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1. Unveiling the importance of magnetic fields in the evolution of dense clumps formed at the waist of bipolar H II regions: a case study on Sh2-201 with JCMT SCUBA-2/POL-2

Author: Jia-Wei Wang, Di Li, Derek Ward-Thompson, Yuehui Ma, Devendra K. Ojha, Kate Pattle, Annie Zavagno, Tie Liu, Chakali Eswaraiah, Anil K. Pandey, Shih-Ping Lai, M. R. Samal, Tao-Chung Ching, National Astronomical Observatories [Beijing] (NAOC), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Centre Procédés, Énergies Renouvelables, Systèmes Énergétiques (PERSEE), Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physical Research Laboratory [Ahmedabad] (PRL), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), National Tsing Hua University [Hsinchu] (NTHU), Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics (ASIAA), Academia Sinica, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography [Urumqi] (XIEG), National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), Jeremiah Horrocks Institute for Mathematics, Physics and Astronomy [Preston], University of Central Lancashire [Preston] (UCLAN), Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), and Tata Institute for Fundamental Research (TIFR)
Subjects: Physics, H II region, F990, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Turbulence, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Virial theorem, Magnetic field, Protein filament, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Ionization, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Cosmic dust
Abstract: We present the properties of magnetic fields (B-fields) in two clumps (clump 1 and clump 2), located at the waist of the bipolar H II region Sh2-201, based on JCMT SCUBA-2/POL-2 observations of 850 $\mu$m polarized dust emission. We find that B-fields in the direction of the clumps are bent and compressed, showing bow-like morphologies, which we attribute to the feedback effect of the H II region on the surface of the clumps. Using the modified Davis-Chandrasekhar-Fermi method we estimate B-fields strengths of 266 $\mu$G and 65 $\mu$G for clump 1 and clump 2, respectively. From virial analyses and critical mass ratio estimates, we argue that clump 1 is gravitationally bound and could be undergoing collapse, whereas clump 2 is unbound and stable. We hypothesize that the interplay between thermal pressure imparted by the H II region, B-field morphologies, and the various internal pressures of the clumps (such as magnetic, turbulent, and gas thermal pressure), has the following consequences: (a) formation of clumps at the waist of the H II region; (b) progressive compression and enhancement of the B-fields in the clumps; (c) stronger B-fields will shield the clumps from erosion by the H II region and cause pressure equilibrium between the clumps and the H II region, thereby allowing expanding I-fronts to blow away from the filament ridge, forming bipolar H II regions; and (d) stronger B-fields and turbulence will be able to stabilize the clumps. A study of a larger sample of bipolar H II regions would help to determine whether our hypotheses are widely applicable., Comment: 25 pages, 10 figures, and 4 tables. Accepted for publication in ApJ
Published: 2022
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2. The Hi-GAL catalogue of dusty filamentary structures in the Galactic Plane

Author: Stefano Pezzuto, Alberto Noriega-Crespo, Manuel Merello, David Eden, Giuseppe Riccio, Luca Olmi, Fabio Vitello, Nicolas Peretto, Sergio Molinari, Eva Sciacca, Eugenio Schisano, G. Li Causi, P. Palmeirim, Annie Zavagno, M. T. Beltrán, A. M. di Giorgio, M. Benedettini, Anthony Peter Whitworth, Toby J. T. Moore, Massimo Brescia, Davide Elia, Marco Molinaro, Leonardo Testi, Ugo Becciani, L. Cambresy, G. Umana, A. Baldeschi, S. J. Liu, Alessio Traficante, Stefano Cavuoti, Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - INAF (IAPS), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte (OAC), University of Naples Federico II, Liverpool John Moores University (LJMU), Space Telescope Science Institute (STSci), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania (OACT), School of Physics and Astronomy [Cardiff], Cardiff University, Departamento de Astronomia (DAS), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri (OAA), Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg (ObAS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma (OAR), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste (OAT), Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IASTRO), European Southern Observatory (ESO), Schisano, E., Molinari, S., Elia, D., Benedettini, M., Olmi, L., Pezzuto, S., Traficante, A., Brescia, M., Cavuoti, S., di Giorgio, A. M., Liu, S. J., Moore, T. J. T., Noriega-Crespo, A., Riccio, G., Baldeschi, A., Becciani, U., Peretto, N., Merello, M., Vitello, F., Zavagno, A., Beltran, M. T., Cambresy, L., Eden, D. J., Li Causi, G., Molinaro, M., Palmeirim, P., Sciacca, E., Testi, L., Umana, G., Whitworth, A. P., and University of Naples Federico II = Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II
Subjects: Milky Way, Stars: formation, Extinction (astronomy), FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Protein filament, ISM: cloud, 0103 physical sciences, Submillimeter: ISM, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Galaxy: structure, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), ISM, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, QC, ISM: general, QB, Physics, Infrared: ISM, Spiral galaxy, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, Molecular cloud, SM: clouds, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Dust, Extinction, Galactic plane, Galaxy: local interstellar matter, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Galaxy, ISM: dust, Galaxy:structure, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
Abstract: The recent data collected by {\it Herschel} have confirmed that interstellar structures with filamentary shape are ubiquitously present in the Milky Way. Filaments are thought to be formed by several physical mechanisms acting from the large Galactic scales down to the sub-pc fractions of molecular clouds, and they might represent a possible link between star formation and the large-scale structure of the Galaxy. In order to study this potential link, a statistically significant sample of filaments spread throughout the Galaxy is required. In this work we present the first catalogue of $32,059$ candidate filaments automatically identified in the Hi-GAL survey of the entire Galactic Plane. For these objects we determined morphological (length, $l^{a}$, and geometrical shape) and physical (average column density, $N_{\rm H_{2}}$, and average temperature, $T$) properties. We identified filaments with a wide range of properties: 2$'$\,$\leq l^{a}\leq$\, 100$'$, $10^{20} \leq N_{\rm H_{2}} \leq 10^{23}$\,cm$^{-2}$ and $10 \leq T\leq$ 35\,K. We discuss their association with the Hi-GAL compact sources, finding that the most tenuous (and stable) structures do not host any major condensation and we also assign a distance to $\sim 18,400$ filaments for which we determine mass, physical size, stability conditions and Galactic distribution. When compared to the spiral arms structure, we find no significant difference between the physical properties of on-arm and inter-arm filaments. We compared our sample with previous studies, finding that our Hi-GAL filament catalogue represents a significant extension in terms of Galactic coverage and sensitivity. This catalogue represents an unique and important tool for future studies devoted to understanding the filament life-cycle., 38 pages, 29 figures, 3 appendices
Published: 2020
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3. Stellar feedback and triggered star formation in the prototypical bubble RCW 120

Author: Karl Jacobs, Nicola Schneider, C. Guevara, Jürgen Stutzki, L. D. Anderson, Dylan J. Linville, Matteo Luisi, Markus Röllig, Alexander G. G. M. Tielens, Leisa K. Townsley, Christof Buchbender, M. Tiwari, Annie Zavagno, D. Russeil, Rolf Güsten, M. Justen, Bernd Klein, Patrick S. Broos, Robert Simon, S. Kabanovic, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Centre de recherche sur les civilisations de l'Asie Orientale (CRCAO), École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto de RadioAstronomía Milimétrica (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physikalisches Institut [Köln], Universität zu Köln = University of Cologne, I. Physikalisches Institut [Köln], ANR-16-CE92-0035,GENESIS,GENeration et Evolution des Structures du milieu InterStellaire(2016), Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden, West Virginia University [Morgantown], Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], and Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL)
Subjects: endocrine system, Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Negative feedback, 0103 physical sciences, Galaxy formation and evolution, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Research Articles, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Line (formation), Positive feedback, Physics, Multidisciplinary, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, Star formation, Molecular cloud, fungi, food and beverages, SciAdv r-articles, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Stars, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Research Article
Abstract: Radiative and mechanical feedback of massive stars regulates star formation and galaxy evolution. Positive feedback triggers the creation of new stars by collecting dense shells of gas, while negative feedback disrupts star formation by shredding molecular clouds. Although key to understanding star formation, their relative importance is unknown. Here, we report velocity-resolved observations from the SOFIA (Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy) legacy program FEEDBACK of the massive star-forming region RCW 120 in the [CII] 1.9-THz fine-structure line, revealing a gas shell expanding at 15 km/s. Complementary APEX (Atacama Pathfinder Experiment) CO J=3-2 345-GHz observations exhibit a ring structure of molecular gas, fragmented into clumps that are actively forming stars. Our observations demonstrate that triggered star formation can occur on much shorter time scales than hitherto thought (, 8 Pages, 4 Figures, 1 Table (+16 Page Supplementary Materials with 10 Figures). Published in Science Advances on April 9th, 2021, with free open access to the online article available at https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/7/15/eabe9511
Published: 2021
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4. The SEDIGISM survey: First Data Release and overview of the Galactic structure

Author: Timea Csengeri, Leonardo Testi, Andrew Rigby, Karl M. Menten, S. J. Billington, V. S. Veena, Erik Muller, Friedrich Wyrowski, Alessio Traficante, M. T. Beltrán, Peter Schilke, S. Leurini, K. Torstensson, Jens Kauffmann, Toby J. T. Moore, M-Y Lee, Adam Ginsburg, P. Venegas, S-N X. Medina, Sylvain Bontemps, Frederic Schuller, D. Russeil, Leonardo Bronfman, Ke Wang, Sümeyye Suri, Riccardo Cesaroni, S. Lopez, David Eden, P. Mazumdar, F. Azagra, Th. Henning, Dario Colombo, Sarah Ragan, Jouni Kainulainen, P. J. Barnes, M. Wienen, M. Riener, Sergio Molinari, Álvaro Sánchez-Monge, Audra K. Hernandez, James Urquhart, A. Giannetti, F. M. Montenegro-Montes, Eugenio Schisano, Annie Zavagno, Rodrigo Parra, Frédérique Motte, M. Mattern, Alex R. Pettitt, Henrik Beuther, Clare Dobbs, Nicola Schneider, F. Mac-Auliffe, C. Agurto, E. Gonzalez, L. D. Anderson, Q. Nguyen-Luong, Ricardo Finger, J-P Perez-Beaupuits, Ana Duarte-Cabral, Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), FORMATION STELLAIRE 2020, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Physics and Astronomy [Cardiff], Cardiff University, Universität Potsdam, European Southern Observatory (ESO), Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre/Molecular Diagnostic Centre, and National Institute biomedical research centre
Subjects: Physics, Spiral galaxy, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Molecular cloud, Milky Way, Galactic Center, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Galactic plane, 01 natural sciences, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Galaxy, Interstellar medium, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), QB460, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Data reduction
Abstract: The SEDIGISM (Structure, Excitation and Dynamics of the Inner Galactic Interstellar Medium) survey used the APEX telescope to map 84 deg^2 of the Galactic plane between l = -60 deg and l = +31 deg in several molecular transitions, including 13CO(2-1) and C18O(2-1), thus probing the moderately dense (~10^3 cm^-3) component of the interstellar medium. With an angular resolution of 30'' and a typical 1-sigma sensitivity of 0.8-1.0 K at 0.25 km/s velocity resolution, it gives access to a wide range of structures, from individual star-forming clumps to giant molecular clouds and complexes. The coverage includes a good fraction of the first and fourth Galactic quadrants, allowing us to constrain the large scale distribution of cold molecular gas in the inner Galaxy. In this paper we provide an updated overview of the full survey and the data reduction procedures used. We also assess the quality of these data and describe the data products that are being made publicly available as part of this first data release (DR1). We present integrated maps and position-velocity maps of the molecular gas and use these to investigate the correlation between the molecular gas and the large scale structural features of the Milky Way such as the spiral arms, Galactic bar and Galactic centre. We find that approximately 60 per cent of the molecular gas is associated with the spiral arms and these appear as strong intensity peaks in the derived Galactocentric distribution. We also find strong peaks in intensity at specific longitudes that correspond to the Galactic centre and well known star forming complexes, revealing that the 13CO emission is concentrated in a small number of complexes rather than evenly distributed along spiral arms., MNRAS, in press
Published: 2021
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5. 'Going to the extremes': the Balearics and Cyprus in the early medieval Byzantine insular system

Author: Luca Zavagno and Zavagno, Luca
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Mediterranean climate, Islands, History, 060101 anthropology, Religious studies, Mallorca, 06 humanities and the arts, Ancient history, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Frontier, Late Antiquity, Cyprus, Balearics, 0601 history and archaeology, Byzantium, Byzantine architecture
Abstract: This contribution mainly focuses on Cyprus and the Balearics, islands located at opposite geographical extremes of the Byzantine Mediterranean, during the passage from Late Antiquity to the early Middle Ages. Historians have often regarded these islands as peripheral additions to the Byzantine heartland of the Aegean and the Anatolian plateau; this article argues that, in fact, archaeological and material indicators (such as ceramics, lead seals and coins), paired with the scarce textual sources, point to a certain degree of economic prosperity in the abovementioned islands during the period under scrutiny, suggesting that they continued to play an important role in the political, administrative and religious structures of the Byzantine Empire. A resilient insular economy and continuity of local production of artefacts was ensured by the persistence of demand from local secular and religious elites and regular, if infrequent, contacts with other areas of the Byzantine heartland or the Muslim Mediterranean.
Published: 2019

6. HII regions and high-mass starless clump candidates II. Fragmentation and induced star formation at ~0.025 pc scale: An ALMA continuum study

Author: M. Figueira, F. Louvet, Yi-Long Wu, D. Russeil, Ana López-Sepulcre, Annie Zavagno, S. Zhang, Jinghua Yuan, Hauyu Baobab Liu, T. G. S. Pillai, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Centro de Matemática e Aplicações Fundamentais (CMAF), Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), and Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, HII regions, stars: formation, Continuum (measurement), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, ISM: structure, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, stars: massive, Fragmentation (mass spectrometry), Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, techniques: interferometric, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), 0103 physical sciences, High mass, submillimeter: ISM, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
Abstract: The ionization feedback from HII regions modifies the properties of high-mass starless clumps (HMSCs, of several hundred to a few thousand solar masses with a size of ~0.1-1 pc), such as temperature and turbulence, on the clump scale. The question of whether the presence of HII regions modifies the core-scale fragmentation and star formation in HMSCs remains to be explored. We aim to investigate the difference of 0.025 pc-scale fragmentation between candidate HMSCs that are strongly impacted by HII regions and less disturbed ones. We also search for evidence of mass shaping and induced star formation in the impacted HMSCs. Using the ALMA 1.3 mm continuum with a resolution of ~1.3", we imaged eight candidate HMSCs, including four impacted by HII regions and another four situated in the quiet environment. The less-impacted HMSCs are selected on the basis of their similar mass and distance compared to the impacted ones to avoid any possible bias linked to these parameters. A total of 51 cores were detected in eight clumps, with three to nine cores for each clump. Within our limited sample, we did not find a clear difference in the ~0.025 pc-scale fragmentation between impacted and non-impacted HMSCs, even though HII regions seem to affect the spatial distribution of the fragmented cores. Both types of HMSCs present a thermal fragmentation with two-level hierarchical features at the clump thermal Jeans length ${\lambda_{J, clump}^{th}}$ and 0.3${\lambda_{J, clump}^{th}}$. The ALMA emission morphology of the impacted HMSCs AGAL010.214-00.306 and AGAL018.931-00.029 sheds light on the capacities of HII regions to shape gas and dust in their surroundings and possibly to trigger star formation at ~0.025 pc-scale in HMSCs. Future ALMA surveys covering a large number of impacted HMSCs with high turbulence are needed to confirm the trend of fragmentation indicated in this study., Comment: 30 pages, 20 figures, Accepted by A&A on November 24, 2020
Published: 2020
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7. The SEDIGISM survey: Molecular clouds in the inner Galaxy

