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This study aimed to compare the gut-brain axis responses to acute electroacupuncture (EA) at different acupoint combinations in the minipig model. Four adult Yucatan minipigs were subjected twice to four acute EA treatments (25-minute acute sessions) including sham (false acupoints) and control (no EA), during anesthesia and according to a Latin-square design paradigm. Acupoint combinations (4 loci each) are head-abdomen (#70 Dafengmen, #35 Sanwan), back (bilateral #27 Pishu, #28 Weishu), leg (bilateral #79 Hangou, #63 Housanli), and sham (2 bilateral points that are not acupoints). Electrocardiograms were performed to explore heart rate variability (HRV). Infrared thermography was used to measure skin temperature at the stimulation points. Saliva (cortisol) and blood samples (leptin, total/active ghrelin, insulin, and glucose) were collected for further analyses before and after acute EA. All animals were also subjected to BOLD fMRI to investigate the brain responses to EA. Acute EA significantly modulated several physiological and metabolic parameters compared to basal, sham, and/or control conditions, with contrasting effects in terms of BOLD responses in brain regions involved in the hedonic and cognitive control of food intake. The head-abdomen combination appeared to be the most promising combination in terms of brain modulation of the corticostriatal circuit, with upregulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal striatum, and anterior cingulate cortex. It also induced significantly lower plasma ghrelin levels compared to sham, suggesting anorectic effects, as well as no temperature drop at the stimulation site. This study opens the way to a further preclinical trial aimed at investigating chronic EA in obese minipigs.

International audience; Emotional eating is commonly defined as the tendency to (over)eat in response to emotion. Insofar as it involves the (over) consumption of high-calorie palatable foods, emotional eating is a maladaptive behavior that can lead to eating disorders, and ultimately to metabolic disorders and obesity. Emotional eating is associated with eating disorder subtypes and with abnormalities in emotion processing at a behavioral level. However, not enough is known about the neural pathways involved in both emotion processing and food intake. In this review, we provide an overview of recent neuroimaging studies, highlighting the brain correlates between emotions and eating behavior that may be involved in emotional eating. Interaction between neural and neuro-endocrine pathways (HPA axis) may be involved. In addition to behavioral interventions, there is a need for a holistic approach encompassing both neural and physiological levels to prevent emotional eating. Based on recent imaging, this review indicates that more attention should be paid to prefrontal areas, the insular and orbitofrontal cortices, and reward pathways, in addition to regions that play a major role in both the cognitive control of emotions and eating behavior. Identifying these brain regions could allow for neuromodulation interventions, including neurofeedback training, which deserves further investigation.

Accepted abstracts will be published in the Abstract Volume, a supplement issue of Diabetologia, the journal of the EASD. Furthermore abstracts accepted for presentation and discussion will be published on the Association’s website www.easd.org from 1 July 2022.; International audience

The way different food consumption habits in healthy normal-weight individuals can shape their emotional and cognitive relationship with food and further disease susceptibility has been poorly investigated. Documenting the individual consumption of Western-type foods (i.e., high-calorie, sweet, fatty, and/or salty) in relation to psychological traits and brain responses to food-related situations can shed light on the early neurocognitive susceptibility to further diseases and disorders. We aimed to explore the relationship between eating habits, psychological components of eating, and brain responses as measured by blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a cognitive food choice task and using functional connectivity (FC) during resting-state fMRI (rsfMRI) in a population of 50 healthy normal-weight young women. A Food Consumption Frequency Questionnaire (FCFQ) was used to classify them on the basis of their eating habits and preferences by principal component analysis (PCA). Based on the PCA, we defined two eating habit profiles, namely, prudent-type consumers (PTc, N = 25) and Western-type consumers (WTc, N = 25), i.e., low and high consumers of western diet (WD) foods, respectively. The first two PCA dimensions, PCA1 and PCA2, were associated with different psychological components of eating and brain responses in regions involved in reward and motivation (striatum), hedonic evaluation (orbitofrontal cortex, OFC), decision conflict (anterior cingulate cortex, ACC), and cognitive control of eating (prefrontal cortex). PCA1 was inversely correlated with the FC between the right nucleus accumbens and the left lateral OFC, while PCA2 was inversely correlated with the FC between the right insula and the ACC. Our results suggest that, among a healthy population, distinct eating profiles can be detected, with specific correlates in the psychological components of eating behavior, which are also related to a modulation in the reward and motivation system during food choices. We could detect different patterns in brain functioning at rest, with reduced connectivity between the reward system and the frontal brain region in Western-type food consumers, which might be considered as an initial change toward ongoing modified cortico-striatal control.

