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The Lambda-Cold Dark Matter (LCDM) model agrees with most of the cosmological observations, but has some hindrances from observed data at smaller scales such as galaxies. Recently, Berezhiani and Khoury (2015) proposed a new theory involving interacting superfluid dark matter with three model parameters, which explains galactic dynamics with great accuracy. In the present work, we study the cosmological behaviour of this model in the linear regime of cosmological perturbations. In particular, we compute both analytically and numerically the matter linear growth factor and obtain new bounds for the model parameters which are significantly stronger than previously found. These new constraints come from the fact that structures within the superfluid dark matter framework grow quicker than in LCDM, and quite rapidly when the DM-baryon interactions are strong., Comment: 16 pages, 6 figures

We use the Sherwood-Relics suite of hybrid hydrodynamical and radiative transfer simulations to model the effect of inhomogeneous reionisation on the 1D power spectrum of the \Lya forest transmitted flux at redshifts $4.2\leq z \leq 5$. Relative to models that assume a homogeneous UV background, reionisation suppresses the power spectrum at small scales, $k \sim 0.1\rm\,km^{-1}\,s$ by $\sim 10$ per cent because of spatial variations in the thermal broadening kernel and the divergent peculiar velocity field associated with over-pressurised intergalactic gas. On larger scales, $k4$, $0.006 \rm \,km^{-1}\,s\leq k \leq 0.2 \rm\, km^{-1}\,s$, we find inhomogeneous reionisation does not introduce any significant bias in thermal parameter recovery for the current measurement uncertainties of $\sim 10$ per cent. However, for $5$ per cent uncertainties, $\sim 1\sigma$ shifts between the estimated and true parameters occur., Comment: Accepted by MNRAS (21 November 2021), 20 pages, 11 figures

We present updated cosmological constraints from measurements of the gas mass fractions ($f_{gas}$) of massive, dynamically relaxed galaxy clusters. Our new data set has greater leverage on models of dark energy, thanks to the addition of the Perseus Cluster at low redshifts, two new clusters at redshifts $z>0.97$, and significantly longer observations of four clusters at $0.6, Comment: To be published in MNRAS. See https://github.com/abmantz/fgas-cosmo for code and https://github.com/abmantz/fgas-2021-paper for data presented in figures/tables

Obtaining accurately calibrated redshift distributions of photometric samples is one of the great challenges in photometric surveys like LSST, Euclid, HSC, KiDS, and DES. We present an inference methodology that combines the redshift information from the galaxy photometry with constraints from two-point functions, utilizing cross-correlations with spatially overlapping spectroscopic samples, and illustrate the approach on CosmoDC2 simulations. Our likelihood framework is designed to integrate directly into a typical large-scale structure and weak lensing analysis based on two-point functions. We discuss efficient and accurate inference techniques that allow us to scale the method to the large samples of galaxies to be expected in LSST. We consider statistical challenges like the parametrization of redshift systematics, discuss and evaluate techniques to regularize the sample redshift distributions, and investigate techniques that can help to detect and calibrate sources of systematic error using posterior predictive checks. We evaluate and forecast photometric redshift performance using data from the CosmoDC2 simulations, within which we mimic a DESI-like spectroscopic calibration sample for cross-correlations. Using a combination of spatial cross-correlations and photometry, we show that we can provide calibration of the mean of the sample redshift distribution to an accuracy of at least 0.002(1+z), consistent with the LSST-Y1 science requirements for weak lensing and large-scale structure probes., Comment: Updated to match the version accepted by the MNRAS, 23 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables

With a single training image and using wavelet phase harmonic augmentation, we present polarized Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) foreground marginalization in a high-dimensional likelihood-free (Bayesian) framework. We demonstrate robust foreground removal using only a single frequency of simulated data for a BICEP-like sky patch. Using Moment Networks we estimate the pixel-level posterior probability for the underlying {E,B} signal and validate the statistical model with a quantile-type test using the estimated marginal posterior moments. The Moment Networks use a hierarchy of U-Net convolutional neural networks. This work validates such an approach in the most difficult limiting case: pixel-level, noise-free, highly non-Gaussian dust foregrounds with a single training image at a single frequency. For a real CMB experiment, a small number of representative sky patches would provide the training data required for full cosmological inference. These results enable robust likelihood-free, simulation-based parameter and model inference for primordial B-mode detection using observed CMB polarization data., Accepted by Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters. 5 pages with 3 figures (plus 1 page of Supporting Materials with 2 figures)

The characteristic mass that sets the peak of the stellar initial mass function (IMF) is closely linked to the thermodynamic behaviour of interstellar gas, which controls how gas fragments as it collapses under gravity. As the Universe has grown in metal abundance over cosmic time, this thermodynamic behaviour has evolved from a primordial regime dominated by the competition between compressional heating and molecular hydrogen cooling to a modern regime where the dominant process in dense gas is protostellar radiation feedback, transmitted to the gas by dust-gas collisions. In this paper we map out the primordial-to-modern transition by constructing a model for the thermodynamics of collapsing, dusty gas clouds at a wide range of metallicities. We show the transition from the primordial regime to the modern regime begins at metallicity $Z\sim 10^{-4} \rm{Z_\odot}$, passes through an intermediate stage where metal line cooling is dominant at $Z \sim 10^{-3}\,\rm{Z_{\odot}}$, and then transitions to the modern dust- and feedback-dominated regime at $Z\sim 10^{-2} \rm{Z_\odot}$. In low pressure environments like the Milky Way, this transition is accompanied by a dramatic change in the characteristic stellar mass, from $\sim 50\,\rm{M_\odot}$ at $Z \sim 10^{-6}\,\rm{Z_{\odot}}$ to $\sim 0.3\,\rm{M_\odot}$ once radiation feedback begins to dominate, which marks the appearance of the modern bottom-heavy Milky Way IMF. In the high pressure environments typical of massive elliptical galaxies, the characteristic mass for the modern, dust-dominated regime falls to $\sim 0.1\,\rm{M_{\odot}}$, thus providing an explanation for the more bottom-heavy IMF observed in these galaxies. We conclude that metallicity is a key driver of variations in the characteristic stellar mass, and by extension, the IMF., 26 pages (main result in figures 7 and 8). MNRAS in press

Scalar Field Dark Matter (SFDM) comprised of ultralight ($\gtrsim 10^{-22}$ eV) bosons is an alternative to standard, collisionless Cold Dark Matter (CDM) that is CDM-like on large scales but inhibits small-scale structure formation. As a Bose-Einstein condensate, its free-field ("fuzzy") limit (FDM) suppresses structure below the de Broglie wavelength, $\lambda_\text{deB}$, creating virialized haloes with central cores of radius $\sim\lambda_\text{deB}$, surrounded by CDM-like envelopes, and a halo mass function (HMF) with a sharp cut-off on small scales. With a strong enough repulsive self-interaction (SI), structure is inhibited, instead, below the Thomas-Fermi (TF) radius, $R_\text{TF}$ (the size of an SI-pressure-supported ($n=1$)-polytrope), when $R_\text{TF} > \lambda_\text{deB}$. Previously, we developed tools to describe SFDM dynamics on scales above $\lambda_\text{deB}$ and showed that SFDM-TF haloes formed by Jeans-unstable collapse from non-cosmological initial conditions have $R_\text{TF}$-sized cores, surrounded by CDM-like envelopes. Revisiting SFDM-TF in the cosmological context, we simulate halo formation by cosmological infall and collapse, and derive its transfer function from linear perturbation theory to produce cosmological initial conditions and predict statistical measures of structure formation, such as the HMF. Since FDM and SFDM-TF transfer functions both have small-scale cut-offs, we can align them to let observational constraints on FDM proxy for SFDM-TF, finding FDM with particle masses $1 \lesssim m/(10^{-22} \text{ eV}/c^2) \lesssim 30$ corresponds to SFDM-TF with $10 \gtrsim R_\text{TF}/(1 \text{ pc}) \gtrsim 1$, favoring sub-galactic (sub-kpc) core-size. The SFDM-TF HMF cuts off gradually, however, leaving more small-mass haloes: its Jeans mass shrinks so fast, scales filtered early can still recover and grow!, Comment: 30 pages, 10 figures, accepted by MNRAS 09/22/21, comments welcome

