deposition (aerosol physics), Aire - Contaminación, Environmental chemistry, Minas y recursos mineros, lcsh:Meteorology. Climatology
Abstract

Producción Científica, Mining activities increase contaminant levels in the environment, so it is crucial to study the particulate matter in these areas to understand the impacts on nearby urban areas and populations. This work was conducted close to the active mine of Aljustrel (Portugal), where black dust deposition is evident. PM10 samples were collected in two periods: 10–17 July and 1–10 November of 2018. Two different techniques were used: SEM-EDX for the individual characterization of the aerosols and ICP-MS to quantify the elemental concentration of 11 elements (Ca, Na, Fe, Mn, As, Cd, Cu, Sb, Pb, and Zn). In this region, the observed PM10 mass concentration was 20 to 47 µg m −3 (July) and 4 to 23 µg m−3 (November), which is lower than the limit of 50 μg m−3 established in the European Directive. The individual characterization of 2006 particles by SEM-EDX shows oxides (17%) and sulfides (10%), while Na, Si, Fe, S, Al, and Cu are the elements with the most representativeness in all the analyzed particles. The ICP-MS results indicate that the daily elemental concentration in the samples collected in July is higher than November, and only As exceeds the limit established for European legislation., Junta de Castilla y León - (grant VA227P20)

Published
2021
Full Text
View/download PDF

5. Increased atmospheric CO2 combined with local climatic variation affects phenolics and spider mite populations in coffee trees

Author

J. S. Marinho-Prado, Jeferson Luiz de Carvalho Mineiro, Eunice Reis Batista, Alfredo José Barreto Luiz, Mário Eidi Sato, Rosa Toyoko Shiraishi Frighetto, EUNICE REIS BATISTA, CNPMA, JEANNE SCARDINI MARINHO PRADO, CNPMA, JEFERSON LUIZ DE CARVALHO MINEIRO, IB-Campinas, MÁRIO EIDI SATO, IB-Campinas, ALFREDO JOSE BARRETO LUIZ, CNPMA, and ROSA TOYOKO SHIRAISHI FRIGHETTO, CNPMA.

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Dinâmica Populacional, mites, Science, Coffea, Coffea arabica var. arabica, Coffee, 01 natural sciences, Trees, Mudança Climática, Ácaro, Phenolic compounds, chemistry.chemical_compound, Coffea Arábica, Spider mite, Mite, medicine, Animals, Cultivar, Caffeic acid, Multidisciplinary, biology, Coffea arabica, Dióxido de Carbono, Chlorogenic acid, Carbon Dioxide, Seasonality, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Plant Leaves, 010602 entomology, Horticulture, Atmosfera, climate change, chemistry, Impacto Ambiental, Free air carbon dioxide enrichment, chlorogenic and caffeic acids, total phenolics, Carbon dioxide, Species richness, Total phenolics, Tetranychidae, 010606 plant biology & botany, free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE)
Abstract

Modelling studies on climate change predict continuous increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration [CO2] and increase in temperature. This may alter carbon-based phytochemicals such phenolics and modify plant interactions with herbivorous. We investigated the effects of enhanced [CO2] and local climatic variation on young coffee plants, Coffea arabica L. cv Catuaí vermelho IAC-144 and Obatã vermelho IAC-1669-20, cultivated in the FACE (Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment) facility under two atmospheric [CO2] conditions. Coffee leaves were evaluated for total soluble phenolics (TSP), chlorogenic (5-CQA) and caffeic (CAF) acids, diversity and population size of mites, along two dry and two rainy seasons. Elevated atmospheric CO2 (e[CO2]) significantly decreased 5-CQA in cv. Catuaí but did not affect cv. Obatã. Species richness and population size of mites in coffee leaves were not affected by e[CO2] but were strongly related to the seasonal variability of coffee leaf phenolics. In general, high levels of phenolics were negatively correlated with population size while the mite species richness were negatively correlated with 5-CQA and TSP levels. Our fi ndings show that [CO2] enhancement affects phenolics in coffee plants differentially by cultivars, however seasonality is the key determinant of phenolics composition, mite species richness and population size. Made available in DSpace on 2021-08-13T18:00:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Batista-Increased-atmospheric-2021.pdf: 317884 bytes, checksum: 93c6e82730273ff17f9275e61a843a56 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

Published
2021

6. Evaluation of the Tourism Climate Index in the Canary Islands

Author

Silvia Alonso-Pérez, Lourdes Rodríguez-Mayor, José Miguel Márquez-Martinón, and Javier López-Solano

Subjects
Index (economics), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate, Geography, Planning and Development, TJ807-830, Classification scheme, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, TD194-195, 01 natural sciences, Renewable energy sources, European Climate Assessment and Dataset, Atmósfera, Tourism, 0502 economics and business, Tourism climate index, GE1-350, tourism climate index, Air quality index, Weather, climate, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Environmental effects of industries and plants, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, 05 social sciences, Bioclimatology, Turismo, Climate index, air quality, Environmental sciences, weather, Archipelago, Air quality, tourism, Physical geography, Clima, 050212 sport, leisure & tourism
Abstract

In this study, we performed a diagnostic and evolutive analysis of the bioclimatology of the Canary Islands, an Atlantic archipelago where the climate itself is a main feature promoting tourism. Among all the tourist-climate indices described in the literature, we evaluated the most widely used, which is the Tourism Climate Index (TCI) proposed by Mieczkowski (1985). Monthly mean TCI time series were calculated using meteorological data from the Spanish State Meteorological Agency database and the European Climate Assessment and Dataset. Our results show TCI values greater than 50 during almost every month in the period 1950–2018, with mean values over the entire time series between 70 and 80. According to the TCI classification scheme, these values correspond to a very good thermal comfort along all of the period. Our results also point to spring as the season with the best TCI, with maximum values around 80 for this index in April—excellent according to the TCI classification. However, we did not find a correlation between inbound arrivals and the TCI index, which might point to a lack of information available to tourists. This opens an opportunity for policymakers and tour operators to better publicize the best seasons for holidays in the islands. 2019/UEM35 3.251 JCR (2020) Q2, 60/125 Environmental Studies 0.612 SJR (2020) Q2, 72/905 Energy Engineering and Power Technology No data IDR 2019 UEC

Published
2021

7. On the Influence of the Current Feedback to the Atmosphere on the Western Mediterranean Sea Dynamics

Author

Lionel Renault, Thomas Arsouze, Joaquim Ballabrera-Poy, National Science Foundation (US), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Engineering, Affects processes, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Library science, induces conduits of energy from the ocean to the atmosphere, Oceanography, Atmosphere (architecture and spatial design), 01 natural sciences, Mediterranean sea, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Air-sea interaction, business.industry, Control of the Western Mediterranean sea circulation, it alters key features of the Western Mediterranean sea circulation, Ocean-atmosphere interaction--Mathematical models, Ocean currents, Atmosfera, Geophysics, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Space and Planetary Science, Enginyeria agroalimentària::Ciències de la terra i de la vida [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], air sea interaction, business, control of the Western Mediterranean sea circulation, Air‐sea interaction
Abstract

23 pages, 15 figures, 1 table.-- Data Availability Statement: Data can be downloaded from http://research.atmos.ucla.edu/lrenault/WMED/, The ocean Current FeedBack to the atmosphere (CFB) has been shown to be an unambiguous physical process to achieve proper equilibrium in the Ocean. However, its effects on the Western Mediterranean Sea (WMS) are not known. In this study, eddy-rich coupled ocean-atmosphere simulations are carried out for the WMS to assess the extent to which CFB alters the WMS circulation and to characterize the low-level wind and surface stress responses to CFB. By generating conduits of energy from oceanic currents to the atmosphere, CFB slows the mean circulation by about 10% and acts as an oceanic eddy killer, reducing the mesoscale activity by 25% and attenuating the intensity of their intermittency. It also alters the mean barotropic vorticity balance of the WMS Gyre, reducing the role of wind stress curl, nonlinear torque, and bottom pressure torque. By reducing the eddy-mean flow interaction, CFB has a large influence on the properties of the Algerian Current, reducing the presence of standing eddies near Sardinia and improving the realism of the circulation. It also modifies the Alboran Gyres formation and the Northern Current retroflection. Finally, coupling coefficients from the coupled simulations are estimated and are consistent with those for other regions. The CFB coupling coefficients can be used to parameterize the CFB in a forced ocean model. Overall, our results show that, as for other regions, the CFB is another physical mechanism to be considered for the representation of the WMS circulation, The authors appreciate support from the National Science Foundation (OCE‐1419450). This work used the GENCI #A0050107298 computing resources and the Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE, #TG‐OCE150004). L. Renault and T. Arsouze would like to thank HPC‐Europa3 program, application HPC17IUTPN and HPC17MM0RX, respectively, and Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC) for hosting them. With the funding support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S), of the Spanish Research Agency (AEI)

Published
2021

8. Measurement of the atmospheric νe and νμ energy spectra with the ANTARES neutrino telescope

Author

A. Marinelli, R. Cherkaoui El Moursli, Alba Domi, Julien Aublin, G. Illuminati, Jose Busto, M. Perrin-Terrin, M.C. Bouwhuis, T. Thakore, J. Zúñiga, D. Lopez-Coto, M. Ardid, V. Popa, I. Kreykenbohm, Steffen Hallmann, Vladimir Kulikovskiy, M. Circella, J. Manczak, Matthias Kadler, F. Salesa Greus, Paolo Sapienza, Alessia Capone, J. Brunner, A. Creusot, C. Pellegrino, V. Carretero, Tommaso Chiarusi, S. Sánchez Navas, A. Enzenhöfer, H. Brânzaş, M. Bouta, Arnauld Albert, N.R. Khan-Chowdhury, T. N. Chau, Maurizio Spurio, Emanuele Leonora, J-J. Aubert, Dominique Lefèvre, N. Randazzo, F. Huang, B. Baret, C. Guidi, F. Versari, J. Carr, A.J. Heijboer, Mohamed Chabab, Damien Dornic, Annarita Margiotta, C. Pieterse, O. Kalekin, Giuseppe Levi, J.A. Martínez-Mora, Alexis Coleiro, F. Filippini, A. Sánchez-Losa, Steven Tingay, C. W. James, J.J. Hernández-Rey, Yahya Tayalati, Michel André, C. Donzaud, R. Coniglione, F. Schüssler, Kay Graf, Daniele Vivolo, Karel Melis, J. Hößl, S. Basa, Michael Moser, P. Coyle, Massimiliano Lincetto, D. Drouhin, Gisela Anton, M. Bendahman, B. Vallage, M. Colomer-Molla, Hervé Glotin, V. Van Elewyck, J.D. Zornoza, M. de Jong, J. Hofestädt, Jihad Boumaaza, S. Alves, Jutta Schnabel, Joern Wilms, S. Reck, M. Marcelin, M. Jongen, C. Distefano, D. F. E. Samtleben, Paolo Fermani, L. Caramete, Giovanna Ferrara, L. Fusco, M. Taiuti, Yann Hello, H. van Haren, B. Jisse-Jung, Th. Stolarczyk, S. Loucatos, S.F. Biagi, Thierry Pradier, B. Belhorma, R. Gozzini, U. Katz, M. Anghinolfi, N. El Khayati, I. Di Palma, Antonio F. Díaz, Antoine Kouchner, A. Zegarelli, A. Nuñez-Castiñeyra, P. de Jong, Abdelilah Moussa, L. Maderer, Anne Deschamps, L. Nauta, Matteo Sanguineti, G. Riccobene, V. Bertin, E. Nezri, R. Bruijn, R. Muller, J. Schumann, G. de Wasseige, Silvia Celli, Thomas Eberl, M. Bissinger, C. Poirè, P. Piattelli, Robert Lahmann, R. Le Breton, S. Viola, M. Organokov, R. García, G.E. Păvălaş, B. O'Fearraigh, Y. Gatelet, P. Migliozzi, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA)), Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géoazur (GEOAZUR 7329), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont (LPC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Laboratoire d'Informatique et Systèmes (LIS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), ANTARES, ANR-18-IDEX-0001,Université de Paris,Université de Paris(2018), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Centre Tecnològic de Vilanova i la Geltrú, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. LAB - Laboratori d'Aplicacions Bioacústiques, KM3NeT (IHEF, IoP, FNWI), ATLAS (IHEF, IoP, FNWI), IHEF (IoP, FNWI), Albert A., Alves S., Andre M., Anghinolfi M., Anton G., Ardid M., Aubert J.-J., Aublin J., Baret B., Basa S., Belhorma B., Bendahman M., Bertin V., Biagi S., Bissinger M., Boumaaza J., Bouta M., Bouwhuis M.C., Branzas H., Bruijn R., Brunner J., Busto J., Capone A., Caramete L., Carr J., Carretero V., Celli S., Chabab M., Chau T.N., Cherkaoui El Moursli R., Chiarusi T., Circella M., Coleiro A., Colomer-Molla M., Coniglione R., Coyle P., Creusot A., Diaz A.F., de Wasseige G., Deschamps A., Distefano C., Di Palma I., Domi A., Donzaud C., Dornic D., Drouhin D., Eberl T., El Khayati N., Enzenhofer A., Fermani P., Ferrara G., Filippini F., Fusco L., Garcia R., Gatelet Y., Gay P., Glotin H., Gozzini R., Graf K., Guidi C., Hallmann S., van Haren H., Heijboer A.J., Hello Y., Hernandez-Rey J.J., Hossl J., Hofestadt J., Huang F., Illuminati G., James C.W., Jisse-Jung B., de Jong M., de Jong P., Jongen M., Kadler M., Kalekin O., Katz U., Khan-Chowdhury N.R., Kouchner A., Kreykenbohm I., Kulikovskiy V., Lahmann R., Le Breton R., Lefevre D., Leonora E., Levi G., Lincetto M., Lopez-Coto D., Loucatos S., Maderer L., Manczak J., Marcelin M., Margiotta A., Marinelli A., Martinez-Mora J.A., Melis K., Migliozzi P., Moser M., Moussa A., Muller R., Nauta L., Navas S., Nezri E., Nunez-Castineyra A., O'Fearraigh B., Organokov M., Pavalas G.E., Pellegrino C., Perrin-Terrin M., Piattelli P., Pieterse C., Poire C., Popa V., Pradier T., Randazzo N., Reck S., Riccobene G., Salesa Greus F., Samtleben D.F.E., Sanchez-Losa A., Sanguineti M., Sapienza P., Schnabel J., Schumann J., Schussler F., Spurio M., Stolarczyk T., Taiuti M., Tayalati Y., Thakore T., Tingay S.J., Vallage B., Van Elewyck V., Versari F., Viola S., Vivolo D., Wilms J., Zegarelli A., Zornoza J.D., and Zuniga J.

