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Background: The prevalence and incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD) is increasing due to a prolonged life expectancy. The cardinal features of PD include resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. In rodents the 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylethylamine [6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)] induced lesion of the nigrostriatal system showed retrograde degeneration and structural changes in the corpus striatum under transmission the electron microscope (TEM). Aim and Objectives: To study the ultra-structure of normal and 6-OHDA lesioned corpus striatum in Wistar albino rats under the transmission electron microscope. Material and Methods: Wistar albino male adult rats received unilateral stereotaxical injection of 6-OHDA on the right side of striatum and were sacrificed after 120 days. The following stereotaxic co-ordinates were used to target the dorsolateral part of the striatum: AP = 0.2 mm, ML = 3.2 mm, DV = 4.5 mm from the bregma. Another target was the dorsomedial part of striatum: AP = 1.1 mm, ML = 2.4 mm and DV = 3.5 mm. The motor behavior was monitored in cylinder which was counted for a period of 60 min. Results and Conclusion: Our TEM finding in the control rats demonstrated that nucleus was round and comparatively large in proportion to the cell body and lies in the centre of the nerve cell in the striatum. Occasionally one or two dense nucleoli were located eccentrically in the nucleoplasm. Additionally, in the cytoplasm around the nucleus, the conspicuous organelles along with the numerous ribosomes which were mostly free and appear as rosettes or clusters, some of which were attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, few short of granular endoplasmic reticula were seen. Interestingly, the lesioned rats showed neuronal and glial cells damage at the ultra-structural level in striatum under TEM observation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precise identification of exotic whiteflies is a prerequisite to curb the invasive potential on to a new geographical location and to evolve effective management strategies. Conventionally, whitefly taxonomy is based on the description of the fourth‐instar nymph or puparium, however, in the current investigation egg to adult morphology along with morphometrics of rugose spiraling whitefly (RSW), Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin was critically analyzed and various morphological characteristics were illustrated. The morphometric analysis revealed that in the immature life stages of the pest, the length: width ratio decreased with each successive life stage, such as the egg, first, second, third, and fourth instar (2.472 ± 0.071, 1.913 ± 0.020, 1.550 ± 0.045, 1.297 ± 0.034, and 1.174 ± 0.058 mm), respectively. Across different nymphal instars, the shape of lingula was greatly modified from tongue‐like to triangle‐shaped. The number and distribution of compound pores also vary among the different nymphal stages. The ultra‐structures of the antenna through electron‐microscopy depicted finer details of sensory cones. The modulation in the shape and the structural arrangement of microtrichia on the plate was illustrated. The study indicated accurate diagnosis of various stages of RSW for effective interception of goods at quarantine stations and thus preventing the entry of exotic pests into the country. Research Highlights: Microscopy‐based (light and scanning electron microscopy) morphological characterization of rugose spiraling whitefly, (Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hypothyroidism is a common thyroid problem that can be experimentally induced by the anti-thyroid drugs as Carbimazole. Hypothyroidism is recorded to affect the salivary glands. Aim of the Work: To assess the therapeutic ability of Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA) on the parotid tissue in a hypothyroidism experimentally induced rat model. Material and Methods: The animals were distributed into: (1) Control group was subdivided into: group 1: got an oral dose of distilled water daily for 3-weeks, group 2: received 2 ml/kg/day corn oil dosage for 4-weeks, (2) Hypothyroidism-Induced Group received an oral dose of 1.35 mg/kg/day Carbimazole for 3-weeks, (3) Hypothyroidism-ALA group: received an oral dose of 1.35mg/kg/day Carbimazole for 3 weeks then a 60 mg/kg/day ALA oral dosage for another 4-weeks, (4) ALA Group: received a dose of 60mg/kg/day ALA orally for 4-weeks. Estimation of the body, gland weights, T3, T4 and TSH hormones levels were performed. A histopathological and statistical study of the parotid tissue was performed. Results: In hypothyroid rats, the acinar cells showed irregular heterochromatic nucleus, cytoplasmic vacuolations and cellular infiltration. The striated and interlobar ducts showed dilatation and hyperplasia. In comparison with the control group, the hypothyroid rats exhibited a significant rise in area percentage of LC3 immune-expression, diameters of acini and ducts and TSH level with a significant decrease in T3 level, the numbers of the ducts and acini. On ALA use, all those findings were improved. Conclusion: ALA serves as a good therapeutic agent leading to an obvious improvement in the parotid gland histopathological features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This study investigated the effect of different acute heat stress (HS) levels on chicken meat quality and ultra-structure. Methods Chickens were randomly divided into 7 groups to receive different HS treatments: i) 36°C for 1 h, ii) 36°C for 2 h, iii) 38°C for 1 h, iv) 38°C for 2 h, v) 40°C for 1 h, vi) 40°C for 2 h, and vii) un-stressed control group (25°C). Blood cortisol level, breasts initial temperature, color, pH, water holding capacity (WHC), protein solubility and ultra-structure were analyzed. Results HS temperatures had significant effects on breast meat temperature, lightness (L*), redness (a*), cooking loss and protein solubility (p 0.05). Only the ultimate pH24 h at 40°C decreased compared to the control group (p

Cervical spondylosis (CS), which is resulted from degeneration of cervical intervertebral disc, is a common disease seriously threatening human health and quality of life. However, there is still no effective clinic strategies for the treatment of this disease. The acupoint stimulation with needle-scalpel is a widely used approach to treat orthopedic diseases. In the present study, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of acupoint stimulation around neck with needle-scalpel on delaying the degeneration of cervical intervertebral discs and hopefully provided an approach for the precaution and early intervention of CS. We firstly established a rat model of CS by cervical static-dynamic imbalance to mimics disc degeneration and then stimulated the acupoints around neck with needle-scalpel. The cervical intervertebral disc samples were collected to measure type I and II collagen by quantitative PCR (qPCR), immunohistochemistry, and western blot. The changes in micro-structure and ultra-structure of nucleus pulposus were analyzed under the optical microscope and electron microscope respectively. Acupoint stimulation with needle-scapelon increased type I collagen production and decreased type II collagen production, and improved the micro-structure and ultra-structure of nucleus pulposus. Our results suggest that acupoint stimulation around neck with needle-scapelon could inhibit intervertebral disc degeneration through modulating the extracellular matrix collagen system and improving the changed structure of nucleus pulposus.