We characterize the selection cuts and clustering properties of a magnitude-limited sample of bright galaxies that is part of the Bright Galaxy Survey (BGS) of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) using the ninth data release of the Legacy Imaging Surveys (DR9). We describe changes in the DR9 selection compared to the DR8 one and we also compare the DR9 selection in three distinct regions: BASS/MzLS in the north Galactic Cap (NGC), DECaLS in the NGC, and DECaLS in the south Galactic Cap (SGC). We investigate the systematics associated with the selection and assess its completeness by matching the BGS targets with the Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey. We measure the angular clustering for the overall bright sample (rmag ≤ 19.5) and as function of apparent magnitude and colour. This enables to determine the clustering strength r0 and slope γ by fitting a power-law model that can be used to generate accurate mock catalogues for this tracer. We use a counts-in-cells technique to explore higher order statistics and cross-correlations with external spectroscopic data sets in order to check the evolution of the clustering with redshift and the redshift distribution of the BGS targets using clustering redshifts. While this work validates the properties of the BGS bright targets, the final target selection pipeline and clustering properties of the entire DESI BGS will be fully characterized and validated with the spectroscopic data of Survey Validation. © 2021 The Author(s)., PZ, OR-M, SC, PN, and CB acknowledge support from the Science Technology Facilities Council through ST/P000541/1 andST/T000244/1. OR-M is supported by the Mexican National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT) through grant No. 297228/440775 and funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 734374. JM gratefully acknowledges support from the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics under Award Number DESC0020086 and from the National Science Foundation under grant AST-1616414. Authors want to thank the GAMA collaboration for early access to GAMA DR4 data for this work. Some of the results in this paper have been derived using the healpy and HEALPIX package. We acknowledge the usage of the HyperLeda database (http://leda.univ-lyon1.fr).This work also made extensive use of the NASA Astrophysics Data System and of the astro-ph preprint archive at arXiv.org. This work used the DiRAC@Durham facility managed by the Institute for Computational Cosmology on behalf of the STFC DiRAC HPC Facility (www.dirac.ac.uk). The equipment was funded by BEIS capital funding via STFC capital grants ST/K00042X/1, ST/P002293/1, and ST/R002371/1, Durham University and STFC operations grant ST/R000832/1. DiRAC is part of the National e-Infrastructure. This research used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC). NERSC is a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. This research is supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH1123, and by the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, a DOE Office of Science User Facility under the same contract; additional support for DESI is provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation, Division of Astronomical Sciences under Contract No. AST-0950945 to the NSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory; the Science and Technologies Facilities Council of the United Kingdom; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; the Heising-Simons Foundation; the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA); the National Council of Science and Technology of Mexico; the Ministry of Economy of Spain, and by the DESI Member Institutions. The authors are honored to be permitted to conduct astronomical research on Iolkam Du’ag (Kitt Peak), a mountain with particular significance to the Tohono O’odham Nation., With funding from the Spanish government through the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation SEV-2017-0709.

We use 78 reverberation-measured Mg II time-lag quasars (QSOs) in the redshift range $0.0033 \leq z \leq 1.89$ to constrain cosmological parameters in six different cosmological models. The basis of our method is the use of the radius-luminosity or $R-L$ relation to standardize these 78 Mg II QSOs. In each cosmological model we simultaneously determine $R-L$ relation and cosmological model parameters, thus avoiding the circularity problem. We find that the $R-L$ relation parameter values are independent of the cosmological model used in the analysis thus establishing that current Mg II QSOs are standardizable candles. Cosmological constraints obtained using these QSOs are significantly weaker than, but consistent with, those obtained from a joint analysis of baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) observations and Hubble parameter [$H(z)$] measurements. So, we also analyse these QSOs in conjunction with the BAO + $H(z)$ data and find cosmological constraints consistent with the standard spatially-flat $\Lambda$CDM model as well as with mild dark energy dynamics and a little spatial curvature. A larger sample of higher-quality reverberation-measured QSOs should have a smaller intrinsic dispersion and so should provide tighter constraints on cosmological parameters., Comment: 16 pages, 11 figure, Mg II QSO data are given, MNRAS accepted version. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2105.12692

The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) will open the mHz frequency window of the gravitational wave (GW) landscape. Among all the new GW sources expected to emit in this frequency band, extreme mass-ratio inspirals (EMRIs) constitute a unique laboratory for astrophysics and fundamental physics. Here we show that EMRIs can also be used to extract relevant cosmological information, complementary to both electromagnetic (EM) and other GW observations. By using the loudest EMRIs (SNR$>$100) detected by LISA as dark standard sirens, statistically matching their sky localisation region with mock galaxy catalogs, we find that constraints on $H_0$ can reach $\sim$1.1% ($\sim$3.6%) accuracy, at the 90% credible level, in our best (worst) case scenario. By considering a dynamical dark energy (DE) cosmological model, with $\Lambda$CDM parameters fixed by other observations, we further show that in our best (worst) case scenario $\sim$5.9% ($\sim$12.3%) relative uncertainties at the 90% credible level can be obtained on $w_0$, the DE equation of state parameter. Besides being relevant in their own right, EMRI measurements will be affected by different systematics compared to both EM and ground-based GW observations. Cross validation with complementary cosmological measurements will therefore be of paramount importance, especially if convincing evidence of physics beyond $\Lambda$CDM emerges from future observations., Comment: 22 pages, 9 figures. v2: new author in author list, new sub-Appendix with additional results, new Fig. A1; some explicative paragraphs added, Fig. 3 updated. Matches the journal version

We present the v1.0 release of CLMM, an open source Python library for the estimation of the weak lensing masses of clusters of galaxies. CLMM is designed as a standalone toolkit of building blocks to enable end-to-end analysis pipeline validation for upcoming cluster cosmology analyses such as the ones that will be performed by the LSST-DESC. Its purpose is to serve as a flexible, easy-to-install and easy-to-use interface for both weak lensing simulators and observers and can be applied to real and mock data to study the systematics affecting weak lensing mass reconstruction. At the core of CLMM are routines to model the weak lensing shear signal given the underlying mass distribution of galaxy clusters and a set of data operations to prepare the corresponding data vectors. The theoretical predictions rely on existing software, used as backends in the code, that have been thoroughly tested and cross-checked. Combined, theoretical predictions and data can be used to constrain the mass distribution of galaxy clusters as demonstrated in a suite of example Jupyter Notebooks shipped with the software and also available in the extensive online documentation., 21 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication by MNRAS

The locations of Ly-$\alpha$ emitting galaxies (LAEs) at the end of the Epoch of Reionisation (EoR) are expected to correlate with regions of ionised hydrogen, traced by the redshifted 21~cm hyperfine line. Mapping the neutral hydrogen around regions with detected and localised LAEs offers an avenue to constrain the brightness temperature of the Universe within the EoR by providing an expectation for the spatial distribution of the gas, thereby providing prior information unavailable to power spectrum measurements. We use a test set of 12 hours of observations from the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) in extended array configuration, to constrain the neutral hydrogen signature of 58 LAEs, detected with the Subaru Hypersuprime Cam in the \textit{Silverrush} survey, centred on $z$=6.58. We assume that detectable emitters reside in the centre of ionised HII bubbles during the end of reionization, and predict the redshifted neutral hydrogen signal corresponding to the remaining neutral regions using a set of different ionised bubble radii. A prewhitening matched filter detector is introduced to assess detectability. We demonstrate the ability to detect, or place limits upon, the amplitude of brightness temperature fluctuations, and the characteristic HII bubble size. With our limited data, we constrain the brightness temperature of neutral hydrogen to $\Delta{\rm T}_B, Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

Dark Matter (DM) halos with masses below $\sim10^{8}$ $M_{\odot}$, which would help to discriminate between DM models, may be detected through their gravitational effect on distant sources. The same applies to primordial black holes, considered as an alternative scenario to DM particle models. However, there is still no evidence for the existence of such objects. With the aim of finding compact objects in the mass range $\sim$ 10$^{6}$ -- 10$^{9}$$M_{\odot}$, we search for strong gravitational lenses on milli (mas)-arcseconds scales (< 150 mas). For our search, we used the Astrogeo VLBI FITS image database -- the largest publicly available database, containing multi-frequency VLBI data of 13828 individual sources. We used the citizen science approach to visually inspect all sources in all available frequencies in search for images with multiple compact components on mas-scales. At the final stage, sources were excluded based on the surface brightness preservation criterion. We obtained a sample of 40 sources that passed all steps and therefore are judged to be milli-arcsecond lens candidates. These sources are currently followed-up with on-going European VLBI Network (EVN) observations at 5 and 22 GHz. Based on spectral index measurements, we suggest that two of our candidates have a higher probability to be associated with gravitational lenses., 6 pages, 1 figure; accepted for publication