Subjects
electron, neutrino/e: energy spectrum, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, ice, Atmospheric neutrino, KAMIOKANDE, Electron, GeV, Neutrino telescope, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, charged current, High Energy Physics - Experiment, ANTARES, Atmospheric neutrinos, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], neutrino/e: particle identification, Muon neutrino, neutrino: interaction, Charged current, Physics, Range (particle radiation), 4. Education, suppression, lcsh:QC1-999, muon: atmosphere, neutrino/e: flux, neutrino: detector, Neutrino detector, Neutrino, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, data analysis method, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, neutral current, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, energy spectrum, neutrino/mu: flux, Nuclear physics, 0103 physical sciences, TeV, Neutrinos, 010306 general physics, Detectors òptics, Optical detectors, neutrino/mu: particle identification, Muon, Telescopis, neutrino/mu: energy spectrum, Neutral current, background, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, tracks, Atmosfera, 13. Climate action, Física::Astronomia i astrofísica [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], FISICA APLICADA, High Energy Physics::Experiment, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], lcsh:Physics, Telescopes, experimental results
Abstract

The authors acknowledge the financial support of the funding agencies: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives(CEA), Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund and Marie Curie Program), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Labex UnivEarthS(ANR-10-LABX-0023 and ANR-18-IDEX-0001), Region Ile-de-France (DIM-ACAV), Region Alsace (contrat CPER), Region Provence-AlpesCote d'Azur, Departement du Var and Ville de La Seyne-sur-Mer, France; Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Germany; Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare(INFN), Italy; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek(NWO), the Netherlands; Council of the President of the Russian Federation for young scientists and leading scientific schools supporting grants, Russia; Executive Unit for Financing Higher Education, Research, Development and Innovation (UEFISCDI), Romania; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (MCI) and Agencia Estatal de Investigacion: Programa Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento (refs. PGC2018096663-B-C41, -A-C42, -B-C43, -B-C44) (MCI/FEDER), Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider, Junta de Andalucia (ref. SOMM17/6104/UGR and A-FQM-053-UGR18), Generalitat Valenciana: Grisolia (ref. GRISOLIA/2018/119) and GenT (ref. CIDEGENT/2018/034) programs, Spain; Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training, Morocco. We also acknowledge the technical support of Ifremer, AIM and Foselev Marine for the sea operation and the CC-IN2P3 for the computing facilities. The authors acknowledge the financial support of the funding agencies: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives(CEA), Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund and Marie Curie Program), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Labex UnivEarthS(ANR-10-LABX-0023 and ANR-18-IDEX-0001), Region Ile-de-France (DIM-ACAV), Region Alsace (contrat CPER), Region Provence-AlpesCote d'Azur, Departement du Var and Ville de La Seyne-sur-Mer, France; Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Germany; Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare(INFN), Italy; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek(NWO), the Netherlands; Council of the President of the Russian Federation for young scientists and leading scientific schools supporting grants, Russia; Executive Unit for Financing Higher Education, Research, Development and Innovation (UEFISCDI), Romania; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (MCI) and Agencia Estatal de Investigacion: Programa Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento (refs. PGC2018096663-B-C41, -A-C42, -B-C43, -B-C44) (MCI/FEDER), Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider, Junta de Andalucia (ref. SOMM17/6104/UGR and A-FQM-053-UGR18), Generalitat Valenciana: Grisolia (ref. GRISOLIA/2018/119) and GenT (ref. CIDEGENT/2018/034) programs, Spain; Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training, Morocco. We also acknowledge the technical support of Ifremer, AIM and Foselev Marine for the sea operation and the CC-IN2P3 for the computing facilities., This letter presents a combined measurement of the energy spectra of atmospheric nu(e) and nu(mu) in the energy range between similar to 100 GeV and similar to 50 TeV with the ANTARES neutrino telescope. The analysis uses 3012 days of detector livetime in the period 2007-2017, and selects 1016 neutrinos interacting in (or close to) the instrumented volume of the detector, yielding shower-like events (mainly from nu(e) + (nu) over bar (e) charged current plus all neutrino neutral current interactions) and starting track events (mainly from nu(mu) + (nu) over bar (mu) charged current interactions). The contamination by atmospheric muons in the final sample is suppressed at the level of a few per mill by different steps in the selection analysis, including a Boosted Decision Tree classifier. The distribution of reconstructed events is unfolded in terms of electron and muon neutrino fluxes. The derived energy spectra are compared with previous measurements that, above 100 GeV, are limited to experiments in polar ice and, for nu(mu), to Super-Kamiokande., Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), French Atomic Energy Commission, Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Labex UnivEarthS ANR-10-LABX-0023 ANR-18-IDEX-0001, Region Ile-de-France, Region Grand-Est, Region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF), Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare(INFN), Italy, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), Netherlands Government, Council of the President of the Russian Federation for young scientists and leading scientific schools supporting grants, Russia, Consiliul National al Cercetarii Stiintifice (CNCS), Unitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si Inovarii (UEFISCDI), Spanish Government PGC2018096663-B-C41 PGC2018096663-A-C42 PGC2018096663-B-C43 PGC2018096663-B-C44, Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider, Junta de Andalucia SOMM17/6104/UGR A-FQM-053-UGR18, Generalitat Valenciana: Grisolia program, Spain GRISOLIA/2018/119, Generalitat Valenciana: GenT program, Spain CIDEGENT/2018/034, Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training, Morocco, Agencia Estatal de Investigacion PGC2018096663-B-C41 PGC2018096663-A-C42 PGC2018096663-B-C43 PGC2018096663-B-C44, Commission Europeenne (Marie Curie Program)

Published
2021

9. Key Points in Air Pollution Meteorology

Author

Isidro A. Pérez, Ma Ángeles García, Beatriz Fernández-Duque, Nuria Pardo, and M.L. Sánchez

Subjects
Pollution, Hot Temperature, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, media_common.quotation_subject, Mesoscale meteorology, Air pollution, lcsh:Medicine, Review, 010501 environmental sciences, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, atmospheric boundary layer, Air Pollution, recirculation, microscale, medicine, Urban heat island, Cities, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, Orographic lift, 2509 Meteorología, Pollutant, particulate matter, Air Pollutants, Atmósfera, lcsh:R, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, weather types, mesoscale, low-level jet, macroscale, Cold front, Aire - Contaminación, Gaussian plume model, Environmental science, Mesovortices, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract

Producción Científica, Although emissions have a direct impact on air pollution, meteorological processes may influence inmission concentration, with the only way to control air pollution being through the rates emitted. This paper presents the close relationship between air pollution and meteorology following the scales of atmospheric motion. In macroscale, this review focuses on the synoptic pattern, since certain weather types are related to pollution episodes, with the determination of these weather types being the key point of these studies. The contrasting contribution of cold fronts is also presented, whilst mathematical models are seen to increase the analysis possibilities of pollution transport. In mesoscale, land–sea and mountain–valley breezes may reinforce certain pollution episodes, and recirculation processes are sometimes favoured by orographic features. The urban heat island is also considered, since the formation of mesovortices determines the entry of pollutants into the city. At the microscale, the influence of the boundary layer height and its evolution are evaluated; in particular, the contribution of the low-level jet to pollutant transport and dispersion. Local meteorological variables have a major influence on calculations with the Gaussian plume model, whilst some eddies are features exclusive to urban environments. Finally, the impact of air pollution on meteorology is briefly commented on., Junta de Castilla y León (Projecto VA027G19)

Published
2020

10. Northern Hemisphere Stationary Waves in a Changing Climate

Author

Rachel H. White, Xavier J. Levine, Robert C. J. Wills, and Barcelona Supercomputing Center

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Atmospheric circulation, Climate change, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Monsoon, Climate dynamics, 01 natural sciences, Physics::Geophysics, Prevailing winds, Precipitation, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Climatology, Global and Planetary Change, Desenvolupament humà i sostenible::Degradació ambiental::Canvi climàtic [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Rossby wave, Northern Hemisphere, Climatic changes, Rossby waves, Atmospheric general circulation, Stationary waves, Atmosfera, Mid-latitude Processes and Climate Change (I Simpson, Section Editor), 13. Climate action, Climatologia, Environmental science, Climate model, Canvis climàtics
Abstract

Purpose of ReviewStationary waves are planetary-scale longitudinal variations in the time-averaged atmospheric circulation.Here, we consider the projected response of Northern Hemisphere stationary waves to climate change in winter and summer. Wediscuss how the response varies across different metrics, identify robust responses, and review proposed mechanisms.Recent FindingsClimate models project shifts in the prevailing wind patterns, with corresponding impacts on regional precip-itation, temperature, and extreme events. Recent work has improved our understanding of the links between stationary waves andregional climate and identified robust stationary wave responses to climate change, which include an increased zonal lengthscalein winter, a poleward shift of the wintertime circulation over the Pacific, a weakening of monsoonal circulations, and an overallweakening of stationary wave circulations, particularly their divergent component and quasi-stationary disturbances.SummaryNumerous factors influence Northern Hemisphere stationary waves, and mechanistic theories exist for only a fewaspects of the stationary wave response to climate change. Idealized studies have proven useful for understanding the climateresponses of particular atmospheric circulation features and should be a continued focus of future research. R.C.J.W. received funding from the TamakiFoundation, NSF (Grant AGS-1929775), and NASA (GrantNNX17AH56G). R.H.W. received funding from the European UnionHorizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the MarieSkłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 797961. XJL received fundingfrom the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation pro-gramme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No.754433.

Published
2020

11. The pulsating nature of large-scale Saharan dust transport as a result of interplays between mid-latitude Rossby waves and the North African Dipole Intensity

Author

Enric Terradellas, Sara Basart, Omaira García, A. J. Gomez-Pelaez, Silvia Alonso-Pérez, Rosa Delia García, Emilio Cuevas, Sergio Rodríguez, and Barcelona Supercomputing Center

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Saharan dust, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Energies [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Geopotential height, SHL, Subtropics, 010501 environmental sciences, Mineral dust, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Atmósfera, Sahara--Climate, Troposphere, Mediterranean sea, NAFDI, Sahara, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Sàhara, North African Dipole Intensity (NAFDI), Atmospheric dynamics, Anomaly (natural sciences), Rossby wave, Condiciones metereológicas, Dust, Saharan Heat Low (SHL), Rossby waves, Middle latitudes, Climatology, Dust--adverse effects, Deserts--Àfrica del Nord, MODIS AOD, Geology
Abstract

It was previously shown that during August the export of Saharan dust to the Atlantic was strongly affected by the difference of the 700-hPa geopotential height anomaly between the subtropics and the tropics over North Africa, which was termed the North African Dipole Intensity (NAFDI). In this work a more comprehensive analysis of the NAFDI is performed, focusing on the entire summer dust season (June–September), and examining the interactions between the mid-latitude Rossby waves (MLRWs) and NAFDI. Widespread and notable aerosol optical depth (AOD) monthly anomalies are found for each NAFDI-phase over the dust corridors off the Sahara, indicating that NAFDI presents intra-seasonal variability and drives dust transport over both the Mediterranean basin and the North Atlantic. Those summer months with the same NAFDI-phase show similar AOD-anomaly patterns. Variations in NAFDI-phase also control the displacement of the Saharan Heat Low (SHL) westwards or eastwards through horizontal advection of temperature over Morocco-Western Sahara or eastern Algeria-Western Libya, respectively. The connection between the SHL and the NAFDI is quantified statistically by introducing two new daily indexes that account for their respective phases (NAFDI daily index -NAFDIDI-, and SHL longitudinal shift index -SHLLSI-) and explained physically using the energy equation of the atmospheric dynamics. The Pearson's correlation coefficient between the one–day-lag SHLLSI and the NAFDIDI for an extended summer season (1980–2013) is 0.78. A positive NAFDI is associated with the West-phase of the SHL, dust sources intensification on central Algeria, and positive AOD anomalies over this region and the Subtropical North Atlantic. A negative NAFDI is associated with the East-phase of the SHL, and positive AOD anomalies over central-eastern Sahara and the central-western Mediterranean Sea. The results point out that the phase changes of NAFDI at intra-seasonal time scale are conducted by those MLRWs that penetrate deeply into the low troposphere. This work is part of the research activities developed by the WMO SDS-WAS Regional Centre for Northern Africa, Middle East and Europe, held by AEMET and BSC-CNS. This study also contributes to Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS). Our acknowledgment to ECMWF for providing MACC-dust reanalysis. The authors wish to thank NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis Project. We acknowledge NASA LADS for providing MODIS data. The University of Granada (Spain) and its “Physics and Space Sciences” PhD Programme are acknowledged by A. J. Gómez-Peláez and E. Cuevas. AEROATLAN project (CGL2015-17 66229-P), co-funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain and the European Regional Development Fund contributed to this study. Sara Basart acknowledges the CICYT project (CGL2013-46736). 3.708 JCR (2017) Q1, 54/241 Environmental Sciences, 16/86 Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences UEC

Published
2017

12. Optimization of parameters in the synthesis of 0.90Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.10PbTiO3 (PZN-10PT) powders obtained by the mixed oxides method

Author

D. Garcia, Ruth Herta Goldsmith Aliaga Kiminami, José Antonio Eiras, and Claudia Fernanda Villaquirán Raigoza

Subjects
Work (thermodynamics), Materials science, PZN-PT, Tiempo de tratamiento térmico, Pyrochlore, Solid-state, Mineralogy, Perovskita, 02 engineering and technology, engineering.material, Perovskite, 01 natural sciences, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Atmósfera, law.invention, Atmosphere, Transformación de fase, lcsh:TP785-869, law, Phase (matter), 0103 physical sciences, Calcination, Perovskite (structure), 010302 applied physics, Pirocloro, Temperature, Nitrogen atmosphere, Temperatura, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Phase transformation, Soaking time, Chemical engineering, lcsh:Clay industries. Ceramics. Glass, Mechanics of Materials, engineering, Ceramics and Composites, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

Preventing the formation of the pyrochlore phase in the synthesis of PZN-PT powders requires controlling calcination parameters such as temperature, soaking time and atmosphere. These parameters were examined extensively to determine the time and temperature at which the perovskite phase is the majority phase, as well as the atmosphere that facilitates the formation of this phase. A maximum of 74% of perovskite phase was obtained under the following conditions: 1000 °C, 4 h in nitrogen atmosphere. In this work, we studied the influence of these parameters, which were optimized, on the formation the perovskite phase in PZN-10PT powders synthesized by the conventional solid state method.

Published
2017

13. Electrochemistry as a Tool for Studies of Complex Reaction Mechanisms: The Case of the Atmospheric Aqueous-Phase Aging of Catechols

Author

Primož Jovanovič, Kristijan Vidović, Irena Grgić, Martin Šala, and Ana Kroflič

Subjects
Chemical process, Reaction mechanism, udc:54, Reactive intermediate, kemija, Catechols, 010501 environmental sciences, elektrokemija, Electrochemistry, 01 natural sciences, Hydroxylation, katehol, chemistry.chemical_compound, Computational chemistry, Nitration, Environmental Chemistry, Brown carbon, atmosfera, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Aerosols, Aqueous two-phase system, Water, General Chemistry, chemistry, Oxidation-Reduction
Abstract

The ultimate goal in the understanding of complex chemical processes is a complete description of the underlying reaction mechanism. In the present study and for this purpose, a novel experimental platform is introduced that builds upon electrochemistry capable of generating reactive intermediate species at the electrode surface. The atmospherically relevant nitration of catechols is taken as a case example. First, we confirm the recently proposed nitration mechanism, advancing the understanding of atmospheric brown carbon formation in the dark. We are able to selectively quantify aromatic isomers, which is beyond the limits of conventional electroanalysis. Second, we identify a new pathway of nitrocatechol hydroxylation, which proceeds simply by oxidation and the addition of water. This pathway can be environmentally significant in the dark aqueous-phase formation of secondary organic aerosols. Third, the developed methodology is capable of selectively detecting a wide range of nitroaromatics; a possible application in environmental monitoring is proposed.

Published
2019

14. Editorial for the Special Issue 'Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Components and Water Vapor'

Author

Victoria E. Cachorro and Manuel Antón

Subjects
Vapor de agua, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Electromagnetic spectrum, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, Gases atmosféricos, 01 natural sciences, Atmósfera, 2501.08 Óptica Atmosférica, remote sensing, water vapor, Teledetección, Calibration, lcsh:Science, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 021101 geological & geomatics engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, ozone, Lidar, Atmosphere of Earth, Remote sensing (archaeology), atmosphere, Data analysis, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Radiometry, pollutant, lcsh:Q, Sensores remotos, Water vapor, atmospheric gases
Abstract

Producción Científica, The observation/monitoring of atmospheric components and water vapor in the atmosphere is today open to very different remote sensing techniques, most of them based on the radiation-matter interaction covering the full electromagnetic spectrum. This SI collects some papers regarding the retrieval, calibration, validation, analysis of data and uncertainties, as well as comparative studies on atmospheric gases and water vapor by remote sensing techniques, where different types of sensors, instruments, and algorithms are used or developed, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (RTI2018-097864-B-I00), Junta de Extremadura - FEDER (IB18092)

Published
2020

15. Relative humidity vertical profiling using lidar-based synergistic methods in the framework of the Hygra-CD campaign

Author

L. D. Labzovskii, A. Papayannis, I. Binietoglou, R. F. Banks, J. M. Baldasano, F. Toanca, C. G. Tzanis, J. Christodoulakis, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria de Projectes i de la Construcció, and Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. GReCT - Grup de Recerca de Ciències de la Terra

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Daytime, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Energies [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Science, QC1-999, Geophysics. Cosmic physics, Atmospheric model, 01 natural sciences, 010309 optics, Troposphere, Atmospheric composition and structure (instruments and techniques), Atmosphere--Research, 0103 physical sciences, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Humitat atmosfèrica, Relative humidity, lcsh:Science, Image resolution, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, Desenvolupament humà i sostenible [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Radiometer, QC801-809, Physics, lcsh:QC801-809, Microwave radiometer, Humidity, Geology, Astronomy and Astrophysics, lcsh:QC1-999, lcsh:Geophysics. Cosmic physics, Atmosfera, Lidar, Humidity--Control, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Environmental science, Higrometria, lcsh:Q, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

Accurate continuous measurements of relative humidity (RH) vertical profiles in the lower troposphere have become a significant scientific challenge. In recent years a synergy of various ground-based remote sensing instruments have been successfully used for RH vertical profiling, which has resulted in the improvement of spatial resolution and, in some cases, of the accuracy of the measurement. Some studies have also suggested the use of high-resolution model simulations as input datasets into RH vertical profiling techniques. In this paper we apply two synergetic methods for RH profiling, including the synergy of lidar with a microwave radiometer and high-resolution atmospheric modeling. The two methods are employed for RH retrieval between 100 and 6000 m with increased spatial resolution, based on datasets from the HygrA-CD (Hygroscopic Aerosols to Cloud Droplets) campaign conducted in Athens, Greece from May to June 2014. RH profiles from synergetic methods are then compared with those retrieved using single instruments or as simulated by high-resolution models. Our proposed technique for RH profiling provides improved statistical agreement with reference to radiosoundings by 27 % when the lidar–radiometer (in comparison with radiometer measurements) approach is used and by 15 % when a lidar model is used (in comparison with WRF-model simulations). Mean uncertainty of RH due to temperature bias in RH profiling was ∼ 4.34 % for the lidar–radiometer and ∼ 1.22 % for the lidar–model methods. However, maximum uncertainty in RH retrievals due to temperature bias showed that lidar-model method is more reliable at heights greater than 2000 m. Overall, our results have demonstrated the capability of both combined methods for daytime measurements in heights between 100 and 6000 m when lidar–radiometer or lidar–WRF combined datasets are available. The authors thank the ITaRS program for generous support. The research leading to this article has received funding from the European Community’s FP7 – PEOPLE 2011 under grant agreement number 289923 – ITARS (Initial Training for Atmospheric Remote Sensing) and has also been supported by the National Core Program – PN 16.40.01.01/2017 and ROSA – STAR project CARESSE. All WRF simulations were performed on the MareNostrum supercomputer hosted by the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC). We acknowledge the project CGL2013- 46736-R, and the Severo Ochoa Programme awarded by the Spanish Government (SEV-2011-00067) and 2014 SGR 522. Additionally, the research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under grant agreement no. 602014, project ECARS (East European Centre for Atmospheric Remote Sensing). The Hellenic National Meteorological Service (HNMS) is acknowledged for performing the high-resolution radiosoundings. We acknowledge the team from the University of Cologne for the microwave radiometer calibration and installation the HygrA-CD campaign. The financial support of the ACTRIS Research Infrastructure Project by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 – Research and Innovation Framework Programme, under grant agreement no. 654169 is gratefully acknowledged. The topical editor, Vassiliki Kotroni, thanks two anonymous referees for help in evaluating this paper.

