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In the remote districts of the Dar Es Salaam periphery, low density and urban sprawl do not facilitate connection to basic urban infrastructures. Through the analysis of the district of Ilala, this article focuses on the modalities and effects of electrification of these areas located at the end of the network. Strongly supported by the inhabitants, TANESCO's access to electricity is finally made possible, thanks to the subsidized extension of its networks, thus quickly relegating the few off-grid backup electrical systems (generators, solar systems). But counter-intuitively, the arrival of electricity does not mean that other pre-existing energy sources (such as kerosene and coal) disappear. In these intermediate areas between the city and the countryside, there is rather an 'energy diversification', resulting from the widening of the available offers: users quickly adopt electricity to access new services more easily (television, refrigerator, light bulb) while continuing to prefer non-electric energy for other domestic uses (cooking and ironing with coal, for example; or occasional lighting and rapid cooking with kerosene). Less expensive, easily available, requiring minimal equipment, these so-called traditional energies will continue to be used alongside new exclusively electrical uses. This diversification is neglected in the country's energy strategy, which focuses on electricity despite the financial difficulties in implementing it. Documented in the literature, the explanatory factors of household fuel choices are usually centered on user practices, but more rarely placed in a broader perspective of understanding energy governance. By revealing the structural factors of energy diversification in intermediate spaces undergoing electrification, this article contributes to the reflections on the particularities of the energy transition in order to better understand the particularities of African urbanization., Dans les quartiers lointains de la périphérie de Dar Es Salaam, la faible densité et l’étalement urbain ne facilitent pas le raccordement aux infrastructures urbaines de base. A travers l’analyse du district d’Ilala, cet article s’intéresse aux modalités et aux effets de l’électrification de ces espaces situés en bout de réseau. Fortement plébiscité par les habitants, l’accès à l’électricité de la TANESCO est finalement permise grâce à l’extension subventionnée de ses réseaux, reléguant alors vite les quelques systèmes électriques d’appoint hors-réseau (groupes électrogènes, systèmes solaires). Mais de manière contre-intuitive, l’arrivée de l’électricité ne provoque pas pour autant la disparition des autres sources énergétiques lui préexistantes (comme le kérosène et le charbon). Dans ces zones intermédiaires entre la ville et la campagne, on observe plutôt une ‘diversification énergétique’, résultante de l’élargissement de l’offre disponible : les usagers adoptent rapidement l’électricité pour accéder plus aisément à de nouveaux services (télévision, frigidaire, éclairage à l’ampoule) tout en continuant à préférer des énergies non-électriques pour d’autres usages domestiques (cuisson et repassage au charbon par exemple ; ou éclairage ponctuel et cuisson rapide au kérosène). Moins chères, facilement disponible, nécessitant un équipement minimal, ces énergies dites traditionnelles sont amenés à perdurer dans les pratiques aux côtés de nouveaux usages exclusivement électriques. Cette diversification est négligée dans la stratégie énergétique du pays, centrée sur l’électricité malgré les difficultés financières à la mettre en place. Documentés par la littérature, les facteurs explicatifs des choix de combustibles des ménages sont habituellement centrés sur les pratiques des usagers, mais plus rarement replacés dans une perspective de compréhension plus large de gouvernance énergétique. En révélant les facteurs structurels de la diversification énergétique des espaces intermédiaires en cours d’électrification, cet article permet ainsi de contribuer aux réflexions sur les particularités de la transition énergétique pour in fine mieux appréhender les particularités de l’urbanisation africaine.

In predominantly agrarian economies with limited irrigation, rainfall plays a critical role in shaping households’ incomes and subsequently their spending decisions. This study uses household-level panel data from a nationally representative survey in India to estimate the effect of agricultural productivity shocks – as proxied by exogenous annual rainfall deviations from long-term average – on education expenditures and children’s work status in rural Indian households. Our results show that a transitory increase in rainfall significantly reduces education expenditures and increases the likelihood of child labor across a range of work activities. Additionally, we show that productivity-enhancing inputs such as land ownership and credit access do not mitigate these countercyclical effects of rainfall variations, indicating the importance of market imperfections (in labor and land markets). We also find that the effects of productivity shocks are reinforced for historically marginalized castes, and moderated for more educated households. These highlight that the average effects mask considerable heterogeneity based on household and regional characteristics

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What happens to our garbage after it is dumped? How is it collected, sorted, recycled and reused? The management of waste produced by human activities is today one of the central points of contemporary environmental policies at the international level. But how is it organized in India, where informal waste recovery systems have existed for a long time?, Qu’advient-il de nos déchets après la poubelle ? Comment sont-ils collectés, triés, recyclés et réutilisés ? La gestion des déchets produits par les activités humaines constitue aujourd’hui l’un des points centraux des politiques environnementales contemporaines au niveau international. Mais comment cela s’organise-t-il concrètement en Inde, où des filières de récupération des déchets existent depuis longtemps ?