Author: Sarah Ragan, M. Riener, Nicola Schneider, M. T. Beltrán, L. D. Anderson, Ke Wang, S. N. X. Medina, S. Lopez, Andrew Rigby, Adam Ginsburg, P. Venegas, F. M. Montenegro-Montes, Frédérique Motte, Rodrigo Parra, Ricardo Finger, Annie Zavagno, M. Wienen, D. Russeil, Andrea Giannetti, Henrik Beuther, Karl M. Menten, Erik Muller, Álvaro Sánchez-Monge, C. Agurto, M. Mattern, Toby J. T. Moore, F. Mac-Auliffe, Silvia Leurini, Jens Kauffmann, Sergio Molinari, James Urquhart, V. S. Veena, Timea Csengeri, Alberto Sanna, P. Mazumdar, E. Gonzalez, L. Testi, Leonardo Bronfman, Min-Young Lee, Q. Nguyen-Luong, Ana Duarte-Cabral, Clare Dobbs, Jouni Kainulainen, Alessio Traficante, Peter Schilke, Th. Henning, Dario Colombo, J. P. Pérez-Beaupuits, Friedrich Wyrowski, K. Torstensson, Audra K. Hernandez, Sylvain Bontemps, Frederic Schuller, P. J. Barnes, Eugenio Schisano, David Eden, Riccardo Cesaroni, F. Azagra, Sümeyye Suri, Alex R. Pettitt, School of Physics and Astronomy [Cardiff], Cardiff University, European Southern Observatory (ESO), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [Barcelona] (UPC), Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, FORMATION STELLAIRE 2020, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and ANR-16-CE92-0035,GENESIS,GENeration et Evolution des Structures du milieu InterStellaire(2016)
Subjects: Population, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Virial theorem, QB460, 0103 physical sciences, education, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Physics, education.field_of_study, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, Molecular cloud, Velocity dispersion, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Galaxy, Interstellar medium, Stars, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
Abstract: We use the 13CO(2-1) emission from the SEDIGISM high-resolution spectral-line survey of the inner Galaxy, to extract the molecular cloud population with a large dynamic range in spatial scales, using the SCIMES algorithm. This work compiles a cloud catalogue with a total of 10663 molecular clouds, 10300 of which we were able to assign distances and compute physical properties. We study some of the global properties of clouds using a science sample, consisting of 6664 well resolved sources and for which the distance estimates are reliable. In particular, we compare the scaling relations retrieved from SEDIGISM to those of other surveys, and we explore the properties of clouds with and without high-mass star formation. Our results suggest that there is no single global property of a cloud that determines its ability to form massive stars, although we find combined trends of increasing mass, size, surface density and velocity dispersion for the sub-sample of clouds with ongoing high-mass star formation. We then isolate the most extreme clouds in the SEDIGISM sample (i.e. clouds in the tails of the distributions) to look at their overall Galactic distribution, in search for hints of environmental effects. We find that, for most properties, the Galactic distribution of the most extreme clouds is only marginally different to that of the global cloud population. The Galactic distribution of the largest clouds, the turbulent clouds and the high-mass star-forming clouds are those that deviate most significantly from the global cloud population. We also find that the least dynamically active clouds (with low velocity dispersion or low virial parameter) are situated further afield, mostly in the least populated areas. However, we suspect that part of these trends may be affected by some observational biases, and thus require further follow up work in order to be confirmed., 25 pages (+ appendices, 15 pages), 26 figures, MNRAS
Published: 2020
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8. FEEDBACK: a SOFIA Legacy Program to Study Stellar Feedback in Regions of Massive Star Formation

Author: Aggm Tielens, C. H. M. Pabst, Henrik Beuther, Nicolas Reyes, Urs U. Graf, O. Ricken, Annie Zavagno, Heiko Richter, Karl M. Menten, Bhaswati Mookerjea, Helmut Wiesemeyer, R. Simon, M. Justen, Mark Wolfire, S. Kabanovic, L. D. Anderson, Antoine Gusdorf, Matteo Luisi, L. Bonne, Ronan Higgins, Christof Buchbender, K. Jacobs, John Bally, Friedrich Wyrowski, Yoko Okada, Markus Röllig, Timea Csengeri, R. Karim, M. Mertens, G. Sandell, Marc W. Pound, Volker Ossenkopf-Okada, J. Stutzki, M. Tiwari, E. Chambers, D. Russeil, Álvaro Sánchez-Monge, Rolf Güsten, Nicola Schneider, Sylvain Bontemps, C. Guevara, Universität zu Köln, FORMATION STELLAIRE 2020, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), and Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, H II region, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Star formation, Molecular cloud, Giant molecular clouds – Astronomical instrumentation – H II regions – Interstellar clouds – Interstellar filaments – Molecular clouds – Observatories – Stellar wind bubbles – Submillimeter astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Galaxy, Interstellar medium, Stars, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, O-type star, Line (formation)
Abstract: FEEDBACK is a SOFIA (Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy) legacy program dedicated to study the interaction of massive stars with their environment. It performs a survey of 11 galactic high mass star-forming regions in the 158 μm (1.9 THz) line of [C II] and the 63 μm (4.7 THz) line of [O I]. We employ the 14 pixel Low Frequency Array and 7 pixel High Frequency Array upGREAT heterodyne instrument to spectrally resolve (0.24 MHz) these far-infrared fine structure lines. With a total observing time of 96h, we will cover ∼6700 arcmin2 at 14 1) angular resolution for the [C II] line and 6 3 for the [O I] line. The observations started in spring 2019 (Cycle 7). Our aim is to understand the dynamics in regions dominated by different feedback processes from massive stars such as stellar winds, thermal expansion, and radiation pressure, and to quantify the mechanical energy injection and radiative heating efficiency. This is an important science topic because feedback of massive stars on their environment regulates the physical conditions and sets the emission characteristics in the interstellar medium (ISM), influences the star formation activity through molecular cloud dissolution and compression processes, and drives the evolution of the ISM in galaxies. The [C II] line provides the kinematics of the gas and is one of the dominant cooling lines of gas for low to moderate densities and UV fields. The [O I] line traces warm and high-density gas, excited in photodissociations regions with a strong UV field or by shocks. The source sample spans a broad range in stellar characteristics from single OB stars, to small groups of O stars, to rich young stellar clusters, to ministarburst complexes. It contains well-known targets such as Aquila, the Cygnus X region, M16, M17, NGC7538, NGC6334, Vela, and W43 as well as a selection of H II region bubbles, namely RCW49, RCW79, and RCW120. These [C II] maps, together with the less explored [O I] 63 μm line, provide an outstanding database for the community. They will be made publically available and will trigger further studies and follow-up observations.
Published: 2020
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9. OB stars and YSO populations in the region of NGC 6334–NGC 6357 as seen with Gaia DR2

Author: C. Adami, M. Figueira, A. Nguyen, D. Russeil, J. C. Bouret, Annie Zavagno, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, HII regions, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Young stellar object, stars: kinematics and dynamics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Photometry (optics), Stars, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, Parallax, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Aims. Our goal is to better understand the origin and the star-formation history of regions NGC 6334 and NGC 6357. We focus our study on the kinematics of young stars (young stellar objects and OB stars) in both regions mainly on the basis of the Gaia DR2 data. Methods. For both regions, we compiled catalogs of OB stars and young stellar objects from the literature and complemented them using VPHAS+ DR2 and Spitzer IRAC/GLIMPSE photometry catalogues. We applied a cross-match with the Gaia DR2 catalog to obtain information on the parallax and transverse motion. Results. We confirm that NGC 6334 and NGC 6357 are in the far side of the Saggitarius-Carina arm at a distance of 1.76 kpc. For NGC 6357, OB stars show strong clustering and ordered star motion with Vlon ∼–10.7 km s−1 and Vlat ∼3.7 km s−1, whereas for NGC 6334, no significant systemic motion was observed. The OB stars motions and distribution in NGC 6334 suggest that it should be classified as an association. Ten runaway candidates may be related to NGC 6357 and two to NGC 6334, respectively. The spatial distributions of the runaway candidates in and around NGC 6357 favor a dynamical (and early) ejection during the cluster(s) formation. Because such stars are likely to be ejected during a cluster’s formation, the fact that not as many such stars are observed towards NGC 6334 suggests different formation conditions than have been assumed for NGC 6357.
Published: 2020
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10. The role of Galactic H II regions in the formation of filaments

Author: Nicolas Peretto, M. Figueira, Alexander Men'shchikov, Ph. André, Y. Shimajiri, D. Russeil, P. Palmeirim, Nicola Schneider, Vera Konyves, Annie Zavagno, H. Roussel, Timea Csengeri, S. N. Zhang, Gary A. Fuller, Frederic Schuller, Doris Arzoumanian, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), School of Physics and Astronomy [Cardiff], Cardiff University, Kagoshima University, Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IASTRO), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics (JBCA), University of Manchester [Manchester], Jeremiah Horrocks Institute for Mathematics, Physics and Astronomy [Preston], University of Central Lancashire [Preston] (UCLAN), Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University Hospital of Cologne [Cologne], Supports from the French national programs on stellar and ISM physics (PNPS and PCMI)., Funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programmeunder grant agreement No 730562 [RadioNet]., ANR-16-CE92-0035,GENESIS,GENeration et Evolution des Structures du milieu InterStellaire(2016), ANR-11-BS56-0010,STARFICH,Vers une vision unifiée de la formation stellaire dans les galaxies : Origine de la structure filamentaire du milieu interstellaire, des cœurs pré-stellaires et des amas protostellaires vus avec Herschel(2011), ANR-05-BLAN-0215,ARTEMIS,ARchitectures de bolomètres pour des TElescopes à grand champ de vue dans le domaine sub-MIllimétrique au Sol(2005), ANR-11-LABX-0013,FOCUS,Des détecteurs pour Observer l'Univers(2011), and European Project: 291294,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2011-ADG_20110209,ORISTARS(2012)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Shell (structure), FOS: Physical sciences, Context (language use), Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Protein filament, ISM: individual objects: RCW 120, Ionization, 0103 physical sciences, H II regions, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, F990, stars: formation, Star formation, Resolution (electron density), Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Full width at half maximum, Stars, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), submillimeter: ISM, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract: Massive stars and their associated ionized (HII) regions could play a key role in the formation and evolution of filaments that host star formation. However, the properties of filaments that interact with H regions are still poorly known. To investigate the impact of HII regions on the formation of filaments, we imaged the Galactic HII region RCW 120 and its surroundings where active star formation takes place and where the role of ionization feedback on the star formation process has already been studied. We used the ArT\'eMiS camera on the APEX telescope and combined the ArT\'eMiS data at 350 and 450 microns with Herschel-SPIRE/HOBYS. We studied the dense gas distribution around RCW 120 with a resolution of 8 arcsec (0.05 pc at a distance of 1.34 kpc). Our study allows us to trace the median radial intensity profile of the dense shell of RCW 120. This profile is asymmetric, indicating a clear compression from the HII region on the inner part of the shell. The profile is observed to be similarly asymmetric on both lateral sides of the shell, indicating a homogeneous compression over the surface. On the contrary, the profile analysis of a radial filament associated with the shell, but located outside of it, reveals a symmetric profile, suggesting that the compression from the ionized region is limited to the dense shell. The mean intensity profile of the internal part of the shell is well fitted by a Plummer like profile with a deconvolved Gaussian FWHM of 0.09 pc, as observed for filaments in low-mass star-forming regions. This study suggests that compression exerted by HII regions may play a key role in the formation of filaments and may further act on their hosted star formation. ArT\'eMiS data also suggest that RCW 120 might be a 3D ring, rather than a spherical structure, Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures, accepted by A&A
Published: 2020
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11. HII regions and high-mass starless clump candidates I: Catalogs and properties

Author: Hauyu Baobab Liu, D. Russeil, Annie Zavagno, Jinghua Yuan, K. A. Marsh, Yi-Long Wu, M. Figueira, Frederic Schuller, and S. N. Zhang
Subjects: Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, media_common.quotation_subject, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Context (language use), Astrophysics, Limiting, 01 natural sciences, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Luminosity, Stars, Cross matching, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Sky, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), 0103 physical sciences, High mass, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), media_common
Abstract: The role of ionization feedback on high-mass (>8 Msun) star formation (HMSF) is still highly debated. Questions remain concerning the presence of nearby HII regions changes the properties of early HMSF and whether HII regions promote or inhibit the formation of high-mass stars. To characterize the role of HII regions on the HMSF, we study the properties of a sample of candidates high-mass starless clumps (HMSCs), of which about 90% have masses larger than 100 Msun. These high-mass objects probably represent the earliest stages of HMSF; we search if (and how) their properties are modified by the presence of an HII region. We took advantage of the recently published catalog of HMSC candidates. By cross matching the HMSCs and HII regions, we classified HMSCs into three categories: 1) The HMSCs associated with HII regions both in the position in the projected plane of the sky and in velocity; 2) HMSCs associated in the plane of the sky, but not in velocity; and 3) HMSCs far away from any HII regions in the projected sky plane. We carried out comparisons between associated and nonassociated HMSCs based on statistical analyses of multiwavelength data from infrared to radio. Statistical analyses suggest that HMSCs associated with HII regions are warmer, more luminous, more centrally-peaked and turbulent. We also clearly show, for the first time, that the ratio of bolometric luminosity to envelope mass of HMSCs (L/M) could not be a reliable evolutionary probe for early HMSF due to the external heating effects of the HII regions. More centrally peaked and turbulent properties of HMSCs associated with HII regions may promote the formation of high-mass stars by limiting fragmentation. High resolution interferometric surveys toward HMSCs are crucial to reveal how HII regions impact the star formation process inside HMSCs., 28 pages, 32 figures, accepted by Astronomy & Astrophysics on 24, Feb, 2020
Published: 2020

12. Mercury in the unconfined aquifer of the Isonzo/Soca River alluvial plain downstream from the Idrija mining area

Author: Petranich Elisa, Pavoni Elena, Emili Andrea, Urbanc Janko, Zavagno Enrico, Gregorič Asta, Cerovac Andrea, Covelli Stefano, Zini Luca, Cerovac, Andrea, Covelli, Stefano, Emili, Andrea, Pavoni, Elena, Petranich, Elisa, Gregoric, Asta, Urbanc, Janko, Zavagno, Enrico, and Zini, Luca
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, groundwater, Isonzo River, mercury, Idrija mine, contamination, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Water table, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Slovenia, chemistry.chemical_element, Aquifer, 010501 environmental sciences, aquifers, 01 natural sciences, Mining, udc:556.3, Rivers, Environmental Chemistry, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrology, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Mercury Compounds, Piezometer, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, General Medicine, General Chemistry, Pollution, Mercury (element), Alluvial plain, Cinnabar, chemistry, Environmental science, Alluvium, Groundwater, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract: This work aims at evaluating mercury (Hg) occurrence, spatial distribution and speciation in groundwater of the Isonzo/Soca River upper alluvial plain downstream from the Idrija Hg mine (Western Slovenia). Several wells and piezometers were sampled both in static and dynamic mode. Total (THg) and filtered (FHg) concentrations were generally higher in static (THg, 1.87–855 ng L−1; FHg, 0.20–13.61 ng L−1) than in dynamic mode (THg, 0.08–78.77 ng L−1; FHg, 0.28–6.65 ng L−1). The estimated background value accounts for 2–3 ng L−1. On the basis of hydrochemistry and isotopic composition, the main sources of groundwater were established. Hg concentrations in the Slovenian sector, supplied by local rainfall, are comparable to values measured close to the Isonzo River. Possible further Hg local sources have been suggested. Stability field analysis for the aqueous Hg species revealed that in the presence of chloride Hg solubility may be increased by the formation of chlorocomplexes. Mercury that rarely enters reduced surrounding conditions can be bound to sulphur to form polysulphide species depending on the pH of water. Since Hg-contaminated alluvial sediments of the Isonzo River may act as a secondary Hg source in groundwater, a borehole was dug down to the water table. Mercury content and speciation revealed that cinnabar (HgS) is the prevalent form followed by the matrix-bound Hg (Hgbound). Variations of the physico-chemical boundary conditions, as well as the raising/lowering of the water table, may be locally responsible for the slight variability of Hg concentrations in the aquifer.
Published: 2018

13. A Virgo Environmental Survey Tracing Ionised Gas Emission (VESTIGE)

Author: Stephen Gwyn, Annie Zavagno, Patrick R. Durrell, Médéric Boquien, Ming Sun, P. Côté, Baerbel Koribalski, Luca Cortese, E. Toloba, Matteo Fossati, Alessandro Boselli, Bernd Vollmer, Gerhard Hensler, Joel Roediger, Giuseppe Gavazzi, Stephanie Cote, V. Buat, Denis Burgarella, Jean-Charles Cuillandre, D. Russeil, Michele Fumagalli, G. Consolandi, Laura Ferrarese, Yannick Roehlly, Samuel Boissier, Boselli, A, Fossati, M, Cuillandre, J, Boissier, S, Boquien, M, Buat, V, Burgarella, D, Consolandi, G, Cortese, L, Cote, P, Cote, S, Durrell, P, Ferrarese, L, Fumagalli, M, Gavazzi, G, Gwyn, S, Hensler, G, Koribalski, B, Roediger, J, Roehlly, Y, Russeil, D, Sun, M, Toloba, E, Vollmer, B, Zavagno, A, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca [Milano] (UNIMIB), Bordeaux population health (BPH), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Shanghai Maritime University, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg (ObAS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universitätssternwarte der Ludwig-Maximiliansuniversität, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Unidad de Astronomia, Facultad de Ciencias Basicas, Universidad de Antofagasta, Milano, International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, University of Western Australia (ICRAR), National Research Council of Canada (NRC), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Youngstown State University, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham (ICC), Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Turkenschanzstrasse 17, 1180, Vienna, Austria, Australian Telescope National Facility (ATNF), Astronomy Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Falmer, CSPAR and Physics Department, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Department of Physiscs, University of the Pacific, 3601 Pacific Avenue, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg (OAS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca = University of Milano-Bicocca (UNIMIB), CDS, Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, France + ESO, European Southern Observatory, Garching bei Muenchen, Allemagne, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)
Subjects: [SDU.ASTR.CO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, [SCCO]Cognitive science, Intracluster medium, 0103 physical sciences, Galaxy formation and evolution, galaxies: interactions, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Galaxies: individual: NGC 4254, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Physics, Spiral galaxy, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, Galaxies: evolution, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Galaxies: clusters: individual: Virgo, Virgo Cluster, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Galaxy, Ram pressure, Galaxies: ISM, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Galaxies: interaction, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Spectral energy distribution, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Galaxies: clusters: general, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract: During pilot observations of the Virgo Environmental Survey Tracing Galaxy Evolution (VESTIGE), a blind narrow-band Halpha+[NII] imaging survey of the Virgo cluster carried out with MegaCam at the CFHT, we have observed the spiral galaxy NGC 4254 (M99). Deep Halpha+[NII] narrow-band and GALEX UV images revealed the presence of 60 compact (70-500 pc radius) star forming regions up to ~ 20 kpc outside the optical disc of the galaxy. These regions are located along a tail of HI gas stripped from the disc of the galaxy after a rapid gravitational encounter with another Virgo cluster member that simulations indicate occurred 280-750 Myr ago. We have combined the VESTIGE data with multifrequency data from the UV to the far-infrared to characterise the stellar populations of these regions and study the star formation process in an extreme environment such as the tails of stripped gas embedded in the hot intracluster medium. The colour, spectral energy distribution (SED), and linear size consistently indicate that these regions are coeval and have been formed after a single burst of star formation that occurred ~< 100 Myr ago. These regions might become free floating objects within the cluster potential well, and be the local analogues of compact sources produced after the interaction of gas-rich systems that occurred during the early formation of clusters., Accepted for publication on Astronomy & Astrophysics
Published: 2018
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14. The Origin of [C ii] 158 μ m Emission toward the H ii Region Complex S235