Published
2018
Full Text
View/download PDF

16. A review of plasma-assisted catalytic conversion of gaseous carbon dioxide and methane into value-added platform chemicals and fuels

Author

Harinarayanan Puliyalil, Blaž Likozar, Damjan Lašič Jurković, and Venkata D.B.C. Dasireddy

Subjects
kemijske reakcije, General Chemical Engineering, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Methane, Rhodium, Catalysis, chemistry.chemical_compound, plasma catalysis, Dimethyl ether, Partial oxidation, atmosfera, heterogeneous catalysis design, udc:66, Carbon dioxide reforming, natural gas valorisation, CCU, kemijska tehnologija, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, atmospheric pressure plasma, 0104 chemical sciences, carbon capture and utilisation, chemistry, Chemical engineering, 13. Climate action, chemical reaction engineering, kataliza, Methanol, 0210 nano-technology, Syngas
Abstract

CO2 and CH4 contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, while the production of industrial base chemicals from natural gas resources is emerging as well. Such conversion processes, however, are energy-intensive and introducing a renewable and sustainable electric activation seems optimal, at least for intermediate-scale modular operation. The review thus analyses such valorisation by plasma reactor technologies and heterogeneous catalysis application, largely into higher hydrocarbon molecules, that is ethane, ethylene, acetylene, propane, etc., and organic oxygenated compounds, i.e. methanol, formaldehyde, formic acid and dimethyl ether. Focus is given to reaction pathway mechanisms, related to the partial oxidation steps of CH4 with O2, H2O and CO2, CO2 reduction with H2, CH4 or other paraffin species, and to a lesser extent, to mixtures' dry reforming to syngas. Dielectric barrier discharge, corona, spark and gliding arc sources are considered, combined with (noble) metal materials. Carbon (C), silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3) as well as various catalytic supports are examined as precious critical raw materials (e.g. platinum, palladium and rhodium) or transition metal (e.g. manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and copper) substrates. These are applied for turnover, such as that pertinent to reformer, (reverse) water–gas shift (WGS or RWGS) and CH3OH synthesis. Time-on-stream catalyst deactivation or reactivation is also overviewed from the viewpoint of individual transient moieties and their adsorption or desorption characteristics, as well as reactivity.

Published
2018
Full Text
View/download PDF

17. Biomarkers as indicators of fungal biomass in the atmosphere of São Paulo, Brazil

Author

Guenter Engling, Rafael Henrique de Souza Zanetti, Prashant Kumar, Fábio Luiz Teixeira Gonçalves, Ana Paula Mendes Emygdio, and Maria de Fátima Andrade

Subjects
Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Air Microbiology, Fraction (chemistry), 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, complex mixtures, Atmosphere, ATMOSFERA, Environmental Chemistry, Mass concentration (chemistry), Biomass, Cities, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Aerosols, Total organic carbon, Air Pollutants, Chemistry, Fungi, Particulates, Pollution, Aerosol, Environmental chemistry, Particulate Matter, Composition (visual arts), Seasons, Biomarkers, Brazil, Environmental Monitoring, Bioaerosol
Abstract

The biogenic aerosol contribution to atmospheric particulate matter (PM) mass concentration is usually neglected due to the difficulty in identifying its components, although it can be significant. In the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP)-Brazil, several studies have been performed to identify sources for PM, revealing vehicular emissions and soil re-suspension as the main identified sources. The organic fraction has been related primarily to biomass burning (BB) and fuel combustion, although there is significant presence of green areas in the city which render biogenic emissions as an additional source of organic carbon (OC). The objectives of this work are to (i) estimate the relative mass contribution of fungal spores to PM concentrations with sizes smaller than 10μm (PM10) in MASP, (ii) assess the main sources of PM10, and (iii) characterise the composition of the PM10. To achieve these objectives, we measured markers of biogenic sources and BB, during the fall-winter transition, which along with other constituents, such as ions, organic/elemental carbon, elemental composition and fungal spore concentrations, help assess the PM10 sources. We used receptor models to identify distinct source-related PM10 fractions and conversion factors to convert biomarker concentrations to fungal mass. Our results show the mean contributions of fungal aerosol to PM10 and OC mass were 2% and 8%, respectively, indicating the importance of fungal spores to the aerosol burden in the urban atmosphere. Using specific rotation factor analysis, we identified the following factors contributing to PM: soil re-suspension, biogenic aerosol, secondary inorganic aerosol, vehicular emissions and BB/isoprene-related secondary organic aerosol (I-SOA) markers. BB/I-SOA markers are the main source representing 28% of the PM10 mass, while biogenic aerosol explained a significant (11%) fraction of the PM10 mass as well. Our findings suggest that primary biogenic aerosol is an important fraction of PM10 mass, yet not considered in most studies.

Published
2017

18. Shallow water simulations of Saturn's giant storms at different latitudes

Author

Enrique Garcia-Melendo, Agustín Sánchez-Lavega, and Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Física

Subjects
Convection, Atmospheres, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Equator, Zonal and meridional, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Latitude, Physics::Geophysics, Potential vorticity, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Física [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Atmosphere, Rossby wave, Astronomy and Astrophysics, dynamics, Vorticity, Saturn (Planet), Saturn, Atmosfera, Space and Planetary Science, Anticyclone, Saturn (Planeta), Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Geology
Abstract

Shallow water simulations are used to present a unified study of three major storms on Saturn (nicknamed as Great White Spots, GWS) at different latitudes, polar (1960), equatorial (1990), and mid-latitude (2010) (Sanchez-Lavega, 2004; Sanchez-Lavega et al., 2011). In our model, the three GWS are initiated by introducing a Gaussian function pulse at the latitude of the observed phenomena with controlled horizontal size and amplitude. This function represents the convective source that has been observed to trigger the storm. A growing disturbance forms when the pulse reacts to ambient winds, expanding zonally along the latitude band of the considered domain. We then compare the modeled potential vorticity with the cloud field, adjusting the model parameters to visually get the closest aspect between simulations and observations. Simulations of the 2010 GWS (planetographic latitude ∼+40o, zonal velocity of the source ∼−30 m s −1 ) indicate that the Coriolis forces and the wind profile structure shape the disturbance generating, as observed, a long region to the east of the convective source with a high speed peripheral anticyclonic circulation, and a long-lived anticyclonic compact vortex accompanied by strong zonal advection on the southern part of the storm forming a turbulent region. Simulations of the equatorial 1990 GWS (planetographic latitude +12o–+5o, zonal velocity of the source 365–400 m s −1 ) show a different behavior because of the intense eastward jet, meridional shear at the equatorial region, and low latitude dynamics. A round shaped source forms as observed, with the rapid growth of a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability on the north side of the source due to advection and to the strong meridional wind shear, whereas at the storm latitude the disturbance grows and propagates eastward. The storm nucleus is the manifestation of a Rossby wave, while the eastward propagating planetary-scale disturbance is a gravity-Rossby wave trapped around the equator. The simulated 1960 GWS disturbance (planetographic latitude +56o, zonal velocity 4 m s −1 ) formed a chain of periodic oval spots that mimic the few available observations of the phenomenon. For the mid and high latitude storms, simulations predict a strong injection of negative relative vorticity due to divergence of the upwelling storm material, which may produce large anticyclones on the anticyclonic side of the zonal profile, and a quick turbulent expansion on the background cyclonic regions. In general, simulations indicate that negative relative vorticity injected by storms determines the natural reaction to zonal winds at latitudes where Coriolis forces are dominant.

Published
2017

19. A large active wave trapped in Jupiter's equator

Author

J. M. Gómez-Forrellad, Jon Legarreta, Agustín Sánchez-Lavega, Enrique Garcia-Melendo, N. Barrado-Izagirre, and Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Física

Subjects
Atmospheres, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Equator, Zonal and meridional, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Jovian, Latitude, Jupiter (Planet), 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Gaseous planets, Atmosphere, Rossby wave, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Waves and shallow water, Atmosfera, Space and Planetary Science, Física::Astronomia i astrofísica [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Physics::Space Physics, Júpiter (Planeta), Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Planets and satellites, Planetary mass, Jupiter mass
Abstract

Context. A peculiar atmospheric feature was observed in the equatorial zone (EZ) of Jupiter between September and December 2012 in ground-based and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images. This feature consisted of two low albedo Y-shaped cloud structures (Y1 and Y2) oriented along the equator and centred on it (latitude 0.5°-1°N). Aims. We wanted to characterize these features, and also tried to find out their properties and understand their nature. Methods. We tracked these features to obtain their velocity and analyse their cloud morphology and the interaction with their surroundings. We present numerical simulations of the phenomenon based on one- and two-layer shallow water models under a Gaussian pulse excitation. Results. Each Y feature had a characteristic zonal length of ~15° (18¿000 km) and a meridional width (distance between the north-south extremes of the Y) of 5° (6000 km), and moved eastward with a speed of around 20-40 m¿s-1 relative to Jupiter’s mean flow. Their lifetime was 90 and 60 days for Y1 and Y2, respectively. In November, both Y1 and Y2 exhibited outbursts of rapidly evolving bright spots emerging from the Y vertex. The Y features were not visible at wavelengths of 255 or 890 nm, which suggests that they were vertically shallow and placed in altitude between the upper equatorial hazes and the main cloud deck. Numerical simulations of the dynamics of the Jovian equatorial region generate Kelvin and Rossby waves, which are similar to those in the Matsuno-Gill model for Earth’s equatorial dynamics, and reproduce the observed cloud morphology and the main properties the main properties of the Y features.

Published
2017
Full Text
View/download PDF

20. Four years of atmospheric mercury records in Northwestern Patagonia (Argentina): potential sources, concentration patterns and influence of environmental variables observed at the GMOS EMMA station

Author

Francesca Sprovieri, Mariantonia Bencardino, Jessica Castagna, Patricia Elizabeth Garcia, Sergio Ribeiro Guevara, María del Carmen Diéguez, and Francesco D'Amore

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, concentration patterns, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Ciencias de la Tierra y relacionadas con el Medio Ambiente, purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], purl.org/becyt/ford/1.5 [https], medicine, Southern Hemisphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Nature reserve, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, GMOS EMMA station, National park, Northwestern Patagonia, atmospheric mercury, ATMÓSFERA, Westerlies, MERCURIO, Seasonality, medicine.disease, Mercury (element), ESPECIACION, PATAGONIA, South Hemisphere, chemistry, Volcano, Climatology, HYSPLIT, Physical geography, Meteorología y Ciencias Atmosféricas, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS, Geology
Abstract

The Global Mercury Observation System (GMOS) project, has developed a global-scale network of ground-based atmospheric monitoring sites, expanding the coverage of atmospheric mercury (Hg) measurements worldwide and improving the understanding of global atmospheric Hg transport and deposition, particularly in regions of the South Hemisphere where atmospheric Hg observational data is limited. This work provides the first continuous records of gaseous elemental Hg (GEM) concentrations observed from October 2012 to May 2016 in Northwestern Patagonia (Argentina) at the GMOS EMMA monitoring station (41°7´43.82" S, 71°25´11.89" W, 803 m a.s.l). The monitoring site is located inside Nahuel Huapi National Park, a natural reserve in the Lake District of Andean Patagonia. The area is within the Southern Volcanic Zone, influenced by several active volcanoes aligned in the Andes cordillera. During the studied period, GEM concentrations ranged between 0.23 and 1.43 ng m−3, with an annual mean of 0.9 ± 0.15 ng m−3. GEM records at EMMA station resemble background concentrations measured in Antarctica and other remote locations of the Southern Hemisphere. GEM concentrations showed seasonal variation with mean values higher during spring (0.93 ± 0.13 ng m−3) and winter (0.92 ± 0.10 ng m−3) followed by summer (0.86 ± 0.15 ng m−3) and at last by autumn (0.81 ± 0.15 ng m−3). Further, a clear daily pattern was observed, with higher GEM levels during day-time than at night-time across all seasons. Multivariate analyses showed that GEM levels are chiefly determined by meteorological parameters, and, in particular by the westerly winds which represented the most influential variable on GEM records. In order to investigate the potential impact of natural and/or anthropogenic emission sources as well as the role played by the long-range transport on GEM levels, analyses of HYSPLIT backward trajectories (BWT) were carried out for different periods characterized by low and high GEM concentrations. The BWT analysis highlighted the influence of clean oceanic air masses and also of the local and regional active volcanoes in the Andes cordillera. Fil: Dieguez, Maria del Carmen. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina Fil: Garcia, Patricia Elizabeth. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina Fil: Bencardino, Mariantonia. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research; Italia Fil: D’Amore, Francesco. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research; Italia Fil: Castagna, Jessica. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research; Italia Fil: Ribeiro Guevara, Sergio. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Sprovieri, Francesca. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research; Italia

Published
2017

21. A multi-year study of radioactivity in surface air and its relation to climate variables in Belgrade, Serbia

Author

S Vladimir Djurdjevic, V Jelena Ajtic, J Dragana Todorovic, and D Jelena Nikolic

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, radioaktivnost, air, Cloud cover, lead-210, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, 7Be, Relative humidity, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, Precipitation, Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality, atmosfera, Scavenging, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, klimatski parametar, Radionuclide, Atmospheric pressure, sun-spot number, climate variable, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, 13. Climate action, radioactivity, Sunshine duration, beryllium-7, Environmental science, lcsh:QC770-798, broj sunčevih pega, 210Pb
Abstract

Activities of 7Be and 210Pb were monitored in surface air in Belgrade, Serbia, from 2004 to 2012. The measurements were taken from two locations, in an open field of a city suburb and in the central city area. The activities were determined on HPGe detectors by standard gamma spectrometry. The 7Be activity shows a pronounced seasonal pattern, with the maximum in spring-summer and minimum in winter, while the 210Pb activity exhibits two maxima, in autumn and late winter. The mean monthly concentrations measured at both sites are below 9 mBq/m3 and 1.3 mBq/m3 for 7Be and 210Pb, respectively. The obtained correlation of the 7Be activity with the number of sun-spots is not statistically significant. Relations of the radionuclides' activities with climate variables (precipitation, temperature, relative humidity, cloud cover, sunshine hours, and atmospheric pressure) are also investigated, but the only significant correlations are found for the 7Be activity with temperature and sunshine hours, and the 210Pb activity with atmospheric pressure. The maximum 7Be and 210Pb activities corresponding to binned total monthly precipitation data imply different modes of the radionuclide scavenging from the atmosphere. During dry periods, accumulation of the radionuclides in the atmosphere leads to their increased activities, but no correlation was found between the activities and the number of consecutive dry days. Aktivnosti 7Be i 210Pb merene su tokom 2004-2012, u prizemnom sloju atmosfere na dve lokacije u Beogradu. Mesečne specifične aktivnosti određene su standardnom metodom spektrometrije gama zračenja na HPGe detektorima. Aktivnosti radionuklida pokazuju sezonski karakter: 7Be ima maksimum tokom proleća i leta, a minimum zimi, dok 210Pb ima dva maksimuma, tokom jeseni i kasne zime. Na obe lokacije, srednje mesečne aktivnosti 7Be su manje od 9 mBq/m3, dok su za 210Pb manje od 1.3 mBq/m3. Između aktivnosti 7Be i broja sunčevih pega nije nađena statistički značajna korelacija. Relacije između aktivnosti ovih radionuklida i klimatskih parametara (količina padavina, temperatura, relativna vlažnost, oblačnost, broj sunčanih sati i atmosferski pritisak) takođe su ispitane, ali su značajne korelacije dobijene samo za aktivnost 7Be sa temperaturom i brojem sunčanih sati, odnosno za aktivnost 210Pb sa atmosferskim pritiskom. Na osnovu veze između maksimalne aktivnosti po intervalima količine padavina, mogu se razlikovati tri režima spiranja radionuklida iz atmosfere. Tokom sušnih perioda, akumulacija radionuklida u atmosferi uzrokuje njihovu povišenu aktivnost, ali korelacija između aktivnosti i broja uzastopnih suvih dana nije dobijena.