Our objectives were to better characterize the colorectal function of patients with Spina Bifida (SB). Patients with SB and healthy volunteers (HVs) completed prospectively a standardized questionnaire, clinical evaluation, rectal barostat, colonoscopy with biopsies and faecal collection. The data from 36 adults with SB (age: 38.8 [34.1–47.2]) were compared with those of 16 HVs (age: 39.0 [31.0–46.5]). Compared to HVs, rectal compliance was lower in patients with SB (p = 0.01), whereas rectal tone was higher (p = 0.0015). Ex vivo paracellular permeability was increased in patients with SB (p = 0.0008) and inversely correlated with rectal compliance (r = − 0.563, p = 0.002). The expression of key tight junction proteins and inflammatory markers was comparable between SB and HVs, except for an increase in Claudin-1 immunoreactivity (p = 0.04) in SB compared to HVs. TGFβ1 and GDNF mRNAs were expressed at higher levels in patients with SB (p = 0.02 and p = 0.008). The levels of acetate, propionate and butyrate in faecal samples were reduced (p = 0.04, p = 0.01, and p = 0.02, respectively). Our findings provide evidence that anorectal and epithelial functions are altered in patients with SB. The alterations in these key functions might represent new therapeutic targets, in particular using microbiota-derived approaches.Clinical Trials: NCT02440984 and NCT03054415.

Besides farmer observations, new technology such as connected troughs allows for individual and automatic monitoring of gestating sows. The aim of this study was to determine whether technical malfunctioning in the gestation room can be detected from records of individual water intake. Data were collected for 52 gestating sows during two types of induced stress events: thermic stress (hot and cold) and feeding stress, due to the closing of an automatic feeder. Data were analyzed using a smoothing method in R software (“fda” package) that can smooth data to varying degrees to detect potential disruptions. A specificity/sensitivity analysis was then conducted. Initial results showed that gestating sows drank a mean of 8.8 L of water/d, at a frequency of 14.5 visits/d and for a global duration of 9.5 min/d. One to four perturbations per gestation were detected by the smoothing methods. The specificity analyses highlighted that the event-detection method was more than 95% specific and thus able to detect nearly all true negative individuals. But the sensitivity was very low (9.4%). In conclusion, too few technical malfunctions can be detected from records of individual water intake. The method needs to be more accurate; one solution could be to apply it simultaneously to more variables.

Performing the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) in obese Yucatan minipigs provides an opportunity to explore the mechanisms behind the effects of this surgery in controlled environmental and nutritional conditions. We hypothesized that RYGBP in these minipigs would induce changes at multiple levels, as in obese humans. We sought to characterize RYGBP in a diet-induced obese minipig model, compared with a pair-fed sham group. After inducing obesity with an ad libitum high-fat/high-sugar diet, we performed RYGBP (n = 7) or sham surgery (n = 6). Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were performed before and after surgery. Histological analyses were conducted to compare the alimentary limb at sacrifice with tissue sampled during RYGBP surgery. One death occurred in the RYGBP group at postoperative day (POD) 3. Before sacrifice, weight loss was the same across groups. GLP-1 secretion (OGTT) was significantly higher at 15, 30 and 60 min at POD 7, and at 30 and 60 min at POD 30 in the RYGBP group. Incremental insulin area under the curve increased significantly after RYGBP (p = 0.02). RYGBP induced extensive remodeling of the alimentary limb. Results show that RYGBP can be safely performed in obese minipigs, and changes mimic those observed in humans.

