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Background: Although sclerotherapy is widely used to treat vascular malformations (VMs), it is associated with several challenges. One significant issue is the insufficient understanding of the influence of various factors on the stability of polidocanol (POL) foam used in sclerotherapy. Objective: This study aimed to explore the effect of the catheter needle caliber on foam stability when using POL with or without hyaluronic acid (HA) for the treatment of VMs. Methods and materials: The Tessari method generated sclerosant foam using POL both with and without HA. We used catheters and syringe needles of various calibers, and the resulting foam was transferred into new syringes to facilitate a comparison of foam stability. Foam half-life (FHT) was utilized as a metric to assess foam stability. Results: The study found that narrower needle calibers produced a more stable foam when POL was used alone; however, no significant effect was observed when HA was added. Furthermore, when the foam was expelled using catheters and syringe needles of the same size, no noticeable changes in the stability were observed. Conclusion: When choosing needles of varying calibers, their effect on foam stability should be carefully considered, particularly when the foam contains HA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundAlthough sclerotherapy is widely used to treat vascular malformations (VMs), it is associated with several challenges. One significant issue is the insufficient understanding of the influence of various factors on the stability of polidocanol (POL) foam used in sclerotherapy.ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the effect of the catheter needle caliber on foam stability when using POL with or without hyaluronic acid (HA) for the treatment of VMs.Methods and materialsThe Tessari method generated sclerosant foam using POL both with and without HA. We used catheters and syringe needles of various calibers, and the resulting foam was transferred into new syringes to facilitate a comparison of foam stability. Foam half-life (FHT) was utilized as a metric to assess foam stability.ResultsThe study found that narrower needle calibers produced a more stable foam when POL was used alone; however, no significant effect was observed when HA was added. Furthermore, when the foam was expelled using catheters and syringe needles of the same size, no noticeable changes in the stability were observed.ConclusionWhen choosing needles of varying calibers, their effect on foam stability should be carefully considered, particularly when the foam contains HA.

Introduction: A successful endodontic therapy mainly depends on the effective chemomechanical debridement. The present study assessed the effect of different activation modes on debris extrusion in different access cavity designs. Materials and Methods: Freshly extracted 168 maxillary premolars were collected. They were allocated into two groups (n = 84) (Group I: Traditional Endodontic Access (TEA) and Group II: Contracted Endodontic Access (CEA)). These groups were further subgrouped (n = 28) based on the activation protocol used (Subgroup A, D: Manual irrigation with no activation, Subgroup B, E: Conventional activation (CA), and Subgroup C, F: Step-wise irrigant activation). Each tooth specimen was inserted into Eppendorf for debris collection. The canals were instrumented using HyFlex CM rotary files to 0.04 taper. The irrigation was specific to the experimental subgroups, which was done by a single operator. Following the experimental irrigation, the collected debris was weighted using an analytical balance. The collected data were statistically analyzed. Results: Statistical significant debris extrusion was seen with TEA (P < 0.05). Among the subgroups, step-wise irrigant activation technique showed significant (P < 0.05) debris extrusion. Conclusion: CEA showed less debris extrusion when the CA technique was used for irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Root canal preparation generates inorganic and organic tissue debris. Various irrigation techniques are used to remove the smear layer from the root canal system. The present study aimed to evaluate canal cleanliness using a novel irrigation device with ultrasonic and manual irrigation in extracted teeth. Twenty-one freshly extracted single-rooted teeth with specified inclusion and exclusion criteria were collected for the present study. The specimens were prepared to a size using a rotary file to size 30 and 6% taper preparation. The specimens were then divided into three groups: group I, Manual irrigation group (n = 7), group II, Automated irrigation (n = 7), group III, Passive ultrasonic irrigation (n = 7). Following the experimental irrigation, the teeth were subjected to the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistically significant reduction (p < 0.05) in both smear layer and debris scores were seen in group III as compared to the other groups. Based on Hülsmann's scoring method, it was found that the automated root canal irrigation device showed better canal cleanliness when compared with the manual irrigation technique but was less effective than passive ultrasonic irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The important aspect of endodontic treatment is root canal irrigation. Although agitation systems proved to have enhanced irrigant wall interactions, syringe needle-based delivery systems still play a