Using a set of $\Lambda$CDM simulations of cosmic structure formation, we study the evolving connectivity and changing topological structure of the cosmic web using state-of-the-art tools of multiscale topological data analysis (TDA). We follow the development of the cosmic web topology in terms of the evolution of Betti number curves and feature persistence diagrams of the three (topological) classes of structural features: matter concentrations, filaments and tunnels, and voids. The Betti curves specify the prominence of features as a function of density level, and their evolution with cosmic epoch reflects the changing network connections between these structural features. The persistence diagrams quantify the longevity and stability of topological features. In this study we establish, for the first time, the link between persistence diagrams, the features they show, and the gravitationally driven cosmic structure formation process. By following the diagrams' development over cosmic time, the link between the multiscale topology of the cosmic web and the hierarchical buildup of cosmic structure is established. The sharp apexes in the diagrams are intimately related to key transitions in the structure formation process. The apex in the matter concentration diagrams coincides with the density level at which, typically, they detach from the Hubble expansion and begin to collapse. At that level many individual islands merge to form the network of the cosmic web and a large number of filaments and tunnels emerge to establish its connecting bridges. The location trends of the apex possess a self-similar character that can be related to the cosmic web's hierarchical buildup. We find that persistence diagrams provide a significantly higher and more profound level of information on the structure formation process than more global summary statistics like Euler characteristic or Betti numbers., Comment: 23 pages, 14 figures, 1 table. Revised and shortened version, submitted to MNRAS

With the advent of large spectroscopic surveys the amount of high quality chemo-dynamical data in the Milky Way (MW) increased tremendously. Accurately and correctly capturing and explaining the detailed features in the high-quality observational data is notoriously difficult for state-of-the-art numerical models. In order to keep up with the quantity and quality of observational datasets, improved prescriptions for galactic chemical evolution need to be incorporated into the simulations. Here we present a new, flexible, time resolved chemical enrichment model for cosmological simulations. Our model allows to easily change a number of stellar physics parameters such as the shape of the initial mass function (IMF), stellar lifetimes, chemical yields or SN Ia delay times. We implement our model into the Gasoline2 code and perform a series of cosmological simulations varying a number of key parameters, foremost evaluating different stellar yield sets for massive stars from the literature. We find that total metallicity, total iron abundance and gas phase oxygen abundance are robust predictions from different yield sets and in agreement with observational relations. On the other hand, individual element abundances, especially $\alpha$-elements show significant differences across different yield sets and none of our models can simultaneously match constraints on the dwarf and MW mass scale. This offers a unique way of observationally constraining model parameters. For MW mass galaxies we find for most yield tables tested in this work a bimodality in the $[\alpha$/Fe] vs. [Fe/H] plane of rather low intrinsic scatter potentially in tension with the observed abundance scatter., Comment: main text 19 pages and 11 figures, 4 pages of appendix, 23 pages total, python code and data at https://github.com/TobiBu/chemical_enrichment.git. submitted to MNRAS, comments very welcome

The circumgalactic medium (CGM) encodes signatures of the galaxy-formation process, including the interaction of galactic outflows driven by stellar and supermassive black hole (SMBH) feedback with the gaseous halo. Moving beyond spherically symmetric radial profiles, we study the \textit{angular} dependence of CGM properties around $z=0$ massive galaxies in the IllustrisTNG simulations. We characterize the angular signal of density, temperature, and metallicity of the CGM as a function of galaxy stellar mass, halo mass, distance, and SMBH mass, via stacking. TNG predicts that the CGM is anisotropic in its thermodynamical properties and chemical content over a large mass range, $M_*\sim10^{10-11.5}M_\odot$. Along the minor axis directions, gas density is diluted, whereas temperature and metallicity are enhanced. These feedback-induced anisotropies in the CGM have a magnitude of $0.1-0.3$ dex, extend out to the halo virial radius, and peak at Milky Way-like masses, $M_*\sim10^{10.8}M_\odot$. In TNG, this mass scale corresponds to the onset of efficient SMBH feedback and the production of strong outflows. By comparing the anisotropic signals predicted by TNG versus other simulations -- Illustris and EAGLE -- we find that each simulation produces distinct signatures and mass dependencies, implying that this phenomenon is sensitive to the underlying physical models. Finally, we explore X-ray emission as an observable of this CGM anistropy, finding that future X-ray observations, including the eROSITA all-sky survey, will be able to detect and characterize this signal, particularly in terms of an angular modulation of the X-ray hardness., Comment: 19 pages, 9 figures + Appendix. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

We present a detailed study of the shapes and alignments of different galaxy cluster components using hydrodynamical simulations. We compute shape parameters from the Dark Matter (DM) distribution, the galaxy members and the intra-cluster light (ICL). We assess how well the DM cluster shape can be constrained by means of the identified galaxy member positions and the ICL. Further, we address the dilution factor introduced when estimating the cluster elongation using weak-lensing stacking techniques, which arises due to the misalignment between the total surface mass distribution and the distribution of luminous tracers. The dilution is computed considering the alignment between the DM and the Brightest Cluster Galaxy, the galaxy members and the ICL. Our study shows that distributions of galaxy members and ICL are less spherical than the DM component, although both are well aligned with the semi-major axis of the later. We find that the distribution of galaxy members hosted in more concentrated subhalos is more elongated than the distribution of the DM. Moreover, these galaxies are better aligned with the dark matter component compared to the distribution of galaxies hosted in less concentrated subhalos. We conclude that the positions of galaxy members can be used as suitable tracers to estimate the cluster surface density orientation, even when a low number of members is considered. Our results provide useful information for interpreting the constraints on the shapes of galaxy clusters in observational studies., Comment: Submitted MNRAS. 12 pages, 7 figures (+ appendix)

We use galaxies from the IllustrisTNG, MassiveBlack-II and Illustris hydrodynamic simulations to investigate the behaviour of large scale galaxy intrinsic alignments. Our analysis spans four redshift slices over the approximate range of contemporary lensing surveys $z=0-1$. We construct comparable weighted samples from the three simulations, which we then analyse using an alignment model that includes both linear and quadratic alignment contributions. Our data vector includes galaxy-galaxy, galaxy-shape and shape-shape projected correlations, with the joint covariance matrix estimated analytically. In all of the simulations, we report non-zero IAs at the level of several $\sigma$. For a fixed lower mass threshold, we find a relatively strong redshift dependence in all three simulations, with the linear IA amplitude increasing by a factor of $\sim 2$ between redshifts $z=0$ and $z=1$. We report no significant evidence for non-zero values of the tidal torquing amplitude, $A_2$, in TNG, above statistical uncertainties, although MassiveBlack-II favours a moderately negative $A_2\sim-2$. Examining the properties of the TATT model as a function of colour, luminosity and galaxy type (satellite or central), our findings are consistent with the most recent measurements on real data. We also outline a novel method for constraining the TATT model parameters directly from the pixelised tidal field, alongside a proof of concept exercise using TNG. This technique is shown to be promising, although the comparison with previous results obtained via other methods is non-trivial., Comment: 28 pages, 18 Figures; submitted to MNRAS

Upcoming galaxy surveys and 21-cm experiments targeting high redshifts $z\gtrsim 6$ are highly complementary probes of galaxy formation and reionization. However, in order to expedite the large volume simulations relevant for 21-cm observations, many models of galaxies within reionization codes are entirely subgrid and/or rely on halo abundances only. In this work, we explore the extent to which resolving and modeling individual galaxy formation histories affects predictions both for the galaxy populations detectable by upcoming surveys and the signatures of reionization accessible to upcoming 21-cm experiments. We find that a common approach, in which galaxy luminosity is assumed to be a function of halo mass only, is biased with respect to models in which galaxy properties are evolved through time via semi-analytic modeling and thus reflective of the diversity of assembly histories that naturally arise in $N$-body simulations. The diversity of galaxy formation histories also results in scenarios in which the brightest galaxies do \textit{not} always reside in the centers of large ionized regions, as there are often relatively low-mass halos undergoing dramatic, but short-term, growth. This has clear implications for attempts to detect or validate the 21-cm background via cross correlation. Finally, we show that a hybrid approach -- in which only halos hosting galaxies bright enough to be detected in surveys are modeled in detail, with the rest modeled as an unresolved field of halos with abundance related to large-scale overdensity -- is a viable way to generate large-volume `simulations` well-suited to wide-area surveys and current-generation 21-cm experiments targeting relatively large $k \lesssim 1 \ h \ \text{Mpc}^{-1}$ scales., Comment: 17 pages, 14 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