Published
2013

22. Atmospheric mercury concentrations observed at ground-based monitoring sites globally distributed in the framework of the GMOS network

Author

F. Sprovieri, N. Pirrone, M. Bencardino, F. D'Amore, F. Carbone, S. Cinnirella, V. Mannarino, M. Landis, R. Ebinghaus, A. Weigelt, E.-G. Brunke, C. Labuschagne, L. Martin, J. Munthe, I. Wängberg, P. Artaxo, F. Morais, H. D. M. J. Barbosa, J. Brito, W. Cairns, C. Barbante, M. D. C. Diéguez, P. E. Garcia, A. Dommergue, H. Angot, O. Magand, H. Skov, M. Horvat, J. Kotnik, K. A. Read, L. M. Neves, B. M. Gawlik, F. Sena, N. Mashyanov, V. Obolkin, D. Wip, X. B. Feng, H. Zhang, X. Fu, R. Ramachandran, D. Cossa, J. Knoery, N. Marusczak, M. Nerentorp, C. Norstrom, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (IIA), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), School of Mathematical Sciences [Dublin], University College Dublin [Dublin] (UCD), GKSS-Research Center, Institute for Coastal Research, South African Weather Service (SAWS), Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL), Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Laboratoire Biogéochimie des Contaminants Métalliques (LBCM), Biogéochimie et Ecotoxicologie (BE), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratoire Environnement Ressources Provence Azur Corse (LERPAC), LITTORAL (LITTORAL), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd., Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre atlantique, Nantes, IFREMER - Centre de Toulon/La Seyne sur Mer (IFREMER - CENTRE DE TOULON/LA SEYNE SUR MER), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique - Clermont Auvergne (LaMP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), and Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, ARCTIC-OCEAN, Atmospheric mercury, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Ciencias de la Tierra y relacionadas con el Medio Ambiente, Transporte Global, Troposphere, purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], lcsh:Chemistry, purl.org/becyt/ford/1.5 [https], ddc:551, Settore CHIM/01 - Chimica Analitica, MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, media_common, GMOS, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, SPECIATED MERCURY, SOUTH-AFRICA, lcsh:QC1-999, Atmospheric chemistry, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS, MACE-HEAD, Pollution, Meteorology, media_common.quotation_subject, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Mercurio, chemistry.chemical_element, AMBIENT AIR, POLAR SUNRISE, NY-ALESUND, Article, Atmósfera, GASEOUS ELEMENTAL MERCURY, Global network, medicine, CHASING QUICKSILVER, Stratosphere, Patrones Hemisféricos, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], atmospheric mercury, Seasonality, medicine.disease, Mercury (element), mercury global network, chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Meteorología y Ciencias Atmosféricas, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

Long-term monitoring of data of ambient mercury (Hg) on a global scale to assess its emission, transport, atmospheric chemistry, and deposition processes is vital to understanding the impact of Hg pollution on the environment. The Global Mercury Observation System (GMOS) project was funded by the European Commission (http://www.gmos.eu) and started in November 2010 with the overall goal to develop a coordinated global observing system to monitor Hg on a global scale, including a large network of ground-based monitoring stations, ad hoc periodic oceanographic cruises and measurement flights in the lower and upper troposphere as well as in the lower stratosphere. To date, more than 40 ground-based monitoring sites constitute the global network covering many regions where little to no observational data were available before GMOS. This work presents atmospheric Hg concentrations recorded worldwide in the framework of the GMOS project (2010-2015), analyzing Hg measurement results in terms of temporal trends, seasonality and comparability within the network. Major findings highlighted in this paper include a clear gradient of Hg concentrations between the Northern and Southern hemispheres, confirming that the gradient observed is mostly driven by local and regional sources, which can be anthropogenic, natural or a combination of both. Fil: Sprovieri, Francesca. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research; Italia Fil: Pirrone, Nicola. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research; Italia Fil: Bencardino, Mariantonia. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research; Italia Fil: D'Amore, Francesco. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research; Italia Fil: Carbone, Francesco. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research; Italia Fil: Cinnirella, Sergio. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research; Italia Fil: Mannarino, Valentino. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research; Italia Fil: Landis, Matthew. US Environmental Protection Agency; Estados Unidos Fil: Ebinghaus, Ralf. Helmholtz Zentrum; Alemania Fil: Weigelt, Andreas. Helmholtz Zentrum; Alemania Fil: Brunke, Ernst Günther. South African Weather Service; Sudáfrica Fil: Labuschagne, Casper. South African Weather Service; Sudáfrica Fil: Martin, Lynwill. South African Weather Service; Sudáfrica Fil: Munthe, John. Swedish Environmental Research Inst. Ltd.; Suecia Fil: Wängberg, Ingvar. Swedish Environmental Research Inst. Ltd.; Suecia Fil: Artaxo, Paulo. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Morais, Fernando. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: De Melo Jorge Barbosa, Henrique. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Brito, Joel. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Cairns, Warren. Universita' Ca' Foscari Di Venezia; Italia Fil: Barbante, Carlo. Universita' Ca' Foscari Di Venezia; Italia. Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes; Italia Fil: Dieguez, Maria del Carmen. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina Fil: Garcia, Patricia Elizabeth. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina Fil: Aurélien, Dommergue. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. University Grenoble Alpes; Francia Fil: Angot, Helene. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. University Grenoble Alpes; Francia Fil: Magand, Olivier. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. University Grenoble Alpes; Francia Fil: Skov, Henrik. University Aarhus; Dinamarca Fil: Horvat, Milena. Jožef Stefan Institute; Eslovenia Fil: Kotnik, Jože. Jožef Stefan Institute; Eslovenia Fil: Alana Read, Katie. University of York; Reino Unido Fil: Mendes Neves, Luis. Cape Verde Observatory; Brasil Fil: Manfred Gawlik, Bernd. Joint Research Centre; Italia Fil: Sena, Fabrizio. Joint Research Centre; Italia Fil: Mashyanov, Nikolay. St. Petersburg State University; Rusia Fil: Obolkin, Vladimir. Limnological Institute SB RAS; Rusia Fil: Wip, Dennis. University of Suriname; Surinam Fil: Bin Feng, Xin. Institute Of Geochemistry Chinese Academy Of Sciences; China Fil: Zhang, Hui. Institute Of Geochemistry Chinese Academy Of Sciences; China Fil: Fu, Xuewu. Institute Of Geochemistry Chinese Academy Of Sciences; China Fil: Ramachandran, Ramesh. Anna University; India Fil: Cossa, Daniel. Centre Méditerranée; Francia Fil: Knoery, Joël. Centre Atlantique; Francia Fil: Marusczak, Nicolas. Centre Méditerranée; Francia Fil: Nerentorp, Michelle. Chalmers University Of Technology; Suecia Fil: Norstrom, Claus. University Aarhus; Dinamarca

Published
2016

23. Atomic and molecular data for spacecraft re-entry plasmas

Author

J. M. Wadehra, Roberto Celiberto, Andrea Lombardi, Mario Capitelli, Ratko K. Janev, Pablo Gamallo, A. Laricchiuta, M. Rutigliano, Fabrizio Esposito, Antonio Laganà, Mario Cacciatore, I. Armenise, Ramón Sayós, Vincenzo Laporta, Jonathan Tennyson, and Universitat de Barcelona

Subjects
Col·lisions (Física), Elementary processes, non-equilibrium plasmas, 02 engineering and technology, Vehicles espacials, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Jupiter, elementary processes, excited states, state-to-state rate coefficients, kinetic modeling, 0103 physical sciences, Thermal, Plasma astrophysics, Collisions (Physics), 010306 general physics, Spacecraft, Condensed Matter Physics, Chemistry, business.industry, Scattering, Atmosphere, Space vehicles, Plasma, Mars Exploration Program, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Atmosfera, 13. Climate action, Excited state, Relaxation (physics), Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Atomic physics, Astrofísica del plasma, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

The modeling of atmospheric gas, interacting with the space vehicles in re-entry conditions in planetary exploration missions, requires a large set of scattering data for all those elementary processes occurring in the system. A fundamental aspect of re-entry problems is represented by the strong non-equilibrium conditions met in the atmospheric plasma close to the surface of the thermal shield, where numerous interconnected relaxation processes determine the evolution of the gaseous system towards equilibrium conditions. A central role is played by the vibrational exchanges of energy, so that collisional processes involving vibrationally excited molecules assume a particular importance. In the present paper, theoretical calculations of complete sets of vibrationally state-resolved cross sections and rate coefficients are reviewed, focusing on the relevant classes of collisional processes: resonant and non-resonant electron-impact excitation of molecules, atom-diatom and molecule-molecule collisions as well as gas-surface interaction. In particular, collisional processes involving atomic and molecular species, relevant to Earth (N-2, O-2, NO), Mars (CO2, CO, N-2) and Jupiter (H-2, He) atmospheres are considered.

Published
2016

24. Origin of atmospheric aerosols at the Pierre Auger Observatory using studies of air mass trajectories in South America