International audience; Introduction et but de l’étude: Le neurofeedback (NF) est défini comme un entraînement à la régulation volontaire d’une région cérébrale donnée, dont l’activité est enregistrée et retransmise en temps réel au sujet grâce à une technique de neuroimagerie et d’interface informatique. Le NF repose sur un processus d’apprentissage et de conditionnement opérant, avec pour objectif d’améliorer la fonction associée à la région cérébrale ciblée. Appliqué dans le cadre du comportement alimentaire, le NF a déjà montré son efficacité concernant la réduction de choix d’aliments hypercaloriques chez des femmes obèses et dans la réduction des événements d’hyperphagie alimentaire. La spectroscopie proche infrarouge fonctionnelle (fNIRS) est une technique d’imagerie optique permettant de détecter des changements relatifs des concentrations en oxy-hémoglobine (HbO) et déoxy-hémoglobine (HbR) et donc de façon indirecte, de l’activité cérébrale. Le cortex préfrontal dorsolatéral (dlPFC) exerçant un rôle critique dans le contrôle cognitif de la prise alimentaire, cette étude a pour objectif d’évaluer la faisabilité d’une session de NF-fNIRS ciblé sur le dlPFC, en vue de son implémentation dans une stratégie de prévention des troubles du comportement alimentaire.Matériel et méthodes: 30 individus, âgés de 19 à 60 ans, ont participé à une session de NF-fNIRS, consistant en 15 blocs de 30 secondes de NF entrecoupés de 15 phases de repos. L’HbO mesurée par les optodes couvrant le dlPFC a été retransmise sous forme de jauge visuelle, que les participants devaient faire monter afin d’augmenter l’activité du dlPFC. Un filtre pass band 0,01 à 0,09 Hz a été utilisé pour filtrer les variations physiologiques et un modèle général linéaire (GLM) a été utilisé. Une comparaison de moyennes (t-test) a été réalisée pour l’analyse de groupe. Les stratégies des participants et leurs retours ont été recueillis.Résultats et Analyse statistique: Les participants ont estimé avoir un contrôle modéré sur la jauge, les stratégies rapportées comme les plus efficaces pour la faire monter étant la concentration et l’encouragement positif. L’analyse statistique préliminaire montre une augmentation significative de l’activité cérébrale au niveau du dlPFC (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Ces résultats montrent la faisabilité d’une unique session de NF-fNIRS ciblé sur le dlPFC dans le but d’augmenter son activité. L’entrainement au NF nécessitant des sessions répétées afin de consolider son apprentissage, ces résultats sont encourageants en vue de son implémentation dans le cadre de la prévention des troubles du comportement alimentaire.

International audience; Background: Systemic low-grade inflammation observed in diet-induced obesity has been associated with dysbiosis and disturbance of intestinal homeostasis. This latter relies on an efficient epithelial barrier and coordinated intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) renewal that are supported by their mitochondrial function. However, IEC mitochondrial function might be impaired by high fat diet (HFD) consumption, notably through gutderived metabolite production and fatty acids, that may act as metabolic perturbators of IEC. Scope of review: This review presents the current general knowledge on mitochondria, before focusing on IEC mitochondrial function and its role in the control of intestinal homeostasis, and featuring the known effects of nutrients and metabolites, originating from the diet or gut bacterial metabolism, on IEC mitochondrial function. It then summarizes the impact of HFD on mitochondrial function in IEC of both small intestine and colon and discusses the possible link between mitochondrial dysfunction and altered intestinal homeostasis in diet-induced obesity. Major conclusions: HFD consumption provokes a metabolic shift toward fatty acid b-oxidation in the small intestine epithelial cells and impairs colonocyte mitochondrial function, possibly through downstream consequences of excessive fatty acid b-oxidation and/or the presence of deleterious metabolites produced by the gut microbiota. Decreased levels of ATP and concomitant O 2 leaks into the intestinal lumen could explain the alterations of intestinal epithelium dynamics, barrier disruption and dysbiosis that contribute to the loss of epithelial homeostasis in dietinduced obesity. However, the effect of HFD on IEC mitochondrial function in the small intestine remains unknown and the precise mechanisms by which HFD induces mitochondrial dysfunction in the colon have not been elucidated so far.