The high redshift Lyman-alpha forest, in particular the Gunn-Peterson trough, is the most unambiguous signature of the neutral to ionized transition of the intergalactic medium (IGM) taking place during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). Recent studies, e.g. Kulkarni et al. (2019a) and Keating et al. (2019), showed that reproducing the observed Lyman-alpha opacities after overlap required a non-monotonous evolution of cosmic emissivity: rising, peaking at z=6, and then decreasing onwards to z=4. Such an evolution is puzzling considering galaxy build-up and the cosmic star formation rate are still continously on the rise at these epochs. Here, we use new RAMSES-CUDATON simulations to show that such a peaked evolution may occur naturally in a fully coupled radiation-hydrodynamical framework. In our fiducial run, cosmic emissivity at z>6 is dominated by a low mass (M$_{\rm DM}, 10 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

In this work, we use the {\sc astraeus} (seminumerical rAdiative tranSfer coupling of galaxy formaTion and Reionization in N-body dArk mattEr simUlationS) framework which couples galaxy formation and reionization in the first billion years. Exploring a number of models for reionization feedback and the escape fraction of ionizing radiation from the galactic environment ($f_\mathrm{esc}$), we quantify how the contribution of star-forming galaxies {(with halo masses $M_h>10^{8.2}$M$_\odot$)} to reionization depends on the radiative feedback model, $f_\mathrm{esc}$, and the environmental over-density. Our key findings are: (i) for constant $f_\mathrm{esc}$ models, intermediate-mass galaxies (with halo masses of $M_h\simeq10^{9-11}$M$_\odot$ and absolute UV magnitudes of $M_{UV} \sim -15$ to $-20$) in intermediate-density regions drive reionization; (ii) scenarios where $f_\mathrm{esc}$ increases with decreasing halo mass shift the galaxy population driving reionization to lower-mass galaxies ($M_h\lesssim10^{9.5}$M$_\odot$) with lower luminosities ($M_{UV} \gtrsim-16$) and over-densities; (iii) reionization imprints its topology on the ionizing emissivity of low-mass galaxies ($M_h\lesssim10^{9}$M$_\odot$) through radiative feedback. Low-mass galaxies experience a stronger suppression of star formation by radiative feedback and show lower ionizing emissivities in over-dense regions; (iv) a change in $f_\mathrm{esc}$ with galaxy properties has the largest impact on the sources of reionization and their detectability, with the radiative feedback strength and environmental over-density playing a sub-dominant role; (v) JWST-surveys (with a limiting magnitude of $M_{UV} = -16$) will be able to detect the galaxies providing $\sim 60-70\%$ ($\sim 10\%$) of reionization photons at $z=7$ for constant $f_\mathrm{esc}$ models (scenarios where $f_\mathrm{esc}$ increases with decreasing halo mass)., 14 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

We present results from a resolved stellar population search for dwarf satellite galaxies of six nearby (D $, Comment: 14 pages, 10 figures. Accepted to MNRAS. Comments welcomed

Cosmological shock waves are ubiquitous to cosmic structure formation and evolution. As a consequence, they play a major role in the energy distribution and thermalization of the intergalactic medium (IGM). We analyze the Mach number distribution in the Dianoga simulations of galaxy clusters performed with the SPH code GADGET-3. The simulations include the effects of radiative cooling, star formation, metal enrichment, supernova and active galactic nuclei feedback. A grid-based shock-finding algorithm is applied in post-processing to the outputs of the simulations. This procedure allows us to explore in detail the distribution of shocked cells and their strengths as a function of cluster mass, redshift and baryonic physics. We also pay special attention to the connection between shock waves and the cool-core/non-cool core (CC/NCC) state and the global dynamical status of the simulated clusters. In terms of general shock statistics, we obtain a broad agreement with previous works, with weak (low-Mach number) shocks filling most of the volume and processing most of the total thermal energy flux. As a function of cluster mass, we find that massive clusters seem more efficient in thermalising the IGM and tend to show larger external accretion shocks than less massive systems. We do not find any relevant difference between CC and NCC clusters. However, we find a mild dependence of the radial distribution of the shock Mach number on the cluster dynamical state, with disturbed systems showing stronger shocks than regular ones throughout the cluster volume., Comment: 19 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

One of the main predictions of excursion set theory is that the clustering of dark matter haloes only depends on halo mass. However, it has been long established that the clustering of haloes also depends on other properties, including formation time, concentration, and spin; this effect is commonly known as halo assembly bias. We use a suite of gravity-only simulations to study the dependence of halo assembly bias on cosmology; these simulations cover cosmological parameters spanning 10$\sigma$ around state-of-the-art best-fitting values, including standard extensions of the $\Lambda$CDM paradigm such as neutrino mass and dynamical dark energy. We find that the strength of halo assembly bias presents variations smaller than 0.05 dex across all cosmologies studied for concentration and spin selected haloes, letting us conclude that the dependence of halo assembly bias upon cosmology is negligible. We then study the dependence of galaxy assembly bias (i.e. the manifestation of halo assembly bias in galaxy clustering) on cosmology using subhalo abundance matching. We find that galaxy assembly bias also presents very small dependence upon cosmology ($\sim$ 2$\%$-4$\%$ of the total clustering); on the other hand, we find that the dependence of this signal on the galaxy formation parameters of our galaxy model is much stronger. Taken together, these results let us conclude that the dependence of halo and galaxy assembly bias on cosmology is practically negligible., Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures. Submitted to MNRAS, comments welcome

We present strong-lensing analyses of three galaxy clusters, RXJ2129.4+0009 (z=0.235), MS0451.6-0305 (z=0.55), and MACSJ2129.4-0741 (z=0.589), using the powerful combination of Hubble Space Telescope (HST) multi-band observations, and Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) spectroscopy. In RXJ2129, we newly spectroscopically confirm 15 cluster members. Our resulting mass model uses 8 multiple image systems as we include a galaxy-galaxy lensing system North-East of the cluster, and is composed of 71 halos including one dark matter cluster-scale halo and 2 galaxy-scale halos optimized individually. For MS0451, we report the spectroscopic identification of 2 new systems of multiple images in the Northern region, and 112 cluster members. Our mass model uses 16 multiple image systems, and 146 halos, including 2 large-scale halos, and 7 galaxy-scale halos independently optimized. For MACSJ2129, we report the spectroscopic identification of one new multiple image system at z=4.41, and newly measure spectroscopic redshifts for 4 cluster members. Our mass model uses 14 multiple image systems, and is composed of 151 halos, including 2 large-scale halos and 4 galaxy-scale halos independently optimized. Our best models have rms of 0.29'', 0.6'', 0.74'' in the image plane for RXJ2129, MS0451, and MACSJ2129 respectively. This analysis presents a detailed comparison with the existing literature showing excellent agreements, and discuss specific studies of lensed galaxies, e.g. a group of submilimeter galaxies at z=2.9 in MS0451, and a bright z=2.1472 red singly imaged galaxy in MACSJ2129., 25 pages, 10 figures, 13 tables, accepted in MNRAS