Author: A. M. Sobolev, Z. Makai, M. R. Samal, Annie Zavagno, Maria S. Kirsanova, Pascal Tremblin, Morten Andersen, D. Russeil, Matteo Luisi, L. D. Anderson, Volker Ossenkopf-Okada, Nicola Schneider, West Virginia University [Morgantown], Gemini Observatory [Southern Operations Center], Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Physical Research Laboratory [Ahmedabad] (PRL), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Universität zu Köln, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institute of Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences (INASAN), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Ural State University, Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität zu Köln = University of Cologne, and ANR-16-CE92-0035,GENESIS,GENeration et Evolution des Structures du milieu InterStellaire(2016)
Subjects: ISM [INFRARED], H II region, H II REGIONS, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Hydrogen, Infrared, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Lambda, 01 natural sciences, Ionization, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Star formation, Green Bank Telescope, Astronomy and Astrophysics, PHOTOMETRIC [TECHNIQUES], Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Galaxy, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), ISM [RADIO CONTINUUM]
Abstract: Although the 2P3/2-2P1/2 transition of [CII] at 158um is known to be an excellent tracer of active star formation, we still do not have a complete understanding of where within star formation regions the emission originates. Here, we use SOFIA upGREAT observations of [CII] emission toward the HII region complex Sh2-235 (S235) to better understand in detail the origin of [CII] emission. We complement these data with a fully-sampled Green Bank Telescope radio recombination line map tracing the ionized hydrogen gas. About half of the total [CII] emission associated with S235 is spatially coincident with ionized hydrogen gas, although spectroscopic analysis shows little evidence that this emission is coming from the ionized hydrogen volume. Velocity-integrated [CII] intensity is strongly correlated with WISE 12um intensity across the entire complex, indicating that both trace ultra-violet radiation fields. The 22um and radio continuum intensities are only correlated with [CII] intensity in the ionized hydrogen portion of the S235 region and the correlations between the [CII] and molecular gas tracers are poor across the region. We find similar results for emission averaged over a sample of external galaxies, although the strength of the correlations is weaker. Therefore, although many tracers are correlated with the strength of [CII] emission, only WISE 12um emission is correlated on small-scales of the individual HII region S235 and also has a decent correlation at the scale of entire galaxies. Future studies of a larger sample of Galactic HII regions would help to determine whether these results are truly representative., Comment: Accepted to ApJ
Published: 2019
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15. SCOPE: SCUBA-2 Continuum Observations of Pre-protostellar Evolution – Survey Description and Compact Source Catalogue

Author: Karine Demyk, Mark G. Rawlings, Giuseppe Cosentino, Lixia Yuan, Gwanjeong Kim, Dimitris Stamatellos, Satoshi Ohashi, Dalei Li, Yasuo Doi, L. Harvey-Smith, Archana Soam, Anthony Peter Whitworth, Mark Thompson, Izaskun Jiménez-Serra, Gary A. Fuller, Huei-Ru Chen, Tae-Geun Ji, Oscar Morata, Chakali Eswaraiah, Jinyi Yang, Takeshi Sakai, Y. L. Yuan, Hiroko Shinnaga, David Cornu, Jonathan Rawlings, Walter Kieran Gear, Shaila Akhter, Yuri Aikawa, A. Chrysostomou, Fanyi Meng, Andrew Walsh, Christine D. Wilson, P. M. McGehee, M. Chen, Tomoya Hirota, Carsten Henkel, You-Hua Chu, E. Falgarone, S. Kim, Yuxin He, Johanna Malinen, Sung-ju Kang, Chin-Fei Lee, Xuepeng Chen, Miju Kang, Annie Hughes, V.-M. Pelkonen, Graham S. Bell, Woojin Kwon, Huawei Zhang, Bon-Chul Koo, E. Jarken, Glenn J. White, J. X. Ge, Andrew Rigby, A-Ran Lyo, Wayne S. Holland, Hong-Li Liu, Geumsook Park, Mengyao Tang, Emily Drabek-Maunder, Hee-Weon Yi, M. Liu, Tie Liu, Rebeka Bögner, J.-P. Bernard, C. P. Zhang, B. S. Wang, Manash R. Samal, Harriet Parsons, Mika Juvela, Toby J. T. Moore, Lei Zhu, Ya-Wen Tang, Guobao Zhang, Leonardo Bronfman, George J. Bendo, S. Mairs, Serena Viti, H. Wang, Tetsuo Hasegawa, Yuxin Lin, Minho Choi, Zhiyuan Ren, Ke Wang, Yi-Jehng Kuan, David Eden, I. Ristorcelli, Lei Qian, X. Chen, Paul F. Goldsmith, Jinhua He, Diego Mardones, Shih-Ping Lai, Di Li, Soojong Pak, Qizhou Zhang, Ken'ichi Tatematsu, L. Montier, Yuefang Wu, C. Zhou, Guido Garay, Patricio Sanhueza, A. Rivera-Ingraham, Nicolas Peretto, Keping Qiu, Siyi Feng, Patrick M. Koch, Neal J. Evans, Jeong-Eun Lee, Andrew Blain, A. P. Marston, Hua-bai Li, M. Fich, Chao Zhang, Eun Jung Chung, G. Luo, J. Montillaud, Derek Ward-Thompson, Jianjun Zhou, Maria Cunningham, Jungha Kim, N. Lo, Roberta Paladini, J. Di Francesco, Jongsoo Kim, Ye Xu, Xing Lu, Charlotte Vastel, Chang Won Lee, Pak Shing Li, John A. P. Lopez, Per Friberg, Sheng-Li Qin, Gerald Moriarty-Schieven, D. Alina, G. Pech, Wen Ping Chen, O. Fehér, Pei Zuo, Sheng-Yuan Liu, Jinghua Yuan, Scott Chapman, Alessio Traficante, Doug Johnstone, Jane Greaves, Do-Young Byun, Naomi Hirano, Helen J. Fraser, Jiali Wang, Koji S. Kawabata, J. G. A. Wouterloot, X. Guan, Hsien Shang, Annie Zavagno, John Richer, Kee-Tae Kim, Sarolta Zahorecz, Kate Pattle, Y. Lee, L. V. Toth, Kevin Lacaille, Department of Physics, Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Liverpool John Moores University (LJMU), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA (UMR_8112)), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), University of Arizona, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), and Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Milky Way, Continuum (design consultancy), SPIRAL ARMS, FOS: Physical sciences, F800, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, ISM: clouds, Luminosity, STAR-FORMATION, CLUMP IDENTIFICATION, symbols.namesake, surveys, 0103 physical sciences, Planck, GOULD BELT SURVEY, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), QC, QB, Physics, LEGACY SURVEY, Spiral galaxy, stars: formation, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], ATLASGAL, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Galactic plane, 115 Astronomy, Space science, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, CLOUD, submillimetre: ISM, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], GAS, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), symbols, MILKY-WAY, [SDU.ASTR.GA]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.GA], COMPLETE SAMPLE
Abstract: We present the first release of the data and compact-source catalogue for the JCMT Large Program SCUBA-2 Continuum Observations of Pre-protostellar Evolution (SCOPE). SCOPE consists of 850-um continuum observations of 1235 Planck Galactic Cold Clumps (PGCCs) made with the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array 2 on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. These data are at an angular resolution of 14.4 arcsec, significantly improving upon the 353-GHz resolution of Planck at 5 arcmin, and allowing for a catalogue of 3528 compact sources in 558 PGCCs. We find that the detected PGCCs have significant sub-structure, with 61 per cent of detected PGCCs having 3 or more compact sources, with filamentary structure also prevalent within the sample. A detection rate of 45 per cent is found across the survey, which is 95 per cent complete to Planck column densities of $N_{H_{2}}$ $>$ 5 $\times$ 10$^{21}$ cm$^{-2}$. By positionally associating the SCOPE compact sources with YSOs, the star formation efficiency, as measured by the ratio of luminosity to mass, in nearby clouds is found to be similar to that in the more distant Galactic Plane, with the column density distributions also indistinguishable from each other., 16 pages, 13 figures, 1 table. Accepted for publication in MNRAS
Published: 2019
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16. Lack of high-mass prestellar cores in the starless MDCs of NGC6334

Author: Andrés E. Guzmán, Annie Zavagno, F. Louvet, T. Nony, S. Neupane, Laura Gomez, Leonardo Bronfman, D. Russeil, Guido Garay, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Departamento de Astronomia (DAS), University of Connecticut (UCONN), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (UC), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), and Beaussier, Catherine
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, ISM: structure, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, [SDU.ASTR] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 01 natural sciences, ISM: clouds, [SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics], 0103 physical sciences, Emission spectrum, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, stars: formation, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Star formation, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Methods observational, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, stars: massive, Stars, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, techniques: interferometric, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), High mass, methods: observational, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract: Two families of models compete to explain the formation of high-mass stars. The quasi-static models predict the existence of high-mass pre-stellar cores sustained by a high degree of turbulence while competitive accretion models predict that high-mass proto-stellar cores evolve from low/intermediate mass proto-stellar cores in dynamic environments. We present ALMA (1.4 mm continuum emission and $^{12}$CO emission line) and MOPRA (HCO$^{+}$, H$^{13}$CO$^{+}$ and N$_2$H$^+$ molecular line emissions) observations of a sample of 9 starless massive dense cores (MDCs) discovered in a recent Herschel/HOBYS study that have masses and sizes ($\sim$110 M$_\odot$ and $r\sim$0.1 pc, respectively) similar to the initial conditions used in the quasi-static models. The MOPRA molecular line features show that 3 of the starless MDCs are subvirialized with $\alpha_{\rm vir}\sim$0.35, and 4 MDCs show sign of collapse. Our ALMA observations, on the other hand, show very little fragmentation within the MDCs whereas the observations resolve the Jeans length ($\lambda_{\rm Jeans}\sim$0.03 pc) and are sensitive to the Jeans mass (M$_{\rm Jeans}\sim$0.65 M$_\odot$) in the 9 starless MDCs. Only two of the starless MDCs host compact continuum sources, whose fluxes correspond to $, Comment: Accepted by A&A
Published: 2019
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17. Multiwavelength study of the G345.5+1.5 region

Author: Leonardo Bronfman, N. U. Duronea, Cristian Lopez-Calderon, Annie Zavagno, L. A. Nyman, C. Hervías-Caimapo, M. Figueira, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), National Centre for Nuclear Research [Otwock], Narodowe Centrum Badań Jądrowych (NCBJ), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: HII regions, Infrared, Ciencias Físicas, Population, FOS: Physical sciences, Context (language use), Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Virial theorem, Stellar formation, purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], 0103 physical sciences, education, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ISM, Physics, education.field_of_study, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, Astronomy and Astrophysics, purl.org/becyt/ford/1.3 [https], Galactic plane, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astronomía, Stars, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Spectral energy distribution, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS
Abstract: Star-forming regions are usually studied in the context of Galactic surveys, but dedicated observations are sometimes needed when the study reaches beyond the survey area. Here, we studied the G345.5+1.5 region, which is located slightly above the Galactic plane, to understand its star formation properties. We combined the LABOCA and $^{12}$CO(4$-$3) transition line observations complemented with the Hi-GAL and $\it{Spitzer}$-GLIMPSE surveys to study the star formation toward this region. We used the Clumpfind algorithm to extract the clumps from the 870$\mu$m and $^{12}$CO(4$-$3) data. Radio emission at 36cm was used to estimate the number of HII regions and to remove the contamination from the free-free emission at 870$\mu$m. We employed color-color diagrams and spectral energy distribution slopes to distinguish between prestellar and protostellar clumps. We studied the boundedness of the clumps through the virial parameter. Finally, we estimated the star formation efficiency and star formation rate of the region and used the Schmidt-Kennicutt diagram to compare its ability to form stars. Of the 13 radio sources that we found using the MGPS-2 catalog, 7 are found to be associated with HII regions corresponding to late-B or early-O stars. We found 45 870$\mu$m clumps, and 107 $^{12}$CO clumps. More than 50\% of the clumps are protostellar and bounded and are able to host star formation. High SFR and SFR density values are associated with the region, with an SFE of a few percent. With submillimeter, CO transition, and short-wavelength infrared observations, our study reveals a population of massive stars, protostellar and bound starless clumps, toward G345.5+1.5. This region is therefore actively forming stars, and its location in the starburst quadrant of the Schmidt-Kennicutt diagram is comparable to other star-forming regions found within the Galactic plane., Comment: 20 pages - 15 figures
Published: 2019
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18. Herschel-HOBYS study of the earliest phases of high-mass star formation in NGC 6357

Author: Stefano Pezzuto, M. Figueira, D. Russeil, Pierre Didelon, Kazi L.J. Rygl, Annie Zavagno, Sylvain Bontemps, J. Di Francesco, Davide Elia, M. Benedettini, Nicola Schneider, G. J. White, Eugenio Schisano, Frédérique Motte, Vera Konyves, Ph. André, T. Nony, Luigi Spinoglio, Alexander Men'shchikov, L. D. Anderson, J. Tigé, Q. Nguyen Luong, ITA, GBR, FRA, CAN, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Cologne, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), FORMATION STELLAIRE 2019, Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center for Gravitational Wave Astronomy (CGWA), University of Texas Rio Grande Valley [Brownsville, TX] (UTRGV), Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - INAF (IAPS), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Jeremiah Horrocks Institute for Mathematics, Physics and Astronomy [Preston], University of Central Lancashire [Preston] (UCLAN), Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI), Okayama University [Okayama], NAOJ Chile Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Bologna (OABO), Space Science and Technology Department [Didcot] (RAL Space), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)-Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Programme National de Physique Stellaire' (PNPS) and Programme 'Physique et Chime du Milieu Interstellaire' (PCMI) of CNRS/INSU, France, ANR-16-CE92-0035,GENESIS,GENeration et Evolution des Structures du milieu InterStellaire(2016), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), and Okayama University
Subjects: Physics, education.field_of_study, stars: formation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Star formation, F510, Population, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, F500, Star (graph theory), 01 natural sciences, stars: massive, Spire, Stars, [PHYS.ASTR.GA]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.GA], Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, High mass, Spectral energy distribution, Protostar, education, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Aims: To constrain models of high-mass star formation it is important to identify the massive dense cores (MDCs) that are able to form high-mass star(s). This is one of the purposes of the Herschel/HOBYS key programme. Here, we carry out the census and characterise of the properties of the MDCs population of the NGC 6357 H II region. Methods: Our study is based on the Herschel/PACS and SPIRE 70-500 μm images of NGC 6357 complemented with (sub-)millimetre and mid-infrared data. We followed the procedure established by the Herschel/HOBYS consortium to extract ~0.1 pc massive dense cores using the getsources software. We estimated their physical parameters (temperatures, masses, luminosities) from spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting. Results: We obtain a complete census of 23 massive dense cores, amongst which one is found to be IR-quiet and twelve are starless, representing very early stages of the star-formation process. Focussing on the starless MDCs, we have considered their evolutionary status, and suggest that only five of them are likely to form a high-mass star. Conclusions: We find that, contrarily to the case in NGC 6334, the NGC 6357 region does not exhibit any ridge or hub features that are believed to be crucial to the massive star formation process. This study adds support for an empirical model in which massive dense cores and protostars simultaneously accrete mass from the surrounding filaments. In addition, the massive star formation in NGC 6357 seems to have stopped and the hottest stars in Pismis 24 have disrupted the filaments. Full Table C1, Tables C2-C5, the reduced Herschel FITS images and the column density FITS image are only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (ftp://130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/625/A134 Herschel is an ESA space observatory with science instruments provided by European-led Principal Investigator consortia and with important participation from NASA.
Published: 2019
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19. The effects of ionization feedback on star formation: A case study of the M16 H II region