Author

Aab, A., Abreu, P., Alvarez Castillo, J., Diaz, J. C., Díaz Castro, M. L., Diep, P. N., Diogo, F., Dobrigkeit, C., Docters, W., D’Olivo, J. C., Dong, P. N., Dorofeev, A., dos Anjos, J. C., Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Dova, M. T., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Erdmann, M., Escobar, C. O., Espadanal, J., Etchegoyen, A., Facal San Luis, P., Falcke, H., Fang, K., Ambrosio, M., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fazzini, N., Ferguson, A. P., Fick, B., Figueira, J. M., Filevich, A., Filipčič, A., Foerster, N., Fox, B. D., Aminaei, A., Fracchiolla, C. E., Fraenkel, E. D., Fratu, O., Fröhlich, U., Fuchs, B., Gaior, R., Gamarra, R. F., Gambetta, S., García, B., Garcia Roca, S. T., Anchordoqui, L., Garcia-Gamez, D., Garcia-Pinto, D., Garilli, G., Gascon Bravo, A., Gemmeke, H., Ghia, P. L., Giammarchi, M., Giller, M., Gitto, J., Glaser, C., Andringa, S., Glass, H., Gomez Albarracin, F., Gómez Berisso, M., Gómez Vitale, P. F., Gonçalves, P., Gonzalez, J. G., Gookin, B., Gorgi, A., Gorham, P., Gouffon, P., Antičić, T., Grebe, S., Griffith, N., Grillo, A. F., Grubb, T. D., Guardincerri, Y., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harrison, T. A., Aramo, C., Harton, J. L., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Heck, D., Herve, A. E., Hill, G. C., Hojvat, C., Hollon, N., Holt, E., Homola, P., Arqueros, F., Hörandel, J. R., Horvath, P., Hrabovský, M., Huber, D., Huege, T., Insolia, A., Isar, P. G., Jarne, C., Josebachuili, M., Kadija, K., Asorey, H., Kambeitz, O., Kampert, K. H., Karhan, P., Kasper, P., Kégl, B., Keilhauer, B., Keivani, A., Kemp, E., Kieckhafer, R. M., Klages, H. O., Aglietta, M., Assis, P., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Krause, R., Krohm, N., Krömer, O., Kruppke-Hansen, D., Kuempel, D., Kunka, N., La Rosa, G., LaHurd, D., Aublin, J., Latronico, L., Lauscher, M., Lautridou, P., Le Coz, S., Leão, M. S. A. B., Lebrun, D., Lebrun, P., Leigui de Oliveira, M. A., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Ave, M., Link, K., López, R., Lopez Agüera, A., Louedec, K., Lozano Bahilo, J., Lu, L., Lucero, A., Ludwig, M., Lyberis, H., Maccarone, M. C., Avenier, M., Malacari, M., Maldera, S., Maller, J., Mandat, D., Mantsch, P., Mariazzi, A. G., Marin, V., Mariş, I. C., Marquez Falcon, H. R., Marsella, G., Avila, G., Martello, D., Martinez, H., Martínez Bravo, O., Martraire, D., Masías Meza, J. J., Mathes, H. J., Matthews, J., Matthews, J. A. J., Matthiae, G., Maurel, D., Badescu, A. M., Maurizio, D., Mayotte, E., Mazur, P. O., Medina, C., Medina-Tanco, G., Melissas, M., Melo, D., Menichetti, E., Menshikov, A., Messina, S., Barber, K. B., Meyhandan, R., Mićanović, S., Micheletti, M. I., Middendorf, L., Minaya, I. A., Miramonti, L., Mitrica, B., Molina-Bueno, L., Mollerach, S., Monasor, M., Bardenet, R., Monnier Ragaigne, D., Montanet, F., Morales, B., Morello, C., Moreno, J. C., Mostafá, M., Moura, C. A., Müller, G., Münchmeyer, M., Mussa, R., Bäuml, J., Navarra, G., Navarro, J. L., Navas, S., Necesal, P., Nellen, L., Nelles, A., Neuser, J., Nhung, P. T., Niechciol, M., Niemietz, L., Baus, C., Niggemann, T., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Nožka, L., Oehlschläger, J., Olinto, A., Ortiz, M., Pacheco, N., Pakk Selmi-Dei, D., Palatka, M., Ahlers, M., Beatty, J. J., Pallotta, J., Palmieri, N., Parente, G., Parra, A., Pastor, S., Paul, T., Pech, M., Pȩkala, J., Pelayo, R., Pepe, I. M., Becker, K. H., Perrone, L., Pesce, R., Petermann, E., Petrera, S., Petrolini, A., Petrov, Y., Piegaia, R., Pierog, T., Pieroni, P., Pimenta, M., Bellido, J. A., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Plum, M., Pontz, M., Porcelli, A., Preda, T., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Quel, E. J., Querchfeld, S., BenZvi, S., Quinn, S., Rautenberg, J., Ravel, O., Ravignani, D., Revenu, B., Ridky, J., Riggi, S., Risse, M., Ristori, P., Rivera, H., Berat, C., Rizi, V., Roberts, J., Rodrigues de Carvalho, W., Rodriguez Cabo, I., Rodriguez Fernandez, G., Rodriguez Martino, J., Rodriguez Rojo, J., Rodríguez-Frías, M. D., Ros, G., Rosado, J., Bertou, X., Rossler, T., Roth, M., Rouillé-d’Orfeuil, B., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Rühle, C., Saffi, S. J., Saftoiu, A., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Biermann, P. L., Salesa Greus, F., Salina, G., Sánchez, F., Sanchez-Lucas, P., Santo, C. E., Santos, E., Santos, E. M., Sarazin, F., Sarkar, B., Sarmento, R., Billoir, P., Scharf, N., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schiffer, P., Scholten, O., Schoorlemmer, H., Schovánek, P., Schröder, F. G., Sciutto, S. J., Scuderi, M., Blanco, M., Segreto, A., Settimo, M., Shadkam, A., Shellard, R. C., Sidelnik, I., Sigl, G., Sima, O., Śmiałkowski, A., Šmída, R., Snow, G. R., Bleve, C., Sommers, P., Sorokin, J., Spinka, H., Squartini, R., Srivastava, Y. N., Stanič, S., Stapleton, J., Stasielak, J., Straub, M., Stutz, A., Ahn, E. J., Blümer, H., Suarez, F., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Šuša, T., Sutherland, M. S., Swain, J., Szadkowski, Z., Szuba, M., Tapia, A., Tartare, M., Boháčová, M., Taşcău, O., Thao, N. T., Tiffenberg, J., Timmermans, C., Tkaczyk, W., Todero Peixoto, C. J., Toma, G., Tomankova, L., Tomé, B., Tonachini, A., Bonifazi, C., Torralba Elipe, G., Torres Machado, D., Travnicek, P., Tridapalli, D. B., Trovato, E., Tueros, M., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Valdés Galicia, J. F., Valiño, I., Bonino, R., Valore, L., van Aar, G., van den Berg, A. M., van Velzen, S., van Vliet, A., Varela, E., Vargas Cárdenas, B., Varner, G., Vázquez, J. R., Vázquez, R. A., Borodai, N., Veberič, D., Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Videla, M., Villaseñor, L., Wahlberg, H., Wahrlich, P., Wainberg, O., Walz, D., Watson, A. A., Brack, J., Weidenhaupt, K., Weindl, A., Werner, F., Westerhoff, S., Whelan, B. J., Widom, A., Wieczorek, G., Wiencke, L., Wilczyńska, B., Wilczyński, H., Brancus, I., Will, M., Williams, C., Winchen, T., Wundheiler, B., Wykes, S., Yamamoto, T., Yapici, T., Younk, P., Yuan, G., Yushkov, A., Brogueira, P., Zamorano, B., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zaw, I., Zepeda, A., Zhou, J., Zhu, Y., Zimbres Silva, M., Curci, G., Brown, W. C., Pierre Auger Collaboration, Alves Batista, R., Blanco, F., Boncioli, D., Jansen, S., Katkov, I., Knapp, J., Lauer, R., Martin, L., Müller, L., Buchholz, P., Oliveira, M., Sato, R., Schmidt, A., Schulz, A., Schulz, J., Stephan, M., Weber, M., Ziolkowski, M., Albuquerque, I. F. M., Bueno, A., Buscemi, M., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Caccianiga, B., Caccianiga, L., Candusso, M., Caramete, L., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Cataldi, G., Allekotte, I., Cazon, L., Cester, R., Cheng, S. H., Chiavassa, A., Chinellato, J. A., Chudoba, J., Cilmo, M., Clay, R. W., Cocciolo, G., Colalillo, R., Allen, J., Collica, L., Coluccia, M. R., Conceição, R., Contreras, F., Cooper, M. J., Coutu, S., Covault, C. E., Criss, A., Cronin, J., Curutiu, A., Allison, P., Dallier, R., Daniel, B., Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., de Almeida, R. M., De Domenico, M., de Jong, S. J., De La Vega, G., de Mello Junior, W. J. M., Almela, A., de Mello Neto, J. R. T., De Mitri, I., de Souza, V., de Vries, K. D., del Peral, L., Deligny, O., Dembinski, H., Dhital, N., Di Giulio, C., Di Matteo, A., Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Laboratoire SUBATECH Nantes (SUBATECH), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), PIERRE AUGER, European Project: 246806,EC:FP7:PEOPLE,FP7-PEOPLE-2009-IRSES,EPLANET(2011), Research unit Astroparticle Physics, KVI - Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), A., Aab, P., Abreu, M., Aglietta, M., Ahler, E. J., Ahn, I. F. M., Albuquerque, I., Allekotte, J., Allen, P., Allison, A., Almela, J., Alvarez Castillo, J., Alvarez Muñiz, R., Alves Batista, M., Ambrosio, A., Aminaei, L., Anchordoqui, S., Andringa, T., Antičić, C., Aramo, F., Arquero, H., Asorey, P., Assi, J., Aublin, M., Ave, M., Avenier, G., Avila, A. M., Badescu, K. B., Barber, R., Bardenet, J., Bäuml, C., Bau, J. J., Beatty, K. H., Becker, J. A., Bellido, S., Benzvi, C., Berat, X., Bertou, P. L., Biermann, P., Billoir, F., Blanco, M., Blanco, Bleve, Carla, H., Blümer, M., Boháčová, D., Boncioli, C., Bonifazi, R., Bonino, N., Borodai, J., Brack, I., Brancu, P., Brogueira, W. C., Brown, P., Buchholz, A., Bueno, M., Buscemi, K. S., Caballero Mora, B., Caccianiga, L., Caccianiga, M., Candusso, L., Caramete, R., Caruso, A., Castellina, G., Cataldi, L., Cazon, R., Cester, S. H., Cheng, A., Chiavassa, J. A., Chinellato, J., Chudoba, M., Cilmo, R. W., Clay, Cocciolo, Giuseppe, R., Colalillo, L., Collica, Coluccia, MARIA RITA, R., Conceição, F., Contrera, M. J., Cooper, S., Coutu, C. E., Covault, A., Cri, J., Cronin, A., Curutiu, R., Dallier, B., Daniel, S., Dasso, K., Daumiller, B. R., Dawson, R. M., de Almeida, M., De Domenico, S. J., de Jong, G., De La Vega, W. J. M., de Mello Junior, J. R. T., de Mello Neto, DE MITRI, Ivan, V., de Souza, K. D., de Vrie, L., del Peral, O., Deligny, H., Dembinski, N., Dhital, C., Di Giulio, A., Di Matteo, J. C., Diaz, M. L., Díaz Castro, P. N., Diep, F., Diogo, C., Dobrigkeit, W., Docter, J. C., D’Olivo, P. N., Dong, A., Dorofeev, J. C., dos Anjo, M. T., Dova, J., Ebr, R., Engel, M., Erdmann, C. O., Escobar, J., Espadanal, A., Etchegoyen, P., Facal San Lui, H., Falcke, K., Fang, G., Farrar, A. C., Fauth, N., Fazzini, A. P., Ferguson, B., Fick, J. M., Figueira, A., Filevich, A., Filipčič, N., Foerster, B. D., Fox, C. E., Fracchiolla, E. D., Fraenkel, O., Fratu, U., Fröhlich, B., Fuch, R., Gaior, R. F., Gamarra, S., Gambetta, B., García, S. T., Garcia Roca, D., Garcia Gamez, D., Garcia Pinto, G., Garilli, A., Gascon Bravo, H., Gemmeke, P. L., Ghia, M., Giammarchi, M., Giller, J., Gitto, C., Glaser, H., Gla, F., Gomez Albarracin, M., Gómez Berisso, P. F., Gómez Vitale, P., Gonçalve, J. G., Gonzalez, B., Gookin, A., Gorgi, P., Gorham, P., Gouffon, S., Grebe, N., Griffith, A. F., Grillo, T. D., Grubb, Y., Guardincerri, F., Guarino, G. P., Guede, P., Hansen, D., Harari, T. A., Harrison, J. L., Harton, A., Haung, T., Hebbeker, D., Heck, A. E., Herve, G. C., Hill, C., Hojvat, N., Hollon, E., Holt, P., Homola, J. R., Hörandel, P., Horvath, M., Hrabovský, D., Huber, T., Huege, A., Insolia, P. G., Isar, S., Jansen, C., Jarne, M., Josebachuili, K., Kadija, O., Kambeitz, K. H., Kampert, P., Karhan, P., Kasper, I., Katkov, B., Kégl, B., Keilhauer, A., Keivani, E., Kemp, R. M., Kieckhafer, H. O., Klage, M., Kleifge, J., Kleinfeller, J., Knapp, R., Krause, N., Krohm, O., Krömer, D., Kruppke Hansen, D., Kuempel, N., Kunka, G., La Rosa, D., Lahurd, L., Latronico, R., Lauer, M., Lauscher, P., Lautridou, S., Le Coz, M. S. A. B., Leão, D., Lebrun, P., Lebrun, M. A., Leigui de Oliveira, A., Letessier Selvon, I., Lhenry Yvon, K., Link, R., López, A., Lopez Agüera, K., Louedec, J., Lozano Bahilo, L., Lu, A., Lucero, M., Ludwig, H., Lyberi, M. C., Maccarone, M., Malacari, S., Maldera, J., Maller, D., Mandat, P., Mantsch, A. G., Mariazzi, V., Marin, I. C., Mariş, H. R., Marquez Falcon, Marsella, Giovanni, Martello, Daniele, L., Martin, H., Martinez, O., Martínez Bravo, D., Martraire, J. J., Masías Meza, H. J., Mathe, J., Matthew, J. A. J., Matthew, G., Matthiae, D., Maurel, D., Maurizio, E., Mayotte, P. O., Mazur, C., Medina, G., Medina Tanco, M., Melissa, D., Melo, E., Menichetti, A., Menshikov, S., Messina, R., Meyhandan, S., Mićanović, M. I., Micheletti, L., Middendorf, I. A., Minaya, L., Miramonti, B., Mitrica, L., Molina Bueno, S., Mollerach, M., Monasor, D., Monnier Ragaigne, F., Montanet, B., Morale, C., Morello, J. C., Moreno, M., Mostafá, C. A., Moura, M. A., Muller, G., Müller, M., Münchmeyer, R., Mussa, G., Navarra, J. L., Navarro, S., Nava, P., Necesal, L., Nellen, A., Nelle, J., Neuser, P. T., Nhung, M., Niechciol, L., Niemietz, T., Niggemann, D., Nitz, D., Nosek, L., Nožka, J., Oehlschläger, A., Olinto, M., Oliveira, M., Ortiz, N., Pacheco, D., Pakk Selmi Dei, M., Palatka, J., Pallotta, N., Palmieri, G., Parente, A., Parra, S., Pastor, T., Paul, M., Pech, J., Pȩkala, R., Pelayo, I. M., Pepe, Perrone, Lorenzo, R., Pesce, E., Petermann, S., Petrera, A., Petrolini, Y., Petrov, R., Piegaia, T., Pierog, P., Pieroni, M., Pimenta, V., Pirronello, M., Platino, M., Plum, M., Pontz, A., Porcelli, T., Preda, P., Privitera, M., Prouza, E. J., Quel, S., Querchfeld, S., Quinn, J., Rautenberg, O., Ravel, D., Ravignani, B., Revenu, J., Ridky, S., Riggi, M., Risse, P., Ristori, H., Rivera, V., Rizi, J., Robert, W., Rodrigues de Carvalho, I., Rodriguez Cabo, G., Rodriguez Fernandez, J., Rodriguez Martino, J., Rodriguez Rojo, M. D., Rodríguez Fría, G., Ro, J., Rosado, T., Rossler, M., Roth, B., Rouillé d’Orfeuil, E., Roulet, A. C., Rovero, C., Rühle, S. J., Saffi, A., Saftoiu, F., Salamida, H., Salazar, F., Salesa Greu, G., Salina, F., Sánchez, P., Sanchez Luca, C. E., Santo, E., Santo, E. M., Santo, F., Sarazin, B., Sarkar, R., Sarmento, R., Sato, N., Scharf, Scherini, Viviana, H., Schieler, P., Schiffer, A., Schmidt, O., Scholten, H., Schoorlemmer, P., Schovánek, F. G., Schröder, A., Schulz, J., Schulz, S. J., Sciutto, M., Scuderi, A., Segreto, M., Settimo, A., Shadkam, R. C., Shellard, I., Sidelnik, G., Sigl, O., Sima, A., Śmiałkowski, R., Šmída, G. R., Snow, P., Sommer, J., Sorokin, H., Spinka, R., Squartini, Y. N., Srivastava, S., Stanič, J., Stapleton, J., Stasielak, M., Stephan, M., Straub, A., Stutz, F., Suarez, T., Suomijärvi, A. D., Supanitsky, T., Šuša, M. S., Sutherland, J., Swain, Z., Szadkowski, M., Szuba, A., Tapia, M., Tartare, O., Taşcău, N. T., Thao, J., Tiffenberg, C., Timmerman, W., Tkaczyk, C. J., Todero Peixoto, G., Toma, L., Tomankova, B., Tomé, A., Tonachini, G., Torralba Elipe, D., Torres Machado, P., Travnicek, D. B., Tridapalli, E., Trovato, M., Tuero, R., Ulrich, M., Unger, J. F., Valdés Galicia, I., Valiño, L., Valore, G., van Aar, A. M., van den Berg, S., van Velzen, A., van Vliet, E., Varela, B., Vargas Cárdena, G., Varner, J. R., Vázquez, R. A., Vázquez, D., Veberič, V., Verzi, J., Vicha, M., Videla, L., Villaseñor, H., Wahlberg, P., Wahrlich, O., Wainberg, D., Walz, A. A., Watson, M., Weber, K., Weidenhaupt, A., Weindl, F., Werner, S., Westerhoff, B. J., Whelan, A., Widom, G., Wieczorek, L., Wiencke, B., Wilczyńska, H., Wilczyński, M., Will, C., William, T., Winchen, B., Wundheiler, S., Wyke, T., Yamamoto, T., Yapici, P., Younk, G., Yuan, A., Yushkov, B., Zamorano, E., Za, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zavrtanik, I., Zaw, A., Zepeda, J., Zhou, Y., Zhu, M., Zimbres Silva, M., Ziolkowski, G., Curci, J., Alvarez Mu?iz, T., Anti?i?, J., B?uml, C., Bleve, H., Bl?mer, M., Boh??ov?, Buscemi, Mario, Cilmo, Marco, G., Cocciolo, Colalillo, Roberta, M. R., Coluccia, R., Concei??o, I., De Mitri, M. L., D?az Castro, J. C., D?olivo, A., Filip?i?, U., Fr?hlich, B., Garc?a, M., G?mez Berisso, P. F., G?mez Vitale, P., Gon?alve, Guarino, Fausto, J. R., H?randel, M., Hrabovsk?, B., K?gl, O., Kr?mer, M. S. A. B., Le?o, R., L?pez, A., Lopez Ag?era, I. C., Mari?, G., Marsella, D., Martello, O., Mart?nez Bravo, J. J., Mas?as Meza, S., Mi?anovi?, M., Mostaf?, G., M?ller, M., M?nchmeyer, L., No?ka, J., Oehlschl?ger, J., P?kala, L., Perrone, M. D., Rodr?guez Fr?a, B., Rouill? d?Orfeuil, C., R?hle, F., S?nchez, V., Scherini, P., Schov?nek, F. G., Schr?der, A., ?mia?kowski, R., ?m?da, S., Stani?, T., Suomij?rvi, T., ?u?a, O., Ta?c?u, B., Tom?, J. F., Vald?s Galicia, I., Vali?o, Valore, Laura, B., Vargas C?rdena, J. R., V?zquez, R. A., V?zquez, D., Veberi?, L., Villase?or, B., Wilczy?ska, and H., Wilczy?ski

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, aerosol, Astronomy, Observatories, Aerosol concentration, Air pollution, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, medicine.disease_cause, Aerosols, Atmospheric aerosols, Augers, Cosmic rays, Observatories, Aerosol concentration, Aerosol optical depths, Air mass, Atmospheric effects, GDAS, HYSPLIT, Pierre Auger observatory, Ultra high-energy cosmic rays, Meteorology, aerosol property, air mass, concentration (composition), optical depth, trajectory, urban area, urban atmosphere, Argentina, 01 natural sciences, optical depth, Observatory, 11. Sustainability, ddc:550, Meteorologia, Augers, media_common, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, concentration (composition), [SDU.ASTR.HE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], urban atmosphere, Atmospheric effects, GDAS, Atmospheric aerosols, cosmic ray, air masses, atmospheric effect, Physics - Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, trajectory, Climatology, ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, HYSPLIT, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Pollution, aerosol property, [PHYS.ASTR.HE]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], [PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], media_common.quotation_subject, FOS: Physical sciences, Atmósfera, Atmosphere, cosmic rays, medicine, Aerosol optical depths, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Cosmic rays, Ciencias Exactas, Air mass, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Aerosols, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Pierre Auger Observatory, Física, ASTROFÍSICA, [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Aerosol, 13. Climate action, Experimental High Energy Physics, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (physics.ao-ph), Pierre Auger observatory, Ultra high-energy cosmic rays, urban area
Abstract