This study was conducted to explore the capability of seed priming with the cold plasma and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), in order to improve growth and yield in Momordica charantia. The soaked seeds were primed with plasma (DBD; 0.84 W cm−2 surface power densities) under different durations (0, 60, and 120 s) and/or MWCNT (0, 50, 100, and 200 mg l−1). Seed priming with plasma and/or MWCNT led to the dramatic increase in growth-related traits, like root and shoot lengths, fresh and dry mass, vigor index, and leaf length. Moreover, simultaneous treatments with MWCNT and plasma amplified their individual effects. Uptake and transportations of MWCNTs from the root to leaves were manifested using an electron microscopy. The ultra-structural study revealed that plasma enhanced MWCNT uptake and accumulation. Modifications in organogenesis and differentiation patterns of tissues, especially vascular system, were provoked by the MWCNT and/or plasma treatments. The plasma and MWCNT reinforce conducting xylem tissue. In addition, the long-term effects of MWCNT and/or plasma treatments on reproductive stage were confirmed. The increase in the number of produced flowers, and the decrease in the time of fructifying, caused by the MWCNT and/or plasma treatments. The findings introduce a new alternative path for applications of cold plasma and MWCNT technologies in the plant, agriculture, and food sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Fruit cracking is a major physiological disorder of lemon and lime. • Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of healthy and cracked peel and pedicel was performed. • The cracked fruit peels were coarser and thinner with empty oil glands as compared to healthy cracked fruit peel. • The xylem of cracked fruit pedicel was disorganized resulting in disruption of water and mineral flow to the fruit causing cracking. Abstract Fruit cracking is a major physiological disorder of lemon and limits the productivity of this fruit. The present study was conducted to compare the structural variation in peel and pedicel of healthy and cracked fruits of lemon. Sections of healthy and cracked fruit peel, stem end and pedicel were analyzed by light microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The ultra-structure of peel of healthy and cracked lemons showed significant difference in peel thickness, epidermal thickness, arrangement of oil glands and vascular tissues. The pedicel of cracked fruit exhibited collapsed and deformed xylem tissues. Ruptured oil gland pits, rough surface and reduced peel thickness was observed through SEM in cracked fruits as compared to healthy fruits. The coarse thinner peels with smaller epidermal thickness and larger empty oil glands are prone to fruit cracking as compared to smooth peels of healthy fruits. The xylem tissue in cracked fruit pedicel was disorganized that disrupts the water and mineral flow to the growing fruit. The disorganization of xylem tissue may be due to irregularity in water transport followed by pulp expanding resulting in thinner peels leading to fruit cracking. New It is a new finding that fruit cracking in lemon is possibly due to irregularity in influx of water that creates tension in xylem vessels. This results in disorganization of vascular tissues of pedicel, which disrupts the regular transport of water and nutrient to developing albedo and flavedo and cause fruit cracking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Acupoint stimulation with needle-scapelon increased type I collagen production. • Acupoint stimulation decreased type II collagen production. • Acupoint stimulation around neck could inhibit intervertebral disc degeneration. Abstract Cervical spondylosis (CS), which is resulted from degeneration of cervical intervertebral disc, is a common disease seriously threatening human health and quality of life. However, there is still no effective clinic strategies for the treatment of this disease. The acupoint stimulation with needle-scalpel is a widely used approach to treat orthopedic diseases. In the present study, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of acupoint stimulation around neck with needle-scalpel on delaying the degeneration of cervical intervertebral discs and hopefully provided an approach for the precaution and early intervention of CS. We firstly established a rat model of CS by cervical static-dynamic imbalance to mimics disc degeneration and then stimulated the acupoints around neck with needle-scalpel. The cervical intervertebral disc samples were collected to measure type I and II collagen by quantitative PCR (qPCR), immunohistochemistry, and western blot. The changes in micro-structure and ultra-structure of nucleus pulposus were analyzed under the optical microscope and electron microscope respectively. Acupoint stimulation with needle-scapelon increased type I collagen production and decreased type II collagen production, and improved the micro-structure and ultra-structure of nucleus pulposus. Our results suggest that acupoint stimulation around neck with needle-scapelon could inhibit intervertebral disc degeneration through modulating the extracellular matrix collagen system and improving the changed structure of nucleus pulposus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ultra-structure of the shell and the morphometric variability of soil inhabiting testate amoeba Lamtopyxis callistoma from Madagascar were studied by using light- and scanning electron microscopy. The biometrical characteristic of the species was made on the basis of 75 specimens measured. In addition to the diameter of the shell, six other shell characters were described biometrically for the first time. The analysis of the variation coefficients shows that the studied population of L. callistoma is comparatively homogeneous and almost all measured characters are weakly to moderate variable (CV less than 10%). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies on the shell ultra-morphology show that it has a smooth apertural surface with a thick layer of porous and fibrous organic cement and a rough dorsal surface composed of bigger and angular pieces of quartz. The shell wall has a thickness of about 5-6 µm and is composed of three layers. Unlike the previously accepted opinion that species is characterized by the presence of four teeth, this study shows that population of L. callistoma from Madagascar is comprised of both, specimens with four teeth and specimens with three teeth, in ratio of about 60% to 40%. Taking into account the restricted geographical distribution, large sizes and characteristic apertural morphology of L. callistoma it is assumed that this species, like some bryophilic ‘Nebelas’ with circumaustral distribution (e.g. Apodera vas, Alocodera cockayni, Certesella certesi, Certesella martiali, etc.), can be used as an example that in free-living microbial eukaryotes ‘not everything is everywhere’.

Abstract Rodent models are commonly used to investigate tendon healing, with the biomechanical and structural properties of the healed tendons being important outcome measures. Tendon storage for later testing becomes necessary when performing large experiments with multiple time-points. However, it is unclear whether freezing rodent tendons affects their material properties. Thus the aim of this study was to determine whether freezing rat Achilles tendons affects their biomechanical or structural properties. Tendons were frozen at either −20 °C or −80 °C directly after harvesting, or tested when freshly harvested. Groups of tendons were subjected to several freeze-thaw cycles (1, 2, and 5) within 3 months, or frozen for 9 months, after which the tendons were subjected to biomechanical testing. Additionally, fresh and thawed tendons were compared morphologically, histologically and by transmission electron microscopy. No major differences in biomechanical properties were found between fresh tendons and those frozen once or twice at −20 °C or −80 °C. However, deterioration of tendon properties was found for 5-cycle groups and both long-term freezing groups; after 9 months of freezing at −80 °C the tear resistance of the tendon was reduced from 125.4 ± 16.4N to 74.3 ± 18.4N (p = 0.0132). Moreover, tendons stored under these conditions showed major disruption of collagen fibrils when examined by transmission electron microscopy. When examined histologically, fresh samples exhibited the best cellularity and proteoglycan content of the enthesis. These properties were preserved better after freezing at −80 °C than after freezing at −20 °C, which resulted in markedly smaller chondrocytes and less proteoglycan content. Overall, the best preservation of histological integrity was seen with tendons frozen once at −80 °C. In conclusion, rat Achilles tendons can be frozen once or twice for short periods of time (up to 3 months) at −20 °C or −80 °C for later testing. However, freezing for 9 months at either −20 °C or −80 °C leads to deterioration of certain parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial insemination (AI) in livestock is used to optimize reproduction efficiency. Compared to other semenpreservation methods, cryopreservation is an established industry used worldwide for performing AI. Adequateprotocols for semen collection and freezing and then for the use in the AI are set up for all the animal species. Insheep, AI with frozen-thawed semen resulted low fertility rate, which limits the practical application of thistechnique. Progressive sperm motility, sperm viability, sperm plasma membrane integrity and NAR weresignificantly (P < 0.05) higher for BIOX, MILK, and TEY extenders. Progressive motility increased significantly (p< 0.01) using licorice extract 10, 50 and 100 g/ml. Diluter type had a significant effect (p < 0.01) on sperm motility.The percentage of progressive motility in all extenders media containing LDL was also higher compared with 20%EY (control) during dilution and equilibration stages. All extenders containing LDL reduced the percentages ofabnormalities after dilution as compared to control 20% egg yolk. The percentages of intact Acrosome in all otherextenders containing LDL were significantly higher than 20% egg yolk extender. The highest percentage of postthawprogressive motility was recorded in extender containing 20mm glutamine. After dilution and equilibration,supplementation of glutamine at concentration of 40 and 60mm caused a significant increase in plasma membraneintact compared with control and all other concentrations tested. No significant difference between the control andthe irradiated samples for viability However, the semen samples irradiated with 6.12 J/cm2 showed a slight increasein sperm progressive motility, viability, osmotic resistance, Acrosome and DNA integrity, respect to the semensamples irradiated at low energy doses and control semen samples. Cysteine effected on the ultra-structure of theram sperm cell within the freezing- thawing dynamics. The positive effect of Cysteine could be a result of itsinterraction with membranes phospholipids during the freezing, giving it a better Cryopreservation.

