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The research focuses on the pivotal issue of human-related nominations of medical terminology. The scrutiny is given to the terminology of patients’ medical cases and complete management. The work attempts to fill in the research niche of structural, semantic analysis and specifics of interlinguistic equivalents of English and Russian medical terminology of patient cases. The nominations of human body, conditions, triggers and medical manipulations are studied. The research material, followed methods and approaches contribute to the research relevance implemented within human-oriented paradigm. The study aims at clarifying and specifying the semantic and structural features of medical terms elicited from the subcorpora of patient cases presented in the ‘House M.D.’ TV series, compiled by the authors. The aim is achieved through the study of semantic components, contextual features, lexical valency and derivational features of 168 terms. The corpora-based approach combined with text proces sing tools and techniques used by the authors make the research novel. Moreover, the developed algorithm provides a solid base for further investigations alike. The research was implemented in four stages. The word frequency analysis of the words in the compiled corpora showed the prevalence of medical terms. The number of terminological word combinations equals to one-word terms. Among the former word combinations with prepositions are not frequent. The latter exhibit clear derivational patterns with a marked set of word formation suffixes. The distribution of the terms into semantic groups revealed the prevalence of the semes ‘diagnosis’, ‘symptoms’ and ‘pathology’. The need for transliteration of English-Russian equivalents of medical terms arises due to the Latin origin of the most part of the terms which may be regarded as international medical vocabulary.

Copyright of Journal of Language & Literature Studies is the property of Turkiye Dil ve Edebiyat Dernegi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this study was to identify neurophysiological differences in information processing by the brain during passive reading and semantic categorization of individual words within a phrase. Materials and methods. The research involved 25 natural science students of Nizhny Novgorod universities. In the course of the experiment, the subjects were presented with word combinations consisting of an attribute and a noun on a computer monitor. In the first series of presentations, the task was to classify the attribute (target condition) and read the noun (non-target condition), in the second, to classify the noun and read the attribute. This allowed us to assess the restructuring of information processing when changing the task within a phrase, as well as to compare the processing of the word in the first and second positions in the target and non-target conditions. Using the 21-channel Neuron-Spectrum-4/VPM electroencephalograph (Neurosoft, Russia), event-related potentials (ERPs) obtained during the response to presented stimuli were recorded. Results. No differences were observed in attribute processing between the target and non-target conditions when tasks changed. For nouns, differences were revealed in ERP components between the target and non-target conditions. There was a more pronounced peak of the P200 component, a less pronounced peak of the N400 and a late negative wave of the N700 component during the categorization of nouns compared to their passive reading. Thus, when performing different tasks within a phrase, the brain changes the nature of verbal information processing, which is manifested in strengthening early lexical access, followed by the facilitation of lexico-semantic processing and activation of cognitive control mechanisms at the latest stages during the categorization of the second word in a phrase (noun) compared to its passive reading.

The aim of the research is to analyse the mechanisms of manipulation of lexical choice aspects in the creation of mass stereotypes and ideas in Russian propaganda (based on examples of the analysis of Russian mass media and blogs). The research employed the methods of quantitative, comparative, and statistical analysis. In the course of the study, results were obtained in the form of a count of lexical units used in five sources of Russian propaganda and an assessment of their meaning. The results give reason to draw a conclusion about the use of certain lexical choices (euphemisms, emotionally charged vocabulary, slogans, hate speech, historical myths and falsifications) by Russian propaganda to redefine military realities and justify the war crimes of the Russian occupation army. The academic novelty of the study is the selected various academic sources to illustrate the imperial thinking of Russian mass media correspondents. Prospects. Further research may diversify the materials for the lexical analysis of the mechanisms of Russian propaganda in mass media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study is to compare the vocabulary related to traditional nutrition in the Altai and Kyrgyz languages. It is based on linguistic materials collected by the author among residents of the villages of the Altai Republic: Kaspa, Shyrgaity of the Shebalinsk District; Kyrlyk, Mondur-Sokkon, Kan-Oozy of the Ust-Kansk District; Yabogan, Yelo, Kulady, Bichiktu-Boom, and Kӱpchegen of the Onguday District. Their analysis revealed many lexical and semantic similarities in the Altai and Kyrgyz languages. This is especially noticeable in the names of meat dishes. The coincidences are explained by the identical economic and living conditions of the Altaians and Kyrgyz in the past and present. The formation of the vocabulary of the Altai and Kyrgyz languages took place in a distant era, when their speakers lived in the territory of Altai.