significant role during the preparatory phases of root canal treatment. The current study aimed to evaluate the time taken for the irrigant delivery during conventional syringe irrigation using different volume syringes in different root canal preparations. Materials and Methods: Two hundred extracted single-rooted premolars with approximately round canals were randomly instrumented to preferred apical preparation sizes using 0.4 tapered Hyflex-CM rotary Ni-Ti instruments and randomly divided as follows: Group I, instrumentation to size 40, 0.04 taper (n = 50); Group II, instrumentation to size 30, 0.04 taper (n = 50); Group III, instrumentation to size 25, 0.04 taper (n = 50); and Group IV, instrumentation to size 20, 0.04 taper (n = 50). Fifty operators were chosen for the experimentation. They were asked to irrigate the prepared specimens using different volume syringes. The entire irrigant delivery time was recorded by a head nurse using a stopwatch, and the values were calibrated and statistically analyzed. Results: Group I recorded significantly lesser time for irrigant delivery during manual syringe needle irrigation (P = 0.005) compared to other groups. Conclusion: Irrigation delivery time was less in 40/0.04 taper preparations, using 1 ml volume syringes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fluid dynamics is a majorly neglected aspect to be studied in root canal irrigation. The fundamental rule to understand mechanics is to observe patterns of flow during the process. Thus, this work is conducted to do a systemic assessment of the in-vitro and ex-vivo based studies to evaluate the effect of various parameters on the irrigant flow and apical pressure on using a manual syringe needle for root canal irrigation. Methods: The literature search was conducted through libraries such as PubMed (Medline), CINAHL, Embase, Scopus and other hand literature from Google Scholar, the British medical library etc. The systematic review was reported following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. As they include studies that were in-vitro and ex-vivo based, the risk of bias of the selected articles was assessed using a customized tool based on the previous literature and parameters evaluated in the studies included. Results: The literature search resulted in 101 items of which 19 records were included in this review. Results reported that multiple factors and parameters were assessed to evaluate the flow and apical pressures on using manual syringe needle irrigation. Conclusions: Present systematic review gives insights in-depth about the irrigation dynamics of manual syringe needle irrigation. Besides, it is inconclusive to compile a single factor or a single parameter contributing to the enhanced irrigant flow and least apical pressures.

Fluid dynamics is a majorly neglected aspect to be studied in root canal irrigation. The fundamental rule to understand mechanics is to observe patterns of flow during the process. Thus, this work is conducted to do a systemic assessment of the in-vitro and ex-vivo based studies to evaluate the effect of various parameters on the irrigant flow and apical pressure on using a manual syringe needle for root canal irrigation. The literature search was conducted through libraries such as PubMed (Medline), CINAHL, Embase, Scopus and other hand literature from Google Scholar, the British medical library etc. The systematic review was reported following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. As they include studies that were in-vitro and ex-vivo based, the risk of bias of the selected articles was assessed using a customized tool based on the previous literature and parameters evaluated in the studies included. The literature search resulted in 101 items of which 19 records were included in this review. Results reported that multiple factors and parameters were assessed to evaluate the flow and apical pressures on using manual syringe needle irrigation. Present systematic review gives insights in-depth about the irrigation dynamics of manual syringe needle irrigation. Besides, it is inconclusive to compile a single factor or a single parameter contributing to the enhanced irrigant flow and least apical pressures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Root canal preparation generates inorganic and organic tissue debris. Various irrigation techniques are used to remove the smear layer from the root canal system. The present study aimed to evaluate canal cleanliness using a novel irrigation device with ultrasonic and manual irrigation in extracted teeth. Twenty-one freshly extracted single-rooted teeth with specified inclusion and exclusion criteria were collected for the present study. The specimens were prepared to a size using a rotary file to size 30 and 6% taper preparation. The specimens were then divided into three groups: group I, Manual irrigation group (n = 7), group II, Automated irrigation (n = 7), group III, Passive ultrasonic irrigation (n = 7). Following the experimental irrigation, the teeth were subjected to the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistically significant reduction (p < 0.05) in both smear layer and debris scores were seen in group III as compared to the other groups. Based on Hülsmann’s scoring method, it was found that the automated root canal irrigation device showed better canal cleanliness when compared with the manual irrigation technique but was less effective than passive ultrasonic irrigation.