Galaxy clusters provide an excellent probe in various research fields in astrophysics and cosmology. However, the number of galaxy clusters detected so far in the $AKARI$ North Ecliptic Pole (NEP) field is limited. In this work, we provide galaxy cluster candidates in the $AKARI$ NEP field with the minimum requisites based only on coordinates and photometric redshift (photo-$z$) of galaxies. We used galaxies detected in 5 optical bands ($g$, $r$, $i$, $z$, and $Y$) by the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC), assisted with $u$-band from Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) MegaPrime/MegaCam, and IRAC1 and IRAC2 bands from the $Spitzer$ space telescope for photo-$z$ estimation. We calculated the local density around every galaxy using the 10$^{th}$-nearest neighbourhood. Cluster candidates were determined by applying the friends-of-friends algorithm to over-densities. 88 cluster candidates containing 4390 member galaxies below redshift 1.1 in 5.4 deg$^2$ have been detected. The reliability of our method was examined through false detection tests, redshift uncertainty tests, and applications on the COSMOS data, giving false detection rates of 0.01 to 0.05 and recovery rate of 0.9 at high richness. 3 X-ray clusters previously observed by $ROSAT$ and $Chandra$ were recovered. The cluster galaxies show higher stellar mass and lower star formation rate (SFR) compared to the field galaxies in two-sample Z-tests. These cluster candidates are useful for environmental studies of galaxy evolution and future astronomical surveys in the NEP, where $AKARI$ has performed unique 9-band mid-infrared photometry for tens of thousands of galaxies., Comment: 19 pages, 16 figures, has been accepted for publication in MNRAS

Core formation and runaway core collapse in models with self-interacting dark matter (SIDM) significantly alter the central density profiles of collapsed halos. Using a forward modeling inference framework with simulated datasets, we demonstrate that flux ratios in quadruple image strong gravitational lenses can detect the unique structural properties of SIDM halos, and statistically constrain the amplitude and velocity dependence of the interaction cross section in halos with masses between $10^6 - 10^{10} M_{\odot}$. Measurements on these scales probe self-interactions at velocities below $30 \ \rm{km} \ \rm{s^{-1}}$, a relatively unexplored regime of parameter space, complimenting constraints at higher velocities from galaxies and clusters. We cast constraints on the amplitude and velocity dependence of the interaction cross section in terms of $\sigma_{20}$, the cross section amplitude at $20 \ \rm{km} \ \rm{s^{-1}}$. With 50 lenses, a sample size available in the near future, and flux ratios measured from spatially compact mid-IR emission around the background quasar, we forecast $\sigma_{20} < 11-23 \ \rm{cm^2} \rm{g^{-1}}$ at $95 \%$ CI, depending on the amplitude of the subhalo mass function, and assuming cold dark matter (CDM). Alternatively, if $\sigma_{20} = 19.2 \ \rm{cm^2}\rm{g^{-1}}$ we can rule out CDM with a likelihood ratio of 20:1, assuming an amplitude of the subhalo mass function that results from doubly-efficient tidal disruption in the Milky Way relative to massive elliptical galaxies. These results demonstrate that strong lensing of compact, unresolved sources can constrain SIDM structure on sub-galactic scales across cosmological distances, and the evolution of SIDM density profiles over several Gyr of cosmic time., Comment: matches version accepted to MNRAS

It has long been argued that the radial distribution of globular clusters (GCs) in the Fornax dwarf galaxy requires its dark matter halo to have a core of size $\sim 1$ kpc. We revisit this argument by investigating analogues of Fornax formed in E-MOSAICS, a cosmological hydrodynamical simulation that self-consistently follows the formation and evolution of GCs in the EAGLE galaxy formation model. In EAGLE, Fornax-mass haloes are cuspy and well described by the Navarro-Frenk-White profile. We post-process the E-MOSAICS to account for GC orbital decay by dynamical friction, which is not included in the original model. Dynamical friction causes 33 per cent of GCs with masses $M_{\rm GC}\geq4\times10^4 {~\rm M_\odot}$ to sink to the centre of their host where they are tidally disrupted. Fornax has a total of five GCs, an exceptionally large number compared to other galaxies of similar stellar mass. In the simulations, we find that only 3 per cent of the Fornax analogues have five or more GCs, while 30 per cent have only one and 35 per cent have none. We find that GC systems in satellites are more centrally concentrated than in field dwarfs, and that those formed in situ (45 per cent) are more concentrated than those that were accreted. The survival probability of a GC increases rapidly with the radial distance at which it formed ($r_{\rm init}$): it is 37 per cent for GCs with $r_{\rm init} \leq 1$ kpc and 92 per cent for GCs with $r_{\rm init} \geq 1$ kpc. The present-day radial distribution of GCs in E-MOSAICS turns out to be indistinguishable from that in Fornax, demonstrating that, contrary to claims in the literature, the presence of five GCs in the central kiloparsec of Fornax does not exclude a cuspy DM halo., 15 pages, 13 figures. submitted to MNRAS, comments welcome!

We report the discovery of an intrinsically faint, quintuply-imaged, dusty galaxy MACS0600-z6 at a redshift $z=$6.07 viewed through the cluster MACSJ0600.1-2008 ($z$=0.46). A $\simeq4\sigma$ dust detection is seen at 1.2mm as part of the ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey (ALCS), an on-going ALMA Large program, and the redshift is secured via [C II] 158 $\mu$m emission described in a companion paper. In addition, spectroscopic follow-up with GMOS/Gemini-North shows a break in the galaxy's spectrum, consistent with the Lyman break at that redshift. We use a detailed mass model of the cluster and infer a magnification $\mu\gtrsim$30 for the most magnified image of this galaxy, which provides an unprecedented opportunity to probe the physical properties of a sub-luminous galaxy at the end of cosmic reionisation. Based on the spectral energy distribution, we infer lensing-corrected stellar and dust masses of $\rm{2.9^{+11.5}_{-2.3}\times10^9}$ and $\rm{4.8^{+4.5}_{-3.4}\times10^6}$ $\rm{M_{\odot}}$ respectively, a star formation rate of $\rm{9.7^{+22.0}_{-6.6} M_{\odot} yr^{-1}}$, an intrinsic size of $\rm{0.54^{+0.26}_{-0.14}}$ kpc, and a luminosity-weighted age of 200$\pm$100 Myr. Strikingly, the dust production rate in this relatively young galaxy appears to be larger than that observed for equivalent, lower redshift sources. We discuss if this implies that early supernovae are more efficient dust producers and the consequences for using dust mass as a probe of earlier star formation., Comment: submitted to MNRAS, revised version after including referee's comments

We present a neural-network emulator for baryonic effects in the non-linear matter power spectrum. We calibrate this emulator using more than 50,000 measurements in a 15-dimensional parameters space, varying cosmology and baryonic physics. Baryonic physics is described through a baryonification algorithm, that has been shown to accurately capture the relevant effects on the power spectrum and bispectrum in state-of-the-art hydrodynamical simulations. Cosmological parameters are sampled using a cosmology-rescaling approach including massive neutrinos and dynamical dark energy. The specific quantity we emulate is the ratio between matter power spectrum with baryons and gravity-only, and we estimate the overall precision of the emulator to be 1-2%, at all scales 0.01 < k < 5 h/Mpc, and redshifts 0 < z < 1.5. We also obtain an accuracy of 1-2%, when testing the emulator against a collection of 74 different cosmological hydrodynamical simulations and their respective gravity-only counterparts. We show also that only one baryonic parameter, namely Mc, which set the gas fraction retained per halo mass, is enough to have accurate and realistic predictions of the baryonic feedback at a given epoch. Our emulator will become publicly available in http://www.dipc.org/bacco., 13 pages, 11 figures. Comments are welcome

The imprints of large-scale structures on the Cosmic Microwave Background can be studied via the CMB lensing and Integrated Sachs-Wolfe (ISW) signals. In particular, the stacked ISW signal around supervoids has been claimed in several works to be anomalously high. In this study, we find cluster and void superstructures using four tomographic redshift bins with $0, Comment: 14 pages, 10 figures, revised to match the accepted version on MNRAS

Water megamasers at 22 GHz with a gas disk configuration in galaxies provide the most precise measurements of supermassive black hole masses, as well as independent constraints on the Hubble constant in the nearby universe. The existence of other maser types, such as jet or outflow masers, represents another tracer for AGN science. However, the detection rate of water megamasers in galaxies is extremely low. Over 40 years, only $\sim$ 160 galaxies are found to harbour maser emission, and $\sim$ 30\% of them show features in their maser emission that indicate a disk-like geometry. Therefore, increasing the detection rate of masers is a crucial task to allow expanding on maser studies. We present a comparison of mid-infrared spectroscopic data between a maser galaxy sample and a Seyfert 2 control sample. We find that maser galaxies show significant peculiarities in their mid-infrared spectra: (1) Maser galaxies tend to present stronger silicate absorption at $\tau$ 9.7 $\mu$m than the control sample, (2) PAH 11.3 $\mu$m emission in maser galaxies is much weaker than in the control sample, (3) spectral indices at 20-30 $\mu$m are steeper in maser galaxies than in the control sample and tend to be mid-infrared enhanced population. We conclude that there may be good indicators in mid-infrared and far-infrared which could differentiate maser and non-maser Seyfert 2 galaxies. Upcoming infrared facilities, such as the James Webb Space Telescope, may be able to exploit these and other useful criteria and tracers for water megamaser observations., Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, 1 appendix; accepted for publication in MNRAS