Author: Jin-Long Xu, Si-Ju Zhang, Guoyin Zhang, Bing-Gang Ju, Chuan-Peng Zhang, Chang-Chun Ning, Ye Xu, Naiping Yu, Jinghua Yuan, Annie Zavagno, Xiao-Lan Liu, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Changchun Branch] (CAS), Tibet University, and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, H II region, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, Molecular cloud, Young stellar object, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Radius, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Radio telescope, Protein filament, Stars, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
Abstract: We aim to investigate the impact of the ionized radiation from the M16 HII region on the surrounding molecular cloud and on its hosted star formation. To present comprehensive multi-wavelength observations towards the M16 HII region, we used new CO data and existing infrared, optical, and submillimeter data. The 12CO J=1-0, 13CO J=1-0, and C18O J=1-0 data were obtained with the Purple Mountain Observatory (PMO) 13.7m radio telescope. To trace massive clumps and extract young stellar objects (YSOs) associated with the M16 HII region, we used the ATLASGAL and GLIMPSE I catalogs, respectively. From CO data, we discern a large-scale filament with three velocity components. Because these three components overlap with each other in both velocity and space, the filament may be made of three layers. The M16 ionized gas interacts with the large-scale filament and has reshaped its structure. In the large-scale filament, we find 51 compact cores from the ATLASGAL catalog, 20 of them being quiescent. The mean excitation temperature of these cores is 22.5 K, while this is 22.2 K for the quiescent cores. This high temperature observed for the quiescent cores suggests that the cores may be heated by M16 and do not experience internal heating from sources in the cores. Through the relationship between the mass and radius of these cores, we obtain that 45% of all the cores are massive enough to potentially form massive stars. Compared with the thermal motion, the turbulence created by the nonthermal motion is responsible for the core formation. For the pillars observed towards M16, the H II region may give rise to the strong turbulence., Comment: 18 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in A&A
Published: 2019
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20. The Hi-GAL compact source catalogue – I. The physical properties of the clumps in the inner Galaxy (−71$_.^circ$0 < ℓ < 67$_.^circ$0)

Author: Takahiro Hayakawa, David Eden, Melvin Hoare, Francesco Strafella, F. Piacentini, Kenneth A. Marsh, Sergio Molinari, S. E. Jaffa, Pedro García-Lario, Alessio Traficante, Peter Schilke, Kengo Tachihara, G. Joncas, J.-P. Bernard, M. R. Pestalozzi, S. Martinavarro-Armengol, Amata Mercurio, Alessandro Costa, Friedrich Wyrowski, Eva Sciacca, Robert Butora, B. Maiolo, Joseph C. Mottram, Mark Thompson, D. Polychroni, H. Yamamoto, G. Li Causi, P. Palmeirim, M. Benedettini, D. Russeil, Hidetoshi Sano, Kazi L.J. Rygl, Eugenio Schisano, Stefano Cavuoti, Annie Zavagno, Sarah Ragan, John Bally, M. Veneziani, Carla Buemi, A. P. Whitworth, K. Torii, Massimo Brescia, Péter Kacsuk, Davide Elia, Marco Molinaro, Nicola Schneider, Ugo Becciani, Rene Plume, Göran Pilbratt, A. M. di Giorgio, F. Faustini, P. Mège, Luca Calzoletti, Grazia Umana, Stefano Pezzuto, H. Arab, E. Fiorellino, Derek Ward-Thompson, S. J. Liu, Marilena Bandieramonte, M. T. Beltrán, Paolo Leto, Y. Maruccia, Roberta Paladini, Toby J. T. Moore, Giuseppe Riccio, Fabio Vitello, Luca Olmi, N. Marchili, Frédérique Motte, Corrado Trigilio, Ákos Hajnal, Yasuo Fukui, Nicolas Peretto, Alberto Noriega-Crespo, A. Baldeschi, Riccardo Cesaroni, Leonardo Testi, Lorenzo Piazzo, Manuel Merello, L. Cambrésy, Filomena Bufano, Peter G. Martin, Nicolas Billot, Meng-Lin Huang, Paolo Natoli, Elia, D., Molinari, S., Schisano, E., Pestalozzi, M., Pezzuto, Marilena, Merello, M., Noriega-Crespo, A., Moore, T. J. T., Russeil, D., Mottram, J. C., Paladini, R., Strafella, F., Benedettini, M., Bernard, J. P., Di Giorgio, A., Eden, D. J., Fukui, Y., Plume, R., Bally, J., Martin, P. G., Ragan, S. E., Jaffa, S. E., Motte, F., Olmi, L., Schneider, N., Testi, L., Wyrowski, F., Zavagno, A., Calzoletti, L., Faustini, F., Natoli, P., Palmeirim, P., Piacentini, F., Piazzo, L., Pilbratt, G. L., Polychroni, D., Baldeschi, A., Beltrán, M. T., Billot, N., Cambrésy, L., Cesaroni, R., García-Lario, P., Hoare, M. G., Huang, M., Joncas, G., Liu, S. J., Maiolo, B. M. T., Marsh, K. A., Maruccia, Y., Mège, P., Peretto, N., Rygl, K. L. J., Schilke, P., Thompson, M. A., Traficante, A., Umana, G., Veneziani, M., Ward-Thompson, D., Whitworth, A. P., Arab, H., Bandieramonte, M., Becciani, U., Brescia, M., Buemi, C., Bufano, F., Butora, R., Cavuoti, S., Costa, A., Fiorellino, E., Hajnal, A., Hayakawa, T., Kacsuk, P., Leto, P., Li Causi, G., Marchili, N., Martinavarro-Armengol, S., Mercurio, A., Molinaro, M., Riccio, G., Sano, H., Sciacca, E., Tachihara, K., Torii, K., Trigilio, C., Vitello, F., Yamamoto, H., Elia, Davide, Pezzuto, S., Noriega Crespo, A., Strafella, Francesco, García Lario, P., Maiolo, BERLINDA MARIA TERESA, Maruccia, Ylenia, Ward Thompson, D., and Martinavarro Armengol, S.
Subjects: Astrophysics and Astronomy, Infrared, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, cataloghi astronomici, mezzo interstellare, osservazioni infrarosse, osservazioni submillimetriche, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, QC, QB, Physics, Spiral galaxy, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, Spectral density, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Galactic plane, Galaxy, Stars, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, catalogues, ISM clouds, dust, extinction, local interstellar matter, infrared ISM, submillimetre ISM, Longitude
Abstract: Hi-GAL (Herschel InfraRed Galactic Plane Survey) is a large-scale survey of the Galactic plane, performed with Herschel in five infrared continuum bands between 70 and 500 μm. We present a band-merged catalogue of spatially matched sources and their properties derived from fits to the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and heliocentric distances, based on the photometric catalogues presented in Molinari et al., covering the portion of Galactic plane −71 ∘. 0 < ℓ < 67 ∘. 0. The band-merged catalogue contains 100 922 sources with a regular SED, 24 584 of which show a 70-μm counterpart and are thus considered protostellar, while the remainder are considered starless. Thanks to this huge number of sources, we are able to carry out a preliminary analysis of early stages of star formation, identifying the conditions that characterize different evolutionary phases on a statistically significant basis. We calculate surface densities to investigate the gravitational stability of clumps and their potential to form massive stars. We also explore evolutionary status metrics such as the dust temperature, luminosity and bolometric temperature, finding that these are higher in protostellar sources compared to pre-stellar ones. The surface density of sources follows an increasing trend as they evolve from pre-stellar to protostellar, but then it is found to decrease again in the majority of the most evolved clumps. Finally, we study the physical parameters of sources with respect to Galactic longitude and the association with spiral arms, finding only minor or no differences between the average evolutionary status of sources in the fourth and first Galactic quadrants, or between ‘on-arm’ and ‘interarm’ positions. Hi-GAL is a large-scale survey of the Galactic plane, performed with Herschel in five infrared continuum bands between 70 and 500 $\mu$m. We present a band-merged catalogue of spatially matched sources and their properties derived from fits to the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and heliocentric distances, based on the photometric catalogs presented in Molinari et al. (2016a), covering the portion of Galactic plane $-71.0^{\circ}< \ell < 67.0^{\circ}$. The band-merged catalogue contains 100922 sources with a regular SED, 24584 of which show a 70 $\mu$m counterpart and are thus considered proto-stellar, while the remainder are considered starless. Thanks to this huge number of sources, we are able to carry out a preliminary analysis of early stages of star formation, identifying the conditions that characterise different evolutionary phases on a statistically significant basis. We calculate surface densities to investigate the gravitational stability of clumps and their potential to form massive stars. We also explore evolutionary status metrics such as the dust temperature, luminosity and bolometric temperature, finding that these are higher in proto-stellar sources compared to pre-stellar ones. The surface density of sources follows an increasing trend as they evolve from pre-stellar to proto-stellar, but then it is found to decrease again in the majority of the most evolved clumps. Finally, we study the physical parameters of sources with respect to Galactic longitude and the association with spiral arms, finding only minor or no differences between the average evolutionary status of sources in the fourth and first Galactic quadrants, or between "on-arm" and "inter-arm" positions.
Published: 2017

21. Bipolar H II regions: II. Morphologies and star formation in their vicinities

Author: D. Russeil, Manash R. Samal, Annie Zavagno, Lise Deharveng, Sergio Molinari, L. D. Anderson, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, Nebula, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, extinction, stars : formation, Young stellar object, Extinction (astronomy), Astronomy and Astrophysics, Bipolar nebula, Astrophysics, Galactic plane, 01 natural sciences, dissemin, law.invention, Stars, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, law, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 0103 physical sciences, H II regions, dust, Maser, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics
Abstract: Aims. We aim to identify bipolar Galactic H II regions and to understand their parental cloud structures, morphologies, evolution, and impact on the formation of new generations of stars. Methods. We use the Spitzer-GLIMPSE, Spitzer-MIPSGAL, and Herschel-Hi-GAL surveys to identify bipolar H II regions and to examine their morphologies. We search for their exciting star(s) using NIR data from the 2MASS, UKIDSS, and VISTA surveys. Massive molecular clumps are detected near these bipolar nebulae, and we estimate their temperatures, column densities, masses, and densities. We locate Class 0/I young stellar objects (YSOs) in their vicinities using the Spitzer and Herschel-PACS emission. Results. Numerical simulations suggest bipolar H II regions form and evolve in a two-dimensional flat- or sheet-like molecular cloud. We identified 16 bipolar nebulae in a zone of the Galactic plane between ℓ ± 60° and |b| < 1°. This small number, when compared with the 1377 bubble H II regions in the same area, suggests that most H II regions form and evolve in a three-dimensional medium. We present the catalogue of the 16 bipolar nebulae and a detailed investigation for six of these. Our results suggest that these regions formed in dense and flat structures that contain filaments. We find that bipolar H II regions have massive clumps in their surroundings. The most compact and massive clumps are always located at the waist of the bipolar nebula, adjacent to the ionised gas. These massive clumps are dense, with a mean density in the range of 105 cm−3 to several 106 cm−3 in their centres. Luminous Class 0/I sources of several thousand solar luminosities, many of which have associated maser emission, are embedded inside these clumps. We suggest that most, if not all, massive 0/I YSO formation has probably been triggered by the expansion of the central bipolar nebula, but the processes involved are still unknown. Modelling of such nebula is needed to understand the star formation processes at play.
Published: 2018
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22. ALMA observations of RCW 120 Fragmentation at 0.01pc scale

Author: Leonardo Bronfman, Annie Zavagno, J. A. Rodón, M. Figueira, F. Louvet, N. Lo, Ricardo Finger, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, H II region, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Star formation, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Galaxy, Gravitation, Stars, photon-dominated region, Fragmentation (mass spectrometry), Space and Planetary Science, Ionization, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), 0103 physical sciences, Millimeter, H II regions, ISM: bubbles, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Little is known about how high-mass stars form. Around 30\% of the young high-mass stars in the Galaxy are observed at the edges of ionized (HII) regions. Therefore these are places of choice to study the earliest stages of high-mass star formation, especially towards the most massive condensations. High-spatial resolution observations in the millimeter range might reveal how these stars form and how they assemble their mass. We want to study the fragmentation process down to the 0.01~pc scale in the most massive condensation observed at the south-western edge of the HII region RCW~120 where the most massive Herschel cores ($\sim$124~$M_{\odot}$ in average) could form high-mass stars. Using ALMA 3~mm continuum observations towards the densest and most massive millimetric condensation (Condensation 1) of RCW~120, we used the getimages and getsources algorithms to extract the sources detected with ALMA and obtained their physical parameters. The fragmentation of the hersche cores is discussed through their Jeans mass to understand the properties of the future stars. We extracted 18 fragments from the ALMA continuum observation at 3~mm towards 8 cores detected with Herschel, whose mass and deconvolved size range from 2~$M_{\odot}$ to 32~$M_{\odot}$ and from 1.6~mpc to 28.8~mpc, respectively. The low degree of fragmentation observed, regarding to the thermal Jeans fragmentation, suggests that the observed fragmentation is inconsistent with ideal gravitational fragmentation and other ingredients such as turbulence or magnetic fields should be added in order to explain it. Finally, the range of fragments' mass indicates that the densest condensation of RCW~120 is a favourable place for the formation of high-mass stars with the presence of a probable UCHII region associated with the 27~$M_{\odot}$ Fragment 1 of Core 2., 7 pages, 4 figures
Published: 2018
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23. Marine notches in the Maltese islands (central Mediterranean Sea)

Author: Stefano Furlani, Timmy Gambin, Anton Micallef, Andrea Ninfo, Franco Cucchi, Ritienne Gauci, Enrico Zavagno, Fabrizio Antonioli, Furlani, Stefano, Antonioli, Fabrizio, Gambin, Timmy, Gauci, Ritienne, Ninfo, Andrea, Zavagno, Enrico, Micallef, Anton, and Cucchi, Franco
Subjects: Coastal zone management, Climatic changes -- Malta, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Tidal notches, Geoswim, Coastal geography, Snorkeling, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Roof notches, Mediterranean sea, Coastal ecosystem health -- Malta, Sea level, Holocene, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, business.industry, Malta, Bioerosion, Coastal geomorphology, Oceanography, Terrace (geology), Coastal geomorphology, Tidal notches, Roof notches, Geoswim, Malta, business, Coastal geomorphology Tidal notches Roof notches Geoswim Malta, Geology, Channel (geography)
Abstract: We present the first detailed survey of tidal notches in the central Mediterranean area, in particular along the coastline of Gozo and Comino (Malta). The Maltese Islands represent one of the few sites in the Sicily Channel which exhibits coastal carbonate rocks. Marine notches on the islands of Gozo and Comino were surveyed by means of a seven day continuous snorkeling survey around the entire perimeter of the two islands. We surveyed the occurrence, lack and typology of marine notches and we correlated them with late Holocene sea level changes. Sea temperature (T) and electrical conductivity (EC) were collected along the route in order to locate the submarine springs and to relate them to the surveyed notches.A well-carved continuous roof notch was discovered along most of the plunging cliffs. It is well-carved out, in particular along the northern and western coast of Gozo. It develops from about 0.2 m above the mean sea level down and it can be up to 1.5–2 m deep. On the contrary, tidal notches are localised only in 8 sites. In 2 sites, Vermetid trottoirs develop at low tide level. In addition, at about −7 m to −10 m m.s.l., a 2–5 m wide marine terrace develops along extensive tracts of plunging cliffs, always in correspondence with the roof notches. This submerged terrace seem to be the result of the late Holocene slowdown of the sea level rise, which started to smooth the terrace and to carve out the submerged part of the roof notch, thanks to the exposed location of the islands and the favourable lithology.Through the collection of hydrological data, the presence of 21 submarine springs were detected. They occur mainly in the south-western coast of Gozo and on eastern coast of Comino. Anyway, marine notches seem not to be related to the freshwater outflow, such as those in the Adriatic Sea, because the studied islands are very exposed. As a consequence, along the Maltese islands bioerosion seems to be the most effective process in notch development., peer-reviewed
Published: 2016

24. High-mass Star Formation through Filamentary Collapse and Clump-fed Accretion in G22

Author: Simon Ellingsen, Jinghua Yuan, Christian Henkel, Annie Zavagno, Jin-Zeng Li, Yuefang Wu, Ke Wang, Hong-Li Liu, Zhiyuan Ren, Ya-Fang Huang, Tie Liu, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Peking University [Beijing], University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), European Southern Observatory (ESO), Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI), Okayama University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong [Hong Kong], Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, FOS: Physical sciences, Collapse (topology), Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Submillimeter Array, Spectral line, 0103 physical sciences, Protostar, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Star formation, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Accretion (astrophysics), Stars, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), High mass, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: How mass is accumulated from cloud-scale down to individual stars is a key open question in understanding high-mass star formation. Here, we present the mass accumulation process in a hub-filament cloud G22 which is composed of four supercritical filaments. Velocity gradients detected along three filaments indicate that they are collapsing with a total mass infall rate of about 440 $M_\odot$ Myr$^{-1}$, suggesting the hub mass would be doubled in six free-fall times, adding up to $ \sim2 $ Myr. A fraction of the masses in the central clumps C1 and C2 can be accounted for through large-scale filamentary collapse. Ubiquitous blue profiles in HCO$^+$ $ (3-2) $ and $^{13}$CO $ (3-2) $ spectra suggest a clump-scale collapse scenario in the most massive and densest clump C1. The estimated infall velocity and mass infall rate are 0.31 km s$^{-1}$ and $ 7.2 \times10^{-4} $ $M_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$, respectively. In clump C1, a hot molecular core (SMA1) is revealed by the SMA observations and an outflow-driving high-mass protostar is located at the center of SMA1. The mass of the protostar is estimated to be $ 11-15 $ $M_\odot$ and it is still growing with an accretion rate of $ 7\times10^{-5} $ $M_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$. The coexistent infall in filaments, clump C1, and the central hot core in G22 suggests that pre-assembled mass reservoirs (i.e., high-mass starless cores) may not be required to form high-mass stars. In the course of high-mass star formation, the central protostar, the core, and the clump can simultaneously grow in mass via core-fed/disk accretion, clump-fed accretion, and filamentary/cloud collapse., 17 pages, 16 figures 3 tables. and Accepted for publication in ApJ
Published: 2017
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25. NGC 6334 and NGC 6357. Insights from spectroscopy of their OB star populations