Purpose: The aim of this retrospective study is to describe our initial experience by using new simplified mattress sutures with syringe needle for congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) in neonates when no posterolateral rim of diaphragm exists. Methods: A retrospective review of the new simplified technique in 15 cases from February 2015 to February 2018 at a single institution was performed. In the procedure, two to three primary suture sites were taken from the relative intercostal region of the body surface. Two 2-0 nonabsorbable sutures around the rib were inserted between the anterior rim of the defect and the relative rib through a syringe needle. Knot tying was made extracorporally and the knots were under the skin of intercostals space. Results: Among the patients, 9 were male and 6 were female. The age was 10 minutes-1 day when admitted, 10 were term newborns, and 5 were premature. The mean operative time was 37.5 minutes (range, 25-60 minutes) for each CDH repair. No cases required conversion to open surgery, blood loss was minimal. The mean follow-up duration was 18.5 months (range 3-27 months), with no deaths, and no single case of recurrence. Conclusion: We have found this simple technique to be a useful adjunct in the thoracoscopic management of selected cases with CDH. It has the advantages of reduced operative time, simplicity, and feasibility and has the value of clinical popularization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three‐dimensional (3D) cell constructs composed only of cells and cell‐secreted extracellular matrix have been attractive biomaterials for tissue engineering technology; however, controlling construct morphology and eliminating dead cells after fabrication remain a challenge. It has been hypothesized that moderate stress could shape constructs and eliminate dead cells. The purpose of this study was to establish an easily available technology for shaping 3D cell constructs and eliminating dead cells postfabrication. To achieve these objectives, spherical cell constructs composed of L‐929 fibroblasts were processed using different sized syringe needles. Our results revealed that large‐scale rod‐shaped cell constructs could be fabricated, and that their diameters could be controlled according to the size of the syringe needle. Additionally, cell viability assays showed that >94% of cells in the rod‐shaped constructs were viable, suggesting that dead cells, which have low adhesion force, were dispersed when compressive stress was applied during passage through the needle. The technology described in this study will be promising for future tissue engineering, especially for fabricating elongated tissues such as nerves and blood vessels. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 904–909, 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the electrical characteristics of microprobe in integrated circuit testing, a wafer probe admittance testing system with motion control and admittance measurement instruments was organized by using pogo microprobe whose impedance characteristics are automatically measured and analyzed. The probe’s admittance characteristics under different loading frequency were explored based on voltammetry. The results show that the probe was resistive when loading frequency was less than 100 kHz, and being inductive when the frequency was larger than 100 kHz. Furthermore, the probe’s admittance was the least when the frequency was between 200 and 400 kHz. Meanwhile, the conductivity of tipped needle is smaller than claw pin when the frequency is between 1 and 500 kHz, whereas the susceptance and resistance of tipped needle is larger than claw pin, which mainly due to the change of contact between probe and the solder. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Purpose The objective of this study is to evaluate a novel simplified technique of thoracoscopic repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) in infants. Methods A retrospective review of the new simplified technique in 12 CDH patients admitted between March 2013 and March 2015 was performed. A needle with nonabsorbable 2–0 sutures threaded in the lumen was used to approximate edges of the hernia defect. Results A total of 12 infants with CDH underwent the repair successfully using this new technique. There were 7 boys and 5 girls with a median age of 104.7 days (range, 1 days–17 months). The mean operative time was 65 minutes (range, 35–125 minutes). No conversion or synthetic patch was required. The patients were followed up for 6 to 30 months (mean, 17.5 ± 8.5 months). There was no mortality and no recurrence. Conclusion The new modified technique of thoracoscopic diaphragmatic hernia repair reduces the difficulty of intracorporal suturing under tension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A syringe needle-type proton-induced monochromatic X-ray source was proposed to solve the issue that could occur in practical brachytherapy, such as loss of seed sources and radiation exposure to surgical staff. This paper discusses comparison between experimental results and a Monte Carlo numerical simulation of the dose distribution around the