Morphological studies were carried out to determine whether females of the boxwood leafminer, Monarthropalpus buxi (Laboulbene) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) have a pheromone gland, its position and ultra-structure. In addition, the reproductive behaviour of this gall midge was studied in the laboratory in a wind-tunnel. The source of the sex pheromone was identified as the epidermis of the inter-segmental membrane between the 8th and 9th abdominal segments of females. The epidermis there was hypertrophied and consisted of a unicellular layer of secretory cells with ultra-structural features that include a well developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes that are typical of pheromone-producing glands. At adult emergence the sex ratio was 1 : 1. The virgin females extruded their ovipositor and moved it slowly (visible using a video-camera at high magnification), which was followed by mating. The females were monogamous, while the males usually mated several times with different females. Wind-tunnel bioassays using virgin females, ovipositor-ectomised virgins and mated females provided further evidence that virgin females produce a sex pheromone.

The microsporidium Nosema neumanni n. sp., a new parasite of the honeybee Apis mellifera is described based on its ultra-structural and molecular characteristics. Structures resembling microsporidian spores were found by microscopic examination of honeybees from Uganda. Molecular confirmation failed when PCR primers specific for Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae were used, but was successful with primers covering the whole family of Nosematidae. We performed transmission electron microscopy and found typical microsporidian spores which were smaller (length: 2.36 ± 0.14 μm and width: 1.78 ± 0.06 μm; n = 6) and had fewer polar filament coils (10–12) when compared to those of known species infecting honeybees. The entire 16S SSU rRNA region was amplified, cloned and sequenced and was found to be unique with the highest resemblance (97% identity) to N. apis . The incidence of N. neumanni n. sp. in Ugandan honeybees was found to be much higher than of the two other Nosema species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collagen and elastic fibers are two major fibrous constituents of the annulus fibrosus (AF) in the disc that contribute to its mechanical and viscoelastic properties. It was thought that elastic fibers play no substantial role in the function and properties of the disc as these fibers were irregularly distributed. Studies that have revealed highly organized elastic fibers with different regional orientation and distribution, while being strongly crosslinked with matrix, suggesting their contribution to disc structure-function properties. These studies that were performed by light microscopic analysis of histologically prepared samples, have not been able to reveal the fine-scale architectural details of the elastic fiber network. Since elastic fibers are intermingled with other fibrous components of the disc and mostly obscured by the extracellular matrix, it is difficult to demonstrate their ultra-structural organization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Therefore the aim of this study was to develop a rapid matrix digestion technique for ultrastructural analysis of the disc elastic fibers. This study provides a new method for fundamental visualization of elastic fibers and their architecture in the disc. Through the ultra-structural analysis, the relationship between structure and function, as well as the role of elastic fibers on AF mechanical properties can be studied. This method may be used to develop a three-dimensional map of elastic fibers distribution within the disc, which would provide valuable information for designing tissue engineered scaffolds for AF repair and replacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To alleviate the arsenic (As) toxicity in aromatic rice, a hydroponic experiment of two As concentrations (0 and 100 μM sodium arsenite: A0, A1), three glutamic acid (Glu) concentrations (0, 100, and 500 μM l -glutamic acid: G0, G1, and G2) with Xiangyaxiangzhan and Meixiangzhan 2 was conducted. Results showed that the root As content were increased under A1G2 but reduced under A1G1 for Xiangyaxiangzhan as compared with A1G0. A decrement of As was transported from root to shoot caused by up-regulated OsABCC1 relative expression in Meixiangzhan 2. Likewise, As stress enhanced the H 2 O 2 and malondialdehyde content, resulting in the impaired cell wall observed by transmission electron microscopy. However, compared with A1G0, the superoxide dismutase activity, ascorbic acid, glutathione, proline, and soluble sugar content were increased under A1G1. Additionally, arsenate reductase, monodehydroascorbate reductase activity, Glu, proline, and soluble sugar content were found positively associated with the As accumulation. Further, the metabolome analysis indicated that the pathway of amino acid and arginine biosynthesis were notably enriched after Glu application. Generally, 100 μM Glu application was the better treatment to enhance As tolerance in aromatic rice through up-regulating amino acid biosynthesis with increasing antioxidants and osmolytes to scavenge excessive reactive oxygen species. [Display omitted] • Glu application induced the ultra-structural microscopic modifications under AsIII stress. • Substances and enzymes in AsA-GSH cycle was altered by Glu application, especially the AsA and GSH content. • Proline and soluble sugar content were improved by Glu application to maintain the osmo-regulation. • Differentially expressed metabolites were enriched in the KEGG pathway of amino acid biosynthesis, which helped accumulation of critical amino acids in As tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ultra-structure of mother and outer daughter scales of Lilium Oriental hybrid Sorbonne were studied using transmission electron microscope to examine the sub-cellular localization of starch and lipid droplets during growth and development from shoot emergence to senescence. The contents of starch granules and lipid droplets in the cell of the mother scales decreased significantly from shoot emergence to anthesis, indicating that these scales served as a source for growth and development. After flowering, the number of starch granules and lipid droplets increased dramatically, and finally the cells were filled with the above molecules indicating that the bulb becomes a major sink during bulb enlargement. Ultrastructure observation also showed that symplastic pathway is the main pathway in cells in the exchange and transportation of material during bulb development. The activity of β-amylase, one of the key enzymes catalyzing starch breakdown, showed a similar trend. The enzyme sub-cellular localization via immune-gold electron-microscopy showed that β-amylase was predominantly located together with starch granules, while the gold particles were scarcely found in other sub-cellular compartments. The result suggested that this enzyme is compartmented together with its functional substrate supporting its function in catalyzing starch breakdown in living plant cells.

Background and Objective: Until now there is no drug formulated to prevent Neuronal Loss following Brain Stroke. In this study, we compared the effects of the mitoKATP opener, diazoxide, on ultra-structural morphology changes following in cortical neurons following in-vivo ischemic injury. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, Rats randomly allocated in eight experimental groups including sheme, positive control, 1, 5 and 25 mg/kg/body weight of Glybanclamid groups and 2, 6 and 18 mg/kg body weight of Diazoxide experimental groups, respectively. In animals in each experimental groups, only 2 hours following adminstration of Diazoxide or Glybanclamid ischemia was induced for 15 min by the 4-vessel occlusions surgery followed by 24 hours reperfusion. After tissue prosseccing, ultra-structural changes in neuronal mitochondria and nuclei were studied by electromicroscope. Results: Ultrastructural morphological changes including nuclear pyknosis, swollen mitocondria and cristae damage after iscemia were observed in control and sheme groups. These changes were severe in Glybanclamid experimental groups. Also this changes were depend on dosage of Glybanclamid. Ultrastructural changes were decreased in Diazoxide treatment group (18mg/kg body weight), but in 2 and 6mg/kg/body weight of Diazoxide groups these decreasing of Ultrastructural changes was not observed. Conclusion: This study showed that Diazoxide with dosge of 18mg/kg/body weight has neuro-protective effects on diminishing ischemia-induced structural deterioration of neuronal mitochondria and morphological apoptotic changes in nucleus.