Baryon Acoustic Oscillations are considered to be a very robust standard ruler against various systematics. This premise has been tested against observational systematics, but not to the level required for the next generation of galaxy surveys such as the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) and Euclid. In this paper, we investigate the effect of observational systematics on the BAO measurement of the final sample of quasars from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey Data Release 16 in order to prepare and hone a similar analysis for upcoming surveys. We employ catalogues with various treatments of imaging systematic effects using linear and neural network-based nonlinear approaches and consider how the BAO measurement changes. We also test how the variations to the BAO fitting model respond to the observational systematics. As expected, we confirm that the BAO measurements obtained from the DR16 quasar sample are robust against imaging systematics well within the statistical error, while reporting slightly modified constraints that shift the line-of-sight BAO signal by less than 1.1% . We use realistic simulations with similar redshift and angular distributions as the DR16 sample to conduct statistical tests for validating the pipeline, quantifying the significance of differences, and estimating the expected bias on the BAO scale in future high-precision data sets. Although we find a marginal impact for the eBOSS QSO data, the work presented here is of vital importance for constraining the nature of dark energy with the BAO feature in the new era of big data cosmology with DESI and Euclid., 14 pages and 16 figures, comments are welcome

As weak lensing surveys are becoming deeper and cover larger areas, information will be available on small angular scales down to the arcmin level. To extract this extra information, accurate modelling of baryonic effects is necessary. In this work, we adopt a baryonic correction model, which includes gas both bound inside and ejected from dark matter (DM) haloes, a central galaxy, and changes in the DM profile induced by baryons. We use this model to incorporate baryons into a large suite of DM-only $N$-body simulations, covering a grid of 75 cosmologies in the $\Omega_\mathrm{m}-\sigma_8$ parameter space. We investigate how baryons affect Gaussian and non-Gaussian weak lensing statistics and the cosmological parameter inferences from these statistics. Our results show that marginalizing over baryonic parameters degrades the constraints in $\Omega_\mathrm{m}-\sigma_8$ space by a factor of $2-4$ compared to those with baryonic parameters fixed. We investigate the contribution of each baryonic component to this degradation, and find that the distance to which gas is ejected (from AGN feedback) has the largest impact due to its degeneracy with cosmological parameters. External constraints on this parameter, either from other datasets or from a better theoretical understanding of AGN feedback, can significantly mitigate the impact of baryons in an HSC-like survey., Comment: 15 pages, 14 figures

The use of continuum emission radio galaxies as cosmological tracers of the large-scale structure will soon move into a new phase. Upcoming surveys from the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP), MeerKAT, and the Square Kilometre Array project (SKA) will survey the entire available sky down to an ~100uJy flux limit, increasing the number of detected extra-galactic radio sources by several orders of magnitude. External data and machine learning algorithms will also enable some low resolution radial selection (photometric redshift binning) of the sample, increasing the cosmological utility of the sample observed. In this paper, we discuss the flux limit required to detect enough galaxies to decrease the shot noise term in the error to be 10% of the total. We show how future surveys of this type will be limited by available technology. The confusion generated by the intrinsic sizes of galaxies may have the consequence that surveys of this type eventually reach a hard flux limit of ~100nJy, as is predicted by the current modelling of AGN sizes by simulations such as the Tiered Radio Extragalactic Continuum Simulation (T-RECS). Finally, when considering the multi-tracer approach, where galaxies are split by type to measure some bias ratio, we find that there are not enough AGN present to achieve a reasonable level of shot noise for this kind of measurement., 10 pages, 8 figures, submitted to the journal

Despite being designed as an interferometer, the MeerKAT radio array (an SKA pathfinder) can also be used in autocorrelation (`single-dish') mode, where each dish scans the sky independently. Operating in this mode allows extremely high survey speeds to be achieved, albeit at significantly lower angular resolution. We investigate the recovery of the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) scale from multipoles of the redshift-space correlation function as measured by a low angular resolution 21cm intensity mapping survey of this kind. Our approach is to construct an analytic model of the multipoles of the correlation function and their covariance matrix that includes foreground contamination and beam resolution effects, which we then use to generate an ensemble of mock data vectors from which we attempt to recover the BAO scale. In line with previous studies, we find that recovery of the transverse BAO scale $\alpha_{\perp}$ is hampered by the strong smoothing effect of the instrumental beam with increasing redshift, while the radial scale $\alpha_\parallel$ is much more robust. The multipole formalism naturally incorporates transverse information when it is available however, and so there is no need to perform a radial-only analysis. In particular, the quadrupole of the correlation function preserves a distinctive BAO `bump' feature even for large smoothing scales. We also investigate the robustness of BAO scale recovery to beam model accuracy, severity of the foreground removal cuts, and accuracy of the covariance matrix model, finding in all cases that the radial BAO scale can be recovered in an accurate, unbiased manner., Comment: Updated to MNRAS accepted version. 20 pages, 14 figures. For the busy reader: see Figs. 4, 5, and 8

We present resolved thermodynamic profiles out to 500 kpc, about $r_{500}$, of the $z=1.75$ galaxy cluster IDCS J1426.5+3508 with 40 kpc resolution. Thanks to the combination of Sunyaev-Zel'dovich and X-ray datasets, IDCS J1426.5+3508 becomes the most distant cluster with resolved thermodynamic profiles. These are derived assuming a non-parametric pressure profile and a very flexible model for the electron density profile. The shape of the pressure profile is flatter than the universal pressure profile. The IDCS J1426.5+3508 temperature profile is increasing radially out to 500 kpc. To identify the possible future evolution of IDCS J1426.5+3508 , we compared it with its local descendants that numerical simulations show to be $0.65\pm0.12$ dex more massive. We found no evolution at 30 kpc, indicating a fine tuning between cooling and heating at small radii. At $30, Comment: MNRAS, in press. In v2 we only corrected author affiliations and spelling

The invariance of the speed of light in the distant universe has profound significance for fundamental physics. In this paper, we propose a new model-independent method to test the invariance of the speed of light $c$ at different redshifts by combining the strong gravitational lensing (SGL) systems and the observations of type-Ia supernovae (SNe Ia). All the quantities used to test the deviation of $c$ come from the direct observations, and the absolute magnitudes of SNe Ia need not to be calibrated. Our results show that the speed of light in the distant universe is no obvious deviation from the constant value $c_0$ within the uncertainty based on current observations. Moreover, we conclude that the currently compiled SGL and SNe Ia Pantheon samples may achieve much higher precision $\Delta c/c\sim10^{-2}$ for the deviation of $c$ than all previously considered approaches. The forthcoming data from the Legacy Survey of Space and Time and Wide-Field InfraRed Space Telescope will achieve more stringent testing for deviation of the SOL (at the level of $\Delta c/c \sim10^{-3}$) by using our model-independent method. Finally, we discuss the potential ways in which our technique might be improved, focusing on the treatment of possible sources of systematic uncertainties., Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