Author: C. Adami, Annie Zavagno, Frédérique Motte, Jean-Claude Bouret, A. Herve, Quentin A. Parker, D. Russeil, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)
Subjects: Physics, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], OB star, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Molecular cloud, Astronomy, Flux, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Stellar classification, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, Hubble sequence, symbols.namesake, Stars, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, symbols, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics
Abstract: International audience; Aims. The formation of high‐mass stars is still debated. For this reason, several projects such as Herschel‐HOBYS are focussed on the study of the earliest phases of massive star formation. As a result, massive star‐forming complexes such as NGC 6334 and NGC 6357 have been observed in the far‐infrared to study their massive dense cores where massive stars are expected to form. However, to better characterise the environments of these cores we need to understand the previous massive star formation history. To better characterise the environment of these massive dense cores we study the previous high‐mass star formation and how these stars act on their environments. Methods. This study is based on the spectral classification of the OB stars identified towards NGC 6334 and NGC 6357 with spectra taken with the AAOmega spectrograph on the Anglo‐Australian Telescope (AAT). From the subsequent spectral classification of 109 stars across these regions we were able to evaluate the following: distance, age, mass, global star‐forming efficiency (SFE), and star formation rate (SFR) of the regions. The physical conditions of the ionised gas for both complexes was also derived. Results. We confirm that NGC 6334 and NGC 6357 belong to the Saggitarius‐Carina arm which, in this direction, extends from 1 kpc to 2.2 kpc. From the location of the stars in Hertzprung‐Russell diagram we show that stars older than similar to 10 Myr are broadly spread across these complexes, while younger stars are mainly located in the H II regions and stellar clusters. Our data also suggests that some of the young stars can be considered runaway stars. We evaluate a SFE of 0.019(‐0.007)(+0.008) and 0.021(‐0.003)(+0.004) and a SFR of 1.1 x 10(3) +/‐ 300 M‐circle dot Myr(‐1) and 1.7 x 10(3) +/‐ 400 M‐circle dot Myr(‐1) for NGC 6334 and NGC 6357, respectively. We note that 29 OB stars have X‐ray counterparts, most of them belonging to NGC 6357. This suggests that molecular clouds in NGC 6357 are more impacted by X‐ray flux and stellar winds than in NGC 6334. Finally, from the analysis of nebular lines (H alpha, [NII], and [SII]) from spectra from several regions of ionised gas, we confirm that the filaments in NGC 6357 are shock heated.
Published: 2017
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26. Star formation towards the Galactic H II region RCW 120. Herschel observations of compact sources

Author: Figueira, M., Zavagno, Annie, Deharveng, L., Russeil, D., Anderson, D., Men’shchikov, A., Schneider, N., Hill, T., Motte, F., Mège, P., Leleu, G., Roussel, H., Bernard, P., Traficante, A., Paradis, D., Tigé, J., André, P., Bontemps, Sylvain, Abergel, A., Anderson, L. D., Men'Shchikov, A., Bernard, J.-P., Centro de Matemática e Aplicações Fundamentais (CMAF), Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Department of Medicine - Halifax (DRA), Dalhousie University [Halifax], Département d'Astrophysique (ex SAP) (DAP), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Sciences pour l'environnement (SPE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pascal Paoli (UPP), Cassidian, EADS - European Aeronautic Defense and Space, École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire arc électrique et plasmas thermiques (LAEPT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP), FORMATION STELLAIRE 2017, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Université Pascal Paoli (UPP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centro de Matemática e Aplicações Fundamentais ( CMAF ), Universidade de Lisboa ( ULISBOA ), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille ( LAM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales ( CNES ), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ), Department of Medicine - Halifax ( DRA ), Département d'Astrophysique (ex SAP) ( DAP ), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers ( IRFU ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay, Astrophysique Interactions Multi-échelles ( AIM - UMR 7158 - UMR E 9005 ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] ( LASP ), University of Colorado Boulder [Boulder], Sciences pour l'environnement ( SPE ), Université Pascal Paoli ( UPP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), École pratique des hautes études ( EPHE ), Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris ( IAP ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie ( IRAP ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire arc électrique et plasmas thermiques ( LAEPT ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 ( UBP ), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] ( LAB ), Université de Bordeaux ( UB ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Bordeaux ( UB ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale ( IAS ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon (ULISBOA), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES)
Subjects: Physics, stars: formation, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Infrared, Star formation, Young stellar object, [ SDU.ASTR.GA ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.GA], Spectral density, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Stars, H ii regions, Far infrared, ISM: individual objects: RCW 120, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, Black-body radiation, [SDU.ASTR.GA]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.GA], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Envelope (waves)
Abstract: Context. The expansion of H ii regions can trigger the formation of stars. An overdensity of young stellar objects is observed at the edges of H ii regions but the mechanisms that give rise to this phenomenon are not clearly identified. Moreover, it is difficult to establish a causal link between H ii -region expansion and the star formation observed at the edges of these regions. A clear age gradient observed in the spatial distribution of young sources in the surrounding might be a strong argument in favor of triggering. Aims. We aim to characterize the star formation observed at the edges of H ii regions by studying the properties of young stars that form there. We aim to detect young sources, derive their properties and their evolution stage in order to discuss the possible causal link between the first-generation massive stars that form the H ii region and the young sources observed at their edges. Methods. We have observed the Galactic H ii region RCW 120 with Herschel PACS and SPIRE photometers at 70, 100, 160, 250, 350 and 500 μm. We produced temperature and H2 column density maps and use the getsources algorithm to detect compact sources and measure their fluxes at Herschel wavelengths. We have complemented these fluxes with existing infrared data. Fitting their spectral energy distributions with a modified blackbody model, we derived their envelope dust temperature and envelope mass. We computed their bolometric luminosities and discuss their evolutionary stages. Results. The overall temperatures of the region (without background subtraction) range from 15 K to 24 K. The warmest regions are observed towards the ionized gas. The coldest regions are observed outside the ionized gas and follow the emission of the cold material previously detected at 870 μm and 1.3 mm. The H2 column density map reveals the distribution of the cold medium to be organized in filaments and highly structured. Column densities range from 7 × 1021 cm-2 up to 9 × 1023 cm-2 without background subtraction. The cold regions observed outside the ionized gas are the densest and host star formation when the column density exceeds 2 × 1022 cm-2. The most reliable 35 compact sources are discussed. Using existing CO data and morphological arguments we show that these sources are likely to be associated with the RCW 120 region. These sources’ volume densities range from 2 × 105 cm-3 to 108 cm-3. Five sources have envelope masses larger than 50 M⊙ and are all observed in high column density regions (>7 × 1022 cm-2). We find that the evolutionary stage of the sources primarily depends on the density of their hosting condensation and is not correlated with the distance to the ionizing star. Conclusions. The Herschel data, with their unique sampling of the far infrared domain, have allowed us to characterize the properties of compact sources observed towards RCW 120 for the first time. We have also been able to determine the envelope temperature, envelope mass and evolutionary stage of these sources. Using these properties we have shown that the density of the condensations that host star formation is a key parameter of the star-formation history, irrespective of their projected distance to the ionizing stars.
Published: 2017
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27. Herschel observations of the Galactic HII region RCW 79

Author: Alexander Men'shchikov, Yuefang Wu, Nicola Schneider, L. D. Anderson, D. Russeil, Annie Zavagno, Lise Deharveng, Frédérique Motte, Jinghua Yuan, M. Figueira, J. Tigé, Maohai Huang, Tracey Hill, Jin-Zeng Li, Hong-Li Liu, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Luminosity, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Cosmic dust, Envelope (waves), Physics, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, Diagram, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Stars, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Log-normal distribution, Spectral energy distribution
Abstract: Triggered star formation around HII regions could be an important process. The Galactic HII region RCW 79 is a prototypical object for triggered high-mass star formation. We take advantage of Herschel data from the surveys HOBYS, "Evolution of Interstellar Dust", and Hi-Gal to extract compact sources in this region, complemented with archival 2MASS, Spitzer, and WISE data to determine the physical parameters of the sources (e.g., envelope mass, dust temperature, and luminosity) by fitting the spectral energy distribution. We obtained a sample of 50 compact sources, 96% of which are situated in the ionization-compressed layer of cold and dense gas that is characterized by the column density PDF with a double-peaked lognormal distribution. The 50 sources have sizes of 0.1-0.4 pc with a typical value of 0.2 pc, temperatures of 11-26 K, envelope masses of 6-760 $M_\odot$, densities of 0.1-44 $\times$ $10^5$ cm$^{-3}$, and luminosities of 19-12712 $L_\odot$. The sources are classified into 16 class 0, 19 intermediate, and 15 class I objects. Their distribution follows the evolutionary tracks in the diagram of bolometric luminosity versus envelope mass (Lbol-Menv) well. A mass threshold of 140 $M_\odot$, determined from the Lbol-Menv diagram, yields 12 candidate massive dense cores that may form high-mass stars. The core formation efficiency (CFE) for the 8 massive condensations shows an increasing trend of the CFE with density. This suggests that the denser the condensation, the higher the fraction of its mass transformation into dense cores, as previously observed in other high-mass star-forming regions., Accepted by A&A on 17 January 2017
Published: 2017
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28. The Milky Way rotation curve revisited

Author: Sergio Molinari, Annie Zavagno, D. Russeil, Y. Poulin, L. Cambresy, P. Mège, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg (ObAS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), ITA, FRA, and Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, Stellar kinematics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Milky Way, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Galactic plane, 01 natural sciences, Galaxy, Galaxy: disk, Dark matter halo, Thin disk, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Galaxy: kinematics and dynamics, Galaxy rotation curve, Oort constants
Abstract: The Herschel survey of the Galactic Plane (Hi-GAL) is a continuum Galactic plane survey in five wavebands at 70, 160, 250, 350 and 500 μm. From such images, about 150 000 sources have been extracted for which the distance determination is a challenge. In this context the velocity of these sources has been determined thanks to a large number of molecular data cubes. But to convert the velocity to kinematic distance, one needs to adopt a rotation curve for our Galaxy. For three different samples of tracers, we test different analytical forms. We find that the power-law expression, θ(R)/θ0 = 1.022 (R/R0)0.0803 with R0, θ0 = 8.34 kpc, 240 km s-1 is a good and easily manipulated expression for the distance determination process.
Published: 2017
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29. High‐mass Starless Clumps in the Inner Galactic Plane: The Sample and Dust Properties

Author: Neal J. Evans, Hong-Li Liu, Ke Wang, Jinghua Yuan, Annie Zavagno, Tie Liu, Christian Henkel, Simon Ellingsen, Yuefang Wu, Jin-Zeng Li, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Infrared, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, law, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Maser, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Physics, Spiral galaxy, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, Galactic Center, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Galactic plane, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Stars, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), High mass
Abstract: We report a sample of 463 high-mass starless clump (HMSC) candidates within $-60\deg0.08$ g cm$^{-2}$ could be possible high-mass starless cores. Further investigations toward these HMSCs would undoubtedly shed light on comprehensively understanding the birth of high-mass stars., Comment: 16 pages, 15 figures, and 5 tables. Accepted for publication in ApJS. FITS images for the far-IR to sub-mm data, H2 column density and dust temperature maps of all the HMSC candidates are available at https: //yuanjinghua.github.io/hmscs.html. Codes used for this work are publicly available from https://github.com/yuanjinghua/HMSCs_cat
Published: 2017
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30. SEDIGISM: Structure, excitation, and dynamics of the inner Galactic interstellar medium

Author: Schuller, F., Csengeri, T., Urquhart, S., Duarte-Cabral, A., Barnes, P. J., Giannetti, A., Hernandez, A. K., Leurini, S., Mattern, M., Medina, S.-N. X., Agurto, C., Azagra, F., Anderson, L. D., Beltrán, M. T., Beuther, H., Bontemps, Sylvain, Bronfman, L., Dobbs, L., Dumke, M., Finger, R., Ginsburg, A., Gonzalez, E., Henning, T., Kauffmann, J., Mac-Auliffe, F., Menten, M., Montenegro-Montes, F. M., Moore, T. J. T., Muller, E., Parra, R., Perez-Beaupuits, P., Pettitt, A., Russeil, D., Sánchez-Monge, Á., Schilke, P., Schisano, E., Suri, S., Testi, L., Torstensson, K., Venegas, P., Wang, K., Wienen, M., Wyrowski, F., Zavagno, Annie, Urquhart, J. S., Dobbs, C. L., Menten, K. M., Perez-Beaupuits, J.-P., Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), Institut de Veille Sanitaire (INVS), Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, FORMATION STELLAIRE 2017, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Southern Observatory (ESO), Laboratoire de recherche en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Systèmes (L2ES), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Laboratoire Dynamique de la Biodiversité (LADYBIO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Haemophilia Unit, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital [Barcelona], Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Physikalisches Institut [Köln], Universität zu Köln, Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - INAF (IAPS), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), University of Oxford [Oxford], School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exceter, University of Exceter, Millimeter and Submillimeter Astronomy, Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität zu Köln = University of Cologne, and University of Oxford
Subjects: Infrared, ISM: structure, Rotational transition, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, ISM: clouds, surveys, 0103 physical sciences, Isotopologue, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Galaxy: structure, QC, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, QB, Physics, radio lines: ISM, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Molecular cloud, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Galactic plane, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Galaxy, Interstellar medium, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), [SDU.ASTR.GA]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.GA], Data reduction
Abstract: The origin and life-cycle of molecular clouds are still poorly constrained, despite their importance for understanding the evolution of the interstellar medium. We have carried out a systematic, homogeneous, spectroscopic survey of the inner Galactic plane, in order to complement the many continuum Galactic surveys available with crucial distance and gas-kinematic information. Our aim is to combine this data set with recent infrared to sub-millimetre surveys at similar angular resolutions. The SEDIGISM survey covers 78 deg^2 of the inner Galaxy (-60 deg < l < +18 deg, |b| < 0.5 deg) in the J=2-1 rotational transition of 13CO. This isotopologue of CO is less abundant than 12CO by factors up to 100. Therefore, its emission has low to moderate optical depths, and higher critical density, making it an ideal tracer of the cold, dense interstellar medium. The data have been observed with the SHFI single-pixel instrument at APEX. The observational setup covers the 13CO(2-1) and C18O(2-1) lines, plus several transitions from other molecules. The observations have been completed. Data reduction is in progress, and the final data products will be made available in the near future. Here we give a detailed description of the survey and the dedicated data reduction pipeline. Preliminary results based on a science demonstration field covering -20 deg < l < -18.5 deg are presented. Analysis of the 13CO(2-1) data in this field reveals compact clumps, diffuse clouds, and filamentary structures at a range of heliocentric distances. By combining our data with data in the (1-0) transition of CO isotopologues from the ThrUMMS survey, we are able to compute a 3D realization of the excitation temperature and optical depth in the interstellar medium. Ultimately, this survey will provide a detailed, global view of the inner Galactic interstellar medium at an unprecedented angular resolution of ~30"., 30 pages. Accepted for publication in A&A. Abstract slightly shortened due to arXiv requirements
Published: 2017
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31. The earliest phases of high-mass star formation, as seen in NGC 6334 by Herschel-HOBYS