International audience; Introduction et but de l’étude: L’obésité et le surpoids sont associés à une inflammation de bas-grade en lien avec des perturbations de la barrière intestinale et du microbiote. Le maintien de l’homéostasie intestinale est soutenu par la fonction mitochondriale des cellules épithéliales intestinales (CEI), puisqu’elle fournit l’énergie nécessaire à l’absorption des nutriments, au renouvellement épithélial et au maintien de la barrière intestinale. Or, la consommation d’un régime obésogène est susceptible d’altérer la fonction mitochondriale, tel que cela a été montré au niveau hépatique. Le but de cette étude est d’évaluer si la consommation d’un régime obésogène altère la fonction mitochondriale des CEI de jéjunum chez la souris.Matériel et méthodes: Des souris mâles C57Bl/6J ont été nourries pendant 22 semaines avec un régime contrôle pauvre en lipides (CTRL, lipides=10% de l’énergie, N=9) ou un régime obésogène (WD, lipides=58% de l’énergie, et eau de boisson supplémentée en fructose et saccharose (42 g/L), N=8)). A l’issue du régime, le jéjunum a été prélevé et les CEI, sous forme de cryptes et de villosités, ont été isolées pour analyser la fonction mitochondriale par la technologie Seahorse® et expressions géniques et protéiques.Résultats et Analyse statistique: Les souris WD ont développé une obésité caractérisée par une augmentation de 50% du poids corporel (CTRL : 32,5±0,9 vs WD : 46,4±1,8 g, P

International audience; Introduction: N3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) exert anti-inflammatory effects for the hypothalamus, but their extra-hypothalamic outcome lack documentation. We evaluated the central consequences of the substitution of saturated fatty acids with n-3 or n-6 PUFA in obesogenic diets.Methods: Twenty-one miniature pigs were fed ad libitum obesogenic diets enriched in fat provided either as lard, fish oil (source for n-3 PUFAs), or sunflower oil (source for n-6 PUFAs) for ten weeks. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability was quantified by CT perfusion. Central autonomic network was evaluated using heart rate variability, and PET 18FDG was performed to assess brain metabolism.Results: BBB permeability was higher in lard group, but heart rate variability changed only in fish oil group. Brain connectivity analysis and voxel-based comparisons show regional differences between groups except for the cingulate cortex in fish oil vs. sunflower oil groups.Discussion: : The minute changes in brain metabolism in obese pigs feed with fish oil compared with saturated fatty acids were sufficient to induce detrimental changes in heart rate variability. On the contrary, the BBB's decreased permeability in n-3 and n-6 PUFAs groups was protective against an obesity-driven damaged BBB.

International audience; Five to 10% of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2-infected patients, i.e., with new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), are presenting with an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) requiring urgent respiratory and hemodynamic support in the intensive care unit (ICU). However, nutrition is an important element of care. The nutritional assessment and the early nutritional care management of COVID-19 patients must be integrated into the overall therapeutic strategy. The international recommendations on nutrition in the ICU should be followed. Some specific issues about the nutrition of the COVID-19 patients in the ICU should be emphasized. We propose a flow chart and ten key issues for optimizing the nutrition management of COVID-19 patients in the ICU.

International audience; Our objective was to study how balancing Lys, Met and His (LMH) at 2 supplies of net energy of lactation (NEL) affect milk yield and composition. Four Holstein cows received duodenal infusion of 2 amino acids (AA) mixtures and 2 dietary levels of NEL (E-: 31.5 vs E+: 35.9 Mcal/d), combined in factorial arrangement, distributed in a 4×4 Latin square, with 3-wk periods. The 2 AA mixtures, both providing 92±2 g/d of PDI (metabolisable protein in INRA, 2018), contained (g/d) Lys (28), Met (9), His (9) and non-essential AA (NEAA) in LMH+ or only NEAA in LMH-. Diets plus infusions provided 5.8, 2.0 and 2.0% of PDI of Lys, Met and His respectively in LMH- compared to 7.1, 2.4 and 2.4% PDI in LMH+; LMH+ met INRA (2018) requirements of 7.0, 2.4 and 2.4% PDI for these 3 AA, respectively. The mammary uptake (MU) of metabolites were measured on day 20 (6 samples at 2-h intervals) of each period, mammary plasma flow being estimated using the Fick principle (Phe+Tyr). Analyses of variance of these data included the effects of LMH, NEL and interaction using a MIXED procedure (SAS) with cow as random effect. No interaction was observed on milk composition (P>0.22). Balancing LMH tended to increase (P=0.07) and increasing NEL supply increased (P≤0.02) milk and fat yields averaging respectively 28.2, 29.6, 30.1 and 31.2±1.33 kg/d and 1,289, 1,317, 1,363 and 1,410±55.1 g/d for E-LMH-, E-LMH+, E+LMH- and E+LMH+. Both treatments increased (P