Scalar Field Dark Matter (SFDM) comprised of ultralight bosons has attracted great interest as an alternative to standard, collisionless Cold Dark Matter (CDM) because of its novel structure-formation dynamics, described by the coupled Schr\"odinger-Poisson equations. In the free-field ("fuzzy") limit of SFDM (FDM), structure is inhibited below the de Broglie wavelength, but resembles CDM on larger scales. Virialized haloes have "solitonic" cores of radius $\sim\lambda_\text{deB}$, surrounded by CDM-like envelopes. When a strong enough repulsive self-interaction (SI) is also present, structure can be inhibited below a second length scale, $\lambda_\text{SI}$, with $\lambda_\text{SI}> \lambda_\text{deB}$ -- called the Thomas-Fermi (TF) regime. FDM dynamics differs from CDM because of quantum pressure, and SFDM-TF differs further by adding SI pressure. In the small-$\lambda_\text{deB}$ limit, however, we can model all three by fluid conservation equations for a compressible, $\gamma=5/3$ ideal gas, with ideal gas pressure sourced by internal velocity dispersion and, for the TF regime, an added SI pressure, $P_\text{SI}\propto \rho^2$. We use these fluid equations to simulate halo formation from gravitational collapse in 1D, spherical symmetry, demonstrating for the first time that SFDM-TF haloes form with cores the size of $R_\text{TF}$, the radius of an SI-pressure-supported $(n=1)$-polytrope, surrounded by CDM-like envelopes. In comparison with rotation curves of dwarf galaxies in the local Universe, SFDM-TF haloes pass the ["too-big-to-fail" + "cusp-core"]-test if $R_\text{TF}\gtrsim 1$ kpc., Comment: 27 pages, 11 figures, accepted by MNRAS 06/28/21, comments welcome

The quasar target selection for the upcoming survey of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) will be fixed for the next 5 yr. The aim of this work is to validate the quasar selection by studying the impact of imaging systematics as well as stellar and galactic contaminants, and to develop a procedure to mitigate them. Density fluctuations of quasar targets are found to be related to photometric properties such as seeing and depth of the Data Release 9 of the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys. To model this complex relation, we explore machine learning algorithms (random forest and multilayer perceptron) as an alternative to the standard linear regression. Splitting the footprint of the Legacy Imaging Surveys into three regions according to photometric properties, we perform an independent analysis in each region, validating our method using extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) EZ-mocks. The mitigation procedure is tested by comparing the angular correlation of the corrected target selection on each photometric region to the angular correlation function obtained using quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 16. With our procedure, we recover a similar level of correlation between DESI quasar targets and SDSS quasars in two-thirds of the total footprint and we show that the excess of correlation in the remaining area is due to a stellar contamination that should be removed with DESI spectroscopic data. We derive the Limber parameters in our three imaging regions and compare them to previous measurements from SDSS and the 2dF QSO Redshift Survey., This research is supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231, and by the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, a DOE Office of Science User Facility under the same contract; additional support for DESI is provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation, Division of Astronomical Sciences under contract no. AST-0950945 to the NSF’s National Optical–Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory; the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; the Heising-Simons Foundation; the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA); the National Council of Science and Technology, Mexico; the Ministry of Economy of Spain, and by the DESI Member Institutions. ADM was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics, under Award Number DE-SC0019022.

The transmission of Lyman-{\alpha} (Ly{\alpha}) in the spectra of distant quasars depends on the density, temperature, and ionization state of the intergalactic medium (IGM). Therefore, high-redshift (z > 5) Ly{\alpha} forests could be invaluable in studying the late stages of the epoch of reionization (EoR), as well as properties of the sources that drive it. Indeed, high-quality quasar spectra have now firmly established the existence of large-scale opacity fluctuations at z > 5, whose physical origins are still debated. Here we introduce a Bayesian framework capable of constraining the EoR and galaxy properties by forward-modelling the high-z Ly{\alpha} forest. Using priors from galaxy and CMB observations, we demonstrate that the final overlap stages of the EoR (when >95% of the volume was ionized) should occur at z < 5.6, in order to reproduce the large-scale opacity fluctuations seen in forest spectra. However, it is the combination of patchy reionization and the inhomogeneous UV background that produces the longest Gunn-Peterson troughs. Ly{\alpha} forest observations tighten existing constraints on the characteristic ionizing escape fraction of galaxies, with the combined observations suggesting f_{\rm esc} \approx 7^4_3%, and disfavoring a strong evolution with the galaxy's halo (or stellar) mass., Comment: 19 pages, 11 figures, submitted to MNRAS, comments are welcome

Due to the finite amount of observational data, the best-fit parameters corresponding to the reconstructed cluster mass have uncertainties. In turn, these uncertainties affect the inferences made from these mass models. Following our earlier work, we have studied the effect of such uncertainties on the singularity maps in simulated and actual galaxy clusters. The mass models for both simulated and real clusters have been constructed using grale. The final best-fit mass models created using grale give the simplest singularity maps and a lower limit on the number of point singularities that a lens has to offer. The simple nature of these singularity maps also puts a lower limit on the number of three image (tangential and radial) arcs that a cluster lens has. Hence, we estimate the number of galaxy sources giving rise to the three image arcs, which can be observed with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). We find that we expect to observe at least 20-30 tangential and 5-10 radial three-image arcs in the Hubble Frontier Fields cluster lenses with the JWST., Comment: 15 pages, 7 figures. Accepted in MNRAS

An important route to testing General Relativity (GR) at cosmological scales is usually done by constraining modified gravity (MG) parameters added to the Einstein perturbed equations. Most studies have analyzed so far constraints on pairs of MG parameters, but here, we explore constraints on one parameter at a time while fixing the other at its GR value. This allows us to analyze various models while benefiting from a stronger constraining power from the data. We also explore which specific datasets are in tension with GR. We find that models with ($\mu=1$, $\eta$) and ($\mu$, $\eta=1$) exhibit a 3.9-$\sigma$ and 3.8-$\sigma$ departure from GR when using Planck18+SNe+BAO, while ($\mu$, $\eta$) shows a tension of 3.4-$\sigma$. We find no tension with GR for models with the MG parameter $\Sigma$ fixed to its GR value. Using a Bayesian model selection analysis, we find that some one-parameter MG models are moderately favored over $\Lambda$CDM when using all dataset combinations except Planck CMB Lensing and DES data. Namely, Planck18 shows a moderate tension with GR that only increases when adding any combination of RSD, SNe, or BAO. However, adding lensing diminishes or removes these tensions, which can be attributed to the ability of lensing in constraining the MG parameter $\Sigma$. The two overall groups of datasets are found to have a dichotomy when performing consistency tests with GR, which may be due to systematic effects, lack of constraining power, or modelling. These findings warrant further investigation using more precise data from ongoing and future surveys., Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures. Matches the published version on 06/24/2021. A Python wrapper for the system ISiTGR is also released with this paper and available at https://github.com/mishakb/ISiTGR

In the late 1990's, observations of 93 Type Ia supernovae were analysed in the framework of the FLRW cosmology assuming these to be `standard(isable) candles'. It was thus inferred that the Hubble expansion rate is accelerating as if driven by a positive Cosmological Constant $\Lambda$. This is still the only direct evidence for the `dark energy' that is the dominant component of the standard $\Lambda$CDM cosmological model. Other data such as BAO, CMB anisotropies, stellar ages, the rate of structure growth, etc are all `concordant' with this model but do not provide independent evidence for accelerated expansion. Analysis of a larger sample of 740 SNe Ia shows that these are not quite standard candles, and highlights the "corrections" applied to analyse the data in the FLRW framework. The latter holds in the reference frame in which the CMB is isotropic, whereas observations are made in our heliocentric frame in which the CMB has a large dipole anisotropy. This is assumed to be of kinematic origin i.e. due to our non-Hubble motion driven by local inhomogeneity in the matter distribution. The $\Lambda$CDM model predicts how this peculiar velocity should fall off as the averaging scale is raised and the universe becomes sensibly homogeneous. However observations of the local `bulk flow' are inconsistent with this expectation and convergence to the CMB frame is not seen. Moreover the kinematic interpretation implies a corresponding dipole in the sky distribution of high redshift quasars, which is rejected by observations at 4.9$\sigma$. The acceleration of the Hubble expansion rate is also anisotropic at 3.9$\sigma$ and aligned with the bulk flow. Thus dark energy may be an artefact of analysing data assuming that we are idealised observers in an FLRW universe, when in fact the real universe is inhomogeneous and anisotropic out to distances large enough to impact on cosmological analyses., Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures, 4 tables