The Pierre Auger Observatory is making significant contributions towards understanding the nature and origin of ultra-high energy cosmic rays. One of its main challenges is the monitoring of the atmosphere, both in terms of its state variables and its optical properties. The aim of this work is to analyze aerosol optical depth $\tau_{\rm a}(z)$ values measured from 2004 to 2012 at the observatory, which is located in a remote and relatively unstudied area of the Pampa Amarilla, Argentina. The aerosol optical depth is in average quite low - annual mean $\tau_{\rm a}(3.5~{\rm km})\sim 0.04$ - and shows a seasonal trend with a winter minimum - $\tau_{\rm a}(3.5~{\rm km})\sim 0.03$ -, and a summer maximum - $\tau_{\rm a}(3.5~{\rm km})\sim 0.06$ -, and an unexpected increase from August to September - $\tau_{\rm a}(3.5~{\rm km})\sim 0.055$). We computed backward trajectories for the years 2005 to 2012 to interpret the air mass origin. Winter nights with low aerosol concentrations show air masses originating from the Pacific Ocean. Average concentrations are affected by continental sources (wind-blown dust and urban pollution), while the peak observed in September and October could be linked to biomass burning in the northern part of Argentina or air pollution coming from surrounding urban areas., Comment: 16 pages, 9 figures, accepted in Atmospheric Research journal

Published
2014

25. Forecasting the Earth's radiation belts and modeling solar energetic particle events: Recent results from SPACECAST

Author

Rami Vainio, Vincent Maget, Alexandr Afanasiev, Richard B. Horne, Blai Sanahuja, Angels Aran, Sarah A. Glauert, Hannu Koskinen, Angélica Sicard, Nigel P. Meredith, O. A. Amariutei, Daniel Heynderickx, Natalia Ganushkina, Daniel Boscher, David Pitchford, Stefaan Poedts, Carla Jacobs, and Universitat de Barcelona

Subjects
Astrofísica, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Satellites, Raigs còsmics, Solar activity, Space weather, lcsh:QC851-999, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Activitat solar, symbols.namesake, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Cosmic rays, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Sol, Atmosphere, Artificial satellites, Geosynchronous orbit, Sun, Geophysics, Geofísica, Radiation belts, Charged particle, SEP events, Foreshock, Satèl·lits artificials, Solar wind, Atmosfera, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Van Allen radiation belt, Physics::Space Physics, symbols, Geostationary orbit, Satellite, lcsh:Meteorology. Climatology, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

High-energy charged particles in the van Allen radiation belts and in solar energetic particle events can damage satellites on orbit leading to malfunctions and loss of satellite service. Here we describe some recent results from the SPACECAST project on modelling and forecasting the radiation belts, and modelling solar energetic particle events. We describe the SPACECAST forecasting system that uses physical models that include wave-particle interactions to forecast the electron radiation belts up to 3 h ahead. We show that the forecasts were able to reproduce the >2 MeV electron flux at GOES 13 during the moderate storm of 7-8 October 2012, and the period following a fast solar wind stream on 25-26 October 2012 to within a factor of 5 or so. At lower energies of 10 - a few 100 keV we show that the electron flux at geostationary orbit depends sensitively on the high-energy tail of the source distribution near 10 R E on the nightside of the Earth, and that the source is best represented by a kappa distribution. We present a new model of whistler mode chorus determined from multiple satellite measurements which shows that the effects of wave-particle interactions beyond geostationary orbit are likely to be very significant. We also present radial diffusion coefficients calculated from satellite data at geostationary orbit which vary with K p by over four orders of magnitude. We describe a new automated method to determine the position at the shock that is magnetically connected to the Earth for modelling solar energetic particle events and which takes into account entropy, and predict the form of the mean free path in the foreshock, and particle injection efficiency at the shock from analytical theory which can be tested in simulations. © R.B. Horne et al., Published by EDP Sciences 2013. ispartof: Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate vol:3 status: published

Published
2013

26. Description of atmospheric conditions at the Pierre Auger Observatory using the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS)