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International audience; The champions of financial inclusion regret women's lack of access to credit, while critics of financialization, by contrast, claim that women have become overly indebted. But little is actually known about women's debt/credit in quantitative terms, mostly due to a lack of data. This descriptive paper uses first-hand survey data from southern India disaggregated by sex in order to analyze the gender of debt and its interplay with caste and poverty, based on descriptive statistics and econometric results. We show that women are heavily indebted, first and foremost to informal sources, alongside microcredit. While men are much higher earners, they borrow much less in relative terms. Furthermore, women prominently – and markedly more so than men – borrow in order to make ends meet; productive investment largely remains a male practice. Lastly, women of the poorest and lowest-caste households have the heaviest borrowing responsibilities, managing the highest proportions of household debt. On a theoretical level, these results highlight the gendered earmarking of debt and credit: male and female debts/credits do not have the same meanings and uses. They also confirm the gendered dimension of behavior, in as much as women's behavior is constrained by family affiliation, poverty level and caste, all of which affects men much less. Last, in terms of policy implications, these results put into question the specific targeting of women by microcredit policies, likely to strengthen the association between debt and poverty for women, and in particular to exacerbate female responsibilities for managing scarcity.

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International audience; « Restez à la maison » ! L’injonction de l’Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) résonne désormais à travers le monde entier. Déclinée dans toutes les langues, elle s’impose comme le mot d’ordre planétaire de la gestion des populations pour lutter contre le Covid-19. Cette démarche top-down, basée sur des considérations principalement médicales, n’est pourtant pas sans conséquence pour les populations les plus pauvres.

International audience; Alors que l’exploration des futurs possibles dans le domaine de l’eau a longtemps été confiéeaux stratèges de l’État et aux gestionnaires de services d’eau, les schémas d’aménagement et de gestion de l’eau (SAGE), outils de planification locale et concertée, doivent aujourd’hui obligatoirement inclure l’explicitation de « tendances et scénarios » avant de choisir une stratégie. À travers un retour d’expérience sur la démarche prospective mise en œuvre lors de la phase « tendances et scénarios » du SAGE du bassin de Thau, cet article discute des conditions d’une telle démarche et de son intérêt, notamment pour favoriser le dialogue entre les acteurs et engager certaines actions, en donnant à l’eau toute sa dimension politique.

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Refugeeness is defined not only by displacement, whether of individuals or of groups, but also by complex everyday social practices, aimed at building up social relations, developing networks and redefining identities. In this sense, refugeeness amounts to taking place and occupying space. Based on a detailed ethnography of Keezhputhupattu refugee camp, located just a few kilometres away from Pondicherry, this study will analyse the ways Sri Lankan refugees confront and invest the various spaces they occupy. This will enable us to rethink the classic vision of refugee camps as spaces of exception offered by Agamben, as well as to reflect on the socio-spatial effects of a triple dynamic of displacement, emplacement and replacement. Poor living conditions, inadequate dole, and restriction of movement made camp life unbearable for the refugees. Nevertheless, this threefold dynamic reveals ordinary acts of resistance, as well as the agency of the refugees that make it possible to transgress daily hegemonies and allows us to think about their belonging to the city, i.e. their urbanity, in the best possible way., L’état de réfugié n’est pas seulement la conséquence du déplacement d’individus et de groupes, mais il se nourrit également de pratiques quotidiennes complexes pour vivre, construire des relations sociales, développer des réseaux et façonner des identités - en somme, prendre place. C’est à partir d’une ethnographie détaillée du camp de réfugiés de Keezhputhupattu, situé à quelques kilomètres de la ville de Pondichéry, que nous nous proposons d’analyser les usages et les tactiques, autrement dit les manières de « faire avec l’espace », des réfugiés sri-lankais. Cela nous permettra de nuancer la vision classique des camps comme espace d’exception proposée par Agamben et de réfléchir aux effets socio-spatiaux d’une triple dynamique de placement - le déplacement, l’emplacement et le replacement. Les mauvaises conditions de vie, l'insuffisance des allocations et les restrictions de mouvement rendent la vie dans les camps insupportable pour les réfugiés. Néanmoins, cette triple dynamique donne à voir des actes de résistance ordinaires qui permettent de transgresser les hégémonies quotidiennes et permet de penser au mieux leur appartenance à la ville, en somme, leur citadinité.

