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International audience; Using plant defense elicitors to protect crops against diseases is an attractive strategy to reduce chemical pesticide use. However, development of elicitors remains limited because of variable effectiveness in the field. In contrast to fungicides that directly target pathogens, elicitors activate plant immunity, which depends on plant physiological status. Other products, the biostimulants, can improve certain functions of plants. In this study, the objective was to determine whether a biostimulant via effects on grapevine physiology could increase effectiveness of a defense elicitor. A new methodology was developed to study biostimulant activity under controlled conditions using in vitro plantlets. Both biostimulant and defense elicitor used in the study were plant extracts. When added to the culture medium, the biostimulant accelerated the beginning of plantlet growth and affected the shoot and root development. It also modified metabolomes and phytohormone contents of leaves, stems, and roots. When applied on shoots, the defense elicitor changed metabolite and phytohormone contents, but effects were different depending on whether plantlets were biostimulated or controls. Defense responses and protection against Plasmopara viticola (downy mildew agent) were induced only for plantlets previously treated with the biostimulant, Therefore, the biostimulant may act by priming the defense elicitor action. In this study, a new method to screen biostimulants active on grapevine vegetative growth was used to demonstrate that a biostimulant can optimize the efficiency of a plant defense elicitor.

National audience; Despite an increasing interest for the use of biostimulants (BS) in agriculture, methods allowing a precise description of their effects on plants remain rather limited. In the IRIS+ FUI project, two major and highly different worldwide crops, wheat (annual, monocotyledon) and grapevine (perennial, broadleaf) were chosen to deepen our knowledge of such compounds and explore their potential additional interest. One objective was to develop a tool adapted to the screening and study of the impact of a series of BS on the development and physiology of these crops in controlled conditions. We managed to develop such a tool adapted to grapevine herbaceous cuttings. It allows a quite rapid and non-destructive phenotyping of BS effects on the aerial and root parts of plantlets over time. At the end of the experiment, plant material can be sampled for biomass measurements (fresh and dry weight) and analysis of gene expression or metabolites. This tool was validated with some commercial BS prior being used to study new putative ones. Using this tool, we have identified a new BS provided by Arysta-Goëmar. The positive effects of this BS was dose dependent. We have observed that it transiently accelerates the shoot development and increases the number of roots, and also shoot and root biomass. Moreover, analysis of the root and shoot metabolomes highlighted clear fingerprints associated to BS effects. This tool will be useful to screen new BS potentially active in grapevine. Moreover, it will be useful to study and compare the effects of diverse BS on grapevine development, metabolism and physiology ; and to decipher their mode of action. In this context, work is still in progress to further develop this tool to make it suitable to the highlighting of diverse effects related to BS and other crops, such as wheat.

National audience; Les maladies du bois connaissent une recrudescence importante depuis ces vingt dernières années, dont en découlent de fortes répercussions économiques sur les vignobles. L’arsénite de sodium, seul produit efficace, a été employé pour lutter contre certaines d’entre elles, notamment l’esca, jusqu’en 2001, date où il fut interdit en France à cause de son action carcinogène. Faute de nouveaux composés ou de méthodes prophylactiques efficaces, le besoin d’étudier ces maladies afin de mieux comprendre leur fonctionnement et leurs répercussions chez la vigne a émergé. Dans ce projet, nous visons donc à étudier l’impact de l’esca et des dépérissements liés aux Botryosphaeriacées sur la physiologie, le métabolisme et l’immunité de la vigne. Ces maladies impliquent des pathogènes colonisant et affaiblissant les ceps, se traduisant par des perturbations immunitaires, développementales, biochimiques et physiologiques. Nous étudierons ces perturbations via des méthodes de physiologie, biologie moléculaire, biochimie, métabolomique, microbiologie, cytologie et d’imagerie. L’étude des dépérissements liés aux Botryosphaeriacées sera ciblée au niveau du bois de rameaux de deux ans prélevés au vignoble, et ce à différents stades phénologiques. L’impact de l’esca sera étudié pluri-annuellement, notamment au niveau des feuilles et du bois prélevés sur un modèle original « double greffe », permettant la comparaison des réponses de deux variétés de sensibilité différente à la maladie dans un même environnement.

International audience; The occurrence of grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) increases gradually within vineyards, leading to important economic losses. The worldwide cost of dead grapevines replacement is estimated over 1.5 billion dollars per year (Hofstetter et al., 2012). In France, close to 13% of the vineyard is affected (Bruez et al., 2013). Several factors could affect grapevine susceptibility to GTDs, mainly climate, vine age, soil fertilization, and also rootstock and variety (Surico et al., 2006). Presently, no cultivar tolerant to GTDs could be identified and the level of disease expression for a cultivar can vary with region and from year to year (Surico et al., 2006). In this context, our objective was to assess if the expression of esca disease, one of the most widespread GTDs, was clone-dependent.

International audience; Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are devastaLng diseases involving xylem-inhabiLng fungi. Among them, Esca and Botryosphaeria dieback affect vineyards in major worldwide grape-producing areas. The causal fungi alter the woody ;ssues and could produce toxins that disturb the plant physiology, leading to chronic or apolecLc leaf symptoms. The unique effecLve fungicide against these diseases, sodium arsenite, is now prohibited because of toxicity. As GTDs are complex and sLll partly unknown, the idenLficaLon of protecLon strategies remain a deadlock. Global and targeted approaches were therefore conducted to

International audience