Author

G. De La Vega, J. Rodriguez Rojo, L. Molina-Bueno, M. Szuba, F.G. Schröder, Enrique Zas, E. Kemp, A. Criss, C. Di Giulio, Fernando Contreras, C. J. Todero Peixoto, D. Monnier Ragaigne, C. Pfendner, M. Zavrtanik, N. Nierstenhoefer, Yunrong Zhu, A. Schmidt, H. Martinez, Rémi Bardenet, Petr Travnicek, N. Pacheco, Kai Daumiller, M. Grigat, P. Lebrun, U. Giaccari, A. Italiano, L. Tomankova, M. Ortiz, N. Krohm, Petr Schovanek, I. C. Mariş, S. Fliescher, R. J. Lauer, P. Ristori, C. Lachaud, A. Curutiu, B. Caccianiga, Y. Petrov, M. I. Micheletti, M. Gold, M. S. A. B. Leão, A. G. Mariazzi, H. Rivera, R. Pesce, G. Rodriguez, B. R. Becker, Moritz Münchmeyer, Christopher B. Williams, A. Horneffer, P. Petrinca, H. Wilczyński, P. Billoir, J. Rosado, E. Moreno, R. F. Gamarra, Ralph Engel, R. Gaior, M. Urban, A. C. Rovero, A. Guzman, C. Bleve, J. C. Marin, L. Villaseñor, L. Martin, V. Marin, D. H. Koang, S. H. Cheng, J. Ridky, A. Tonachini, L. Nožka, R. Dallier, L. del Peral, O. Ravel, K. Louedec, Mariangela Settimo, M. Ave, E. Trovato, M. Gómez Berisso, C. Macolino, A. Stutz, M. Risse, M. Prouza, D. Allard, A. Bellétoile, R. C. Shellard, F. Suarez, C. Hojvat, Vincenzo Rizi, D. Martello, M. Ziolkowski, Iván Sidelnik, A. Nelles, Sergio Dasso, G. P. Guedes, Jan Ebr, A. F. Barbosa, I. Fajardo Tapia, Balázs Kégl, S. Schulte, Alexey Yushkov, H. Cook, O. Fratu, Jaime Alvarez-Muñiz, D. Schuster, B. Revenu, C. G. Tavera Ruiz, W. J. M. de Mello Junior, J. Rodriguez Martino, O. Martínez Bravo, R. M. Kieckhafer, A. Creusot, J. Rautenberg, G. Golup, N. Kunka, H. Blümer, G. Tristram, A. Shadkam, C. Timmermans, M. Melissas, P. Abreu, D. Ravignani, Markus Ahlers, E. Varela, N. Griffith, O. Wainberg, D. Huber, W. C. Brown, R. Mussa, J. J. Beatty, J. Coppens, H. Dembinski, N. Fazzini, M. Wommer, A. F. Grillo, Juan Carlos D'Olivo, T. Pierog, J. A.J. Matthews, Xavier Bertou, A. Zepeda, Jose Chinellato, N. Scharf, V. Pirronello, P. Lautridou, S. Dagoret-Campagne, A. Widom, D. LaHurd, C. Jarne, T. Huege, A. Parra, Jeffrey Brack, Olaf Scholten, Humberto Ibarguen Salazar, A. Letessier-Selvon, T. A. Harrison, H.O. Klages, T. Hebbeker, Luis A. Anchordoqui, I. Rodriguez-Cabo, A. P. Ferguson, R. E. Burton, Philipp Mertsch, R. Pelayo, P. L. Ghia, Osvaldo Catalano, J. Kleinfeller, A. D. Supanitsky, Hernán Asorey, T. Šuša, F. Ionita, S. Gambetta, Julien Aublin, F. Werner, S. J. De Jong, I. Zaw, M. Avenier, D. Thomas, Lu Lu, M. L. Díaz Castro, G. Farrar, D. Harari, Alessandro Petrolini, Peter Schiffer, V. Scherini, P. Brogueira, R. Piegaia, Lorenzo Cazon, I. A. Minaya, Pedro Assis, C. De Donato, N. T. Thao, J. Oehlschläger, J. Schovancova, G. Parente, A. Etchegoyen, K. Kadija, Javier Tiffenberg, M. Platino, L. Valore, J. Pȩkala, S. Querchfeld, J. L. Kelley, E. D. Fraenkel, R. Conceião, Piotr Homola, P. Facal San Luis, M. Josebachuili, J. Neuser, S. Le Coz, B. Keilhauer, G. Navarra, Daniel Kuempel, E. Menichetti, D. Kruppke-Hansen, J. R. T. de Mello Neto, O. Krömer, L. Niemietz, G. Salina, B. Wundheiler, Carlos Escobar, B. Gookin, K. B. Barber, M. Weber, S. Grebe, C. A. Moura, S. L.C. Barroso, H. R. Marquez Falcon, J. D. Swain, Gregory R Snow, Olivier Deligny, S. J. Sciutto, Brian Fick, J. Chauvin, R. Squartini, Alina Mihaela Badescu, U. Fröhlich, D. B. Tridapalli, A. Cordier, S. Maldera, J. F. Valdés Galicia, K. H. Becker, C. E. Santo, F. Salamida, Francisco J. Blanco, A. Insolia, M. Kleifges, D. Zavrtanik, G. Matthiae, I. De Mitri, A. Saftoiu, M. Pimenta, J. Roberts, Alejandro Almela, A. Segreto, T. Paul, P. Karhan, D. Garcia-Gamez, A. Smialkowski, Ivone F. M. Albuquerque, A. Aminaei, M. Blanco, S. T. Garcia Roca, F. Gomez Albarracin, J. Allen, M. Zimbres Silva, C. E. Fracchiolla, J. Stasielak, H. Spinka, S. Coutu, Antonio Bueno, Sergio Pastor, Markus Roth, M. A. Leigui de Oliveira, R. Tcaciuc, S. Stanič, Radomir Smida, L. Latronico, F. Montanet, J. C. dos Anjos, J. Lozano Bahilo, Segev BenZvi, J. Stapleton, R. Bruijn, J. Chirinos Diaz, D. D'Urso, P.F. Gómez Vitale, Corinne Berat, M. Giller, A. Gorgi, G. Medina-Tanco, S. Navas, P. Hansen, P. Gonalves, D. Garcia-Pinto, H. H. Silva Lopez, J. R. Vázquez, Corbin Covault, R. A. Vázquez, D. Nosek, T. Yamamoto, M. Pontz, A. Chiavassa, E. Petermann, Dusan Mandat, D. Nitz, Y. Guardincerri, P. A. Kasper, A. E. Herve, A. Filipčič, Jörg R. Hörandel, Gualberto Avila, Subir Sarkar, B. García, Mario Scuderi, Tobias Winchen, A. Gascon, C. Rühle, V. de Souza, M. A. Muller, N. Palmieri, S. Petrera, S. Jiraskova, R. López, L. R. Wiencke, Lino Miramonti, Miroslav Pech, Denise Boncioli, Karen S. Caballero-Mora, E. Parizot, Ingomar Allekotte, German Ros, I. Lhenry-Yvon, A. Menshikov, G. Marsella, B. Wilczyńska, B. Zamorano, D. Maurizio, A.M. van den Berg, Darko Veberič, J. C. Moreno, W. Docters, Angela V. Olinto, A. Weindl, Martin Erdmann, M. Monasor, M. D. Rodríguez-Frías, H. Schoorlemmer, A. Dorofeev, L. Caramete, M. Will, K. Weidenhaupt, Guenter Sigl, N. Hollon, V. Verzi, G. Müller, Roger W Clay, C. Aramo, W. Tkaczyk, R. Cester, Maria-Teresa Dova, B. J. Whelan, G. Yuan, R. Bonino, E. Grashorn, S. Riggi, I. M. Pepe, Pham Ngoc Diep, T. Antičić, G. Toma, S. Mićanović, B. M. Baughman, Miguel Mostafá, J. Espadanal, M. Palatka, P. W. Younk, A. Porcelli, Ernesto Arganda, Heino Falcke, D. Melo, Carola Dobrigkeit, J. Vicha, G. Wieczorek, David Walz, P. Wahrlich, Pavel Horvath, D. Pakk Selmi-Dei, T. Rossler, Alan Watson, B. Vargascárdenas, R. Sato, M. Niechciol, H. Schieler, R. Ulrich, F. Salesa Greus, B. Sarkar, Karl-Heinz Kampert, Antonella Castellina, G. Cataldi, J. L. Navarro, M. S. Sutherland, C. Meurer, Daniel Gonzalez, M. Videla, J. Alvarez Castillo, F. Sarazin, J. K. Kulbartz, E. M. Santos, F. Diogo, Bruce R. Dawson, Y. N. Srivastava, P.O. Mazur, R. M. de Almeida, Sofia Andringa, E. J. Ahn, S. Westerhoff, Elton J. G. Santos, J. Bäuml, K. Link, Miroslav Hrabovský, A. Haungs, J. L. Harton, P. Mantsch, B. Rouillé-D'Orfeuil, Z. Szadkowski, B. Tome, J. Knapp, A. Lopez Agüera, L. Nellen, C. Morello, K. D. de Vries, Matthias Balzer, M. Tueros, Peter L. Biermann, Paolo Privitera, F. Guarino, John Matthews, Peter Buchholz, I.M. Brancus, H. Glass, Marco Aglietta, Paul Sommers, P. Gouffon, P. N. Dong, M. J. Cooper, F. Sánchez, M. Ambrosio, M. De Domenico, Maria Rita Coluccia, Bruno Daniel, T. Yapici, P. Allison, A. Tapia, H. Gemmeke, M. Unger, H. Wahlberg, Maria Concetta Maccarone, T. Suomijärvi, J. Pallotta, E. J. Quel, Béatrice Fuchs, Niraj Dhital, I. Valiño, A. Filevich, P. T. Nhung, A. C. Fauth, M. Stephan, H. Lyberis, Carla Bonifazi, O. Tacu, Jose A. Bellido, B. Morales, Azadeh Keivani, Martina Bohacova, J. Sorokin, W. Rodrigues de Carvalho, M. Tartare, J. W. Cronin, D. Maurel, Nataliia Borodai, Rossella Caruso, A. Lucero, G. La Rosa, M. Ludwig, T. Bäcker, V. H. Ponce, L. Perrone, Jiri Chudoba, K. Kotera, P. Pieroni, F. Arqueros, P. Necesal, Octavian Sima, J. G. Gonzalez, V. C. Holmes, D. Lebrun, I. Dutan, D. Heck, F. Kuehn, M. del Río, S. Mollerach, E. Roulet, H. J. Mathes, AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Laboratoire SUBATECH Nantes (SUBATECH), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes), Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), PIERRE AUGER, Research unit Nuclear & Hadron Physics, Research unit Astroparticle Physics, P. Abreu, M. Aglietta, M. Ahler, E.J. Ahn, I.F.M. Albuquerque, D. Allard, I. Allekotte, J. Allen, P. Allison, A. Almela, J. Alvarez Castillo, J. Alvarez-Muñiz, M. Ambrosio, A. Aminaei, L. Anchordoqui, S. Andringa, T. Antičić, C. Aramo, E. Arganda, F. Arquero, H. Asorey, P. Assi, J. Aublin, M. Ave, M. Avenier, G. Avila, T. Bäcker, A.M. Badescu, M. Balzer, K.B. Barber, A.F. Barbosa, R. Bardenet, S.L.C. Barroso, B. Baughman f, J. Bäuml, J.J. Beatty, B.R. Becker, K.H. Becker, A. Bellétoile, J.A. Bellido, S. BenZvi, C. Berat, X. Bertou, P.L. Biermann, P. Billoir, F. Blanco, M. Blanco, C. Bleve, H. Blümer, M. Boháčová, D. Boncioli, C. Bonifazi, R. Bonino, N. Borodai, J. Brack, I. Brancu, P. Brogueira, W.C. Brown, R. Bruijn i, P. Buchholz, A. Bueno, R.E. Burton, K.S. Caballero-Mora, B. Caccianiga, L. Caramete, R. Caruso, A. Castellina, O. Catalano, G. Cataldi, L. Cazon, R. Cester, J. Chauvin, S.H. Cheng, A. Chiavassa, J.A. Chinellato, J. Chirinos Diaz, J. Chudoba, M. Cilmo, R.W. Clay, M.R. Coluccia, R. Conceição, F. Contrera, H. Cook, M.J. Cooper, J. Coppen, A. Cordier, S. Coutu, C.E. Covault, A. Creusot, A. Cri, J. Cronin, A. Curutiu, S. Dagoret-Campagne, R. Dallier, B. Daniel, S. Dasso, K. Daumiller, B.R. Dawson, R.M. de Almeida, M. De Domenico, C. De Donato, S.J. de Jong, G. De La Vega, W.J.M. de Mello Junior, J.R.T. de Mello Neto, I. De Mitri, V. de Souza, K.D. de Vrie, L. del Peral, M. del Río, O. Deligny, H. Dembinski, N. Dhital, C. Di Giulio, M.L. Díaz Castro, P.N. Diep, F. Diogo, C. Dobrigkeit, W. Docter, J.C. D'Olivo, P.N. Dong, A. Dorofeev, J.C. dos Anjo, M.T. Dova, D. D'Urso, I. Dutan, J. Ebr, R. Engel, M. Erdmann, C.O. Escobar, J. Espadanal, A. Etchegoyen, P. Facal San Lui, I. Fajardo Tapia, H. Falcke, G. Farrar, A.C. Fauth, N. Fazzini, A.P. Ferguson, B. Fick, A. Filevich, A. Filipčič, S. Fliescher, C.E. Fracchiolla, E.D. Fraenkel, O. Fratu, U. Fröhlich, B. Fuch, R. Gaior, R.F. Gamarra, S. Gambetta, B. García, S.T. Garcia Roca, D. Garcia-Gamez, D. Garcia-Pinto, A. Gascon, H. Gemmeke, P.L. Ghia, U. Giaccari, M. Giller, H. Gla, M.S. Gold, G. Golup, F. Gomez Albarracin, M. Gómez Berisso, P.F. Gómez Vitale, P. Gonçalve, D. Gonzalez, J.G. Gonzalez, B. Gookin, A. Gorgi, P. Gouffon, E. Grashorn, S. Grebe, N. Griffith, M. Grigat, A.F. Grillo, Y. Guardincerri, F. Guarino, G.P. Guede, A. Guzman, P. Hansen, D. Harari, T.A. Harrison, J.L. Harton, A. Haung, T. Hebbeker, D. Heck, A.E. Herve, C. Hojvat, N. Hollon, V.C. Holme, P. Homola, J.R. Hörandel, A. Horneffer, P. Horvath, M. Hrabovský, D. Huber, T. Huege, A. Insolia, F. Ionita, A. Italiano, C. Jarne, S. Jiraskova, M. Josebachuili, K. Kadija, K.H. Kampert, P. Karhan, P. Kasper, B. Kégl, B. Keilhauer, A. Keivani, J.L. Kelley, E. Kemp, R.M. Kieckhafer, H.O. Klage, M. Kleifge, J. Kleinfeller, J. Knapp, D.-H. Koang, K. Kotera, N. Krohm, O. Krömer, D. Kruppke-Hansen, F. Kuehn, D. Kuempel, J.K. Kulbartz, N. Kunka, G. La Rosa, C. Lachaud, D. LaHurd, L. Latronico, R. Lauer, P. Lautridou, S. Le Coz, M.S.A.B. Leão, D. Lebrun, P. Lebrun, M.A. Leigui de Oliveira, A. Letessier-Selvon, I. Lhenry-Yvon, K. Link, R. López, A. Lopez Agüera, K. Louedec, J. Lozano Bahilo, L. Lu, A. Lucero, M. Ludwig, H. Lyberi, M.C. Maccarone, C. Macolino, S. Maldera, D. Mandat, P. Mantsch, A.G. Mariazzi, J. Marin, V. Marin, I.C. Mari, H.R. Marquez Falcon, G. Marsella, D. Martello, L. Martin, H. Martinez, O. Martínez Bravo, H.J. Mathe, J. Matthew, J.A.J. Matthew, G. Matthiae, D. Maurel, D. Maurizio, P.O. Mazur, G. Medina-Tanco, M. Melissa, D. Melo, E. Menichetti, A. Menshikov, P. Mertsch, C. Meurer, S. Mićanović, M.I. Micheletti, I.A. Minaya, L. Miramonti, L. Molina-Bueno, S. Mollerach, M. Monasor, D. Monnier Ragaigne, F. Montanet, B. Morale, C. Morello, E. Moreno, J.C. Moreno, M. Mostafá, C.A. Moura, M.A. Muller, G. Müller, M. Münchmeyer, R. Mussa, G. Navarra ‡, J.L. Navarro, S. Nava, P. Necesal, L. Nellen, A. Nelle, J. Neuser, P.T. Nhung, M. Niechciol, L. Niemietz, N. Nierstenhoefer, D. Nitz, D. Nosek, L. Nožka, J. Oehlschläger, A. Olinto, M. Ortiz, N. Pacheco, D. Pakk Selmi-Dei, M. Palatka, J. Pallotta, N. Palmieri, G. Parente, E. Parizot, A. Parra, S. Pastor, T. Paul, M. Pech, J. Pękala, R. Pelayo, I.M. Pepe, L. Perrone, R. Pesce, E. Petermann, S. Petrera, P. Petrinca, A. Petrolini, Y. Petrov, C. Pfendner, R. Piegaia, T. Pierog, P. Pieroni, M. Pimenta, V. Pirronello, M. Platino, M. Plum, V.H. Ponce, M. Pontz, A. Porcelli, P. Privitera, M. Prouza, E.J. Quel, S. Querchfeld, J. Rautenberg, O. Ravel, D. Ravignani, B. Revenu, J. Ridky, S. Riggi, M. Risse, P. Ristori, H. Rivera, V. Rizi, J. Robert, W. Rodrigues de Carvalho, G. Rodriguez, J. Rodriguez Martino, J. Rodriguez Rojo, I. Rodriguez-Cabo, M.D. Rodríguez-Fría, G. Ro, J. Rosado, T. Rossler, M. Roth, B. Rouillé-d'Orfeuil, E. Roulet, A.C. Rovero, C. Rühle, A. Saftoiu, F. Salamida, H. Salazar, F. Salesa Greu, G. Salina, F. Sánchez, C.E. Santo, E. Santo, E.M. Santo, F. Sarazin, B. Sarkar, S. Sarkar, R. Sato, N. Scharf, V. Scherini, H. Schieler, P. Schiffer, A. Schmidt, O. Scholten, H. Schoorlemmer, J. Schovancova, P. Schovánek, F. Schröder, S. Schulte, D. Schuster, S.J. Sciutto, M. Scuderi, A. Segreto, M. Settimo, A. Shadkam, R.C. Shellard, I. Sidelnik, G. Sigl, H.H. Silva Lopez, O. Sima, A. Śmiałkowski, R. Šmída, G.R. Snow, P. Sommer, J. Sorokin, H. Spinka, R. Squartini, Y.N. Srivastava, S. Stanic, J. Stapleton, J. Stasielak, M. Stephan, A. Stutz, F. Suarez, T. Suomijärvi, A.D. Supanitsky, T. Šuša, M.S. Sutherland, J. Swain, Z. Szadkowski, M. Szuba, A. Tapia, M. Tartare, O. Taşcău, C.G. Tavera Ruiz, R. Tcaciuc, N.T. Thao, D. Thoma, J. Tiffenberg, C. Timmerman, W. Tkaczyk, C.J. Todero Peixoto, G. Toma, L. Tomankova, B. Tomé, A. Tonachini, P. Travnicek, D.B. Tridapalli, G. Tristram, E. Trovato, M. Tuero, R. Ulrich, M. Unger, M. Urban, J.F. Valdés Galicia, I. Valiño, L. Valore, A.M. van den Berg, E. Varela, B. Vargas Cárdena, J.R. Vázquez, R.A. Vázquez, D. Veberič, V. Verzi, J. Vicha, M. Videla, L. Villaseñor, H. Wahlberg, P. Wahrlich, O. Wainberg, D. Walz, A.A. Watson, M. Weber, K. Weidenhaupt, A. Weindl, F. Werner, S. Westerhoff, B.J. Whelan, A. Widom, G. Wieczorek, L. Wiencke, B. Wilczyńska, H. Wilczyński, M. Will, C. William, T. Winchen, M. Wommer, B. Wundheiler, T. Yamamoto a, T. Yapici, P. Younk, G. Yuan, A. Yushkov, B. Zamorano, E. Za, D. Zavrtanik, M. Zavrtanik, I. Zaw h, A. Zepeda, Y. Zhu, M. Zimbres Silva, M. Ziolkowski, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), P., Abreu, M., Aglietta, M., Ahler, E. J., Ahn, I. F. M., Albuquerque, D., Allard, I., Allekotte, J., Allen, P., Allison, A., Almela, J., Alvarez Castillo, J., Alvarez Muñiz, M., Ambrosio, A., Aminaei, L., Anchordoqui, S., Andringa, T., Anti??i???c, Aramo, Carla, E., Arganda, F., Arquero, H., Asorey, P., Assi, J., Aublin, M., Ave, M., Avenier, G., Avila, T., Bäcker, A. M., Badescu, M., Balzer, K. B., Barber, A. F., Barbosa, R., Bardenet, S. L. C., Barroso, B., Baughman, J., Bäuml, J. J., Beatty, B. R., Becker, K. H., Becker, A., Bellétoile, J. A., Bellido, S., Benzvi, C., Berat, X., Bertou, P. L., Biermann, P., Billoir, F., Blanco, M., Blanco, C., Bleve, H., Blümer, M., Bohá??ová, D., Boncioli, C., Bonifazi, R., Bonino, N., Borodai, J., Brack, I., Brancu, P., Brogueira, W. C., Brown, R., Bruijn, P., Buchholz, A., Bueno, R. E., Burton, K. S., Caballero Mora, B., Caccianiga, L., Caramete, R., Caruso, A., Castellina, O., Catalano, G., Cataldi, L., Cazon, R., Cester, J., Chauvin, S. H., Cheng, A., Chiavassa, J. A., Chinellato, J., Chirinos Diaz, J., Chudoba, R. W., Clay, M. R., Coluccia, R., Conceição, F., Contrera, H., Cook, M. J., Cooper, J., Coppen, A., Cordier, S., Coutu, C. E., Covault, A., Creusot, A., Cri, J., Cronin, A., Curutiu, S., Dagoret Campagne, R., Dallier, B., Daniel, S., Dasso, K., Daumiller, B. R., Dawson, R. M., de Almeida, M., De Domenico, C., De Donato, S. J., de Jong, G., De La Vega, W. J. M., de Mello Junior, J. R. T., de Mello Neto, I., De Mitri, V., de Souza, K. D., de Vrie, L., del Peral, M., del Río, O., Deligny, H., Dembinski, N., Dhital, C., Di Giulio, M. L., Díaz Castro, P. N., Diep, F., Diogo, C., Dobrigkeit, W., Docter, J. C., D???olivo, P. N., Dong, A., Dorofeev, J. C., dos Anjo, M. T., Dova, D'Urso, Domenico, I., Dutan, J., Ebr, R., Engel, M., Erdmann, C. O., Escobar, J., Espadanal, A., Etchegoyen, P., Facal San Lui, I., Fajardo Tapia, H., Falcke, G., Farrar, A. C., Fauth, N., Fazzini, A. P., Ferguson, B., Fick, A., Filevich, A., Filip??i??, S., Fliescher, C. E., Fracchiolla, E. D., Fraenkel, O., Fratu, U., Fröhlich, B., Fuch, R., Gaior, R. F., Gamarra, S., Gambetta, B., García, S. T., Garcia Roca, D., Garcia Gamez, D., Garcia Pinto, A., Gascon, H., Gemmeke, P. L., Ghia, U., Giaccari, M., Giller, H., Gla, M. S., Gold, G., Golup, F., Gomez Albarracin, M., Gómez Berisso, P. F., Gómez Vitale, P., Gonçalve, D., Gonzalez, J. G., Gonzalez, B., Gookin, A., Gorgi, P., Gouffon, E., Grashorn, S., Grebe, N., Griffith, M., Grigat, A. F., Grillo, Y., Guardincerri, Guarino, Fausto, G. P., Guede, A., Guzman, P., Hansen, D., Harari, T. A., Harrison, J. L., Harton, A., Haung, T., Hebbeker, D., Heck, A. E., Herve, C., Hojvat, N., Hollon, V. C., Holme, P., Homola, J. R., Hörandel, A., Horneffer, P., Horvath, M., Hrabovský, D., Huber, T., Huege, A., Insolia, F., Ionita, A., Italiano, C., Jarne, S., Jiraskova, M., Josebachuili, K., Kadija, K. H., Kampert, P., Karhan, P., Kasper, B., Kégl, B., Keilhauer, A., Keivani, J. L., Kelley, E., Kemp, R. M., Kieckhafer, H. O., Klage, M., Kleifge, J., Kleinfeller, J., Knapp, D. H., Koang, K., Kotera, N., Krohm, O., Krömer, D., Kruppke Hansen, F., Kuehn, D., Kuempel, J. K., Kulbartz, N., Kunka, G., La Rosa, C., Lachaud, D., Lahurd, L., Latronico, R., Lauer, P., Lautridou, S., Le Coz, M. S. A. B., Leão, D., Lebrun, P., Lebrun, M. A., Leigui de Oliveira, A., Letessier Selvon, I., Lhenry Yvon, K., Link, R., López, A., Lopez Agüera, K., Louedec, J., Lozano Bahilo, L., Lu, A., Lucero, M., Ludwig, H., Lyberi, M. C., Maccarone, C., Macolino, S., Maldera, D., Mandat, P., Mantsch, A. G., Mariazzi, J., Marin, V., Marin, I. C., Mari, H. R., Marquez Falcon, G., Marsella, D., Martello, L., Martin, H., Martinez, O., Martínez Bravo, H. J., Mathe, J., Matthew, J. A. J., Matthew, G., Matthiae, D., Maurel, D., Maurizio, P. O., Mazur, G., Medina Tanco, M., Melissa, D., Melo, E., Menichetti, A., Menshikov, P., Mertsch, C., Meurer, S., Mi???canovi???c, M. I., Micheletti, I. A., Minaya, L., Miramonti, L., Molina Bueno, S., Mollerach, M., Monasor, D., Monnier Ragaigne, F., Montanet, B., Morale, C., Morello, E., Moreno, J. C., Moreno, M., Mostafá, C. A., Moura, M. A., Muller, G., Müller, M., Münchmeyer, R., Mussa, G., Navarra, J. L., Navarro, S., Nava, P., Necesal, L., Nellen, A., Nelle, J., Neuser, P. T., Nhung, M., Niechciol, L., Niemietz, N., Nierstenhoefer, D., Nitz, D., Nosek, L., No??ka, J., Oehlschläger, A., Olinto, M., Ortiz, N., Pacheco, D., Pakk Selmi Dei, M., Palatka, J., Pallotta, N., Palmieri, G., Parente, E., Parizot, A., Parra, S., Pastor, T., Paul, M., Pech, J., Pe¸kala, R., Pelayo, I. M., Pepe, L., Perrone, R., Pesce, E., Petermann, S., Petrera, P., Petrinca, A., Petrolini, Y., Petrov, C., Pfendner, R., Piegaia, T., Pierog, P., Pieroni, M., Pimenta, V., Pirronello, M., Platino, V. H., Ponce, M., Pontz, A., Porcelli, P., Privitera, M., Prouza, E. J., Quel, S., Querchfeld, J., Rautenberg, O., Ravel, D., Ravignani, B., Revenu, J., Ridky, S., Riggi, M., Risse, P., Ristori, H., Rivera, V., Rizi, J., Robert, W., Rodrigues de Carvalho, G., Rodriguez, J., Rodriguez Martino, J., Rodriguez Rojo, I., Rodriguez Cabo, M. D., Rodríguez Fría, G., Ro, J., Rosado, T., Rossler, M., Roth, B., Rouillé d???Orfeuil, E., Roulet, A. C., Rovero, C., Rühle, A., Saftoiu, F., Salamida, H., Salazar, F., Salesa Greu, G., Salina, F., Sánchez, C. E., Santo, E., Santo, E. M., Santo, F., Sarazin, B., Sarkar, S., Sarkar, R., Sato, N., Scharf, V., Scherini, H., Schieler, P., Schiffer, A., Schmidt, O., Scholten, H., Schoorlemmer, J., Schovancova, P., Schovánek, F., Schröder, S., Schulte, D., Schuster, S. J., Sciutto, M., Scuderi, A., Segreto, M., Settimo, A., Shadkam, R. C., Shellard, I., Sidelnik, G., Sigl, H. H., Silva Lopez, O., Sima, A., ???smia??kowski, R., ??mída, G. R., Snow, P., Sommer, J., Sorokin, H., Spinka, R., Squartini, Y. N., Srivastava, S., Stanic, J., Stapleton, J., Stasielak, M., Stephan, A., Stutz, F., Suarez, T., Suomijärvi, A. D., Supanitsky, T., ??u??a, M. S., Sutherland, J., Swain, Z., Szadkowski, M., Szuba, A., Tapia, M., Tartare, O., Ta??c??u, C. G., Tavera Ruiz, R., Tcaciuc, N. T., Thao, D., Thoma, J., Tiffenberg, C., Timmerman, W., Tkaczyk, C. J., Todero Peixoto, G., Toma, L., Tomankova, B., Tomé, A., Tonachini, P., Travnicek, D. B., Tridapalli, G., Tristram, E., Trovato, M., Tuero, R., Ulrich, M., Unger, M., Urban, J. F., Valdés Galicia, I., Valiño, Valore, Laura, A. M., van den Berg, E., Varela, B., Vargascárdena, J. R., Vázquez, R. A., Vázquez, D., Veberi??, V., Verzi, J., Vicha, M., Videla, L., Villaseñor, H., Wahlberg, P., Wahrlich, O., Wainberg, D., Walz, A. A., Watson, M., Weber, K., Weidenhaupt, A., Weindl, F., Werner, S., Westerhoff, B. J., Whelan, A., Widom, G., Wieczorek, L., Wiencke, B., Wilczy??ska, H., Wilczy??ski, M., Will, C., William, T., Winchen, M., Wommer, B., Wundheiler, T., Yamamoto, T., Yapici, P., Younk, G., Yuan, A., Yushkov, B., Zamorano, E., Za, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zavrtanik, I., Zaw, A., Zepeda, Y., Zhu, M., Zimbres Silva, M., Ziolkowski, APC - Astrophysique des Hautes Energies (APC - AHE), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO)-Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), T., Antičić, C., Aramo, B., Baughman f, M., Boháčová, R., Bruijn i, M., Cilmo, Coluccia, MARIA RITA, DE MITRI, Ivan, J. C., D'Olivo, D., D'Urso, A., Filipčič, F., Guarino, Marsella, Giovanni, Martello, Daniele, S., Mićanović, G., Navarra ‡, L., Nožka, J., Pękala, Perrone, Lorenzo, M., Plum, B., Rouillé d'Orfeuil, A., Śmiałkowski, R., Šmída, T., Šuša, O., Taşcău, L., Valore, B., Vargas Cárdena, D., Veberič, B., Wilczyńska, H., Wilczyński, T., Yamamoto a, and I., Zaw h