International audience; Illegal sandalwood logging in India is run by local politicians bent on self-enrichment. Why would anybody stand in their way?

International audience; Increasing nitrate levels in groundwater have been a source of concern in the recent decades all over the world. The challenges due to the high level of nitrate in water have also receiving more attentions due to the impact of nitrate over health related issues. This study provides the information on the occurrence of nitrate contamination in groundwater in corporation of Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu. Moreover, it also gives the insights about the sources and negative effects of nitrate contamination. A total number of 24 groundwater samples have been collected from bore well at depth from 15 to 45 meter in a distributed pattern. An assessment of the level of nitrate contamination in the groundwater samples was determined using UV Spectrophotometer. The nitrate concentration ranges between 1.4 to 104 mg/l. A risk assessment over human health due to nitrate contamination was done using Hazard Quotient (HQ). The spatial analysis of groundwater trace elements was performed by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) combined with geostatistical modeling. The results indicate that, the consumers residing in eastern part of the study area are more exposed to current nitrate concentration. It is identified that improper sewage system and use of nitrate enriched fertilizers are the main source of nitrate in the study area. Hence, it is anticipated that outcomes of this study will provide insights for decision makers taking adaptive measures for groundwater Nitrate and trace element monitoring in Tiruchirappalli district.

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In the aftermath of the First World War, Bombay witnessed workers’ upsurges on an unprecedented scale. In order to cope with this new situation, the colonial authorities and the millowners alternated between repression and acclimation of methods, which had proven to be successful in England to abate social unrest. Building quarters to house the workers was one of them. This chapter begins by setting colonial intervention in its wider context, questioning the very limited role private employers played in the field of workers’ housing. It then studies how intervention of the authorities had unexpected effects that totally contradicted the initial aim of their building programed, which was to regulate workers’ unrest. It rather encouraged the development of solidarities that opened up new spaces of politicization and arenas of struggle.

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Most articles in the field of resilience feature research that focuses either on the individual, drawing inspiration from studies conducted in psychology, or on social and ecological systems (SES). The resilience of the individual is defined by Masten and Cicchetti (2016) as, “the potential or manifested capacity of an individual to adapt successfully through multiple processes to challenges that threaten the function, survival, or positive development.” Meanwhile, Folke (2016) defines the resilience of social and ecological systems as, “the capacity of a system to absorb disturbance and reorganize while undergoing change so as to still retain essentially the same function, structure, and feedback, and therefore identity.”

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International audience; This presentation will address the evolution of the visual rhetoric of Tamil commercial 'ordinary' portrait photography meant for private use, from the end of the 19th century till 1980’s. As a historian, I consider these photographs as traces of an evolving visual culture as well as historical sources providing important information on several aspects of Tamil cultural and social history. In order to provide a concrete tool for the study of Tamil photo portraiture conventions (in other words of what is considered to be a good portrait over the years), I will present a chronologically organised typology of the different visual modes of representation in these portraits. The typology will be based on a careful examination of some objective and visible dimensions in the portraits which progressively get rid of the colonial habitus. This will constitute a basis on which to elaborate a more detailed dating of the photos. The conventions of representation and the symbolic choices are not inconsequential. They are the result of aesthetic and ethical choices, but also of sociological concerns, technical constraints and historical context, which we will introduce. This work is based on the analysis of a set of more than 4000 pictures drawn from a new archive dealing specifically with South Indian portrait photography (STARS Archive).

All four parks studied here reflect histories that can be traced back to colonial times. These trajectories are furthermore not isolated in their geographical places but have been largely shaped by their inclusion and connections at the colonial and global levels. Among the conservation issues that came before biodiversity, two clearly emerge as recurrent issues across the three continents: water governance and forest protection. Today, all urban parks experience new development and extension in the form of environmental networks and ecological connectivity that try to both link the park with the concrete city, and combine the park with other ecological units at the built-up area and regional levels

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Photo 1. La place centrale de Shuige en 2014 Source : F. Landy – Institut Français de Pondichéry – Université Paris Ouest-Nanterre – UMR LAVUE, E. Gauché – Université de Tours – UMR CITERES Photo 2. La place centrale de Shuige en 2016 Source : F. Landy – Institut Français de Pondichéry – Université Paris Ouest-Nanterre – UMR LAVUE, E. Gauché – Université de Tours – UMR CITERES Shuige est un petit village touristique dans le Guizhou, province la plus pauvre de la Chine, au sud du pays (figure...