Neste trabalho foi estudado o desenvolvimento e a ultra-estrutura dos canais do floema dos ápices vegetativos de Spondias dulcis G. Forst., a ultra-estrutura dos canais floemáticos dos ápices vegetativos de Tapirira guinanensis Aubl., bem como, a ultra-estrutura e o desenvolvimento dos canais florais e a ultra-estrutura dos canais do fruto desta mesma espécie Os canais florais e do fruto de Anacardium humile St.Hil. também foram estudados ultra-estruturalmente. Os canais dos ápices vegetativos de S. dulcis formam-se de modo esquizolisígeno e os florais de T. guianensis desenvolvem-se, de modo esquizógeno. As células epiteliais dos canais de S. dulcis e T. guianensis possuem retículo endoplasmático rugoso, ribossomos livres, plastídios alongados, de diferentes formatos, com presença de inclusões osmiofílicas e dictiossomos com produção de vesículas. Estas organelas estão envolvidas na secreção de um exsudato heterogêneo composto por substâncias hidrofílicas e lipofílicas. As células epiteliais do fruto de A. humile apresentam plastídios, em grande quantidade, de forma arredondada com sistema de membranas circular, que estão envolvidos na síntese de substâncias lipofílicas. Os resultados das análises ultra-estruturais das células epiteliais corroboram com os resultados previamente obtidos por estudo histoquímico, através deste estudo, substâncias lipídicas e hidrofílicas foram identificadas nos canais de T. guinanensis e S. dulcis e apenas substância lipídicas nos canais de A. humile. Baseado nos aspectos ultraestruturais dos canais secretores de T. guianensis e S. dulcis nós pudemos concluir que os plastídios das células epiteliais dos canais das duas espécies são diferentes, apesar destes secretarem exsudatos de composição semelhante. Um registro novo para a família é a presença de um grande número de plastídios circulares em células epiteliais do fruto de A. humile. O padrão encontrado entre os canais secretores das espécies estudadas é o modo écrino de liberação da secreção.The study assessed phloem canal development and ultra-structure in shoot apices of Spondias dulcis G. Forst., phloematic canal ultra-structure in shoot apices of Tapirira guianensis Aubl., and floral canal ultra-structure and development and fruit canal ultra-structure of the latter specie. The flower and fruit canals of Anacardium humile St.Hil. were also studied ultra-structurally. The canals in shoot apices of S. dulcis show schizo-lysigenous formation and the floral canals of T. guianensis show schizogenous development. Epithelial cells of S. dulcis and T. guianensis canals have rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, elongated plastids of several shapes with osmiophilic inclusions and dictyosomes with production of vesicles. Such organelles participate in the secretion of a heterogeneous exudate, which is comprised of hydrophilic and lipophilic substances. The epithelial cells of the fruit of A. humile present elongated plastids with circular membrane system, which are involved in the synthesis of lipophilic substances. The results of the ultra-structural analyses of the epithelial cells corroborate the results previously obtained in a histochemical study. In the histochemical study, lipophilic and hydrophilic substances were identified in the canals of T. guinanensis and S. dulcis and only lipophilic substances were identified in the canals of A. humile. Based on the ultrastructural aspects of the secretory canals of T. guianensis and S. dulcis we concluded that the plastids of the epithelial cells of the two species are different although they produce secretion of similar composition. A new record for the family is the presence of a great number of circular plastids in epithelial cells of the fruit of Anacardium humile. The pattern found in the secretory canals of the studied species is the ecrine type of secretion release.

Myxosporeans are a diverse group of microscopic cnidarians of wide distribution that evolved into a parasitic lifestyle. A new myxosporean species, Myxobolus sp., is herein described infecting the mandible of wild specimens of Synbranchus marmoratus , caught in the world's largest tropical wetland area, Pantanal, Brazil. Light, scanning, transmission electron microscopy and histological observations unveiled detailed taxonomic information of the new myxosporean cnidarian. Ultrastructural analysis revealed a detailed description of plasmodia structures which can be used for comparison with plasmodia from other species of myxobolids. Both histological and ultrastructural observations evidenced a connective tissue capsule surrounding the plasmodia of Myxobolus sp. as a histopathological host reaction to the infection of this parasitic cnidarian. Histology showed that tissue tropism of the new myxosporean occurs in a well-defined part of the mandible, with development of plasmodia occurring in the epidermis layer. Mature myxospores from the valvular view featured an ovoid shape and had a short prolongation of the spore valves in the posterior end. Myxospores measured 22.7 ± 1.2 µm (21.5–23.9 µm) in length, 12.5 ± 0.4 µm (12.1–12.9 µm) in width and 11.3 ± 0.5 (10.8–11.8 µm) in thickness. Polar capsules were pyriform equally-sized and measuring 4.6 ± 0.3 µm (3.9–4.3 µm) in length and 2.9 ± 0.1 µm in width (2.8–3.0 µm). Finally, this study substantiates the still hidden myxosporean diversity from South America. • First report describing infection of Symbranchus marmoratus with myxosporean cnidarian from South America. • A new myxosporean cnidarian is described using detailed features obtained from light, scanning and transmission electron micrcoscopy. • This study provides detailed descriptive ultrastructural features which could suit as a basis for accurate taxonomic identification of this new myxoxporean cnidarian. • Ultrastructural features have been described in detail for plasmodia of the new myxosporean species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to study the specific features of remodeling of the aorta, carotid, and femoral artery in the late postresuscitative period.Materials and methods. Experiments were carried out on non-inbred albino rats when clinical death was stimulated by the method of V. G. Korpachev due to 10-minute cardiovascular fascicle ligation. Before clinical death and 60 days after resuscitation, blood pressure, vascular tissue malonic dialdehyde levels, and plasma biochemiluminescence parameters were recorded and great vascular tissue microscopic and ultramicroscopic studies were conducted.Results. On day 60 following resuscitation, a unitary connective tissue carcass was shown to form in the great vascular intima and media via chaotic synthesis of heretodirection-al fibers. This appeared as elevated levels of collagenous fibers in the intima and media as shown by light microscopy. The aortic, carotid, and femoral arterial media displayed a large number of secreting smooth muscle cells and elevated levels of collagenous fibers, which was an active vascular wall remodeling process. Enhanced free radical processes during reperfusion both in the whole organism and vascular wall tissue were one of the triggers of remodeling processes after ischemia. Impaired vascular tone regulation caused by the development of vascular wall remodeling by the connective tissue vegetation growth type contributed to the development of a hypertensive response in the late period. Conclusion. The late postresuscitative period was marked by increased connective tissue in the media of great vessels, by imperfect recovery of the morphofunc-tional status of the endothelial lining, which was likely to be a cause of increased vascular stiffness and elevated blood pressure in rats 2 months after resuscitation.