needle. Some simulation results for different source designs are presented as a first step of the design optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a highly-selective radiotherapy based on monochromatic X-rays and cancer-targeting gold nanoparticle (GNP) sensitizer. In order to deliver the low-energy monochromatic X-rays which selectively ionize the Au L-shell into the cancerous tissue deep inside the patient's body, we employ a syringe-needle type X-ray source driven by an MeV proton beam. From a simple numerical evaluation, we found that optimization of the primary X-ray energy was essential to enhance the dose around the nanoparticle. In order to confirm the above idea qualitatively, we performed a simulation experiment in the atmosphere, where 100 nm Au foils were used instead of the GNPs. The experimental result showed that the dose around the Au foils was much higher than that at positions away from the foils, owing to short-range secondary electrons from the foils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron gall ink contains transition metals such as Fe, Cu, and Mn which are known to catalyze chemical reactions in support materials such as paper and parchment, which eventually leads to their deterioration over time. Identification of metals in ink can be an important step prior to the conservation treatment of a written document. In this work, syringe needles (16G-23G) were used to sample micro-cores (∼0.7 mm in diameter) of ink and paper prior to analysis. Metals were extracted from the micro-core with HNO3, prior to analysis using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Rare case of suicide by self-induced hemopericardium using a syringe needle. • Cardiopulmonary resuscitation can alter injuries caused by the syringe needle. • Therapeutic injection and cardiopulmonary resuscitation can mimic this condition. • Forensic pathologist must be vigilant and cautious in interpretation of findings. This communication highlights a rare case of suicide by self-induced hemopericardium caused by a penetrating syringe needle. A 20-year-old male, diagnosed with ulcerative colitis, severe depression and hypochondriasis, was found dead at home. There was a 23-gauge 3 cm long syringe needle, connected to a 3 cc barrel, penetrating the left side of the chest. Autopsy revealed 3 fresh puncture marks on the left side of the anterior chest with subcutaneous hemorrhage underlying the puncture marks. The needle had penetrated through the 4th intercoastal space and entered the pericardial cavity causing superficial lacerations to the anterior wall of the heart. There were two anterior pericardial perforations. A hemopericardium of 235 ml was noted. Interventricular septal branches arising from the lower half of the left anterior descending artery were lacerated. Microscopy revealed multiple fresh hemorrhages into the myocardium at the site of myocardial injuries. Toxicological analysis of blood, urine and swabs from the syringe barrel was negative. The cause of death was given as hemopericardium due to laceration of the interventricular septal branches of the left anterior descending artery due to penetration by a 23-gauge syringe needle. The circumstance was concluded as suicidal. Suicide by stab to the chest using a 23-gauge syringe needle, resulting in hemopericardium where the source of blood was the coronary artery, has not been reported in the medical literature. A forensic pathologist must be vigilant and cautious in the interpretation of similar findings especially when cardiopulmonary resuscitation and/or therapeutic intracardiac injections have been administered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A direct reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method for detecting the chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) and chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle viroid (CChMVd) to screen for a viroid-free chrysanthemum plant at a small plant size was established and named microtissue direct RT-PCR. A razor or syringe needle was used for RNA template preparations. Under a stereoscopic microscope, a razor or syringe needle was used to pierce, a tissue sample to a depth of 0.1–0.2mm, and the sample was directly transferred to the RT mixtures. Methods using razors or needles for the preparation of templates could detect CSVd and CChMVd with a high sensitivity. The most sensitive method used a razor or syringe needle to acquire template from the shoot tips. Using the microtissue direct RT-PCR method, both viroids could be detected from the high- and low-viroid-concentration plants. The microtissue direct RT-PCR method was more sensitive than a conventional template preparation method. Using the microtissue direct RT-PCR method established in this study, the laborious subculture step could be omitted because detecting viroids and screening for viroid-free plants even at a small plant size before the subculture could be possible. In addition, the microtissue direct RT-PCR method could also be a powerful tool for clarifing the viroid distribution among microtissues, such as shoot apical meristems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]