Author: Pierre Didelon, L. D. Anderson, Sergio Molinari, Doris Arzoumanian, Stefano Pezzuto, Nicola Schneider, Jason M. Kirk, Q. Nguyen Luong, Vincent Minier, G. Leuleu, J. Di Francesco, F. Louvet, Pierrick Martin, M. Benedettini, K. L. J. Rygl, Annie Zavagno, D. Russeil, T. Rayner, J. Bardagi, D. Polychroni, T. Nony, Ph. André, M. Figueira, Tracey Hill, J.-P. Bernard, P. Persi, Davide Elia, Vera Konyves, A. Rivera-Ingraham, G. J. White, H. Roussel, Luigi Spinoglio, J. Tigé, Sylvain Bontemps, M. Hennemann, Frédérique Motte, Sciences pour l'environnement (SPE), Université Pascal Paoli (UPP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, National Research Council of Canada (NRC), FORMATION STELLAIRE 2017, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - INAF (IAPS), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Centro de Matemática e Aplicações Fundamentais (CMAF), Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon (ULISBOA), Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario (IFSI), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Faculty of Informatics [Lugano], Università della Svizzera italiana = University of Italian Switzerland (USI), School of Physics and Astronomy [Cardiff], Cardiff University, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Antarctic Research a European Network for Astrophysics (ARENA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Engineering Department, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pascal Paoli (UPP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), ITA, GBR, FRA, and CAN
Subjects: Physics, stars: formation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, stars: protostars, Star formation, extinction, Molecular cloud, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, ISM: clouds, Spire, ISM: individual objects: NGC 6334, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, High mass, Protostar, submillimeter: ISM, Millimeter, dust, extinction, dust, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Aims: To constrain models of high-mass star formation, the Herschel-HOBYS key program aims at discovering massive dense cores (MDCs) able to host the high-mass analogs of low-mass prestellar cores, which have been searched for over the past decade. We here focus on NGC 6334, one of the best-studied HOBYS molecular cloud complexes. Methods: We used Herschel/PACS and SPIRE 70-500 μm images of the NGC 6334 complex complemented with (sub)millimeter and mid-infrared data. We built a complete procedure to extract 0.1 pc dense cores with the getsources software, which simultaneously measures their far-infrared to millimeter fluxes. We carefully estimated the temperatures and masses of these dense cores from their spectral energy distributions (SEDs). We also identified the densest pc-scale cloud structures of NGC 6334, one 2 pc × 1 pc ridge and two 0.8 pc × 0.8 pc hubs, with volume-averaged densities of 105 cm-3. Results: A cross-correlation with high-mass star formation signposts suggests a mass threshold of 75 M☉ for MDCs in NGC 6334. MDCs have temperatures of 9.5-40 K, masses of 75-1000 M☉, and densities of 1 × 105-7 × 107 cm-3. Their mid-infrared emission is used to separate 6 IR-bright and 10 IR-quiet protostellar MDCs while their 70 μm emission strength, with respect to fitted SEDs, helps identify 16 starless MDC candidates. The ability of the latter to host high-mass prestellar cores is investigated here and remains questionable. An increase in mass and density from the starless to the IR-quiet and IR-bright phases suggests that the protostars and MDCs simultaneously grow in mass. The statistical lifetimes of the high-mass prestellar and protostellar core phases, estimated to be 1-7 × 104 yr and at most 3 × 105 yr respectively, suggest a dynamical scenario of high-mass star formation. Conclusions: The present study provides good mass estimates for a statistically significant sample, covering the earliest phases of high-mass star formation. High-mass prestellar cores may not exist in NGC 6334, favoring a scenario presented here, which simultaneously forms clouds, ridges, MDCs, and high-mass protostars. Herschel is an ESA space observatory with science instruments provided by European-led Principal Investigator consortia and with important participation from NASA. Catalogs built from Tables A.1-A.12, are only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (http://130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/602/A77
Published: 2017
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32. Hi-GAL, the Herschel infrared Galactic Plane Survey: Photometric maps and compact source catalogues: First data release for the inner Milky Way: +68° ≥ l ≥ -70°

Author: Stefano Pezzuto, Annie Zavagno, M. J. Barlow, Nicolas Peretto, S. D. Lord, Yasuo Fukui, Davide Elia, G. Polenta, D. Russeil, Sergio Molinari, Thomas P. Robitaille, R. Del Grande, G. Umana, Riccardo Cesaroni, M. Benedettini, Pascal André, Benjamin L. Schulz, Babar Ali, Pierrick Martin, David Eden, P. Natoli, Göran Pilbratt, Manuel Merello, R. Paladini, Francesco Strafella, Alessio Traficante, Luca Calzoletti, Mathieu Compiegne, Derek Ward-Thompson, Peter Schilke, Gilles Joncas, Rene Plume, Nicola Schneider, Pedro García-Lario, J.-P. Bernard, Kazi L.J. Rygl, Leonardo Testi, M. T. Beltrán, M. R. Pestalozzi, F. Piacentini, A. M. di Giorgio, Eugenio Schisano, Christopher M. Brunt, John Bally, N. Billot, Maggie A. Thompson, Sean K. Carey, Joseph C. Mottram, B. M. Swinyard, Melvin Hoare, F. Faustini, S. J. Liu, S. Martinavarro-Armengol, D. Paradis, Toby J. T. Moore, D. Polychroni, Antonella Palmese, Friedrich Wyrowski, Alberto Noriega-Crespo, Lorenzo Piazzo, Tanya Lim, M. Veneziani, Meng-Lin Huang, Bruce Sibthorpe, and Frédérique Motte
Subjects: Physics, Line-of-sight, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Infrared, Milky Way, Bolometer, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Galactic plane, dust, extinction, Galaxy: disk, infrared: ISM, methods: data analysis, stars: formation, techniques: photometric, astronomy and astrophysics, space and planetary science, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, symbols.namesake, Wavelength, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, law, 0103 physical sciences, symbols, Spectral energy distribution, Planck, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, QC, QB
Abstract: (Abridged) We present the first public release of high-quality data products (DR1) from Hi-GAL, the {\em Herschel} infrared Galactic Plane Survey. Hi-GAL is the keystone of a suite of continuum Galactic Plane surveys from the near-IR to the radio, and covers five wavebands at 70, 160, 250, 350 and 500 micron, encompassing the peak of the spectral energy distribution of cold dust for 8 < T < 50K. This first Hi-GAL data release covers the inner Milky Way in the longitude range 68{\deg} > l > -70{\deg} in a |b, Comment: Astronomy & Astrophysics, accepted
Published: 2016

33. Characterizing filaments in regions of high-mass star formation: High-resolution submilimeter imaging of the massive star-forming complex NGC 6334 with ArT\'eMiS

Author: V. Revéret, L. Rodriguez, J. Martignac, Michel Lortholary, Cyrille Delisle, Frédérique Motte, Didier Dubreuil, Doris Arzoumanian, P. Palmeirim, Eric Doumayrou, J. Le Pennec, François Visticot, H. Roussel, Tracey Hill, D. Russeil, Annie Zavagno, C. De Breuck, Nicola Schneider, A. Roy, Nicolas Peretto, Y. Shimajiri, Sylvain Bontemps, J. Tigé, Pascal Gallais, M. Hennemann, Vincent Minier, M. Talvard, Vera Konyves, Ph. André, Luc Dumaye, K. L. J. Rygl, Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (LMV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique (Hétérochimie organique, organoéléments et matériaux) (LSOHOOM), Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département d'Astrophysique, de physique des Particules, de physique Nucléaire et de l'Instrumentation Associée (DAPNIA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Procédés, Matériaux et Energie Solaire (PROMES), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), FORMATION STELLAIRE 2016, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), DAM Île-de-France (DAM/DIF), Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Département d'Astrophysique (ex SAP) (DAP), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol [Bristol], Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago [Chicago] (TTIC), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Telescope, Gravitation, Protein filament, law, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, QB, Physics, Star formation, Molecular cloud, Bolometer, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Interstellar medium, Stars, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, [SDU.ASTR.GA]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.GA]
Abstract: Herschel observations of nearby molecular clouds suggest that interstellar filaments and prestellar cores represent two fundamental steps in the star formation process. The observations support a picture of low-mass star formation according to which ~ 0.1 pc-wide filaments form first in the cold interstellar medium, probably as a result of large-scale compression of interstellar matter by supersonic turbulent flows, and then prestellar cores arise from gravitational fragmentation of the densest filaments. Whether this scenario also applies to regions of high-mass star formation is an open question, in part because Herschel data cannot resolve the inner width of filaments in the nearest regions of massive star formation. We used the bolometer camera ArTeMiS on the APEX telescope to map the central part of the NGC6334 complex at a factor of > 3 higher resolution than Herschel at 350 microns. Combining ArTeMiS data with Herschel data allowed us to study the structure of the main filament of the complex with a resolution of 8" or < 0.07 pc at d ~ 1.7 kpc. Our study confirms that this filament is a very dense, massive linear structure with a line mass ranging from ~ 500 Msun/pc to ~ 2000 Msun/pc over nearly 10 pc. It also demonstrates that its inner width remains as narrow as W ~ 0.15 +- 0.05 pc all along the filament length, within a factor of < 2 of the characteristic 0.1 pc value found with Herschel for lower-mass filaments in the Gould Belt. While it is not completely clear whether the NGC 6334 filament will form massive stars or not in the future, it is two to three orders of magnitude denser than the majority of filaments observed in Gould Belt clouds, and yet has a very similar inner width. This points to a common physical mechanism for setting the filament width and suggests that some important structural properties of nearby clouds also hold in high-mass star forming regions., 10 pages, 6 figures. A&A, in press
Published: 2016
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34. Interactions of the Infrared bubble N4 with the surroundings

Author: Gloria Mabel Dubner, Sergio Molinari, Yuefang Wu, Jin-Zeng Li, Hong-Li Liu, M. E. Ortega, Si Ju Zhang, Sergio Ariel Paron, Ya Fang Huang, Maohai Huang, Jinghua Yuan, Tie Liu, Annie Zavagno, Manash R. Samal, Department of Plant Biology [Carnegie] (DPB), Carnegie Institution for Science, Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio [Buenos Aires] (IAFE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Carnegie Institution for Science [Washington], and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)
Subjects: H II region, Hydrogen, Infrared, Ciencias Físicas, Bubble, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Cosmic dust, Physics, formation [stars], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, bubbles [ISM], Astronomía, Wavelength, Stars, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), HII regions [ISM], [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS
Abstract: The physical mechanisms that induce the transformation of a certain mass of gas in new stars are far from being well understood. Infrared bubbles associated with HII regions have been considered to be good samples of investigating triggered star formation. In this paper we report on the investigation of the dust properties of the infrared bubble N4 around the HII region G11.898+0.747, analyzing its interaction with its surroundings and star formation histories therein, with the aim of determining the possibility of star formation triggered by the expansion of the bubble. Using Herschel PACS and SPIRE images with a wide wavelength coverage, we reveal the dust properties over the entire bubble. Meanwhile, we are able to identify six dust clumps surrounding the bubble, with a mean size of 0.50 pc, temperature of about 22 K, mean column density of 1.7 $\times10^{22}$ cm$^{-2}$, mean volume density of about 4.4 $\times10^{4}$ cm$^{-3}$, and a mean mass of 320 $M_{\odot}$. In addition, from PAH emission seen at 8 $\mu$m, free-free emission detected at 20 cm and a probability density function in special regions, we could identify clear signatures of the influence of the HII region on the surroundings. There are hints of star formation, though further investigation is required to demonstrate that N4 is the triggering source., Comment: Accepted by ApJ (16 pages, 11 figures, 9 tables)
Published: 2016
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35. Deep GeMS/GSAOI near-infrared observations of N159W in the Large Magellanic Cloud

Author: Manash R. Samal, Thierry Fusco, Annie Zavagno, A. Bernard, Morten Andersen, Henri Plana, Benoit Neichel, Chris Evans, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ONERA - The French Aerospace Lab [Châtillon], ONERA-Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), Gemini Observatory [Southern Operations Center], Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA), Royal Observatory Edinburgh (ROE), University of Edinburgh, Laboratorio de Astrofísica Teórica e Observacional, Universidade Estadual De Santa Cruz [Brazil] (UESC), Service de chirurgie cardio-vasculaire et thoracique (CHU Dijon), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Aarhus], and Aarhus University [Aarhus]
Subjects: ISM : BUBBLES, Initial mass function, STARS : FORMATION, Young stellar object, FORMATION ETOILE, FOS: Physical sciences, CIRCUMSTELLAR MATTER, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, OPTIQUE ADAPTATIVE, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Photometry (optics), Telescope, CIRCUMSTELLAIRE, law, HII REGIONS, 0103 physical sciences, Cluster (physics), Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, INFRARED : STARS, Large Magellanic Cloud, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, INSTRUMENTATION : ADAPTIVE OPTICS, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Stars, Star cluster, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract: International audience; Aims. The formation and properties of star clusters at the edge of H II regions are poorly known, partly due to limitations in angular resolution and sensitivity, which become particularly critical when dealing with extragalactic clusters. In this paper we study the stellar content and star-formation processes in the young N159W region in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Methods. We investigate the star-forming sites in N159W at unprecedented spatial resolution using JHK(s)-band images obtained with the GeMS/GSAOI instrument on the Gemini South telescope. The typical angular resolution of the images is similar to 100 mas, with a limiting magnitude of H similar to 22 mag (90% completeness). Photometry from our images is used to identify candidate young stellar objects (YSOs) in N159W. We also determine the H-band luminosity function of the star cluster at the centre of the H II region and use this to estimate its initial mass function (IMF). Results. We estimate an age of 2 +/- 1 Myr for the central cluster, with its IMF described by a power-law with an index of Gamma = -1.05 +/- 0.2, and with a total estimated mass of similar to 1300 M-circle dot. We also identify 104 candidate YSOs, which are concentrated in clumps and subclusters of stars, principally at the edges of the H II region. These clusters display signs of recent and active star-formation such as ultra-compact H II regions, and molecular outflows. This suggests that the YSOs are typically younger than the central cluster, pointing to sequential star-formation in N159W, which has probably been influenced by interactions with the expanding H II bubble.
Published: 2016
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36. ATLASGAL – The APEX telescope large area survey of the galaxy at 870 $\mathsf{\mu}$m

Author: Thomas Henning, Peter Schilke, Bertrand Lefloch, Ernst Kreysa, Christophe Risacher, Diego Mardones, V. Revéret, Hendrik Linz, Achim Weiss, L. Deharveng, Giorgio Siringo, Frédérique Motte, D. Russeil, Sergio Molinari, Henrik Beuther, Leonardo Testi, Leonardo Bronfman, Friedrich Wyrowski, M. Wienen, R. Cesaroni, Annie Zavagno, Fabrice Herpin, Guido Garay, Attila Kovács, Karl M. Menten, Sylvain Bontemps, Frederic Schuller, T. Vasyunina, Yanett Contreras, Vincent Minier, C. M. Walmsley, T. Troost, L. A. Nyman, and Nicola Schneider
Subjects: Physics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Star formation, Milky Way, Extinction (astronomy), Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Galactic plane, 01 natural sciences, Galaxy, Interstellar medium, Star cluster, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Protostar, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: (Abridged) Studying continuum emission from interstellar dust is essential to locate and characterize the highest density regions in the interstellar medium. In particular, the early stages of massive star formation are still mysterious. Our goal is to produce a large scale, systematic database of massive pre- and proto-stellar clumps in the Galaxy, in order to better understand how and under what conditions star formation takes place. A well characterized sample of star-forming sites will deliver an evolutionary sequence and a mass function of high-mass star-forming clumps. Such a systematic survey at submm wavelengths also represents a pioneering work in preparation for Herschel and ALMA. The APEX telescope is ideally located to observe the inner Milky Way. The recently commissioned Large APEX Bolometer Camera (LABOCA) is a 295-element bolometer array observing at 870 microns, with a beam of 19". Taking advantage of its large field of view (11.4') and excellent sensitivity, we have started an unbiased survey of the Galactic Plane, with a noise level of 50-70 mJy/beam: the APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy (ATLASGAL). As a first step, we have covered 95 sq. deg. These data reveal 6000 compact sources brighter than 0.25 Jy, as well as extended structures, many of them filamentary. About two thirds of the compact sources have no bright infrared counterpart, and some of them are likely to correspond to the precursors of (high-mass) proto-stars or proto-clusters. Other compact sources harbor hot cores, compact HII regions or young embedded clusters. Assuming a typical distance of 5 kpc, most sources are clumps smaller than 1 pc with masses from a few 10 to a few 100 M_sun. In this introductory paper, we show preliminary results from these ongoing observations, and discuss the perspectives of the survey.
Published: 2009
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37. Herschel Observations of the W3 GMC (II): Clues to the Formation of Clusters of High-Mass Stars

Author: A. Marston, K. L. J. Rygl, Tracey Hill, D. Polychroni, M. Hennemann, Luigi Spinoglio, Frédérique Motte, Stefano Pezzuto, Cassandra Fallscheer, Nicola Schneider, Alexander Men'shchikov, Vera Konyves, G. J. White, Annie Zavagno, A. Rivera-Ingraham, Pierrick Martin, Ph. André, Sylvain Bontemps, J. Di Francesco, Q. Nguyen Luong, J.-Ph. Bernard, Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Colorado School of Mines, FORMATION STELLAIRE 2015, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Stanford University, Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), and Stanford University [Stanford]
Subjects: Physics, Stellar population, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, [SDU.ASTR.CO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Extinction (astronomy), FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Probability density function, Function (mathematics), Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Constructive, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Stars, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), 0103 physical sciences, Log-normal distribution, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract: The W3 GMC is a prime target for investigating the formation of high-mass stars and clusters. This second study of W3 within the HOBYS Key Program provides a comparative analysis of subfields within W3 to further constrain the processes leading to the observed structures and stellar population. Probability density functions (PDFs) and cumulative mass distributions (CMDs) were created from dust column density maps, quantified as extinction Av. The shape of the PDF, typically represented with a lognormal function at low Av "breaking" to a power-law tail at high Av, is influenced by various processes including turbulence and self-gravity. The breaks can also be identified, often more readily, in the CMDs. The PDF break from lognormal (Av(SF)= 6-10 mag) appears to shift to higher Av by stellar feedback, so that high-mass star-forming regions tend to have higher PDF breaks. A second break at Av > 50 mag traces structures formed or influenced by a dynamic process. Because such a process has been suggested to drive high-mass star formation in W3, this second break might then identify regions with potential for hosting high-mass stars/clusters. Stellar feedback appears to be a major mechanism driving the local evolution and state of regions within W3. A high initial star formation efficiency in a dense medium could result in a self-enhancing process, leading to more compression and favourable star-formation conditions (e.g., colliding flows), a richer stellar content, and massive stars. This scenario would be compatible with the "convergent constructive feedback" model introduced in our previous Herschel study., Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal
Published: 2015
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38. $Herschel$ SPIRE-FTS observations of RCW 120