yllidae show a wide spectrum of both reproductive strategies and sperm types. Analysis of their reproductive patterns could drastically change the presently accepted taxonomic hierarchy of the group. To further contribute to the knowledge of Syllidae we have described the sperm ultra-structure and the spermiogenesis of Syllis krohni (Ehlers, 1864). Mature sperm has a cone-shaped acrosome whose distal end is notched by a trough that transversely encircles its anterior portion. During spermiogenesis, the acrosomal vesicle undergoes modifications leading to its final shape with a posterior opening. The nucleus appears flattened anteriorly and forms a cleft that surrounds the proximal centriole in its distal region. A 9+2 flagellar axoneme is observed. Up to five mitochondria surround the distal centriole. The spermatozoon of S. krohni can be ascribed to the ect-aquasperm type that is typical in species having external fertilisation and appears to be very similar in appearance to that of the congeneric species thus far investigated. The main difference is in the shape of the acrosome, which is more elongated and as long as the nucleus. Reproduction of syllids seems to be conservative within sub-families, and the sperm morphology can probably help in phylogenetic reconstruction. External fertilisation is a widespread strategy within the genus Syllis, probably leading to a substantial similarity in sperm morphology being maintained. It is hypothesised, however, that within the same sperm type linked to a particularly reproductive strategy, the acrosome ultra-structure can be indicative of phylogeny.

Se describe la estructura y ultraestructura de los huevos de las especies Ormiscodes socialis (Feisthamel) y Polythysana cinerascens (Philippi), considerando la forma, tamaño, color, tipo de ovipostura, y aeropilas (cantidad, distribución y proporción) en el área micropilar, entre otros. La ultraestructura es mostrada a través de las celdas primarias, celdas secundarias, aeropilas y micropilas; además se incluye a la especie ya descrita Adetomeris microphthalma (Philippi) y se confecciona un cuadro comparativo para los huevos de estas especies. Se registra como nuevo hospedero de P. Cinerascens a Myoschilos oblonga Ruiz y Pavón (Santalaceae).Egg ultrastructure in two Chilean moths: Ormiscodes socialis y Polythysana cinerascens (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). The structure and ultra-structure of the eggs from Ormiscodes socialis (Feisthamel) and Polythysana cinerascens (Philippi) are described, considering shape, size, coloring when recently laid, oviposition type nd aeropiles (quantity, distribution and proportion) in the micropilar area, among others. The ultra-structure is shown for primary cells, secondary cells, aeropiles and icropiles. A comparative table of the eggs of these species is presented and includes the previously described eggs of Adetomeris microphthalma (Philippi). Myoschilos oblonga Ruiz y Pavón (Santalaceae) is recorded as a new host for P. cinerascens. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (4): 1085-1091. Epub 2006 Dec. 15.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of suspension method under 12–18 °C pre-rigor temperature controlled chilling on quality traits and ultra-structure of Chinese Yellow Cattle M. Longissimus lumborum (LL). After slaughter, the right sides of carcasses were hung by the Achilles tendon (SA), while the left sides were hung from the pelvic bone (SP). Both sides went through the 12–18 °C pre-rigor muscle temperature controlled chilling. LL muscles were aged for 1, 7 or 14 days and then evaluated for quality traits and ultra-structure. SP had no significant effect on myofibril fragmentation index, but significantly decreased the purge loss during aging and the Warner–Bratzler shear force values after aging for 1 day. Electron microscopy and sarcomere length examination of LL showed that SP resulted in extended I-bands and sarcomere length. To conclude, applying SP under 12–18 °C pre-rigor temperature controlled chilling is a potential method for the Chinese beef industry to improve tenderness especially after 1 day of aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of bisphenol A (BPA) on rice seedlings grown in a hydroponic system. The obtained results demonstrated that at lower concentration (up to 10 µM) BPA had some stimulatory effects on the growth of rice seedlings but at higher doses it significantly inhibited seedlings growth. The photosynthetic pigments were significantly decreased by high doses of BPA. Exposure to BPA caused increased membrane permeability in root cells and resulted in increased concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased lipid peroxidation as revealed by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay. In leaves, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity exhibited an increase at lower concentrations of BPA but was inhibited at the highest dose (200 µM) of BPA. At 100 µM of BPA, a significant increase in antioxidant activities in leaves was observed but at 200 µM this activity was inhibited. In roots, a significant decrease in enzymes activity was recorded at the highest concentration of BPA (200 µM); however, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) activities were significantly increased at the concentrations of 10 and 50 µM in comparison to the control. Moreover, the present results revealed that BPA severely affected cell organelles in rice seedlings. It can be concluded that the observed adverse effects in rice seedlings by BPA in the present study could be attributed to the oxidative stress caused by BPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To explore the reliability and validity of radiofrequency (RF) ablation in treating uterine fibroids.Materials and methods: We evaluated 63 patients who underwent hysterectomy to treat multiple fibroids. Thirty patients immediately underwent abdominal hysterectomy after the fibroids were ablated under direct vision. Thirty-three patients first experienced trans-vaginal ablation with the guidance of a baseline ultrasound. We performed abdominal or trans-vaginal hysterectomy 72 h later. The tissues in the centre of the ablated lesion (group A), at the edge of the ablated lesion (group B), 1 cm away from the ablated edge (group C) and the control group were sampled. We observed ultra-structure changes by transmission electron microscopy and detected survivin expression with Western blot analysis.Results: According to transmission electron microscopy, the ultra-structure of fibroid cells in groups A and B was damaged. However, in group C, the ultra-structure was normal. Compared with the control group, survivin expression was significantly decreased. Meanwhile survivin expression was significantly increased with the distance to the ablated centre (p < 0.05).Conclusions: Radiofrequency ablation caused permanent and irreversible damage to fibroid cells and decreased survivin expression, which provided reliable clinical evidence for the success of radiofrequency ablation treating uterine fibroids. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Haemoproteus was detected in the blood smear of an adult female Blyth's hawk eagle which was submitted to the Kasetsart University Raptor Rehabilitation Unit. The morphology and ultra-structure of leukocytes and gamonts of Haemoproteus were described. The gamont's cytoplasm contained scattered brown to black pigment granules with a mean of 12 granules per parasite. Monocytes played a major role in the elimination of the gamonts. According to the annotated checklist of the avian Haemoproteidae, the Haemoproteus in this eagle was closely related to Haemoproteus buteonis. The phylogeny of mitochondrial cytochrome b genes of Haemoproteus revealed 96.5 and 97.6 % similarity in identity with the Haemoproteus from two collared scops owls and seven barn owls (99.3 to 99.8 % similarity) from Thailand, and they were also similar to the Haemoproteus isolated from other reported avian species in Southeast Asia. The eagle was clinically healthy without any treatment. It was free from Haemoproteus by light microscopy and molecular technique 8 months later and was released in Krungching Waterfall, Khao Luang National Park, southern Thailand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder involving progressive damage to the central and peripheral nervous systems and cardiomyopathy. FRDA is caused by the silencing of the FXN gene and reduced levels of the encoded protein, frataxin. Frataxin is a mitochondrial protein that functions primarily in iron-sulfur cluster synthesis. Skin disorders including hair abnormalities have previously been reported in patients with mitochondrial disorders. However, to our knowledge, ultra-structural hair alterations in FRDA were not demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to determine ultra-structural alterations in the hairs of FRDA patients as well as carriers. Hair specimen from four patients, who are in different stages of the disease, and two carriers were examined by scanning electron microscope. Thin and weak hair follicles with absence of homogeneities on the cuticular surface, local damages of the cuticular layer, cuticular fractures were detected in both carriers and patients, but these alterations were much more prominent in the hair follicles of patients. In addition, erosions on the surface of the cuticle and local deep cavities just under the cuticular level were observed only in patients. Indistinct cuticular pattern, pores on the cuticular surface, and presence of concavities on the hair follicle were also detected in patients in later stages of the disease. According to our results, progression of the disease increased the alterations on hair structure. We suggest that ultra-structural alterations observed in hair samples might be due to oxidative stress caused by deficient frataxin expression in mitochondria. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:731-736, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