BackgroundIn France, the use of obesity surgery is increasing sharply. Yet effective on severe obesity and its comorbidities, it exposes to the risk of serious postoperative complications, including nutritional issues. We aimed to synthesize the research-based evidence concerning these nutritional complications: prevalence, risk factors, recommendations on their treatment and prevention.MethodsWe carried out a PRISMA systematic review, the articles included were analyzed into a synoptic table, allowing the development of summary tables.ResultsPostoperative nutritional deficiencies are frequent (vitamin D 25-100%, B12 7-70%, iron 7-63%). A lifelong micronutrient supplementation is essential (multivitamin and minerals, vitamin D-calcium, iron, vitamin B12) to prevent the hematological, neurological, or musculoskeletal consequences of deficiencies. Their prevention-screening-treatment are part of a global postoperative management which must be multimodal and interdisciplinary. Severe malnutrition exists (, Contexte Bien qu’indiquée pour améliorer les comorbidités de l’obésité, la chirurgie de l’obésité, en forte augmentation, expose au risque de complications postopératoires, notamment nutritionnelles. Notre objectif a été de synthétiser les données de la littérature concernant ces complications nutritionnelles :prévalence, facteurs de risque, recommandations sur leurs traitement et prévention.MéthodeNous avons conduit cette revue systématique de la littérature selon la méthode PRISMA, les articles inclus ont été analysés en tableau synoptique, permettant l’élaboration de tableaux de synthèse.RésultatsLes déficits nutritionnels sont fréquents après chirurgie de l’obésité (vitamine D25–100 %, B12 7–70 %, fer 7–63 %), imposant une supplémentation en micronutriments (complexes multivitamines-minéraux, vitamine D-calcium, fer, B12), pour en prévenir les conséquences hématologiques, neurologiques ou musculosquelettiques. Leurs prévention-dépistage-correction s’intègrent dans une prise en charge multimodale et interdisciplinaire. Les dénutritions sévères ou « catastrophes nutritionnelles » existent (

Psychosocial chronic stress is a critical risk factor for the development of mood disorders. However, little is known about the consequences of acute stress in the context of chronic stress, and about the related brain responses. In the present study we examined the physio-behavioural effects of a supplementation with a sensory functional food ingredient (FI) containing Citrus sinensis extract (D11399, Phodé, France) in a pig psychosocial chronic stress model. Female pigs underwent a 5- to 6-week stress protocol while receiving daily the FI (FI, n = 10) or a placebo (Sham, n = 10). We performed pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI) to study the brain responses to an acute stress (injection of Synacthen®, a synthetic ACTH-related agonist) and to the FI odour with or without previous chronic supplementation. The olfactory stimulation with the ingredient elicited higher brain responses in FI animals, demonstrating memory retrieval and habituation to the odour. Pharmacological stress with Synacthen injection resulted in an increased activity in several brain regions associated with arousal, associative learning (hippocampus) and cognition (cingulate cortex) in chronically stressed animals. This highlighted the specific impact of acute stress on the brain. These responses were alleviated in animals previously supplemented by the FI during the entire chronic stress exposure. As chronic stress establishes upon the accumulation of acute stress events, any attenuation of the brain responses to acute stress can be interpreted as a beneficial effect, suggesting that FI could be a viable treatment to help individuals coping with repeated stressful events and eventually to reduce chronic stress. This study provides additional evidence on the potential benefits of this FI, of which the long-term consequences in terms of behaviour and physiology need to be further investigated.