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Recently, waterlogging damage of mungbean is most common in many mungbean growing areas of the world. The exogenous application of phytohormones cytokinin (CK) and gibberellic acid (GA) could be an effective way of managing mungbean under waterlogging stress. Therefore, we applied different levels of CK and GA at the onset of waterlogging and ten days after waterlogging, and the results were observed in waterlogged plants as compared to control. The CK and GA application showed much improvement in depressed morpho-physiological and yield-related traits and seed yield. However, the responses varied depending on the types and doses of CK and GA. The plant height and the number of leaves were higher in GA-applied plants than CK-treated plants. The GA responded more in shoot growth, whereas CK in root development under waterlogged situations. The application of CK at 150 mg/L displayed the highest 33.9% yield advantage. It reveals that exogenous CK could be a good management practice in areas prone to waterlogging stress for attaining better yield in mungbean.

Excess water in vineyard soils during grapevine growing season is expected to become a critical issue in Japan. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of constantly high soil water content which was controlled at constantly more than 20% water content in soil on vegetative growth and berry quality of Cabernet Sauvignon over a 3-year growing season. A wireless sensor networking system for real-time monitoring of soil moisture was used to check that the experimental plot had constantly more than 20% water content in soil. Véraison in the experimental plot controlled at constantly high soil water content started 10 days, 4 days and 1 day later than that in the non-irrigated experimental plot in the 2017, 2018 and 2019 growing seasons, respectively. The constantly high soil water content had no notable effects on berry quality, such as berry characteristics and berry composition, at harvest compared with the non-irrigated experimental plot, although there was a certain tendency that constantly high soil water content decreased anthocyanin contents in berry skins compared with those of non-irrigated grapevines during the three growing seasons. We postulated that waterlogging damage due to the increase in soil water content by frequent rainfall would be minimised by the selection of rootstock that confers tolerance to waterlogging stress for scion cultivars and/or viticultural practices to prevent decrease in soil temperature. Also, the introduction of Internet of Things technology for monitoring water status in vineyard soil is expected to contribute to improving practical approaches to vineyard soil water management.