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Copyright of Revista de Fomento Social is the property of ETEA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There are well-known socioeconomic status (SES) gradients in children and adolescents' health which may be associated with time use. Our aim was to evaluate the association between Australian children's 24-hour time use and SES using four separate surveys from 2005 to 2021. Time use was assessed in 4526 8-19-year-olds from the 2005 Health of Young Victorians, 2007 National Children's Nutrition and Physical Activity, 2015 Child Health CheckPoint, and 2019-21 Life on Holidays study. Each survey used the same reliable, valid, 24-hour recall instrument. SES was quantified using tertiles of household income, education, and postcode-level measures. Compositional data analysis was used to compare 24-hour time use between SES categories, adjusting for age, sex, and puberty. Time-use compositions differed significantly by SES in each survey. Relative to the lowest SES, children from the highest SES accumulated on average 31 min/day more School-related time, 6 min/day more Passive Transport and 6 min/day more Self-care. Conversely, they accumulated 30 min/day less Screen Time (which included computer time), 11 min/day less sleep, and spent 7 min/day less in Domestic/Social activities. There were only small differences in Quiet Time and Physical Activity. SES-related differences in time use were robust across ages 8-19, a 16-year timespan, diverse Australian geographical regions, and using different SES metrics. The exchange of about 30 min/day between School-related activities and Screen Time amounts to >180 hours extra exposure to School-related activities annually in the highest SES category relative to the lowest, equivalent to >6 weeks of school time per year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Emerging evidence suggests that children's fatness increases and fitness declines at a greater rate during the summer holiday period, compared with the school year. The aim of this study was to compare rates of change in fitness and fatness over the in-term and summer holiday periods among Australian schoolchildren. A secondary aim was to explore whether rates of change differed according to the child's sex, socio-economic status (SES), pubertal status and weight status. Methods: Children (n = 381) initially in Grade 4 (age 9) were recruited for this 2-year longitudinal study. Fatness (% body fat, BMI z-score, waist-to-height ratio) and fitness (20-m shuttle run and standing broad jump) were measured at the start and end of two consecutive years. Rates of change were calculated for the two in-school periods (Grades 4 and 5) and for the summer holiday period. Rates of change in fatness and fitness between in-school and holiday periods were compared, and differences in rates of change according to sex, socio-economic status, and weight status were explored. Results: During the holidays, percentage body fat increased at a greater rate (annualised rate of change [RoC]: +3.9 vs. Grade 4 and + 4.7 vs. Grade 5), and aerobic fitness declined at a greater rate (RoC − 4.7 vs. Grade 4 and − 4.4 vs. Grade 5), than during the in-school periods. There were no differences in rates of change for BMI z-score, waist-to-height ratio or standing broad jump. Body fatness increased faster in the holidays (relative to the in-school period) in children who are overweight and from low-SES families. Aerobic fitness declined more rapidly in the holidays in children who are overweight. Conclusion: This study highlights that during the summer holiday period, children experience greater increases in fatness and declines in fitness, with children who live with low-SES families and are overweight being more affected. The findings suggest the need for targeted interventions during this period to address these negative health trends. Trial registration: Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, identifier ACTRN12618002008202. Retrospectively registered on 14 December 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Papers: Revista de Sociologia is the property of Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this article is to contribute to the debate on the gender impact of telework, using the home lockdown of the Catalonian population during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic as a case study. Specifically, men’s and women’s experiences and evaluations of remote work are analysed based on a survey on time-use during the lockdown conducted by the Centre Estudis Opinió. The results indicate that the experience of remote work, far from fostering co-responsibility in domestic and care work, further reinforced the gender gap in reproductive labour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate changes in sedentary and active behaviors when previously inactive adults start exercising in the morning or evening. One-hundred adults with overweight or obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) were recruited for a 12-week intervention and randomized to one of three groups: (i) morning exercise (AMEx; 0600–0900); (ii) evening exercise (PMEx; 1600–1900); or (iii) waitlist control. AMEx and PMEx were prescribed self-paced aerobic exercise to achieve a weekly total of 250 min via a combination of supervised and unsupervised training. Sedentary and active behavior times were measured at baseline, mid- and