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International audience; This volume interrogates the foundational categories that have come to define medical science in modern South Asia. It seeks to probe issues such as what constitutes the "medical", in which context, and who defines it. This is achieved through case studies that range from the nineteenth to twenty-first centuries, from colonial Bengal and British Burma to present-day Andaman Islands and Ladakh.By examining the close interactions between political authorities, corporeal knowledge, and objects of governance in a sustained manner, the domains of the medical and the non-medical are revealed to be more blurred and porous than apparent. This provides us with new perspectives on the co-production of medicine and social worlds by actors and agencies in specific times and places.

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Que deviennent les petites sociétés tribales (et les productions de leurs ethnographes) une fois plongées dans les eaux glacées de la modernité ? Le dernier ouvrage de Maurice Godelier, destiné à un large public et servi par un cahier d’images et une écriture limpide, revêt des habits modestes. Il n’en touche pas moins à un ensemble de questions de fond en anthropologie, sur le changement social, la modernisation et les conditions de la reproduction culturelle, où résonnent les travaux de Mar...

International audience; Speak, Memory. Oral Histories of Kodaikanal Dalits is the outcome of a research based on Dalit oral narratives, to record and to understand their interpretation of their own pasts. To reveal the richness and complexity of this through the words and rhythms of Cakkiliyar testimonies is the formative concern of this book. It seeks to understand, historically, the phenomenon of untouchability as it was experienced, internalised and articulated by Dalits. By shedding light on ceri life in the past and opening a window on to the present, this study attempts to enhance our understanding of the dynamics of social change amongst Dalits at the village level. Hence, it aims to provide a biography of these localities. Testimonies and the memories they involve enable us to delve into the perceptions of the past and the different ways of speaking about it, within the same community.

International audience; Purchasing land and a house “back home” are common goals among migrants as they testify for accumulation and achievement to the community of origin. In the case of India, such remittance and investment channels have been partly commodified by Indian real estate companies that strived to tap the diaspora niche market. The UAE had become a hots pot for them, partly thanks to the structural impermanence of migration to the Gulf. Such transnational practices were brutally restricted by the UAE authorities in November 2016, as an attempt to reorient migrants’ investments towards the local, over-supplied property market, in a financially depressed context. In this contribution I provide some empirical elements on how Indian professionals settled in Dubai with their families participate in the booming real estate markets in India but also in Dubai. The role of well-off migrants in property markets is a little explored dimension of the transnational flows that connect global cities, namely Dubai and Bangalore in this case study. Such practices deserve closer attention as they are constitutive of cosmopolitan urbanities.

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The Sahyādrikhaṇḍa, which was edited by the goanese polymath J. gerson da Cunha in Bombay in 1877, consists in a number of māhāt-mya and Purāṇa narratives supposed to complement the ancient Skandapurāṇa, by providing it with a “mythological, historical and geographical account of Western India” — as the subtitle of Gerson da Cunha’s edition reads. As the compilation, and quite plausibly the composition, of most of this material should be dated from around the 17th or 18th century, it offers extremely valuable information on the way the traditional history of the communities of the Western Coast of India from Konkan to Kerala was envisioned and presented at the heyday of maratha power in this region. In this paper, I will focus on and analyze select adhyāyas concerned with the origins of various Brahminical communities which were competing for prestige at the time of the Peshwas, the dynasty of Prime ministers of Konkanastha (aka Chitpavan) Brahmins who held power from Pune between 1713 and the British conquest in 1818.

International audience; Due to its centrality in human activities, food is a meaningful object that necessarily participates in any cultural, social and ideological construction and its qualification as 'traditional' is a politically laden value. This book demonstrates that traditionality as attributed to foods goes beyond the notions of heritage and authenticity under which it is commonly formulated.Through a series of case studies from a global range of cultural and geographical areas, the book explores a variety of contexts to reveal the complexity behind the attribution of the term 'traditional' to food. In particular, the volume demonstrates that the definitions put forward by programmes such as TRUEFOOD and EuroFIR (and subsequently adopted by organisations including FAO), which have analysed the perception of traditional foods by individuals, do not adequately reflect this complexity. The concept of tradition being deeply ingrained culturally, socially, politically and ideologically, traditional foods resist any single definition.Chapters analyse the processes of valorisation, instrumentalisation and reinvention at stake in the construction and representation of a food as traditional. Overall the book offers fresh perspectives on topics including definition and regulation, nationalism and identity, and health and nutrition, and will be of interest to students and researchers of many disciplines including anthropology, sociology, politics and cultural studies.

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