Subjects
Astronomy, Atmospheric model, Atmospheric monitoring, Atmospheric sciences, Cosmic Rays Shower, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Data assimilation, law, cosmic rays, extensive air showers, atmospheric monitoring, atmospheric models, DEPENDENCE, ATMOSFERA (OBSERVAÇÃO), TEMPERATURE, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), [PHYS]Physics [physics], Cascada atmosférica extensa, OPTICAL DEPTH, [SDU.ASTR.HE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Pierre Auger Observatory, Atmospheric temperature, Radiación cósmica, Atmosphere of Earth, ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, Radiosonde, Física nuclear, REFRACTIVE-INDEX, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, [PHYS.ASTR.HE]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], Meteorology, Atmospheric Monitoring, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Cosmic Rays Showers, EXTENSIVE AIR-SHOWERS, Cosmic Ray, Atmósfera, Weather station, Atmospheric models, 0103 physical sciences, Extensive air showers, 010306 general physics, Cosmic rays, DETECTOR, Ciencias Exactas, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Física, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Experimental High Energy Physics, EMISSION, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract

Atmospheric conditions at the site of a cosmic ray observatory must be known for reconstructing observed extensive air showers. The Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) is a global atmospheric model predicated on meteorological measurements and numerical weather predictions. GDAS provides altitude-dependent profiles of the main state variables of the atmosphere like temperature, pressure, and humidity. The original data and their application to the air shower reconstruction of the Pierre Auger Observatory are described. By comparisons with radiosonde and weather station measurements obtained on-site in Malargüe and averaged monthly models, the utility of the GDAS data is shown., Facultad de Ciencias Exactas

Published
2012

27. On the suitability of regional climate models for reconstructing climatologies

Author

Carlos F. Angelis, Nicolas Viltard, Francisco J. Tapiador, Manuel Moreno de Castro, Fernando Cuartero, Department of Environmental Sciences [Ciudad Real], University of Castilla-La Mancha ( UCLM ), Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies [São Paulo] ( CPTEC ), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais ( INPE ), SPACE - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Computing Systems [Ciudad Real], University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies [São Paulo] (CPTEC), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha = University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 0207 environmental engineering, Climate change, Reanalysis, 02 engineering and technology, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Wind speed, Atmósfera, Regional planning, Climatologies, Precipitation, 020701 environmental engineering, Robustness (economics), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, business.industry, Renewable energy, [ SDE.MCG ] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Física química y matemáticas, Environmental science, Climate model, [ SDU.STU.CL ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, business, Downscaling, Regional climate models
Abstract

International audience; This paper discusses the potential of Regional Climate Models (RCMs) as reanalysis tools by presenting a reconstruction of the European climate using several RCMs with diverse physical parameterizations. The use of RCMs is intended to increase the spatial resolution of the analysis provided by Global Models through dynamic downscaling. At the same time, the use of several models allows us to characterize the uncertainties, as these can be estimated from the spread of the ensemble. When the RCMs are nested in reanalyses instead of in a Global Model it is possible to create climatologies of unprecedented robustness for variables such as temperature, precipitation, wind speed, and humidity, among others. While these climatologies are subject to further improvement as methods and computing power evolve, they point the way forward to the development of atmospheric information products suitable for a variety of studies including education, agriculture, renewable energies and climate change research, biogeography, insurance, risk assessment, hydrology, and regional planning.

Published
2011

28. Initial validation of ozone measurements from the High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder

Author

Christopher L. Hepplewhite, Chris D. Boone, Brendan Torpy, Hyunah Lee, Jacquelyn C. Witte, B. Nardi, Alyn Lambert, James Craft, B. Bojkov, Thomas J. McGee, Anne M. Thompson, I. Stuart McDermid, Steven T. Massie, C. Halvorson, John C. Gille, Gene Francis, C. Craig, Jessica Valverde-Canossa, Peter F. Bernath, T. Eden, Thierry Leblanc, John J. Barnett, Douglas E. Kinnison, Charlie Krinsky, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Daniel Packman, Greg Young, Laurence Twigg, V. Lynn Harvey, James W. Hannigan, M. T. Coffey, W. Jolyon Reburn, C. Cavanaugh, Kaley A. Walker, V. Dean, Cora E. Randall, R. Khosravi, David N. Whiteman, Lucien Froidevaux, Joanne Loh, Alison Waterfall, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] ( NCAR ), Center for Limb Atmospheric Sounding ( CLAS ), University of Colorado Boulder [Boulder], Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] ( AOPP ), University of Oxford [Oxford], Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] ( LASP ), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory ( RAL ), Science and Technology Facilities Council ( STFC ), Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ), NASA-California Institute of Technology ( CALTECH ), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center ( GSFC ), Penn State Meteorology Department, PennState University [Pennsylvania] ( PSU ), Service d'aéronomie ( SA ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Chemistry [York, UK], University of York [York, UK], Department of Chemistry [Waterloo], University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Laboratorio de Quimica de Atmosfera, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Lanham] ( SSAI ), NASA contractNAS5-97046, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Center for Limb Atmospheric Sounding (CLAS), University of Colorado [Boulder], Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), PennState Meteorology Department, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratorio de Química de la Atmosfera [Heredia] (LAQAT), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Lanham] (SSAI), and University of Oxford

Subjects
profiles, Atmospheric Science, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Soil Science, Field of view, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Latitude, 010309 optics, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geochemistry and Petrology, UTLS, 0103 physical sciences, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Radiative transfer, HIRDLS, AURA, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, Remote sensing, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], validation, OZONE, Ecology, ATMÓSFERA, Paleontology, Forestry, ATMOSPHERE, OZONO, ozone, Geophysics, Lidar, [ PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Data analysis, Radiance, Environmental science, Satellite
Abstract

Comparisons of the latest High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) ozone retrievals (v2.04.09) are made with ozonesondes, ground-based lidars, airborne lidar measurements made during the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment–B, and satellite observations. A large visual obstruction blocking over 80% of the HIRDLS field of view presents significant challenges to the data analysis methods and implementation, to the extent that the radiative properties of the obstruction must be accurately characterized in order to adequately correct measured radiances. The radiance correction algorithms updated as of August 2007 are used in the HIRDLS v2.04.09 data presented here. Comparisons indicate that HIRDLS ozone is recoverable between 1 and 100 hPa at middle and high latitudes and between 1 and 50 hPa at low latitudes. Accuracy of better than 10% is indicated between 1 and 30 hPa (HIRDLS generally low) by the majority of the comparisons with coincident measurements, and 5% is indicated between 2 and 10 hPa when compared with some lidars. Between 50 and 100 hPa, at middle and high latitudes, accuracy is 10–20%. The ozone precision is estimated to be generally 5–10% between 1 and 50 hPa. Comparisons with ozonesondes and lidars give strong indication that HIRDLS is capable of resolving fine vertical ozone features (1–2 km) in the region between 1 and 50 hPa. Development is continuing on the radiance correction and the cloud detection and filtering algorithms, and it is hoped that it will be possible to achieve a further reduction in the systematic bias and an increase in the measurement range downward to lower heights (at pressures greater than 50–100 hPa). Las comparaciones de las últimas recuperaciones de ozono de High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) (v2.04.09) se realizan con ozonosondas, lidar terrestres, mediciones lidar aerotransportadas realizadas durante el Experimento B de transporte químico intercontinental y observaciones satelitales. Una gran obstrucción visual que bloquea más del 80 % del campo de visión de HIRDLS presenta desafíos significativos para los métodos de análisis de datos y su implementación, en la medida en que las propiedades radiativas de la obstrucción deben caracterizarse con precisión para corregir adecuadamente las radiancias medidas. Los algoritmos de corrección de radiancia actualizados en agosto de 2007 se utilizan en los datos de HIRDLS v2.04.09 presentados aquí. Las comparaciones indican que el ozono HIRDLS es recuperable entre 1 y 100 hPa en latitudes medias y altas y entre 1 y 50 hPa en latitudes bajas. Se indica una precisión superior al 10 % entre 1 y 30 hPa (HIRDLS generalmente bajo) en la mayoría de las comparaciones con mediciones coincidentes, y se indica un 5 % entre 2 y 10 hPa cuando se compara con algunos lidars. Entre 50 y 100 hPa, en latitudes medias y altas, la precisión es del 10 al 20 %. Se estima que la precisión del ozono es generalmente del 5 al 10 % entre 1 y 50 hPa. Las comparaciones con ozonosondas y lidar dan una fuerte indicación de que HIRDLS es capaz de resolver características finas de ozono vertical (1–2 km) en la región entre 1 y 50 hPa. Se continúa desarrollando la corrección de radiancia y los algoritmos de filtrado y detección de nubes, y se espera que sea posible lograr una mayor reducción en el sesgo sistemático y un aumento en el rango de medición hacia abajo a alturas más bajas (a presiones superiores a 50 –100hPa). Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica Escuela de Química

Published
2008

29. EARLINET: potential operationality of a research network

Author

M. Sicard1, 2, G. D'Amico3, A. Comerón1, L. Mona3, L. Alados-Arboledas4, A. Amodeo3, H. Baars5, J. M. Baldasano6, 7, L. Belegante8, I. Binietoglou8, J. A. Bravo-Aranda9, A. J. Fernández10, P. Fréville11, D. García-Vizcaíno1, A. Giunta3, M. J. Granados-Muñoz4, J. L. Guerrero-Rascado4, D. Hadjimitsis12, A. Haefele13, M. Hervo11, M. Iarlori14, P. Kokkalis15, D. Lange1, R. E. Mamouri12, I. Mattis16, F. Molero10, N. Montoux11, A. Muñoz1, C. Muñoz Porcar1, F. Navas-Guzmán17, D. Nicolae8, A. Nisantzi12, N. Papagiannopoulos3, A. Papayannis15, S. Pereira18, J. Preißler19, M. Pujadas10, V. Rizi14, F. Rocadenbosch1, K. Sellegri11, V. Simeonov13, G. Tsaknakis15, F. Wagner16, G. Pappalardo3, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria de Projectes i de la Construcció, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. RSLAB - Grup de Recerca en Teledetecció, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. GReCT - Grup de Recerca de Ciències de la Terra, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), and Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, potential, raman lidar measurements, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Computer science, Cloud computing, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, aerosol extinction, saharan dust, lcsh:TA170-171, Duration (project management), NetCDF, assimilation, Event (computing), lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, computer.file_format, File format, lcsh:Environmental engineering, optical-properties, Lidar, Engineering and Technology, Raw data, Environmental Engineering, Meteorology, 530 Physics, Real-time computing, mediterranean basin, 010309 optics, Clouds, 0103 physical sciences, backscatter, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Protocol (science), Aerosols, Single calculus chain (SCC), research, model, lcsh:TA715-787, business.industry, operationality, Atmosphere, EARLINET, 620 Engineering, iberian peninsula, desert dust, Atmosfera, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], network, business, computer, Desenvolupament humà i sostenible::Degradació ambiental::Contaminació atmosfèrica [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC]
Abstract

In the framework of ACTRIS (Aerosols, Clouds, and Trace Gases Research Infrastructure Network) summer 2012 measurement campaign (8 June–17 July 2012), EARLINET organized and performed a controlled exercise of feasibility to demonstrate its potential to perform operational, coordinated measurements and deliver products in near-real time. Eleven lidar stations participated in the exercise which started on 9 July 2012 at 06:00 UT and ended 72 h later on 12 July at 06:00 UT. For the first time, the single calculus chain (SCC) – the common calculus chain developed within EARLINET for the automatic evaluation of lidar data from raw signals up to the final products – was used. All stations sent in real-time measurements of a 1 h duration to the SCC server in a predefined netcdf file format. The pre-processing of the data was performed in real time by the SCC, while the optical processing was performed in near-real time after the exercise ended. 98 and 79% of the files sent to SCC were successfully pre-processed and processed, respectively. Those percentages are quite large taking into account that no cloud screening was performed on the lidar data. The paper draws present and future SCC users’ attention to the most critical parameters of the SCC product configuration and their possible optimal value but also to the limitations inherent to the raw data. The continuous use of SCC direct and derived products in heterogeneous conditions is used to demonstrate two potential applications of EARLINET infrastructure: the monitoring of a Saharan dust intrusion event and the evaluation of two dust transport models. The efforts made to define the measurements protocol and to configure properly the SCC pave the way for applying this protocol for specific applications such as the monitoring of special events, atmospheric modeling, climate research and calibration/ validation activities of spaceborne observations.

30. An Overview of the Regional Experiments for Land-Atmosphere Exchanges 2012 (Reflex 2012) Campaign

Author

Jose Moreno, Radoslaw Guzinski, Joris Timmermans, Chiara Corbari, Hector Nieto, Zhongbo Su, Sylwia Nasilowska, R. Raj, Survana Pulanekar, J. F. Calleja, Belen Franch, Irene Pérez, Fernando de la Cruz Tercero, Luis Alonso, Adina-Laura Lazar, Ittai Herrmann, Alasdair MacArthur, Andreas Burkart, José Antonio Godé Sánchez, José A. Sobrino, Ramón Maañón López, Gregoire Kerr, Christiaan van der Tol, Javier Pachego-Labrador, Christine Hellmann, Drazen Skokovic, Guillem Soria, Murat Ucer, Xuelong Chen, Arnaud Carrara, Bastian Siegmann, Eduardo de Miguel, Gorka Mendiguren, J. Muñoz, Anke Schikling, Chiara Cilia, Stefanie von Bueren, Sergio Contreras, Ils Reusen, Ana Andreu, Benjamin Leutner, Loris Vescovo, W.J. Timmermans, Horacio L. Corcoles, and European Commission

Subjects
Carbonio, Calibration and validation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Training course, land-atmosphere interaction, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Land-atmosphere interaction, Atmosphere, Soil temperature, Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA, Carbon fluxes, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, calibration and validation, Multi-scale heterogeneity, quantitative remote sensing, turbulence, Telerilevamento, Turbulence, Atmosfera, Geophysics, multi-scale heterogeneity, Environmental science, ddc:526, Quantitative remote sensing
Abstract

The REFLEX 2012 campaign was initiated as part of a training course on the organization of an airborne campaign to support advancement of the understanding of land-atmosphere interaction processes. This article describes the campaign, its objectives and observations, remote as well as in situ. The observations took place at the experimental Las Tiesas farm in an agricultural area in the south of Spain. During the period of ten days, measurements were made to capture the main processes controlling the local and regional land-atmosphere exchanges. Apart from multi-temporal, multi-directional and multi-spatial space-borne and airborne observations, measurements of the local meteorology, energy fluxes, soil temperature profiles, soil moisture profiles, surface temperature, canopy structure as well as leaf-level measurements were carried out. Additional thermo-dynamical monitoring took place at selected sites. After presenting the different types of measurements, some examples are given to illustrate the potential of the observations made., The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community’s 7th Framework Programme (FP7/2008-2013) under EUFAR contract no. 227159, Cost Action ES0903- EUROSPEC and ESA Grant D/EOP/rp/2012/48

Full Text
View/download PDF

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources
See catalog results