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Philology: Science & Education is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the L1 and L2 linguistic profiles of preschool bilingual children of migrants, to compare the evaluations of their parents and teachers, and to identify the children with low L2 lexical skills. Method: The expressive vocabulary and word combinations of these bilingual children were assessed with the MacArthur Bates Communicative Development Inventories (MB-CDI) short-form questionnaire, by both parents, to evaluate L1 and L2-Italian, and teachers, to evaluate L2. Interviews were carried out with the parents to collect the demographic and linguistic variables. Data and analysis: The sample comprised 60 preschool bilingual children of migrants (chronological age: 37–62 months) with 15 first language (L1) minority backgrounds, and exposed to L2-Italian. A total of 60 families and 44 nursery school teachers also participated. Conclusion: Almost two-thirds (61.4%) of these preschool bilingual children of migrants showed greater expressive vocabulary in L2 than L1. The children's word combinations were advanced in L2 in 84.8%, and in L1 in 27.1%. Parents attributed higher language skills in L2-Italian to their children than teachers, although assessments of parents and teachers were correlated. Almost a quarter of the children (24.6%) showed low lexical skills in L2, which is explained by shorter exposure time to L2 at school. Originality: The characteristics of the L1 and L2 linguistic profiles of preschool bilingual children have been little studied to date, although these children are increasingly present in school contexts. There is the need to identify children who are slow in acquisition of L2, along with the contextual-linguistic factors that explain this slowed language acquisition. Implications: The availability of a relevant and rapid tool (MB-CDI questionnaire) to estimate knowledge in L1 and L2 that is suitable for migrant parents and teachers provides important information for assessment of the L2 skills of such bilingual children of migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the peculiarities of creating and functioning of regionalisms: regional words and word combinations used by the residents of a certain region. Regionalisms are studied on the material of Chelyabinsk regional dialect (regiolect). The authors argue that regional words and word combinations form a unique part of the national language, being the markers of the regional identity, and creatively reflecting the regional picture of the world. The study employs a comprehensive approach to the exploration of Chelyabinsk regional lexicon including cognitive, sociolinguistic, and linguo-cultural methods, structural-semantic analysis and continuous sampling. It shows that the creative character of regionalisms is reflected in their structure and meaning. Creative regionalisms include unofficial toponyms, microtoponyms and urbanyms that undergo transonymization and function alongside with official toponyms, microtoponyms, official ergonyms – names of firms, language schools, shops, tourist centers – and nonstandard regionalisms used in colloquial speech. The main tendencies of regional creativity realization are revealed in word building types, the most productive of which and most frequently used are compounding (30% of the empirical material) and affixation (30% of the examples). Creative regionalisms are also formed by blending (25% of the examples) and by abbreviations (15% of the studied regionalisms). The findings prove that the nomination processes among regionalisms reflect both local and global nomination tendencies. One of the main universal tendencies of nomination is globalization revealed in the English influence on the formation of regional ergonyms, on the one hand, and glocalization realized through hybrid English-Russian words and word combinations, on the other hand. Hybrid regionalisms dominate among ergonyms.

This study investigated the relationship of a set of word‐combination‐based measures of phraseological diversity, sophistication, and complexity to second language (L2) Chinese proficiency and writing quality in comparison to that of a set of large‐grained topic‐comment‐unit‐based measures. Our dataset consisted of 101 assessed narratives produced by Korean learners of Chinese as a L2 at 3 proficiency levels. Multiple phraseological measures exhibited stronger correlations with quality ratings and/or larger effect sizes for proficiency than did the large‐grained topic‐comment‐unit‐based measures. Measures pertaining to language‐specific features, including topic‐comment‐unit‐based measures and phraseological measures based on language‐specific word combination types, exhibited stronger discriminative power for intermediate and advanced levels than for beginning and intermediate levels. Our results also revealed the importance of predicate‐related combinations in assessing L2 Chinese phraseological diversity and complexity. We discuss the implications of our findings for L2 Chinese writing research and L2 Chinese pedagogy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to study the syntactic features of the aphorisms of the Azerbaijani language through the definition of the concept of syntactic constructions in the Azerbaijani aphorisms. Simple and complex sentences involved in the formation of aphorisms are studied using specific examples. Literary texts in the Azerbaijani language have been selected as a research method, the concept has been formed on the basis of an analysis of scientific and theoretical approaches and ideas regarding aphorisms in modern linguistics. It is determined that in the formation of aphorisms, various forms are active, which are included in the concept of syntactic construction. Syntactic constructions are formed mainly on the basis of phrases and types of sentences and their relationships. Their diversity also enriches the aphorisms of the given language. It has been revealed that syntactic constructions are simple and complex sentences and phrases. Analysis of aphorisms allows one to determine both sentences and phrases. The study of the syntactic features of Azerbaijani aphorisms is very important from the point of view of determining the ways of language development. It has been proven that the main sources for the formation and enrichment of aphorisms are certain types of sentences. The study has yielded a number of interesting scientific results. The structural analysis of Azerbaijani aphorisms has revealed the problem of using metaphors. The metaphorization of being is a property of the human mind, which is always prone to imagery, and is one of the most important and necessary categories of language. Literary language is a figurative language where the word is not limited to the expression of thought and is actively used in the figurative description of objective reality. Here the word acts as a means of creating an image in the literary language, giving a subjective assessment of the ongoing processes, expressing subtle and deep feelings, forming the reader’s aesthetic taste, as well as emotionally influencing him. One of the meanings of each polysemantic word is real, and the rest are derivatives, secondary or figurative. For example, if we think of the word “cold” in the expression “cold wind” as a word with a real meaning, then it is clear that the word “cold” with the same content in the combinations “cold attitude” or “cold gaze” has a more figurative meaning ...

This study was aimed to find out the frequency of three- word and four- word of lexical bundles which were used in the essay writing of the undergraduate students studying at English Education Department of Syiah Kuala University. This study employed a corpus based analysis which compiled a specialized small corpus consisting of 161 students’ essays under linguistic topic. In order to generate the frequent list of sequences, computational software named AntConc 3.5.8 by Laurent Anthony was used. The results showed that the number of three-word bundles was higher than four-word bundles in terms of the frequency of co-occurrence in which the most common expression the function of as three-word bundles and the advantages of being as four-word bundles were found.

The present study aims to reveal the use of high-frequency verbs "make" and "do" when they occur in a verb+noun combination in the argumentative essays of Turkish learners of English. In this context, the present study investigated the grammatical and semantic patterns and erroneous productions in the learner corpus. The investigation made use of a learner corpus and LOCNESS as the reference native corpus for comparison purposes. The findings showed that there were some similarities and dissimilarities among two corpora in terms of grammatical and semantic properties. Based on the findings of the current study and previous studies, the present study shared theoretical and practical implications particularly for language teaching settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is dedicated to study of principles of description of the meaning of words in the multilingual synonymic dictionaries. The dictionary of synonyms must have full enough and absolutely explicit description of their semantic similarity and distinctions. The description can be full if it includes all existing features of the words, adequately denote every meaning and help the language learners and speakers in choosing possible meanings of synonyms owing to situation. The synonymic dictionary must include all synonyms, their meanings, lexico-semantic combination, distribution, grammatical constructions and stylistic features showing their usage in certain contexts and situations. In some cases according to their contextual meanings synonyms may be substituted depending on situation. The article is based on examples of English, Uzbek and Russian languages.

Morphosyntax is one of the most impaired aspects of language development in children with Down syndrome. The present study aimed to assess the emergence of multiword utterances in this population. Sixteen Italian-speaking children with Down syndrome were followed from 36 to 48 months of age. Data derived from an analysis of their spontaneous productions showed that although the mean productivity of multiword utterances increased over the three time points (36, 42 and 48 months), different growth patterns of early syntactic development could be identified: (1) null or marginal development; (2) a gradual increase in multiword production over time; (3) an increase in the production of more complex multiword utterances and a decrease or inverted U-shaped profile in the production of simpler multiword productions; (4) an inverted U-shaped profile in multiword productions. In addition, children showed an improvement in their ability to express different semantic functions by word combinations. Significant relationships were found between early syntactic skills and both the child's vocabulary size and developmental age. A better knowledge of the acquisition pace and content of word combinations could allow more effective rehabilitative treatment during the first steps of children's syntactic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early screening of children at risk for language difficulties is challenging. This study aimed to analyze the specificity and sensitivity of two screening methods at 2;0 years of age. In addition, the matter of what kind of information the use of word combinations and parental concern provide for screening was analyzed. The subjects were 78 children. The screening methods used were the Finnish versions of the short-form version of the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories (FinCDI-SF) and the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales, Developmental Profile, Infant-Toddler Checklist (FinCSBS). The specificity and sensitivity of the screening methods were analyzed based on result of the Reynell Developmental Language Scales III. Both screening methods had high specificity but only moderate sensitivity. The use of word combinations and parental concern provided relevant information on early language development. The results imply that it is important to take into consideration receptive language development in early screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the development of early Persian vocabulary in the process of first language acquisition in case of an Iranian child at age 2. The child was named Melica in this paper and her speech was observed for the period of 6 months. The outcomes show that Melica could produce about 150 words and understand many more when she was 2 years old. Also she understood such meanings as “on”, “under”, and “in”. At that age, she mostly produced nouns, which represented more than half of her vocabulary. Observed for a period of six months, Melica showed a gradual development in word as well as in sentence production, though some discrepancies in the use of certain words, such as developmental errors and overextensions, were also reported.

Copyright of Journal of Language & Linguistics Studies is the property of Journal of Language & Linguistics Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Linguistica Asiatica is the property of Acta Linguistica Asiatica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studii şi Cercetări de Onomastică şi Lexicologie is the property of University of Craiova, Faculty of Letters and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on the treatment of lexical and grammatical words in the English grammar books published for native speakers in 18th and 19th century, along with history of English grammar writing; and the selection and employment of words in linguistic and the extra-linguistic environment.