* Premise of the study: Many angiosperms produce nectar that entices pollinator visits. Each floral nectary tends to embody a singular form, such as the receptacular ring arising beneath the ovary in mint flowers (Lamiaceae). Exceptionally, the annular floral nectary in Salvia farinacea possesses modified stomata plus secretory trichomes. This first study of nectary ultrastructure within the largest genus of Lamiaceae examined this unusual condition. * Methods: Nectary anatomy, histochemistry, and ultrastructure were investigated from fresh and fixed material using light microscopy and scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy. * Key results: The annular nectary encircled the ovary plus extended ventrally as a projection. Modified stomata occurred only in the projection's abaxial epidermis. Conversely, peltate trichomes with a basal cell, a stalk cell, and 4-7 head cells were interspersed among the ovary lobes and covered the projection's adaxial surface. Phloem and xylem supplied the nectary interior, where parenchyma cells had numerous mitochondria and plastids with little starch, but few dictyosomes and little endoplasmic reticulum. Nectar accumulated as a drop opposite the projection's abaxial surface, escaping through stomatal pores and probably the cuticle. However, the annular nectary's glistening trichomes secreted a Sudan-positive product largely retained below the distended cuticle, but not nectar. * Conclusions: This first ultrastructural study of co-occurring secretory trichomes and modified stomata on a mint nectary suggests multiple interactive functions for this atypical structure. These trichomes--possibly generating a substance informative to pollinators or as an ovarian defense against phytophagy--produced oil in an aqueous milieu, rather than contributing fluid to nectar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plant cuticle has traditionally been conceived as an independent hydrophobic layer that covers the external epidermal cell wall. Due to its complexity, the existing relationship between cuticle chemical composition and ultra-structure remains unclear to date. This study aimed to examine the link between chemical composition and structure of isolated, adaxial leaf cuticles of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E. globulus by the gradual extraction and identification of lipid constituents (cutin and soluble lipids), coupled to spectroscopic and microscopic analyses. The soluble compounds and cutin monomers identified could not be assigned to a concrete internal cuticle ultra-structure. After cutin depolymerization, a cellulose network resembling the cell wall was observed, with different structural patterns in the regions ascribed to the cuticle proper and cuticular layer, respectively. Our results suggest that the current cuticle model should be revised, stressing the presence and major role of cell wall polysaccharides. It is concluded that the cuticle may be interpreted as a modified cell wall region which contains additional lipids. The major heterogeneity of the plant cuticle makes it difficult to establish a direct link between cuticle chemistry and structure with the existing methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants exposed to salt stress undergo biochemical and morphological changes even at cellular level. Such changes also include activation of antioxidant enzymes to scavenge reactive oxygen species, while morphological changes are determined as deformation of membranes and organelles. Present investigation substantiates this phenomenon for Caralluma tuberculata calli when exposed to NaCl stress at different concentrations. Elevated levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR) in NaCl-stressed calli dwindled upon application of non-enzymatic antioxidants; ascorbic acid (AA) and salicylic acid (SA). Many fold increased enzymes concentrations trimmed down even below as present in the control calli. Electron microscopic images accentuated several cellular changes upon NaCl stress such as plasmolysed plasma membrane, disruption of nuclear membrane, increased numbers of nucleoli, alteration in shape and lamellar membrane system in plastid, and increased number of plastoglobuli. The cells retrieved their normal structure upon exposure to non-enzymatic antioxidants. The results of the present experiments conclude that NaCl aggravate oxidative molecules that eventually alleviate antioxidant enzymatic system. Furthermore, the salt stress knocked down by applying ascorbic acid and salicylic acid manifested by normal enzyme level and restoration of cellular structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial insemination (AI) in livestock is used to optimize reproduction efficiency. Compared to other semen preservation methods, cryopreservation is an established industry used worldwide for performing AI. Adequate protocols for semen collection and freezing and then for the use in the AI are set up for all the animal species. In sheep, AI with frozen-thawed semen resulted low fertility rate, which limits the practical application of this technique. Progressive sperm motility, sperm viability, sperm plasma membrane integrity and NAR were significantly (P < 0.05) higher for BIOX, MILK, and TEY extenders. Progressive motility increased significantly (p < 0.01) using licorice extract 10, 50 and 100 g/ml. Diluter type had a significant effect (p < 0.01) on sperm motility. The percentage of progressive motility in all extenders media containing LDL was also higher compared with 20% EY (control) during dilution and equilibration stages. All extenders containing LDL reduced the percentages of abnormalities after dilution as compared to control 20% egg yolk. The percentages of intact Acrosome in all other extenders containing LDL were significantly higher than 20% egg yolk extender. The highest percentage of post-thaw progressive motility was recorded in extender containing 20mm glutamine. After dilution and equilibration, supplementation of glutamine at concentration of 40 and 60mm caused a significant increase in plasma membrane intact compared with control and all other concentrations tested. No significant difference between the control and the irradiated samples for viability However, the semen samples irradiated with 6.12 J/cm² showed a slight increase in sperm progressive motility, viability, osmotic resistance, Acrosome and DNA integrity, respect to the semen samples irradiated at low energy doses and control semen samples. Cysteine effected on the ultra-structure of the ram sperm cell within the freezing- thawing dynamics. The positive effect of Cysteine could be a result of its interraction with membranes phospholipids during the freezing, giving it a better Cryopreservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Ninety days of subchronic exposure to samarium nitrate for mouse is performed for male reproductive toxicity evaluation. [•] Lesions in testis including disorganized seminiferous tubule, decreased spermatogenic cells, and so on are observed. [•] The lesions inside the cells involve mitochondria swelling, mitochondria vacuolization, fuzzy nuclear membrane, and so on. [•] Increased spermatogenic cell apoptosis is confirmed with TUNEL method, as well as changed expression level of Bax and Bcl-2 gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphological studies were carried out to determine whether females of the boxwood leafminer, Monarthropalpus buxi (Laboulbène) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) have a pheromone gland, its position and ultra-structure. In addition, the reproductive behaviour of this gall midge was studied in the laboratory in a wind-tunnel. The source of the sex pheromone was identified as the epidermis of the inter-segmental membrane between the 8th and 9th abdominal segments of females. The epidermis there was hypertrophied and consisted of a unicellular layer of secretory cells with ultra-structural features that include a well developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes that are typical of pheromone-producing glands. At adult emergence the sex ratio was 1 : 1. The virgin females extruded their ovipositor and moved it slowly (visible using a video-camera at high magnification), which was followed by mating. The females were monogamous, while the males usually mated several times with different females. Wind-tunnel bioassays using virgin females, ovipositor-ectomised virgins and mated females provided further evidence that virgin females produce a sex pheromone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens that share a unique developmental cycle. The cycle alternates between infectious extracellular elementary bodies (EBs) and metabolically active reticulate bodies (RBs), which multiply within intracellular vacuoles known as inclusions. Recent evidence has demonstrated that C. pneumoniae is present and persistent at active sites of infection and thus contributes to coronary artery and respiratory diseases, the leading causes of death in the developed world. To understand the process of Chlamydia infection, it is important to investigate the morphology of both normal and infected Hep-2 cells. Materials and Methods: Hep-2 cell lines (ATCC CCL23 ) were obtained from the Virology Laboratory, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Cells were grown on cover-slip in shell vial at 37oC in 5% CO2 humidified atmosphere. Later C. pneumoniae were inoculated in the cell lines. The infected cells were scanned using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results: TEM showed round shaped cells with a smooth surface. Some holdings were observed on the edges which are believed to be due to the fluidity of the cytoplasm membrane. The TEM micrograph revealed smooth membrane and typical eukaryotic undisturbed organelles. The morphology of C. pneumoniae, the reticulate bodies (RBs), the elementary bodies (EBs), and their diameter with loug axis were determined. Conclusion: Despite the presence of inclusion bodies within the cytoplasm of the majority of the infected cells, an alternating period of host cell destruction and host cell proliferation was observed. We termed this phenomenon as unsuccessful infection (USI).