We study the halo mass function and inner halo structure at high redshifts ($z\geq5$) for a suite of simulations within the structure formation ETHOS framework. Scenarios such as cold dark matter (CDM), thermal warm dark matter (WDM), and dark acoustic oscillations (DAO) of various strengths are contained in ETHOS with just two parameters $h_{\rm peak}$ and $k_{\rm peak}$, the amplitude and scale of the first DAO peak. The Extended Press-Schechter (EPS) formalism with a smooth-$k$ filter is able to predict the cut-off in the halo mass function created by the suppression of small scale power in ETHOS models (controlled by $k_{\rm peak}$), as well as the slope at small masses that is dependent on $h_{\rm peak}$. Interestingly, we find that DAOs introduce a localized feature in the mass distribution of haloes, resulting in a mass function that is distinct in shape compared to either CDM or WDM. We find that the halo density profiles of ${\it all}$ ETHOS models are well described by the NFW profile, with a concentration that is lower than in the CDM case in a way that is regulated by $k_{\rm peak}$. We show that the concentration-mass relation for DAO models can be well approximated by the mass assembly model based on the extended Press-Schechter theory, which has been proposed for CDM and WDM elsewhere. Our results can be used to perform inexpensive calculations of the halo mass function and concentration-mass relation within the ETHOS parametrization without the need of $N-$body simulations., 11 pages, 12 figures; Updated version accepted for publication in MNRAS

In previous works we have derived a Running Vacuum Model (RVM) for a string Universe, which provides an effective description of the evolution of 4-dimensional string-inspired cosmologies from inflation till the present epoch. In the context of this "stringy RVM" version, it is assumed that the early Universe is characterised by purely gravitational degrees of freedom, from the massless gravitational string multiplet, including the antisymmetric tensor field. The latter plays an important role, since its dual gives rise to a `stiff' gravitational-axion "matter", which in turn couples to the gravitational anomaly terms, assumed to be non-trivial at early epochs. In the presence of primordial gravitational wave (GW) perturbations, such anomalous couplings lead to an RVM-like dynamical inflation, without external inflatons. We review here this framework and discuss potential scenarios for the generation of such primordial GW, among which the formation of unstable domain walls, which eventually collapse in a non-spherical-symmetric manner, giving rise to GW. We also remark that the same type of "stiff" axionic matter could provide, upon the generation of appropriate potentials during the post-inflationary eras, (part of) the Dark Matter (DM) in the Universe, which could well be ultralight, depending on the parameters of the string-inspired model. All in all, the new (stringy) mechanism for RVM-inflation preserves the basic structure of the original (and more phenomenological) RVM, as well as its main advantages: namely, a mechanism for graceful exit and for generating a huge amount of entropy capable of explaining the horizon problem. It also predicts axionic DM and the existence of mild dynamical Dark Energy (DE) of quintessence type in the present universe, both being "living fossils" of the inflationary stages of the cosmic evolution., Comment: 75 pages revtex, 6 pdf figures incorporated

It has been proposed that gravothermal collapse due to dark matter self-interactions (i.e. self-interacting dark matter, SIDM) can explain the observed diversity of the Milky Way (MW) satellites' central dynamical masses. We investigate the process behind this hypothesis using an $N$-body simulation of a MW-analogue halo with velocity dependent self-interacting dark matter (vdSIDM) in which the low velocity self-scattering cross-section, $\sigma_{T}/m_{x}$, reaches 100 cm$^{2}$g$^{-1}$; we dub this model the vd100 model. We compare the results of this simulation to simulations of the same halo that employ different dark models, including cold dark matter (CDM) and other, less extreme SIDM models. The masses of the vd100 haloes are very similar to their CDM counterparts, but the values of their maximum circular velocities, $V_{max}$, are significantly higher. We determine that these high $V_{max}$ subhaloes were objects in the mass range [$5\times10^{6}$, $1\times10^{8}$] $M_\odot$ at $z=1$ that undergo gravothermal core collapse. These collapsed haloes have density profiles that are described by single power laws down to the resolution limit of the simulation, and the inner slope of this density profile is approximately $-3$. Resolving the ever decreasing collapsed region is challenging, and tailored simulations will be required to model the runaway instability accurately at scales $, Comment: 13 pages, 14 figures. Version accepted by MNRAS. Contact: hannah.c.turner@durham.ac.uk; doi: 10.1093/mnras/stab1725

All estimators of the two-point correlation function are based on a random catalogue, a set of points with no intrinsic clustering following the selection function of a survey. High-accuracy estimates require the use of large random catalogues, which imply a high computational cost. We propose to replace the standard random catalogues by glass-like point distributions or glass catalogues, which are characterized by a power spectrum $P(k)\propto k^4$ and exhibit significantly less power than a Poisson distribution with the same number of points on scales larger than the mean inter-particle separation. We show that these distributions can be obtained by iteratively applying the technique of Zeldovich reconstruction commonly used in studies of baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO). We provide a modified version of the widely used Landy-Szalay estimator of the correlation function adapted to the use of glass catalogues and compare its performance with the results obtained using random samples. Our results show that glass-like samples do not add any bias with respect to the results obtained using Poisson distributions. On scales larger than the mean inter-particle separation of the glass catalogues, the modified estimator leads to a significant reduction of the variance of the Legendre multipoles $\xi_\ell(s)$ with respect to the standard Landy-Szalay results with the same number of points. The size of the glass catalogue required to achieve a given accuracy in the correlation function is significantly smaller than when using random samples. Even considering the small additional cost of constructing the glass catalogues, their use could help to drastically reduce the computational cost of configuration-space clustering analysis of future surveys while maintaining high-accuracy requirements., Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, minor changes to match version accepted by MNRAS

(Abridged) Several phenomena in astrophysics generate light curves with time delays. Among these are reverberation mapping, and lensed quasars. In some systems, the measurement of the time-delay is complicated by the fact that the delayed components are unresolved and that the light curves are generated from a red-noise process. We derive the likelihood function of the observations given a model of either a combination of time-delayed light curves or a single light curve. This likelihood function is different from the auto-correlation function. We demonstrate that given a single-band light curve that is a combination of two (or more) time-shifted copies of an original light curve, generated from a red-noise probability distribution, we can test if the total-flux light curve is a composition of time-delayed copies or, alternatively, is consistent with being the original light curve. Furthermorew, in some realistic cases, it is possible to measure the time delays and flux ratios between these unresolved components even when the flux ratio is about 1/10. This method is useful for identifying lensed quasars and simultaneously measuring their time delays, and for estimating the reverberation time scales of active galactic nuclei. In a companion paper, we derive a method that uses the center-of-light position (e.g., of a lensed quasar) along with the combined flux. This allow us to identify lensed quasars and supernovae and measure their time delays, with higher fidelity compared to the flux-only method. The astrometry + flux method, however, is not suitable for quasar reverberation mapping. We also comment on the commonly used method of fitting a power-law model to a power spectrum, and present the proper likelihood function for such a fit. We test the new method on simulations and provide Python and MATLAB implementations., Submitted to MNRAS, 16 pp, 17 figures

Within the $\Lambda$CDM model, measurements from recent Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and weak lensing (WL) surveys have uncovered a $\sim 3\sigma$ disagreement in the inferred value of the parameter $S_8 \equiv \sigma_8\sqrt{\Omega_m/0.3}$, quantifying the amplitude of late-time matter fluctuations. Before questioning whether the $S_8$ discrepancy calls for new physics, it is important to assess the view of measurements other than CMB and WL ones on the discrepancy. Here, we examine the role of measurements of the growth rate $f(z)$ in arbitrating the $S_8$ discrepancy, considering measurements of $f\sigma_8(z)$ from Redshift-Space Distortions (RSD). Our baseline analysis combines RSD measurements with geometrical measurements from Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) and Type Ia Supernovae (SNeIa), given the key role of the latter in constraining $\Omega_m$. From this combination and within the $\Lambda$CDM model we find $S_8 = 0.762^{+0.030}_{-0.025}$, and quantify the agreement between RSD+BAO+SNeIa and \textit{Planck} to be at the $2.2\sigma$ level: the mild disagreement is therefore compatible with a statistical fluctuation. We discuss combinations of RSD measurements with other datasets, including the $E_G$ statistic. This combination increases the discrepancy with \textit{Planck}, but we deem it significantly less robust. Our earlier results are stable against an extension where we allow the dark energy equation of state $w$ to vary. We conclude that, from the point of view of combined growth rate and geometrical measurements, there are hints, but no strong evidence yet, for the \textit{Planck} $\Lambda$CDM cosmology over-predicting the amplitude of matter fluctuations at redshifts $z \lesssim 1$. From this perspective, it might therefore still be premature to claim the need for new physics from the $S_8$ discrepancy., Comment: 13 pages, 1 table, 3 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS