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This article traces the origins of the ‘national bank’ in the Gold Coast. It shows how the Colonial authorities perverted the demand by Africans for a special kind of bank to aid their development. The Colonial Office preferred and ensured the establishment of an orthodox institution, which had little to give with regard to Africans'' demand for developmental credit. This was because it believed that such development institutions would be unhelpful to, arguably, uncreditworthy Africans. This attitude, it is argued, represented a setback to the Gold Coast''s development. Either such an institution, as demanded by Africans, would have helped the colony''s advance, or Africans would have learnt earlier that the concept of development was more fundamental than setting up a ‘national bank’. Cet article retrace les origines de la ‘banque nationale’ de la Côte-de-l''Or. Il démontre que les autorités coloniales dénaturèrent la demande formulée par les Africains d''un type particulier de banque d''aide au développement. Le ministère des colonies préféra, et mit sur pied, une institution orthodoxe qui n''avait pas grand-chose à offrir en matière de crédit au développement, convaincu qu''il était que des institutions de ce type ne seraient guère utiles à des Africains ne jouissant, à leurs yeux, d''aucun crédit. Cet article considère que cette attitude portant préjudice au développement de la Côte-de-l''Or. En effet, ou bien une institution d''aide au développement telle que la souhaitaient les Africains aurait soutenu les progrès de la colonie; ou bien les Africains auraient appris plus rapidement que le concept de développement a des implications plus fondamentales que la mise en place d''une ‘banque nationale’. Dieser Aufsatz spürt den Ursprüngen der ‘Nationalbank’ an der Goldküste nach. Es zeigt, wie die Kolonialregierung den Bedarf der Afrikaner nach einer spezifischen Entwicklungshilfebank manipulierte. Das Kolonialamt bevorzugte und sicherte eine althergebrachte Institution, die wenig mit dem afrikanischen Bedarf nach Entwicklungskredit zu tun hatte. Es wurde argumentiert, daß Entwicklungsbanken für die, so wurde gesagt, nicht kreditwürdigen Afrikaner wenig hilfreich seien. Der Autor argumentiert, daß diese Einstellung einen Rückschritt in bezug auf die Entwicklung der Goldküste darstellte. Entweder hätte eine solche Institution, wie von den Afrikanern gefordert, geholfen die Kolonie voranzubringen, oder die Afrikaner hätten gelernt, daß Entwicklungshilfe mehr als nur die Gründung einer ‘Nationalbank’ bedeutet. Este artículo traza los orígenes del ‘banco nacional’ en la Costa de Oro. Muestra como las autoridades coloniales instrumentalizaron la demanda de los africanos por una clase especial de banco para ayudar a su desarrollo. La Oficina Colonial prefirió y aseguró el establecimiento de una institución ortodoxa, que tenía poco que ver con la demanda de los africanos de crédito para el desarrollo. La causa fue la percepción, discutible, de que tales instituciones para el desarrollo no serían útiles para los poco fiables africanos. Esta actitud, se argumenta, representó un revés para el desarrollo de la Costa de Oro. O bien tal institución, como demandaban los africanos, hubiera ayudado al desarrollo de la colonia o bien los africanos hubieran aprendido antes que el concepto de desarrollo era más importante que el establecer un ‘banco nacional’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the special issue of the journal "Economic Record" which contains papers selected from the 37th Annual Conference of Economists held at the Gold Coast, Queensland, from September 30-October 3, 2008. The conference was held under the auspices of the Economic Society of Australia. In total, 158 papers were presented at the conference in 45 contributed sessions. Eight papers were finally selected for inclusion in this issue.

This article is the second of two papers that review the field of spatially sensitive social scientific research into the links between social status and transport disadvantage. The first paper undertook a comprehensive review of the social scientific and transport planning literature to mark the level of development in the field and identify conceptual and methodological issues and constraints in this field of inquiry. The present article supports the advancement of socially and geographically sensitive transport research by opportunities for the development of more sophisticated spatial analytical methodologies. The approach we present is able to account for factors not previously addressed in either social or transport planning research, in particular the temporal dimensions of transport service accessibility. The article articulates the methodology through an empirical case study of socio-spatial transport disadvantage within the Gold Coast City. The article demonstrates that there are important theoretical and practical lessons to be gained for researchers and policy makers in addressing the social dimensions of transport and infrastructure provision. Further, the article argues that an attentiveness to new ways of combining and representing social and transport data-sets can promote policy relevant empirical social inquiry. The article also contributes in a productive way to the empirical knowledge of Australia's sixth-largest metropolitan area, which is often overlooked by urban scholars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provides information on the Conference of the Council for Australian University Tourism and Hospitality Education at the Conrad Jupiters Resort in Gold Coast, Queensland. Features of Conrad Jupiters; Scope of the papers presented at the conference; Program of the conference.

Marine aquaria continue to be popular tourist attractions, and while not ecotourism per se, they are clearly nature-based, and fulfil parallel tourist needs for interaction with animals. In recent years, some of these facilities have recognised that visitors desire an experience that goes beyond the visual and entertainment encounters that categorise the majority of their offerings, for example, the 'Animal Adventures' programme at Sea World™ on Australia's Gold Coast. However, these interactions open up a whole new realm of performance management for these organisations, coordinating a range of actors from tourists, wildlife trainers, and the animals themselves. This paper examines why tourists are seeking such encounters, and shows how these interactions are contextualised and given meaning in tourist narratives, situated within an emerging social science discourse on embodiment. Observations suggest that society's over-anthropomorphising of the animals in question brings particular opportunity for dissonance. The broader significance of animal-human relations is explored through this interface, as are the implications for sustainable nature tourism in the future. There is potential here for a more enlightened approach to animal tourism, and a more nuanced categorisation of these activities in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes development of a numerical tidal model and a data collection program for the Coomera River estuary on the Gold Coast. The primary objective of this project was to provide a detailed picture of the tidal characteristics within the study area; to investigate the degree and importance of tidal asymmetry at the Coomera River; to calculate the tidal prism; and also to enable the simulation of water circulation within the study area. A comprehensive data set was collected as part of this study to understand the local dynamics, and to calibrate and validate the model. The collected data include current, water level and meteorological forces in the study area. Calibration and validation were achieved through: comparison of computed tidal harmonics against those derived from harmonic analyses of the measured water level variations; and comparison between the measured discharges across four cross-sections at critical locations within the study area with the discharges predicted through modelling. As part of this study, harmonic analyses of the collected data were conducted to identify the major tidal constituents of the tidal signal within the study area. Calculations show that tide becomes mixed, and is mainly semi-diurnal in the estuary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about the International Event Summit held July 6-8, 2009 in Gold Coast, Queensland is presented. It has a theme entitled "Meeting the Challenge of Sustainable Development: How Do Public and Corporate Events Engage With the Global Agenda." The conference aimed to broadening the understanding of the events industry concerning minimizing the carbon footprint of their events and emphasizing sustainability.

The number of Chinese tourists travelling internationally has increased significantly during the last decade and this trend looks set to continue, making this population an important tourism market. This study provides an analysis of the visitor satisfaction of Chinese tourists to the Gold Coast, based on the recognition of the importance of satisfaction in encouraging word of mouth recommendations and repeat visitation. The data required for this paper was collected using a questionnaire that was distributed to a convenience sample of Chinese tourists holidaying on the Gold Coast between January and February 2003. Analysis of the data indicates a relatively high level of overall satisfaction with the destination, but room for improvement in areas relating to shopping and food provision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth paths of resorts has been an enduring topic of tourism research for over sixty years yet the ability to operationalize models currently put forward to explain the process has not been satisfactorily demonstrated. The Resort Development Spectrum discussed in this paper is a candidate for providing a model that does possesses an ability to be used as a planning tool in the forecasting of the likely pattern of resort development into the future. The model is multidimensional and based on an understanding of the demand-side response to the market that operates in resorts and incorporates elements of Fordist, post-Fordist interpretation of production and demand. The model is tested by using it to explain the last 130 years of development on the Gold Coast, Queensland. The model is found to satisfactorily explain the growth path of tourism development on the Gold Coast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Max-Neef's theory of human-scale development (HSD) directs attention to an issues-based, locality specific agenda through self-identification of community issues by local people. This paper reports on a two-day HSD workshop run on the Gold Coast where an eclectic group of 20 participants worked through Max-Neef's framework to diagnose their communities' current reality, visualise what their community could be and discuss how to 'build bridges' between the current reality and their Utopian community. This work is part of a broader research programme looking at participatory community development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The need to understand, model and predict urban water consumption is paramount, particularly with urban densities increasing throughout the world. Specifically, it is vital to determine potable water savings, daily demand patterns and actual end use water consumption experienced in diversified water supply schemes in order to verify planning estimates and justify the future application of such schemes. This paper details the results of a mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative) end use investigation, pre- and post-commissioning of recycled water, in a dual reticulated supply scheme in the master planned Pimpama Coomera region, Gold Coast, Australia. Recycled water, supplied for irrigation and toilet flushing, accounted for 59.1L/p/d or 32.2% of total consumption post-commissioning, with irrigation being 28.9L/p/d or 15.7%. Furthermore, developed end use diurnal patterns demonstrate the unique daily demand consumption within the region and significant reductions in peak potable water demand when compared with single reticulated supply areas. The paper concludes with discussions of implications for better informed water services infrastructure planning activities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article discusses the general features of the intertideal zonation of the more common or characteristic organisms in the Gold Coast, Queensland. A research concerned with the vertical and horizontal distribution of seaweeds as well as the distribution of animals present in the area. It is revealed that rocky shores in the area are divided according to the amount of wave action into exposed, moderately exposed and moderately sheltered and sheltered as well as the type of zonation characteristic of each type. Distribution of plants and animals in rocky shores differ in every zone and only depends on the type of water they can use for survival.

During salvage excavations of an Aboriginal shell midden at Hollywell, on the Gold Coast of Queensland, ant activity was noted as a contributor to both bioturbation, and to the introduction of modern material, including metal fragments, plastic, nylon fishing line and cotton thread into the deposit. This material was found at depths of up to 400 mm and adjacent to excavation units with shells with a calibrated age of 1050-900 BP. These observations prompted the development of a small experiment to illustrate the impact that one species of common Australian ant observed on site, the green-head ant (Rhytidoponera metallica), can have on cultural material in sandy deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban water quality can be significantly impaired by the build-up of pollutants such as heavy metals and volatile organics on urban road surfaces due to vehicular traffic. Any control strategy for the mitigation of traffic related build-up of heavy metals and volatile organic pollutants should be based on the knowledge of their build-up processes. In the study discussed in this paper, the outcomes of a detailed experimental investigation into build-up processes of heavy metals and volatile organics are presented. It was found that traffic parameters such as average daily traffic, volume over capacity ratio and surface texture depth had similar strong correlations with the build-up of heavy metals and volatile organics. Multicriteria decision analyses revealed that that the 1-74 μm particulate fraction of total suspended solids (TSS) could be regarded as a surrogate indicator for particulate heavy metals in build-up and this same fraction of total organic carbon could be regarded as a surrogate indicator for particulate volatile organics build-up. In terms of pollutants affinity, TSS was found to be the predominant parameter for particulate heavy metals build-up and total dissolved solids was found to be the predominant parameter for the potential dissolved particulate fraction in heavy metals buildup. It was also found that land use did not play a significant role in the build-up of traffic generated heavy metals and volatile organics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) has considerable support among the built environment professions. Yet the underlying assumptions on which it is based have rarely been evaluated to assess their effectiveness or efficacy. This paper reports the development and use of a scale that measured the actual levels of "incidental" CPTED in two residential areas in Gold Coast, Australia. The scale was administered in parallel with a victimization and social attitude survey. Analysis based on the combination of the two suggests that CPTED measures may have some effect on reducing victimization, particularly the kind of CPTED measures that apply to the group of dwellings on a single street, but the effect on fear of crime is surprisingly limited. It also indicates that there is potential in the application of such a scale in a wider assessment of the effectiveness of operationalizing CPTED design measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about several topics discussed at the Australian Consensus Workshop on Implant Dentistry Education held in Gold Coast, Queensland on February 4-6, 2010 is presented. Topics include the building on the existing work,expanding and adjusting it to the educational, professional and social environment of Australia. The workshop brought together leading academics and clinicians from eight Australian dental schools representing all disciplines involved in the teaching of implant dentistry.

This study was undertaken to determine if pharmaceutical companies persuade and offer enticements to Gold Coast (Queensland, Australia) general practitioners (GPs), in an attempt to encourage them to recommend health websites to the health consumer. A survey instrument consisting of seven single response questions was mailed to 250 (61%) out of 410 GPs. Questions were designed to measure the percentages (%) and proportions associated with levels of persuasion and types of enticements pharmaceutical companies are offering GPs, in an attempt to encourage them to recommend health websites to the health consumer. The survey instrument allowed participants to indicate their (1) gender, (2) age and (3) years of experience (less experienced ≤ 10 years/more experienced ≥ 10 years). One hundred and eight (43%) of the 250 GPs returned a completed survey. The return rate for male GPs was 72 (40%) and for female GPs, it was 36 (33%). Sixty-eight (63%) GPs indicated that they actively recommend health websites to their patients [male GPs – 48 (71%), female GPs – 20 (29%)]. This study highlights that female GPs (80%), those aged between 31 and 40 (77%) and GPs with < 10 years experience (72%) were more frequently targeted by pharmaceutical companies. This study reports that pharmaceutical companies are offering various types of enticements in an attempt to persuade Gold Coast GPs to recommend specific health websites to the health consumer. Further research should explore if similar levels of persuasion and types of enticements are being offered to GPs across Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The effect of climate change on development standards presents many issues. Impact projections remain uncertain, limited by a lack of knowledge of scientific processes and an inability accurately to project future economic and social conditions. Gold Coast City Council has been exploring a planning model to address the impact of climate change on setting the development standards in flood-affected areas for some time. At the heart of this planning is a strategic decision support system. This system is a tool that allows continually improving management practices in relation to climate change. The system, which is currently under investigation, starts with a plan that is based on the best available knowledge. As knowledge of the system improves through reducing the degree of uncertainty and exposing the consequences of management interventions, the plan is changed to reflect the learning and improvements. The system has two major elements: data gathering, modelling, calibration, analysis and validation to establish scientific facts and to reduce uncertainty associated with understanding of the system over time; and the development of a process that can quickly convert scientific facts to decisions; assess the consequences of decisions and feed the consequences and the improvement of the system back to the process. The system is designed to allow for planning in a framework that manages climate change in a risk management framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gold Coast Seaway and Jumpinpin Bar are two tidal inlets that connect the Pacific Ocean to the extensive Gold Coast estuarine system. While the Gold Coast Seaway has been stabilized in the mid-1980s by two rock walls, Jumpinpin Bar has remained a highly dynamic tidal inlet. A detailed study of these two tidal inlets is overdue and has been hindered for a long time by the lack of comprehensive field data. This study provides an extensive hydrodynamic data set, which on one side provides an insight into the hydrodynamic behavior of these two tidal inlets and on another side provides a base for their further study. The measured data show relatively high flow velocities at both locations exceeding 2 m/s. It also shows a strong spatial asymmetry in flow velocity distribution across the Gold Coast Seaway during the ebb tide, which accounts for some of the morphological changes at the study area. A five-month water-level measurement indicates a mixed, predominantly semidiurnal tidal regime at these tidal inlets. Examination of tidal variation shows minor temporal tidal asymmetry at both inlets with potential impact on the sediment transport regime at the inlets. In terms of stability, investigation into the tidal prism and cross-sectional area relationship for both inlets can be described using existing relationships obtained from regression analysis of tidal inlets on Pacific and Atlantic coasts. In regards to stability analysis based on tidal prism-littoral drift relationship, the Gold Coast Seaway seems to be approaching stability while Jumpinpin Bar seems to be more of a dynamic inlet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Gold Coast sandy beaches of Queensland (Australia) are exposed to energetic wave conditions. Storms, particularly tropical cyclones, have a high potential of destruction. The Gold Coast has not experienced excessive erosive events over the past 30 years. However, some climate indicators suggest that cyclone frequency is likely to increase in response to global climate change within the near future. Over a 2-month period in early 2006, beach surveys were undertaken with a theodolite total station at four different sites. Offshore wave conditions were provided by SWAN regional wave modelling. During this study, the Gold Coast was exposed to three major storms, the first one being the second most energetic over the past 30 years. Results show a substantial variability of the beach response to these events along the Gold Coast, and that engineering structures do not have marked effects. Easterly swells have the greatest impact on the Gold Coast sub-aerial beach morphology. When low wave-energy conditions prevail, the southern Gold Coast beaches recover more quickly than the northern ones, as they are sheltered from high SE waves and draw advantage from the artificial sand bypassing system. Nevertheless, the data show that the Gold Coast beaches are exceedingly fragile. For instance, the early March decadal event considerably weakened the beaches, which resulted in surprisingly high erosion rates all along the Gold Coast during the two following annual wave events. This study suggests that the Gold Coast beaches would not be able to withstand the impact of an increased frequency of extreme events similar in scale to those of 1967. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relates the perceptions of leisure opportunities and constraints among young people living on the Gold Coast in Queensland. Implications of social change for the leisure activities of young people; Types of leisure activities of young people in Scotland; Constraints that affect the decisions of young people regarding their leisure activities. INSET: XTRA.

A study was initiated to address environmental concerns associated with changes in land use in the catchment area of Coombabah Lake, a brackish coastal lake system located in southeast Queensland. Sedimentological and geochemical data derived from a series of cores that penetrate the ca. 0–6000 year-old lacustrine sequence indicate that throughout much of its history, Coombabah Lake has remained a quiet, shallow, water body fed by fine-grained sediment dropped from suspension. Discrete and laterally continuous, shelly horizons form the basis for the stratigraphy developed for the lake sequence. A lithological transition in the upper 50 cm of the sediment column, from mud to shell-rich, sandy mud, suggests that the depositional regime changed ∼500 years ago as accommodation space was filled. At this time, the dominant sedimentary processes changed to include reworking, partial bypass of sediment, the intermittent concentration of shell debris by winnowing, and the development of a flood-tidal delta complex in the lower reaches of the lake. Sharp increases in total organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus concentrations below the lithological transition at 50 cm depth suggest that the capacity of the system to preserve organic matter and trap nutrients decreased significantly after the transition in depositional regime. Results indicate that current conditions in Lake Coombabah are governed by natural processes associated with the long-term evolution of coastal lake systems, and reveal little to suggest that there were any adverse affects resulting from recent human activities in the surrounding catchment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated substance use and interpersonal conflict within the previous 24 hours of young people celebrating Schoolies Week in the Queensland Gold Coast, Sunshine Coast or Wide Bay regions. Questionnaires were completed by 291 males and 367 females, who were predominantly 17 or 18 years old and Queensland residents. Participants engaged in very high levels of drinking, marijuana and ecstasy use in comparison to relevant population statistics. Males were heavier marijuana users and drinkers than were females, and suffered more negative consequences of drinking. They also experienced more interpersonal conflict, although females were more likely to report being sexually harassed. Behaviour was riskier at the Gold Coast than elsewhere, with males within regions engaging in riskier behaviour. Drinkers were more likely to report using marijuana and alcohol, and suffering from the consequences of alcohol, than were non-drinkers. The data suggest that harm minimization interventions targeted at Schoolies Week participants are needed in all areas in which Schoolies Week are celebrated, although there is a particular need at the Gold Coast. These data also suggest that current interventions may be inadequate in preventing harm to participants, and may need to focus on participants' expectations of the consequences of celebrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the study conducted on the tropical forest type in the Gold Coast, Queensland. Researchers found that the history of the area is of interest mainly in indicating whether the vegetation is primary or whether it has been previously affected by man, particularly farming. They found that the forest of the same physiognomic formation and similar floristic composition covers a very great area of the Gold Coast wherein it passes gradually, almost imperceptibly into the Evergreen Forest or Rain Forest in the south-west of the colony and into a drier type of forest to the north and east. Discussed are the details of the issue.

The article explains how the rainfall of the dry season of the Gold Coast, Queensland, must be considered as one main factor that limits the growth of cacao. It is claimed that those important cacao-producing areas have been suffering from a degree of wetness for the dry season of over 10 units, an amount revealed if the rainfall of the dry season and not that of the whole year is to be considered. The dry season then becomes an influential factor on many aspects of the growth and cultivation of the crop because fruiting, vegetable growth, Sahlbergella attack, soil cultivation, and manuring are all undermined by the season.

The article discusses the highlights of the annual General meeting of the Australian and New Zealand Hyperbaric Medicine Group (ANZHMG) that was held in Gold Coast, Queensland on August 16, 2008. D. Smart and D. Wilkinson offered to remain in their respective position of Chair and Secretary for another two-year term which was accepted unopposed. The ANZHMG has approved funding for soft tissue radiation injury and non-diabetic hypoxic problem wounds.