Consumption of arsenic contaminated water and cereals is a serious threat to humans all over the world. Rice ( Oryza sativa 'Nipponbare'), as a main cereal crop, can accumulate arsenic more than 10-fold that of in other cereals. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the response of rice subjected to 100 µM arsenate stress, a comparative proteomic analysis of rice shoots in combination with morphological and biochemical investigations have been performed in this study. The results demonstrated that arsenate suppressed the growth of rice seedlings, destroyed the cellular ultra-structure and changed the homeostasis of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, a total of 38 differentially displayed proteins, which were mainly involved in metabolism, redox and protein-metabolism, were identified. The data suggest the arsenic can inhibit rice growth through negatively affecting chloroplast structure and photosynthesis. In addition, upregulation of the proteins involved in redox and protein metabolism might help the rice to be resistant or tolerant to arsenic toxicity. In general, this study improves our understanding about the rice arsenic responsive mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Ligaments are densely connective soft tissues capable of maintaining stability and function of knee joint. As an important factor, the constitutive relation of ligament would affect its biomechanics and further play an essential role in the research on ligament injury, healing and treatment. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current research on ligament constitutive relations on the macro, meso, and micro levels as well as the anatomy and histological structure of ligament. Some studies of biomechanical behaviors during ligament injury and healing periods have also been investigated. Based on the research on ligament constitutive relation in the past three decades, a discussion of some research perspectives is also presented, such as a validated accurate measuring method of in situ strain in ligament, a new constitutive relation involving the distribution of ultra-structural properties, and a rational estimation of ligament injury and healing process by the change of its ultra-structural or histological characteristics. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Ultraviolet light is an important component of the sun lit environment, and is used by a wide variety of animals and plants. We have investigated the detailed correlation between the optical signature of Ranunculusjaponicus and its petal structure. Ultraviolet reflection was observed at the front side of the petal except the nectar guide area. Ultra-structural observations revealed the existence of three main layers at the front side: single layered cells containing carotenoid pigments, pyramidal vascular zone and starch layer. However, the region which showed no ultraviolet reflection such as the nectar guide area and the back side of the petal possessed no starch layer. We measured the spectral reflectance of the starch itself, and revealed that the starch reflects the UV light. When we added the ethanol extracted solution of petals to the surface of starch, the spectral reflection curve faithfully resembled the in vivo reflection curve of the front side of Ranunculus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective role of Fe in providing tolerance against Cd-stress in root nodules of Vigna radiata, because Cd may be more deleterious in the absence of Fe. Biochemical, histological and proteomic responses to Cd-exposure (50 μM CdCl) were examined under Fe-sufficient (+Fe/+Cd) or Fe-deficient (−Fe/+Cd) soils by comparing non −Cd exposed control (+Fe/−Cd) plants with additional control of Fe-deficient and non-exposed Cd plants (−Fe/−Cd). Cd-exposure negatively affected on growth and some physiological parameters of host plant and nodules, and also induced oxidative stress with the decline of antioxidative enzyme activities. The negative effects of Cd-exposure in +Fe/+Cd plants were much less than those in −Fe/+Cd and −Fe/−Cd ones. When compared with −Fe/Cd and −Fe/−Cd plants, a marked improvement of bacteriod development and cell division was observed and deformation of cell wall remarkably alleviated in the nodules of (+Fe/Cd) plants. Proteomic study revealed that 20 proteins were differentially expressed by Fe/Cd combined treatment. Eleven proteins of interest were identified and classified as precursor for RNA metabolism, storage of seeds, hypothetical proteins, and unknown proteins. These results indicate that Fe plays a pivotal role in alleviating Cd-stress, as evidence by reduction in oxidative damage and protection of cell wall and bacteriods in nodules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ultrastructure of the haloalkaliphilic endoevaporite cyanobacterium 'Euhalothece natronophila' Z-M001 from the soda Lake Magadi was investigated during the initial stages of fossilization in a model experimental system. The cyanobacterium was cultivated in concentrated carbonate solution supplemented with calcium chloride. It was revealed that the amorphous CaCO formed under these conditions could interact with the cell wall during the first stages of 'E. natronophila' calcification. Evidence is presented that the surface layer of the 'E. natronophila' envelope, presumably containing polysaccharide and/or (glyco)protein components, can be involved in the adsorption and subsequent crystallization of CaCO with the formation of a massive 'shell' embedding the morphologically intact cells. It was established that the ultrastructure of the cell wall and the intrathylakoid space changed during CaCO mineralization. During the later fossilization stages, cells covered by the calcium-containing 'shell' were apparently mummified, and mostly retained their original shape. The encapsulation of cyanobacteria in the trona globule was characterized by a different pattern. It probably involved tight binding of the growing crystal to the glycocalyx components that are anchored in the outer membrane. This may result in its detachment from the underlying peptidoglycan layer. The peptidoglycan was retained, and the protoplasts were ultrastructurally similar to the intact ones. Cyanobacteria incorporated in large trona crystals underwent degradation, deformation, and destruction. This accounts for the fact that massive trona deposits of Lake Magadi lack cyanobacterial fossils that are abundant in calcium-containing strata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Primary cilia are microtubule based sensory organelles that play an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Malfunctioning results in a number of abnormalities, diseases (ciliopathies) and certain types of cancer. Morphological and biochemical knowledge on cilia/flagella, (early) ciliogenesis and intraflagellar transport is often obtained from model systems (e.g. Chlamydomonas) or from multi ciliary cells like lung or kidney epithelium. In this study endothelial cells in isolated human umbilical veins (HUVs) and cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) are compared and used to study primary ciliogenesis. By combining fluorescence microscopy, SEM, 2D and 3D TEM techniques we found that under the tested culturing conditions 60% of cobblestone endothelial cells form a primary cilium. Only a few of these cilia are present (protruding) on the endothelial cell surface, meaning that most primary cilia are in the cytoplasm (non-protruding). This was also observed in situ in the endothelial cells in the umbilical vein. The exact function(s?) of these non-protruding cilia remains unclear. Ultra-structural analysis of cultured HUVECs and the endothelial layer of the human umbilical veins reveal that there are: vesicles inside the ciliary pocket during the early stages of ciliogenesis; tubules/vesicles from the cytoplasm fuse with the ciliary sheath; irregular axoneme patterns, and two round, membranous vesicles inside the basal body. We conclude that cobblestone cultured HUVECs are comparable to the in vivo epithelial lining of the umbilical veins and therefore provide a well defined, relatively simple human model system with a reproducible number of non-protruding primary cilia for studying