Collocation is that some word in the language depending on the particular condition refers to the use with the common format. Notion of collocation was first put forward in 1951 by Firth and than many studies have been made on the concepts of Western linguistic. These studies determined the boundaries of collocation and collocation dictionaries were created as a result. After researched the subject in Turkish linguistic several ideas have been proposed by researchers about representation of the collocations in Turkish Dictionary. These assessment is in progress, Turkish Dictionary has been ignored as a general dictionary. While assessing it should be noted that general dictionaries responsible for the many language issues in the process of creation of the dictionaries. As a general dictionary, Turkish Dictionaries primary objective is extensively represent Turkish vocabulary. From the tenth edition of the 2005 edition of the 2005 edition Turkish Dictionary representation of collocations has shown considerable sensitivity than on the eleventh edition in 2011, collocations were presented with precision. Representation of collocations in Turkish to be like foreign language dictionaries, collocations research should increase in Turkish linguistic and collocations dictionaries should be prepared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mersin University Journal of Linguistics & Literature / Mersin Üniversitesi Dil ve Edebiyat Dergisi is the property of Mersin University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Kirkeby's English–Swahili Dictionary is a bilingual dictionary of more than 50 000entries. The most laudable feature of the dictionary is its attempt to be user-friendly especially inthe way the entry words have been arranged and the amount of information given. However, aclear objective for the compilation of the ditionary is lacking. The compilers do not seem to knowthe lexicographical gap they want to fill, the users they are targeting, and their dictionary-usingskills. In discussing the strong and weak points of the dictionary, the article will refer to theories ofdictionary criticism. Three criteria set by McMillan (1949) will guide this review article: (1) thequantity of the information in the dictionary; (2) the quality of the information presented; and (3)the effectiveness of the presentation of the information. Questions posed in the course of this articlewill include: Does the dictionary give the information required by the user? Is the informationtransparently accessible? How is the information presented?Keywords: DICTIONARY EVALUATION, USER-FRIENDLY, DICTIONARY-USINGSKILLS, LEXICOGRAPHICAL ENTRIES, GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES, SUBGRAMMATICALCATEGORIES, WORD COMBINATIONS, COLLOCATIONS, TRANSLATION EQUIVALENTSOpsomming: Kirkeby se English–Swahili Dictionary. Kirkeby se English–SwahiliDictionary is 'n tweetalige woordeboek met meer as 50 000 inskrywings. Die mees prysenswaardigekenmerk van die woordeboek is sy poging om gebruikersvriendelik te wees, veral deur die manierwaarop die trefwoorde gerangskik is en die hoeveelheid inligting wat verskaf word. 'n Duidelikedoelwit vir die samestelling van die woordeboek ontbreek egter. Die samestellers is skynbaaronseker oor die leksikografiese leemte wat hulle wil vul, en die gebruikers vir wie dit bedoel is enhul woordeboekgebruikersvaardighede. In die bespreking van die sterk en die swak eienskappevan die woordeboek sal die artikel verwys na teorieë van woordeboekkritiek. Die kriteria gesteldeur McMillan (1949) sal as gids dien vir hierdie resensieartikel: (1) die hoeveelheid inligting in diewoordeboek; (2) die gehalte van die inligting aangebied; en (3) die doeltreffendheid van die aanbiedingvan die inligting. Vrae wat in die loop van hierdie artikel gestel sal word, sluit in: Gee diewoordeboek die inligting wat deur die gebruiker verlang word? Is die inligting deursigtig beskikbaar?Hoe word die inligting aangebied?Sleutelwoorde: WOORDEBOEKBEOORDELING, GEBRUIKERSVRIENDELIK, WOORDEBOEKGEBRUIKSVAARDIGHEDE,LEKSIKOGRAFIESE INSKRYWINGS, GRAMMATIKALEKATEGORIEË, SUBGRAMMATIKALE KATEGORIEË, WOORDVERBINDINGS, KOLLOKASIES,VERTAALEKWIVALENTE

What are the evolutionary and developmental origins of linguistic creativity? Cross-species comparison of the clade consisting of bonobo, chimpanzee, and human suggests that creative word combinations arise from conversation. Analysis of conversational data shows that novel symbol combinations are initially dependent upon conversational input – through the processes of deferred imitation and joint construction – for a bonobo and a chimpanzee exposed to a humanly devised symbol system, as well as for a human child. In all three species, reliance on conversational input for novel symbol combinations fades with development, as novel symbol combinations come to be constructed more independently. These findings resolve the controversy between the claim that ape language is limited to imitation and the claim that apes are not capable of imitation. Imitation, like conversational co-construction, does not differentiate between bonobo, chimpanzee, and human; instead, imitation and co-construction differentiate stages of learning and development across all three species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emerging use of constructed utterances by a pre-school boy who initially used single words and routine phrases is described during a 7-month period, from 4;8-5;3. Emerging constructed phrases were consistent with a mixture of gestalt and analytic acquisition strategies. Some constructed phrases were variations on earlier routine phrases, and others were combinations of words that did not appear in earlier routines. Discussion of the child's course of language development is related to the literature on typical language acquisition and a model of language development in individuals with autism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]