Author: Alain Abergel, F. Le Petit, J.-P. Baluteau, J. A. Rodón, M. Köhler, Annie Zavagno, Emilie Habart, J. Le Bourlot, European Southern Observatory, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Univers et Théories (LUTH (UMR_8102)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, H II region, Star formation, Young stellar object, Continuum (design consultancy), FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Context (language use), Astrophysics, Photodissociation region, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, 01 natural sciences, Stars, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010306 general physics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Line (formation)
Abstract: The expansion of Galactic HII regions can trigger the formation of a new generation of stars. However, little is know about the physical conditions that prevail in these regions. We study the physical conditions that prevail in specific zones towards expanding HII regions that trace representative media such as the photodissociation region, the ionized region, and condensations with and without ongoing star formation. We use the SPIRE Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) on board $Herschel$ to observe the HII region RCW 120. Continuum and lines are observed in the $190-670\,\mu$m range. Line intensities and line ratios are obtained and used as physical diagnostics of the gas. We used the Meudon PDR code and the RADEX code to derive the gas density and the radiation field at nine distinct positions including the PDR surface and regions with and without star-formation activity. For the different regions we detect the atomic lines [NII] at $205\,\mu$m and [CI] at $370$ and $609\,\mu$m, the $^{12}{\rm CO}$ ladder between the $J=4$ and $J=13$ levels and the $^{13}{\rm CO}$ ladder between the $J=5$ and $J=14$ levels, as well as CH$ ^{+} $ in absorption. We find gas temperatures in the range $45-250\,$K for densities of $10^4-10^6\,{\rm cm}^{-3}$, and a high column density on the order of $N_{{\rm H}}\sim10^{22}\,{\rm cm}^{-2}$ that is in agreement with dust analysis. The ubiquitousness of the atomic and CH$ ^{+} $ emission suggests the presence of a low-density PDR throughout RCW 120. High-excitation lines of CO indicate the presence of irradiated dense structures or small dense clumps containing young stellar objects, while we also find a less dense medium ($N_{{\rm H}}\sim10^{20}\,{\rm cm}^{-2}$) with high temperatures ($80-200\,$K)., Comment: 11 pages, 11 figures, accepted by A&A
Published: 2015
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39. Pillars and globules at the edges of H ii regions

Author: Timea Csengeri, P. Didelon, L. Spinoglio, Annie Zavagno, J. P. Bernard, A. P. Marston, Helene Roussel, Edouard Audit, L. D. Anderson, Nicola Schneider, J. Di Francesco, Martin Hennemann, Frédérique Motte, Pascal Tremblin, Vincent Minier, Tracey Hill, Sylvain Bontemps, Jonathan Williams, Glenn J. White, Q. Nguyen Luong, Ph. André, Davide Elia, T. Sousbie, Vera Könyves, Nicolas Peretto, Doris Arzoumanian, A. Rivera-Ingraham, Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Maison de la Simulation (MDLS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, FORMATION STELLAIRE 2013, Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Département d'Astrophysique, de physique des Particules, de physique Nucléaire et de l'Instrumentation Associée (DAPNIA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Centre d'étude spatiale des rayonnements (CESR), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, National Research Council of Canada (NRC), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Antarctic Research a European Network for Astrophysics (ARENA), Engineering Department, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neurosciences and Mental Health Research Institute, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: HII regions, Numerical models, ISM: structure, Infrared imaging, Velocity, Shell (structure), FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Curvature, 01 natural sciences, Ionization of gases, ISM: individual objects: Rosette, ISM: individual objects: M 16, ISM: individual objects, Clouds, Ionization, H II regions, 0103 physical sciences, Shells (structures), Ism: individual objects: rosettes, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Physics, ISM: kinematics and dynamics, Nebula, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Turbulence, Star formation, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Molecular cloud, Methods:observational, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Computer simulation, [PHYS.ASTR.SR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Stars, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Gases, methods: observational, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract: Pillars and globules are present in many high-mass star-forming regions, such as the Eagle nebula (M16) and the Rosette molecular cloud, and understanding their origin will help characterize triggered star formation. The formation mechanisms of these structures are still being debated. Recent numerical simulations have shown how pillars can arise from the collapse of the shell in on itself and how globules can be formed from the interplay of the turbulent molecular cloud and the ionization from massive stars. The goal here is to test this scenario through recent observations of two massive star-forming regions, M16 and Rosette. The column density structure of the interface between molecular clouds and H ii regions was characterized using column density maps obtained from far-infrared imaging of the Herschel HOBYS key programme. Then, the DisPerSe algorithm was used on these maps to detect the compressed layers around the ionized gas and pillars in different evolutionary states. Finally, their velocity structure was investigated using CO data, and all observational signatures were tested against some distinct diagnostics established from simulations. The column density profiles have revealed the importance of compression at the edge of the ionized gas. The velocity properties of the structures, i.e. pillars and globules, are very close to what we predict from the numerical simulations. We have identified a good candidate of a nascent pillar in the Rosette molecular cloud that presents the velocity pattern of the shell collapsing on itself, induced by a high local curvature. Globules have a bulk velocity dispersion that indicates the importance of the initial turbulence in their formation, as proposed from numerical simulations. Altogether, this study re-enforces the picture of pillar formation by shell collapse and globule formation by the ionization of highly turbulent clouds., Comment: Accepted in A&A
Published: 2013
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40. Variation in dust properties in a dense filament of the Taurus molecular complex (L1506)

Author: Alain Abergel, Laurent Pagani, Isabelle Ristorcelli, Annie Zavagno, Mika Juvela, Locke D. Spencer, Vera Könyves, Nathalie Ysard, Glenn J. White, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'étude spatiale des rayonnements (CESR), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), Stanford University [Stanford], Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physics [Helsinki], Falculty of Science [Helsinki], Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Physics and Astronomy [Cardiff], Cardiff University, Rutheford Appleton Laboratory, Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Stanford University, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), University of Helsinki-University of Helsinki, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Opacity, Extinction (astronomy), FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, ISM: individual objects: L1506, 01 natural sciences, ISM: clouds, Protein filament, 0103 physical sciences, evolution, Radiative transfer, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Physics, Range (particle radiation), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], extinction, Astronomy and Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR.SR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Amorphous solid, Interstellar medium, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, dust, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], V band
Abstract: We observed the L1506 filament, which is located in the Taurus molecular complex, with the Herschel PACS and SPIRE instruments. Our aim is to prove the variation in grain properties along the entire length of the filament. In particular, we want to determine above which gas density this variation arises and what changes in the grain optical properties/size distribution are required. We use the 3D radiative transfer code CRT, coupled to the dust emission and extinction code DustEM, to model the emission and extinction of the dense filament. We test a range of optical properties and size distributions for the grains: dust of the diffuse interstellar medium (interstellar PAHs and amorphous carbons and silicates) and both compact and fluffy aggregates. We find that the grain opacity has to increase across the filament to fit simultaneously the near-IR extinction and Herschel emission profiles of L1506. We interpret this change to be a consequence of the coagulation of dust grains to form fluffy aggregates. Grains similar to those in the diffuse medium have to be present in the outer layers of the cloud, whereas aggregates must prevail above gas densities of a few 1000 H/cm3. This corresponds to line-of-sights with visual extinction in the V band of the order of 2 to 3. The dust opacity at 250 microns is raised by a factor of 1.8 to 2.2, while the grain average size is increased by a factor of 5. These exact numbers depend naturally on the dust model chosen to fit the data. Our findings agree with the constraints given by the study of the gas molecular lines. Using a simple approach, we show that the aggregates may have time to form inside the filament within the cloud lifetime. Our model also characterises the density structure of the filament, showing that the filament width is not constant along L1506 but instead varies by a factor of the order of 4., accepted for publication in A&A, low resolution figures to match the requirements of arXiv
Published: 2013
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41. The Herschel view of the massive star-forming region NGC 6334

Author: Lise Deharveng, Nicolas Peretto, Stefano Pezzuto, D. Polychroni, Volker Ossenkopf, D. Russeil, Q. Nguyen Luong, J. Tigé, J. Di Francesco, Tracey Hill, Luigi Spinoglio, Glenn J. White, Sergio Molinari, Doris Arzoumanian, Paolo Persi, Sylvain Bontemps, Ph. André, R. Vavrek, Nicola Schneider, L. D. Anderson, Pierre Didelon, Jin-Zeng Li, Kazi L.J. Rygl, Leonardo Testi, Vera Könyves, Annie Zavagno, M. Hennemann, Davide Elia, Peter G. Martin, J.-Ph. Bernard, Derek Ward-Thompson, H. Roussel, Frédérique Motte, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), FORMATION STELLAIRE 2013, Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario (IFSI), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire Univers et Théories (LUTH (UMR_8102)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Centre d'étude spatiale des rayonnements (CESR), Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, National Research Council of Canada (NRC), National Astronomical Observatories [Beijing] (NAOC), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Antarctic Research a European Network for Astrophysics (ARENA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), European Southern Observatory (ESO), School of Physics and Astronomy [Cardiff], Cardiff University, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Gravity (chemistry), Star-forming complexes, Stars: formation, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Power law, ISM: clouds, ISM : clouds, Using probabilities, ISM: individual objects: NGC 6334, Space applications, ISM: individual objects, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, QB, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Turbulence, Star formation, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Molecular cloud, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Density structures, [PHYS.ASTR.SR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Wavelength, Probability distributions, Space and Planetary Science, Log-normal distribution, Probability distribution, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Density distributions, Star-forming region, Distribution functions, Gravitation
Abstract: International audience; Aims: Fundamental to any theory of high-mass star formation are gravity and turbulence. Their relative importance, which probably changes during cloud evolution, is not known. By investigating the spatial and density structure of the high-mass star-forming complex NGC 6334 we aim to disentangle the contributions of turbulence and gravity. Methods: We used Herschel PACS and SPIRE imaging observations from the HOBYS key programme at wavelengths of 160, 250, 350, and 500 μm to construct dust temperature and column density maps. Using probability distribution functions (PDFs) of the column density determined for the whole complex and for four distinct sub-regions (distinguished on the basis of differences in the column density, temperature, and radiation field), we characterize the density structure of the complex. We investigate the spatial structure using the Δ-variance, which probes the relative amount of structure on different size scales and traces possible energy injection mechanisms into the molecular cloud. Results: The Δ-variance analysis suggests that the significant scales of a few parsec that were found are caused by energy injection due to expanding H ii regions, which are numerous, and by the lengths of filaments seen everywhere in the complex. The column density PDFs have a lognormal shape at low densities and a clearly defined power law at high densities for all sub-regions whose slope is linked to the exponent α of an equivalent spherical density distribution. In particular with α = 2.37, the central sub-region is largly dominated by gravity, caused by individual collapsing dense cores and global collapse of a larger region. The collapse is faster than free-fall (which would lead only to α = 2) and thus requires a more dynamic scenario (external compression, flows). The column density PDFs suggest that the different sub-regions are at different evolutionary stages, especially the central sub-region, which seems to be in a more evolved stage. Herschel is an ESA space observatory with science instruments provided by European-led Principal Investigator consortia and with important participation from NASA.Appendix A is available in electronic form at http://www.aanda.org
Published: 2013
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42. Cluster-formation in the Rosette molecular cloud at the junctions of filaments (Corrigendum)

Author: Schneider, N., Csengeri, T., Hennemann, M., Motte, F., Didelon, P., Federrath, C., Bontemps, S., Di Francesco, J., Arzoumanian, D., Minier, V., André, Ph., Hill, T., Zavagno, A., Nguyen-Luong, Q., Attard, M., Bernard, J.-Ph., Elia, D., Fallscheer, C., Griffin, M., Kirk, J., Klessen, R., Könyves, V., Martin, P., Men’shchikov, A., Palmeirim, P., Peretto, N., Pestalozzi, M., Russeil, D., Sadavoy, S., Sousbie, T., Testi, L., Tremblin, P., Ward-Thompson, D., White, G., FORMATION STELLAIRE 2013, Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, National Research Council of Canada (NRC), Centre d'étude spatiale des rayonnements (CESR), Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, School of Physics and Astronomy [Cardiff], Cardiff University, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), European Southern Observatory (ESO), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: HII regions, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, ISM structure, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], ISM: structure, Astronomy and Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR.SR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], 01 natural sciences, ISM: clouds, ISM clouds, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, evolution, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, addenda, QC, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, errata, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, QB
Abstract: Aims: For many years feedback processes generated by OB-stars in molecular clouds, including expanding ionization fronts, stellar winds, or UV-radiation, have been proposed to trigger subsequent star formation. However, hydrodynamic models including radiation and gravity show that UV-illumination has little or no impact on the global dynamical evolution of the cloud. Instead, gravitational collapse of filaments and/or merging of filamentary structures can lead to building up dense high-mass star-forming clumps. However, the overall density structure of the cloud has a large influence on this process, and requires a better understanding.\ud \ud \ud Methods: The Rosette molecular cloud, irradiated by the NGC 2244 cluster, is a template region for triggered star-formation, and we investigated its spatial and density structure by applying a curvelet analysis, a filament-tracing algorithm (DisPerSE), and probability density functions (PDFs) on Herschel column density maps, obtained within the HOBYS key program.\ud \ud \ud \ud Results: The analysis reveals not only the filamentary structure of the cloud but also that all known infrared clusters except one lie at junctions of filaments, as predicted by turbulence simulations. The PDFs of sub-regions in the cloud show systematic differences. The two UV-exposed regions have a double-peaked PDF we interprete as caused by shock compression, while the PDFs of the center and other cloud parts are more complex, partly with a power-law tail. A deviation of the log-normal PDF form occurs at AV ≈ 9m for the center, and around 4m for the other regions. Only the part of the cloud farthest from the Rosette nebula shows a log-normal PDF.\ud \ud \ud \ud Conclusions: The deviations of the PDF from the log-normal shape typically associated with low- and high-mass star-forming regions at AV ≈ 3-4m and 8-10m, respectively, are found here within the very same cloud. This shows that there is no fundamental difference in the density structure of low- and high-mass star-forming regions. We conclude that star-formation in Rosette - and probably in high-mass star-forming clouds in general - is not globally triggered by the impact of UV-radiation. Moreover, star formation takes place in filaments that arose from the primordial turbulent structure built up during the formation of the cloud. Clusters form at filament mergers, but star formation can be locally induced in the direct interaction zone between an expanding H II-region and the molecular cloud.
Published: 2013
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43. Ionisation impact of high-mass stars on interstellar filaments A Herschel study of the RCW36 bipolar nebula in Vela C

Author: Edouard Audit, M. Hennemann, Teresa Giannini, Glenn J. White, Vincent Minier, Stefano Pezzuto, K. L. J. Rygl, Ph. André, Derek Ward-Thompson, J. Di Francesco, Nicola Schneider, Luigi Spinoglio, Tracey Hill, Maria Cunningham, Annie Zavagno, Pascal Tremblin, Pierre Didelon, Davide Elia, Q. Nguyen Luong, Frédérique Motte, L. Deharveng, N. Lo, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Morphology, Ionization, H II region, ISM: structure, Bipolar nebula, Context (language use), F500, Astrophysics, Vela, 01 natural sciences, Submillimetre, Protein filament, ISM: individual objects, H II regions, Molecular clouds, 0103 physical sciences, High-mass stars, Natural evolution, Herschel space observatories, Stars: massive, 010306 general physics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Dynamical phenomena, Physics, HERSCHEL, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Star formation, Molecular cloud, Star formations, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Molecular lines, Galaxies, Stars, Far-infrared, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Hydrodynamics, Southern Hemisphere, Filamentary structures
Abstract: International audience; Context. Ionising stars reshape their original molecular cloud and impact star formation, leading to spectacular morphologies such as bipolar nebulae around H II regions. Molecular clouds are structured in filaments where stars principally form, as revealed by the Herschel space observatory. The prominent southern hemisphere H II region, RCW 36, is one of these bipolar nebulae. Aims. We study the physical connection between the filamentary structures of the Vela C molecular cloud and the bipolar morphology of RCW 36, providing an in-depth view of the interplay occurring between ionisation and interstellar structures (bright-rims and pillars) around an H II region. Methods. We have compared Herschel observations in five far-infrared and submillimetre filters with the PACS and SPIRE imagers, to dedicated numerical simulations and molecular line mapping. Results. Our results suggest that the RCW 36 bipolar morphology is a natural evolution of its filamentary beginnings under the impact of ionisation. Conclusions. Such results demonstrate that, filamentary structures can be the location of very dynamical phenomena inducing the formation of dense clumps at the edge of H II regions. Moreover, these results could apply to better understanding the bipolar nebulae as a consequence of the expansion of an H II region within a molecular ridge or an interstellar filament.
Published: 2013
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44. Herschel Reveals Massive Cold Clumps in NGC 7538