post-intervention using the multimedia activity recall for children and adults. Time spent engaging in physical activity was significantly increased from baseline at both mid- (+ 14–22 min·day−1) and post-intervention (+ 12–19 min·day−1), for AMEx and PMEx. At 12-weeks, participants in both morning and evening exercise groups reported increased time spent Sleeping (+ 36 and + 20 min·day−1, respecitively), and reduced time spent watching TV/playing videogames (− 32 and − 25 min·day−1, respectively). In response to an exercise stimulus, previously inactive adults make encouraging modifications in how they use their time, and the patterns of change are similar with morning and evening exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study researches the individual effects of sex, age, and socioeconomic status and their simultaneous effect on people's time use in the Latin American context. The study uses data from a large-scale survey carried out in Lima city (Peru) specifically for this study. Findings suggest that time use is not only differentiated by sex but is also differentiated by age and socioeconomic status. The results show that women dedicate fewer hours to Paid Productive Activities than men do for almost all age ranges and socioeconomic levels, except the young women (27 years and younger) in the higher socioeconomic category. The results show that young women who belong to higher socioeconomic categories are currently worse off than their counterparts from previous generations were due to the fact that although they have achieved gender equality in terms of Paid Productive Activities, they still remain the main individuals responsible for Unpaid Productive Activities in their households, and, additionally, they still try to dedicate the same amount of time to Personal Activities as men do. This can have significant consequences for those women’s work-life balance, as they are pressured to perform various activities simultaneously in order to compensate for the workload they face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The framework of analysis for “buen vivir” (good living) requires new metrics that fit this theoretical perspective and its social mandates. Following Ramírez’s conceptual-methodological proposal (2012, 2019), it will be argued that studying “good living” implies analyzing the distribution and concentration of time well lived (tBV). To demonstrate the applicability and fruitfulness of this approach, a statistical comparison of the concentration of tBV between Germany and Ecuador is performed. This analysis yields three results: 1) At the macro level, the country with the higher level of development presents higher levels of tBV; 2) At the micro level, in Ecuador, the higher the level of income, the more tBV its citizens enjoy. In Germany, the opposite is true; 3) The composition of tBV varies between the two countries. Ecuadorians devote twice as much time to sociability as Germans.

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Sedentary behavior is continuing to emerge as an important target for health promotion. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of a self-report use of time recall tool, the Multimedia Activity Recall for Children and Adults (MARCA) in estimating time spent sitting/lying, compared with a device-based measure. Methods: Fifty-eight participants (48% female, [mean ± standard deviation] 28 ± 7.4 years of age, 23.9 ± 3.05 kg/m²) wore an activPAL device for 24-h and the following day completed the MARCA. Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were used to analyze convergent validity of the adult MARCA compared with activPAL estimates of total sitting/lying time. Agreement was examined using Bland-Altman plots. Results: According to activPAL estimates, participants spent 10.4 hr/day [standard deviation (SD) = 2.06] sitting or lying down while awake. The correlation between MARCA and activPAL estimates of total sit/lie time was r = .77 (95% confidence interval = 0.64-0.86; P < .001). Bland-Altman analyses revealed a mean bias of +0.59 hr/day with moderately wide limits of agreement (-2.35 hr to +3.53 hr/day). Conclusions: This study found a moderate to strong agreement between the adult MARCA and the activPAL, suggesting that the MARCA is an appropriate tool for the measurement of time spent sitting or lying down in an adult population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Emerging evidence suggests that children become fatter and less fit over the summer holidays but get leaner and fitter during the in-school period. This could be due to differences in diet and time use between these distinct periods. Few studies have tracked diet and time use across the summer holidays. This study will measure rates of change in fatness and fitness of children, initially in Grade 4 (age 9 years) across three successive years and relate these changes to changes in diet and time use between in-school and summer holiday periods. Methods Grade 4 Children attending Australian Government, Catholic and Independent schools in the Adelaide metropolitan area will be invited to participate, with the aim of recruiting 300 students in total. Diet will be reported by parents using the Automated Self-Administered 24-h Dietary Assessment Tool. Time use will be measured using 24-h wrist-worn accelerometry (GENEActiv) and self-reported by children using the Multimedia Activity Recall for Children and Adults (e.g. chores, reading, sport). Measurement of diet and time use will occur at the beginning (Term 1) and end (Term 4) of each school year and during the summer holiday period. Fitness (20-m shuttle run and standing broad jump) and fatness (body mass index z-score, waist circumference, %body fat) will be measured at the beginning and end of each school year. Differences in rates of change in fitness and fatness during in-school and summer holiday periods will be calculated using model parameter estimate contrasts from linear mixed effects model. Model parameter estimate contrasts will be used to calculate differences in rates of change in outcomes by socioeconomic position (SEP), sex and weight status. Differences in rates of change of outcomes will be regressed against differences between in-school and summer holiday period diet and time use, using compositional data analysis. Analyses will adjust for age, sex, SEP, parenting style, weight status, and pubertal status, where appropriate. Discussion Findings from this project may inform new, potent avenues for intervention efforts aimed at addressing childhood fitness and fatness. Interventions focused on the home environment, or alternatively extension of the school environment may be warranted. Trial registration Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, identifier ACTRN12618002008202. Retrospectively registered on 14 December 2018.

Abstract Background Recently, a small number of studies have suggested that gains in fitness and reductions in body fat achieved during the school term are reversed or stagnate during the holiday period. This may be associated with changed activity patterns. The aim of this study was to compare 24-h activity compositions between school and holiday periods in Australian children. Methods The participants in this study were 366 children (53% female, 13.4 ± 2.3 years) who were a subgroup of the 2007 Australian National Children’s Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. Each child recalled use of time on at least one school day, one weekend day and one holiday using the Multimedia Activity Recall for Children and Adults. Composite “in-term” and “holiday” use-of-time profiles were generated by weighting school days by 5, and weekends by 2 where data were available. Difference between holiday and in-term time use was assessed using a compositional multivariate linear model for repeated measures. Subsequent models tested for interaction between time of measurement and socio-economic status or body mass index. Results Time use was significantly different between holidays and in-term days (F = 103, p

Abstract Background Exercise interventions are typically delivered to people with cancer and survivors via supervised clinical rehabilitation. However, motivating and maintaining activity changes outside of the clinic setting remains challenging. This study investigated the feasibility, acceptability and efficacy of an individually-tailored, text message-enhanced intervention that focused on increasing whole-of-day activity both during and beyond a 4-week, supervised clinical exercise rehabilitation program for people with cancer and survivors. Methods Participants (n = 36; mean ± SD age 64.8 ± 9.6 years; 44.1 ± 30.8 months since treatment) were randomized 1:1 to receive the text message-enhanced clinical exercise rehabilitation program, or the standard clinical exercise rehabilitation program alone. Activity was assessed at baseline, 4-weeks (end of the standard program) and 12-weeks (end of enhanced program) using both device (activPAL accelerometer; sitting, standing, light-stepping, moderate-stepping) and self-report [Multimedia Activity Recall for Children and Adults (MARCA); sedentary, light, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA)] methods. The MARCA also assessed time use domains to provide context to activity changes. Changes and intervention effects were evaluated using linear mixed models, adjusting for baseline values and potential confounders. Results The study had high retention (86%) and participants reported high levels of satisfaction [4.3/5 (±0.8)] with the intervention. Over the first 4 weeks, MARCA-assessed MVPA increased [+ 53.2 (95%CI: 2.9, 103.5) min/d] between groups, favoring the text message-enhanced program, but there were no significant intervention effects on sedentary behavior. By 12 weeks, relative to the standard group, participants in the text message-enhanced group sat less [activPAL overall sitting: − 48.2 (− 89.9, − 5.6) min/16 h awake; MARCA: -80.1 (− 156.5, − 3.8) min/d] and were participating in more physical activity [activPAL light stepping: + 7.0 (0.4, 13.6: min/16 h awake; MARCA MVPA: + 67.3 (24.0, 110.6) min/d]. The time-use domains of Quiet Time [− 63.3 (− 110.5, − 16.0) min/d] and Screen Time [− 62.0 (− 109.7, − 14.2) min/d] differed significantly between groups. Conclusions Results demonstrate feasibility, acceptability and efficacy of a novel, text message-enhanced clinical exercise rehabilitation program to support changes in whole-of-day activity, including both physical activity and sedentary behavior. Changes were largely seen at 12-week follow-up, indicating potential for the intervention to result in continued improvement and maintenance of behavior change following a supervised exercise intervention. Trial registration This trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12616000641493; date registered 17/5/16).

This article discusses the temporal structure of daily life in two historical neighborhoods in San José City. These neighborhoods are Cristo Rey and Escalante. This paper shows how this structure or architecture behaves like a political time-economy through the time. The logic that organizes daily time in both neighborhood spaces is the social division of labor and the social division of gender. The article also shows that the people who live in Cristo Rey experiment daily routine. And those who live in Escalante neighborhood have flexible time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista MAD is the property of Revista MAD and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ensayos de Economia is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Investigaciones Feministas is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Study Objectives: Sleep, physical activity and sedentary time are all known to play a role in cardiometabolic health. Compositional data analysis (CoDA) enables us to examine associations between 24-h use of time and health outcomes.Methods: Data were collected in the Child Health CheckPoint study, a one-off national population-cohort study conducted between February 2015 and March 2016. Wrist-worn actigraphy monitors (GENEActiv Original, Cambs, UK) were used to measure activity behaviours (sleep, physical activity and sedentary time) and sleep characteristics (sleep variability, midsleep, efficiency). CoDA was applied to determine the association between 24-h use of time and cardiometabolic risk markers (blood pressure; body mass index; apolipoprotein B/A1; glycoprotein acetyls; and composite metabolic syndrome score). Substitution modelling (one-for-remaining and one-for-one) examined the associations of reallocating sleep time with other activity behaviours.Results: Data were available for 1073 Australian children aged 11-12 years (50% male) and 1337 adults (13% male). Strong association was found between 24-h use of time and all cardiometabolic health outcomes. Longer sleep was associated with more favourable cardiovascular health. Sleep characteristics other than duration (efficiency, timing, variability) were weakly and inconsistently associated with outcomes. Reallocating time from sleep to moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) had favourable associations with cardiometabolic health, but reallocating from sleep to sedentary time was associated with less favourable cardiometabolic health.Conclusion: The 24-h activity composition is strongly associated with cardiometabolic health in children and adults. Days with more sleep and MVPA are associated with improved cardiometabolic health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Measuring the working hours of general practitioners (GPs) is an important but complex task due to the effects of bias related to self-reporting, recall, and stress. In this paper we describe the deployment, feasibility, and implementation of an innovative method for measuring, in real time, GPs’ working time, plus the response to the study. Methods A Short Message Service (SMS) application was developed which sent messages at random to GPs during their working week. Approximately nineteen GPs participated each week during a period of 57 weeks. The text messages asked if GPs were doing activities related to patients, directly, indirectly, or not at all, at the moment of sending. Participants were requested to reply by SMS. Results Approximately 27,000 messages were sent to 1051 GPs over more than one year. The SMS system was functioning 99.9% of the time. GPs replied to 94% of all the messages sent. Only a few participants dropped out of the study. The data was available in real time enabling the researchers to monitor the response and overall quality of the data each day. Conclusions The SMS method offers advantages over other instruments of measurement because it allows a better response, ease of use and avoids recall bias. This makes it a feasible method to collect valid data about GPs working time.

This is a brief historical journey on women's organizations that work with the problem of discrimination within the academic world in Universities in the world, in Latin America and in Argentina, with emphasis on female segregation practices but also on those of inclusion, which have recently been promoted within governance as practices for their vindication. Finally, there will be a reflection on a research project carried out at the UNLu that addressed the topic: Paid and unpaid work: Towards measuring the use of time in UNLu teachers, presented and approved between 2013 and 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, women have carried the burden on their shoulders of looking after their families, this has implicated an overload of household chores and their lack of equitable division has increased by the COVID-19 pandemic. In the university context, the research to make visible and analyze all social problems is not necessarily reversed to analyze the contexts of its female workers, ignoring the living conditions of those who belong to this entity of "social privileges". What can some university women say about this experience of confinement and family and work overload?. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes and discusses about the fundamental reason on why university students of the faculty of architecture, of a private university in Colombia, do not make appropriate use of time. The study shows the causes or distractions that prevent their rationalization or intelligent management, being this an important and basic resource for the successful professionals of this new millennium. The article is of a descriptivereflective type, whose objective is to demonstrate the importance of the use of time. Based on the theoretical background and empirical results obtained in the investigation, it is concluded that distribution and use of time must be appropriately planned and students must me conscious that use of time can always be optimized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the insertion of women in the labor market, the distribution of their occupations was changed and this affected the use of their time. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the importance and meaning given to roles played by working women with and without children, as well as being satisfied with the way they occupy their own time. The theoretical framework used was the Model of Human Occupation. This is a descriptive and comparative study with qualitative approach. The instruments “Role Checklist” and a “Semi-structured Interview” (elaborated by the researchers) were applied. Eight working women participated, divided into two groups: with and without children. The data in the list were descriptively tabulated and the interviews were transcribed and analyzed by “Thematic Content Analysis”. Three categories emerged “Occupation as identity and its meanings from roles”; “Satisfaction and dissatisfaction with the use of time to participate in new occupations”; "The lack of time resulting from role overload." The results showed that in both groups the role of worker and family member is mentioned as very significant. For women with children, working balances roles in and out of the home, as well as helping the family financially. In all interviews emerged the need to better manage their time to engage in more occupations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009, we investigated school counselors' caseloads, how they spent their time, and the impact of those factors on schools' academic outcomes. Results showed that approximately 85% of the school counselors had a caseload of 455 or fewer students, with roughly one quarter reporting caseloads equal to or less than 250, and that school counselors spent more of their time on college, scheduling, and personal/social/academic/career development. We also found that how school counselors spent their time was predictive of ninth-grade retention rates, the percentage of students who enrolled in Advanced Placement (AP) courses, and the percentage of students who enrolled in 4-year universities. We provide discussion and implications for school counselors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of the effects of education have traditionally focused on income (the monetary effects), whilst other non-monetary effects of education (such as those on the use of time), have received less attention. This paper analyses the effects of education on individuals’ use of their leisure time in Spain, using data from the Spanish Time Use Survey. It fi nds a close relation between education and the dedication of time to cultural activities, sports and reading books and the press. It also fi nds that a higher educational attainment does not automatically increase participation in all the leisure activities considered as benefi cial. The effects, according to an institutionalist perspective, will be derived from social environment and individual’s values.

Copyright of Revista Opara: Ciências Contemporâneas Aplicadas is the property of Revista OPARA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: Estimates of adults' moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) based on self-report are generally higher than estimates derived from criterion measures. This study examines a possible explanation for part of this discrepancy: the cutpoint bias hypothesis. This hypothesis proposes that inter- and intra-individual variability in energy expenditure, combined with the fact that adults perform a high proportion of daily activities at or just above the traditional 3 MET cutpoint, result in systematic over-estimates of MVPA.Design: Cross-sectional.Methods: Time-use recalls (n = 6862) were collected using the Multimedia Activity Recall for Children and Adults from 2210 adults (1215 female, age 16-93 years) from 16 studies conducted in Australia and New Zealand between 2008-2017. Minutes spent in MVPA were estimated using models with varying levels of intra- and inter-individual (total variability) Unadjusted (0% total variability), Low (11.9%), Best Guess (20.7%), and High (30.0%).Results: In the Unadjusted model, participants accumulated an average of 129 (standard deviation 127) min/day of MVPA. Estimated MVPA was 98 (110), 99 (107) and 108 (107) min/day in the Low, Best Guess and High variability models, respectively, with intra-class correlation coefficients with the Unadjusted model ranging from 0.78 to 0.83.Conclusions: These findings support the hypothesis of a cutpoint bias, which probably contributes to the large disparities seen between self-reported and criterion measures of MVPA. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings using other self-report instruments and in other populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies indicate that the manner in which children spend their time affects their cognitive and social development. But, the time that a child dedicates to compulsory and extra-curricular activities depends on a set of key factors such as family demographic and economic characteristics, social and behavioral norms, and how parents allocate their time. Although these studies focus on the impact of parental investments (time and resources) on child cognitive development, minimal information regarding children's use of time is available. Our empirical approach is based on the assumption that attitudes and behavioral norms may be considered as latent factors related to how both mothers and children allocate their time. Therefore, focusing on the strict connection between time, parental and child resources and attitudes, we estimated in a Seemingly Unrelated Regression Estimation model how children and mothers spend their time. Data come from the National Time Use Survey 2008–2009 carried out by the Italian National Statistics Office. The use of a simultaneous-equation model to estimate all activities, taking into account the unobservable components included in the error terms, provides an innovative method for analyzing children's time allocation, by identifying the influence of latent variables common to mother and child's use of time. In particular, the estimated correlations between the error terms confirm that parental activities affect the children's allocation of time even through unobservable factors, such as subjective attitudes. The main results support the thesis that the mother's level of education plays an important role in the positive child outcomes. In addition, we found that the same trend that exists between Italian men and women also exists between boys and girls; and that girls spend more time in domestic activities and reading for pleasure and less time in leisure activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Psychology, Society & Education is the property of Psychology, Society & Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios Sobre Educacion is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Navarra, S.A. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Francophone de Recherche en Ergotherapie is the property of Communaute Pour l Avancement de la Recherche Appliquee Francophone en Ergotherapie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper uses data from 2408 micro and small businesses in Ecuador to study business profit differentials by gender. The results point to unpaid work—time devoted to household chores, child care, and care for the elderly—as the largest single factor explaining 33% of the difference in profits observed between male- and female-run businesses. When comparing male and female business owners with similar business and personal characteristics, the difference in business profits disappears. The results point to initial endowments, rather than returns on those endowments, as the reason why female-run businesses are less profitable. Also, they indicate that male and female entrepreneurs are equally effective as managers provided they have access to the same resources, including time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este artículo analiza las interacciones en la sala de clases y el uso del tiempo de profesores de segundo ciclo de Enseñanza Básica y que han participado en el Sistema de Evaluación de Desempeño Profesional que ejecuta el Ministerio de Educación de Chile. Se demuestra que las clases son altamente estructuradas y se observa un claro patrón de interacción y uso del tiempo en las clases video grabadas de los profesores considerados. El discurso de los profesores ocupa el 51% del tiempo de la clase y su contenido está centrado en instrucciones o procedimientos de trabajo y exposición de la materia. Las intervenciones verbales de los alumnos ocupan muy poco tiempo y sus acciones responden y están claramente enmarcadas por los profesores.This article discusses the interactions in the classroom and the use of time of teachers from the second cycle of Basic Education who have participated in the Professional Performance Evaluation System conducted by the Ministry of Education in Chile. The video recordings reveal that the classes are highly structured and a clear pattern of interaction and use of time in class can be observed. The teachers' talking time occupies 51% of the lesson and the content of their discourse is focused on task instructions or procedures and presentation of the subject matter. The students' verbal interventions take very little time and their actions are clearly framed and guided by the teachers.