ciliogenesis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The jungle cat ( Felis chaus subsp. fulvidina) of Thailand is a protected animal. Haematological and morphological characteristics of blood cells in eight captive jungle cats (three males and five females) were investigated using complete blood cell counts, cytochemical stains and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Haematological results were reported as mean, median and range (minimum-maximum). Neutrophils stained strongly positive for Sudan black B (SBB) and peroxidase (PO). Basophils were strongly positive for α-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) and β-glucuronidase (BG) while eosinophils were negative for all cytochemical stains. Monocytes were negative for SBB and had fine granular reactivity for PO, ANAE and BG. The ultra-structure of eosinophils and basophils were different from that reported for other wild cats in Southeast Asia. The haematology, cytochemistry and ultra-structure of blood cells in the jungle cat may be useful in evaluating and monitoring the health of this species in captivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intersubspecific hybrids of autotetraploid rice has many features that increase rice yield, but lower seed set is a major hindrance in its utilization. Pollen sterility is one of the most important factors which cause intersubspecific hybrid sterility. The hybrids with greater variation in seed set were used to study how the F1 pollen sterile loci (S-a, S-b, and S-c) interact with each other and how abnormal chromosome behaviour and allelic interaction of F1 sterility loci affect pollen fertility and seed set of intersubspecific autotetraploid rice hybrids. The results showed that interaction between pollen sterility loci have significant effects on the pollen fertility of autotetraploid hybrids, and pollen fertility further decreased with an increase in the allelic interaction of F1 pollen sterility loci. Abnormal ultra-structure and microtubule distribution patterns during pollen mother cell (PMC) meiosis were found in the hybrids with low pollen fertility in interphase and leptotene, suggesting that the effect-time of pollen sterility loci interaction was very early. There were highly significant differences in the number of quadrivalents and bivalents, and in chromosome configuration among all the hybrids, and quadrivalents decreased with an increase in the seed set of autotetraploid hybrids. Many different kinds of chromosomal abnormalities, such as chromosome straggling, chromosome lagging, asynchrony of chromosome disjunction, and tri-fission were found during the various developmental stages of PMC meiosis. All these abnormalities were significantly higher in sterile hybrids than in fertile hybrids, suggesting that pollen sterility gene interactions tend to increase the chromosomal abnormalities which cause the partial abortion of male gametes and leads to the decline in the seed set of the autotetraploid rice hybrids. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The effects of NaCl, NaSO and mannitol on utilization of storage protein in the cells of cotyledon mesophyll and root meristem during the seed germination of alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) on the solutions of these substances at different concentrations and identical osmotic pressure were investigated using the transmission electron microscopy technique. Ultrastructural analysis revealed changes in the conversion of storage vacuoles to central vacuole, as well as changes in the quantity and form of residual protein bodies within vacuoles, depending on the osmotic effect of salt influence. At low concentrations corresponding to osmotic pressure of 202.6 kPa NaSO did not affect the conversion of storage vacuoles to vegetative vacuole and the protein utilization. With increasing of concentration NaSO and mannitol caused the retaining of considerable protein reserves, and mannitol did not disturb the transformation processes of vacuoles. NaCl did not prevent the central vacuole formation and protein utilization in cotyledon cells, but not in the root cells. When the concentration of the salt increased up to the value corresponding to the osmotic pressure of 607.8 kPa, NaCl can retard the storage protein mobilization in the root cells. These results demonstrate the sensitivity of processes of storage protein utilization during seed germination to stress factors caused by salinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To compare different outcomes of vitrification and slow freezing of isolated pre-antral follicles and to evaluate different cryo-devices for vitrification of isolated follicles. Pre-antral follicles were isolated from mouse ovaries and cryopreserved using vitrification and slow freezing. A preliminary experiment was carried out to select the optimal cryo-device for vitrification of isolated follicles. A total of 414 follicles were randomly distributed among four groups: control (CT) fresh ( n = 100), nylon mesh ( n = 96), electron microscopy grid ( n = 102), and micro-capillary tips ( n = 116). Subsequently, a total of 979 follicles were randomly assigned to three different groups: CT fresh ( n = 256), vitrification ( n = 399) and slow freezing ( n = 324). CT and cryopreserved/thawed follicles were cultured in vitro and examined daily for development. Final maturation was triggered with human chorionic gonadotrophin and rates of oocyte maturation were calculated. The ultra-structure of cryopreserved/thawed follicles was studied using electron microscopy. Meiotic spindle presence and organization in mature oocytes were examined using the Oosight imaging system. Micro-capillary tips resulted in poor immediate post-warming survival but no differences were observed in the subsequent in vitro development characteristics between different cryo-devices. Nylon mesh proved to be the easiest carrier, particularly when large numbers of follicles were to be vitrified. Compared to vitrification, slow freezing resulted in a significantly lower number of intact follicles at the end of the culture period ( P < 0.0001). However all other outcome measures were comparable between both techniques. Isolated follicles were more vulnerable to cryodamage after slow freezing as compared to vitrification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Iridaea cordata cultivated in the presence of UVB radiation (UVBR) was studied using transmission electron microscopy. Apical segments were cultivated in 0.97Wm−2 of UVBR for 40 days, 3h a day, and compared to a negative control (UVBR absent). UVBR caused modifications, mainly in the cortical cells, including an increased number of cell wall-producing vesicles, in addition to thicker and denser cellular walls, compared to the control. Additionally, cells were observed with an irregular contour and without defined organelles. The increase of cell-wall thickness could be interpreted as an acclimation to UVBR, which could lead to protection from this radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plant foliar surface is the most important receptor of atmospheric pollutants. It undergoes several structural and functional changes when particulate-laden air strikes it. In the present investigation, ten annual plant species viz., Abelmoschus esculentus, Celosia cristata, Coleus blumei, Cyamopsis tetragonolobus, Gomphrena globosa, Impatiens balsamina, Ocimum sanctum, Phaseolus vulgaris, Solanum melongena, and Zinnia elegans were studied for their growth parameters and leaf morphological features. They were subjected to dust experimentally for 60 days. The micro-morphological traits like wax, cuticle, epidermis, stomata, and trichomes were observed under light and scanning electron microscopes. Remarkable differences in the growth parameters and micro-morphological features were recorded in the dust-treated plants when compared to the respective controls. The reduction in growth parameters, the size of epidermal cells, and stomata were reduced and cuticle damage was also observed. The relative proportion of fine particles, which play a major role in hampering the overall growth of a plant, was higher in comparison to ultra-fine and coarse particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]