Author: C. Fallscheer, M. A. Reid, J. Di Francesco, P. G. Martin, T. Hill, M. Hennemann, Q. Nguyen-Luong, F. Motte, A. Men'shchikov, Ph. André, D. Ward-Thompson, M. Griffin, J. Kirk, V. Konyves, K. L. J. Rygl, S. Sadavoy, M. Sauvage, N. Schneider, L. D. Anderson, M. Benedettini, J.-P. Bernard, S. Bontemps, A. Ginsburg, S. Molinari, D. Polychroni, A. Rivera-Ingraham, H. Roussel, L. Testi, G. White, J. P. Williams, C. D. Wilson, M. Wong, A. Zavagno, Riverine Landscapes Research Lab, Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, National Research Council of Canada (NRC), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, School of Physics and Astronomy [Cardiff], Cardiff University, Département d'Astrophysique, de physique des Particules, de physique Nucléaire et de l'Instrumentation Associée (DAPNIA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), FORMATION STELLAIRE 2013, Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG ), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario (IFSI), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), European Southern Observatory (ESO), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Institute for Astronomy (IfA), University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Fundació Privada Observatori Esteve Duran, Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (LAOG), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Young stellar object, Continuum (design consultancy), FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Imaging study, Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR.SR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, 01 natural sciences, Stars, Spire, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), 0103 physical sciences, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract: We present the first overview of the Herschel observations of the nearby high-mass star-forming region NGC 7538, taken as part of the Herschel imaging study of OB Young Stellar objects (HOBYS) Key Programme. These PACS and SPIRE maps cover an approximate area of one square degree at five submillimeter and far-infrared wavebands. We have identified 780 dense sources and classified 224 of those. With the intention of investigating the existence of cold massive starless or class 0-like clumps that would have the potential to form intermediate- to high-mass stars, we further isolate 13 clumps as the most likely candidates for followup studies. These 13 clumps have masses in excess of 40 M_sun and temperatures below 15 K. They range in size from 0.4 pc to 2.5 pc and have densities between 3x10^3 cm^-3 to 4x10^4 cm^-3. Spectral energy distributions are then used to characterize their energetics and evolutionary state through a luminosity-mass diagram. NGC 7538 has a highly filamentary structure, previously unseen in the dust continuum of existing submillimeter surveys. We report the most complete imaging to date of a large, evacuated ring of material in NGC 7538 which is bordered by many cool sources., 23 pages, 7 figures, 1 table, accepted by ApJ
Published: 2013
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45. MALT90: The Millimetre Astronomy Legacy Team 90 GHz Survey

Author: Jackson, J. M., Rathborne, J. M., Foster, J. B., Whitaker, J. S., Sanhueza, P., Claysmith, C., Mascoop, J. L., Wienen, M., Breen, S. L., Herpin, F., Duarte-Cabral, A., Csengeri, T., Longmore, S., Contreras, Y., Indermuehle, B., Barnes, P. J., Walsh, A. J., Cunningham, M. R., Brooks, K. J., Britton, T. R., Voronkov, M. A., Urquhart, J. S., Alves, J., Jordan, C. H., Hill, T., Hoq, S., Finn, S., C., S., Bains, I., Bontemps, S., Bronfman, L., Caswell, J. L., Deharveng, L., Ellingsen, S. P., Fuller, G. A., Garay, G., Green, J. A., Hindson, L., Jones, P. A., Lenfestey, C., Lo, N., Lowe, V., Mardones, D., Menten, K. M., Minier, V., Morgan, L. K., Motte, F., Muller, E., Peretto, N., Purcell, C. R., Schilke, P., Schneider-Bontemps, N., Schuller, F., Titmarsh, A., Wyrowski, F., Zavagno, A., Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), FORMATION STELLAIRE 2013, Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Swinburne University of Technology (Hawthorn campus), Laboratoire de Probabilités et Modèles Aléatoires (LPMA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Australia Telescope National Facility (ATNF), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Instituto Dom Luiz, Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon (ULISBOA), Departamento de Astronomia (DAS), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, I. Physikalisches Institut [Köln], Universität zu Köln = University of Cologne, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), School of Physics, Australia Telescope National Facility, Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile [Santiago] (USACH), Univ Cologne, Inst Phys 1, D-50937 Cologne, Germany, Univ Cologne, Inst Phys 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), and Universität zu Köln
Subjects: Data products, High resolution, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Telescope, law, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, QB, Physics, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Galactic plane, [PHYS.ASTR.SR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Large sample, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Millimeter, Galaxy Astrophysics, Data reduction
Abstract: The Millimetre Astronomy Legacy Team 90 GHz (MALT90) survey aims to characterise the physical and chemical evolution of high-mass star-forming clumps. Exploiting the unique broad frequency range and on-the-fly mapping capabilities of the Australia Telescope National Facility Mopra 22 m single-dish telescope, MALT90 has obtained 3' x 3' maps toward ~2000 dense molecular clumps identified in the ATLASGAL 870 um Galactic plane survey. The clumps were selected to host the early stages of high-mass star formation and to span the complete range in their evolutionary states (from prestellar, to protostellar, and on to HII regions and photodissociation regions). Because MALT90 mapped 16 lines simultaneously with excellent spatial (38") and spectral (0.11 km/s) resolution, the data reveal a wealth of information about the clump's morphologies, chemistry, and kinematics. In this paper we outline the survey strategy, observing mode, data reduction procedure, and highlight some early science results. All MALT90 raw and processed data products are available to the community. With its unprecedented large sample of clumps, MALT90 is the largest survey of its type ever conducted and an excellent resource for identifying interesting candidates for high resolution studies with ALMA., Comment: Accepted to PASA, 13 pages
Published: 2013
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46. NGC 6334 and NGC 6357: Hαkinematics and the nature of the H II regions

Author: Cormac Purcell, J. Tigé, Philippe Amram, C. Adami, Andrew Walsh, D. Russeil, E. Le Coarer, L. D. Anderson, Steven N. Longmore, L. Guennou, Nicola Schneider, Manash R. Samal, Annie Zavagno, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), FORMATION STELLAIRE 2016, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research - Curtin University, Curtin University [Perth], Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC), Swinburne University of Technology (Hawthorn campus), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and School of Physics
Subjects: ISM: kinematics and dynamics, Physics, HII regions, H II region, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Hubble sequence, Protein filament, ISM: individual objects: NGC 6334, symbols.namesake, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, symbols, [SDU.ASTR.GA]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.GA], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, QC, ISM: individual objects: NGC 6357, QB, Line (formation)
Abstract: International audience; Aims: NGC 6334 and NGC 6357 are amongst the most active, optically visible Galactic star-forming complexes. They are composed of several H ii regions that have a significant impact on their surrounding. The aim of this paper is to present a kinematic study of the optical H ii regions that belong to NGC 6334 and NGC 6357. Methods: We use Fabry-Perot interferometer observations of the Hα line, which cover NGC 6334 and NGC 6357. These observations allow us to analyse the Hα line profiles to probe the kinematics of the ionised gas of both regions. We complement the Hα observations with multi-wavelength data to specify the nature of the H ii regions. Results: We determine the dynamical nature of the optical H ii regions that belongs to NGC 6334 and NGC 6357. In NGC 6334, GUM 61 is an expanding wind shell-like H ii region, GUM 64b exhibits a champagne flow, GM1-24 is the Hα counterpart of two larger regions and H ii 351.2+0.5 is, in fact, composed of two H ii regions. In NGC 6357, H ii 353.08+0.28 and H ii 353.09+0.63 are probably stellar wind-shaped bubble H ii regions, while H ii 353.42+0.45 is a classical photo-ionised H ii region. We suggest that, at large scale, star-formation seems to be triggered where large/old H ii regions intersect. Inversely, stellar formation seems to have already started in the NGC 6334 north-east filament, irrespective of any evident external H ii region impact. While NGC 6357 shows more complicated kinematics, NGC 6334 is characterised by a more active stellar formation.The Hα data (FITS cubes) are only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (ftp://130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/587/A135
Published: 2016
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47. ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps in the inner Galaxy

Author: Silvia Leurini, Peter Schilke, Timea Csengeri, Quang Nguyen-Luong, C. Sanna, M. Wienen, Frédérique Motte, Friedrich Wyrowski, Henrik Beuther, Annie Zavagno, Sylvain Bontemps, Frederic Schuller, M. Walmsley, Karl M. Menten, James Urquhart, Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS), foreign laboratories (FL), CERN [Genève], FORMATION STELLAIRE 2016, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Procédés, Matériaux et Energie Solaire (PROMES), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physikalisches Institut [Köln], Universität zu Köln, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Universität zu Köln = University of Cologne, and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, 01 natural sciences, Galaxy, Spectral line, law.invention, Telescope, Stars, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, law, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Infrared window, 0103 physical sciences, [SDU.ASTR.GA]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.GA], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Excitation, Line (formation)
Abstract: The processes leading to the birth of high-mass stars are poorly understood. We characterise here a sample of 430 massive clumps from the ATLASGAL survey, which are representative of different evolutionary stages. To establish a census of molecular tracers of their evolution we performed an unbiased spectral line survey covering the 3-mm atmospheric window between 84-117 GHz with the IRAM 30m. A smaller sample of 128 clumps has been observed in the SiO (5-4) transition with the APEX telescope to complement the SiO (2-1) line and probe the excitation conditions of the emitting gas, which is the main focus of the current study. We report a high detection rate of >75% of the SiO (2-1) line and a >90% detection rate from the dedicated follow-ups in the (5-4) transition. The SiO (2-1) line with broad line profiles and high detection rates, is a powerful probe of star formation activity, while the ubiquitous detection of SiO in all evolutionary stages suggests a continuous star formation process in massive clumps. We find a large fraction of infrared-quiet clumps to exhibit SiO emission, the majority of them only showing a low-velocity component (FWHM~5-6 km/s) centred at the rest velocity of the clump. In the current picture, where this is attributed to low-velocity shocks from cloud-cloud collisions, this can be used to pinpoint the youngest, thus, likely prestellar massive structures. Based on the line ratio of the (5-4) to the (2-1) line, our study reveals a trend of changing excitation conditions that lead to brighter emission in the (5-4) line towards more evolved sources. Our analysis delivers a more robust estimate of SiO column density and abundance than previous studies and questions the decrease of jet activity in massive clumps as a function of age., Accepted for publication in A&A. A PDF with good quality figures is available here: http://atlasgal.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/25404_am.pdf
Published: 2016
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48. The Pipe Nebula as seen with Herschel: formation of filamentary structures by large-scale compression?

Author: Nicolas Peretto, J. P. Bernard, Leonardo Testi, Helene Roussel, T. Sousbie, P. Palmeirim, J. Di Francesco, Doris Arzoumanian, M. Attard, Annie Zavagno, Davide Elia, Glenn J. White, Ph. André, P. Didelon, Frédérique Motte, Derek Ward-Thompson, Martin Hennemann, Alexander Men'shchikov, T. Hill, Vera Könyves, Nicola Schneider, Jason M. Kirk, Q. Nguyen Luong, Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), FORMATION STELLAIRE 2012, Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Centre d'étude spatiale des rayonnements (CESR), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, National Research Council of Canada (NRC), Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - INAF (IAPS), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), School of Physics and Astronomy [Cardiff], Cardiff University, Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Southern Observatory (ESO), Engineering Department, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Physics and Astronomy, École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, Gravity (chemistry), Nebula, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, Interstellar cloud, Flow (psychology), FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Scale (descriptive set theory), Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, 01 natural sciences, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Compression (geology), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, QB
Abstract: A growing body of evidence indicates that the formation of filaments in interstellar clouds is a key component of the star formation process. In this paper, we present new Herschel PACS and SPIRE observations of the B59 and Stem regions in the Pipe Nebula complex, revealing a rich, organized network of filaments. The asymmetric column density profiles observed for several filaments, along with the bow-like edge of B59, indicates that the Pipe Nebula is being compressed from its western side, most likely by the winds from the nearby Sco OB2 association. We suggest that this compressive flow has contributed to the formation of some of the observed filamentary structures. In B59, the only region of the entire Pipe complex showing star formation activity, the same compressive flow has likely enhanced the initial column density of the clump, allowing it to become globally gravitationally unstable. Although more speculative, we propose that gravity has also been responsible for shaping the converging filamentary pattern observed in B59. While the question of the relative impact of large-scale compression and gravity remains open in B59, large-scale compression appears to be a plausible mechanism for the initial formation of filamentary structures in the rest of the complex, Comment: 9 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in A&A
Published: 2012
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49. Statistical study of OB stars in NGC 6334 and NGC 6357

Author: D. Russeil, Nicola Schneider, C. Adami, Frédérique Motte, L. D. Anderson, J. A. Rodón, K. J. Murphy, Sylvain Bontemps, Annie Zavagno, A. Ilmane, FORMATION STELLAIRE 2012, Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Division of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, extinction, Galactic Center, Extinction (astronomy), Lupus (constellation), Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR.SR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], 01 natural sciences, Hiiregions, Hubble sequence, Interstellar medium, Radial velocity, Stars, symbols.namesake, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, symbols, dust, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Stellar evolution
Abstract: International audience; Context. Star-forming complexes are large structures exhibiting massive star-formation at different stages of evolution, from dense cores to well-developed H ii regions. They are very interesting for the study of the formation and evolution of stars. NGC 6334 and NGC 6357 are two active and relatively nearby star-forming complexes. From the extinction map and the sub-mm cold dust emission, and because they have similar velocities, these regions are most likely connected. However, located in the direction of the Galactic center their radial velocity is not representative of their distance. An alternative is then to determine the distance of NGC 6334 and NGC 6357 from their stellar content. Aims: Our aim is to perform a census of O-B3 ionising stars in NGC 6334 and NGC 6357, to determine the extinction coefficient, and the distance of both regions. A census of O-B3 stars is an essential basis for estimating the statistical lifetime of the earliest massive star-forming phases. Methods: We performed a U, B, V, and R photometric survey of a large area covering NGC 6334 and NGC 6357 with the VIMOS (ESO-VLT) and the MOSAIC (CTIO) instruments. This allows us to have a complete census of O to B3 stars up to V = 22.6 mag. The OB stars are selected based on their U - B and B - V colors. The most robust extinction coefficient is determined from color - color plots before computing the distance of the OB stars. Results: We find a higher value than typical of the diffuse interstellar medium for RV of 3.53 ± 0.08 and 3.56 ± 0.15 for NGC 6357 and NGC 6334, respectively. Adopting these RV values, the distances of NGC 6357 and NGC 6334 are 1.9 ± 0.4 kpc and 1.7 ± 0.3 kpc. We conclude that, within the error bars, both regions are thus at the same distance of 1.75 kpc (weighted mean). We confirm that the value of RV is linked to the large dust grain content. In particular, we found that there are more very small grains in NGC 6357 than in NGC 6334, suggesting that NGC 6357 could be more evolved than NGC 6334. Placed in the Galactic context, the NGC 6334-NGC 6357 complex appears to be located at the inner edge of the Sagittarius-Carina arm. Our census of O to B3 stars leads to a count of ~230, which allows us to determine the statistical lifetime of the earliest phases of the massive stars. The starless and the protostellar phases have a mean statistical lifetime of ~1.5 × 104 yr and ~2.2 × 105 yr, respectively. Based on observations made with the VIMOS instrument at the VLT-ESO. Based on visiting astronomer observations, at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, National Optical Astronomy Observatory, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, under contract with the National Science Foundation.Appendices are available in electronic form at http://www.aanda.orgFull Tables A.1 and A.2 are only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/538/A142
Published: 2012
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50. The Dust Properties of Bubble HII Regions as seen by Herschel

Author: Martin Hennemann, L. Deharveng, Sylvain Bontemps, Helene Roussel, A. Abergel, D. Russeil, J. A. Rodón, J. P. Bernard, Ph. André, T. Hill, Annie Zavagno, Frédérique Motte, L. D. Anderson, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, FORMATION STELLAIRE 2012, Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), and Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB)
Subjects: Infrared, Bubble, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Physics, Solar mass, SIMPLE (dark matter experiment), Line-of-sight, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Astronomy and Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR.SR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Wavelength, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Noise (radio), Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract: Because of their relatively simple morphology, "bubble" HII regions have been instrumental to our understanding of star formation triggered by HII regions. With the far-infrared (FIR) spectral coverage of the Herschel satellite, we can access the wavelengths where these regions emit the majority of their energy through their dust emission. At Herschel wavelengths 70 micron to 500 micron, the emission associated with HII regions is dominated by the cool dust in their photodissociation regions (PDRs). We find average dust temperatures of 26K along the PDRs, with little variation between the HII regions in the sample, while local filaments and infrared dark clouds average 19K and 15K respectively. Higher temperatures lead to higher values of the Jeans mass, which may affect future star formation. The mass of the material in the PDR, collected through the expansion of the HII region, is between ~300 and ~10,000 Solar masses for the HII regions studied here. These masses are in rough agreement with the expected masses swept up during the expansion of the \hii\ regions. Approximately 20% of the total FIR emission is from the direction of the bubble central regions. This suggests that we are detecting emission from the "near-side" and "far-side" PDRs along the line of sight and that bubbles are three-dimensional structures. We find only weak support for a relationship between dust temperature and beta, of a form similar to that caused by noise and calibration uncertainties alone., Comment: Accepted by A&A. Figure sizes reduced for this version
Published: 2012
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