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Aim: This study aims to enhance the scannability of Type III alpha gypsum by incorporating an opacifier and to evaluate its effect on the LSE property. Setting and Design: In vitro – Comparative study. Materials and Methods: The base powder of Type III alpha gypsum was divided into three groups: Group I (100 g of base powder), Group II (90 g of base powder with 10 g of TiO2), and Group III (80 g of base powder with 20 g of TiO2). The study had two parts: First, scanning the mixtures to determine the best scannable material; second, testing for LSE using a plaster extensometer with 0.01 mm precision. Each group's scannability was assessed using a Medit lab scanner, and their LSE was measured. Statistical Analysis Used: One-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc test for multiple comparisons. Results: Results showed that there was a statistical significance between the three groups. However, there was a decrease in the LSE with an increase in the concentration of the titanium dioxide (TiO2). Group III has shown superior scanning properties compared to the other groups. Conclusion: Type III alpha gypsum reinforced with 20% TiO2 as an opacifier has exhibited superior scanning properties and there was a statistically significant decrease in the LSE between all three groups with increase in the concentrations of TiO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sedimentation measurement is of significant importance when designing and synthesizing magnetorheological (MR) fluid for engineering applications. Generally, visual observation is always used to discern the mud line position but knows nothing about the concentration distribution under the mud line. The method using electromagnetic scanning is limited by the position resolution because of the height of the inductor, and the method based on thermal conductivity is time-consuming and determines the sedimentation status at a specific location. In this paper, the sedimentation behavior is revealed by the laser transmittance intensity (LTI) method which is based on scattering when the light passes through the MR fluid, the higher the concentration and the stronger the scattering, the weaker the received light intensity. Specifically, the laser diode and the photodiode were utilized as the light source and receiver, respectively. MR fluid samples in a series of concentrations are used to obtain the correlation between volume fraction and photodiode output voltage, and that is taken as the calibration of the sensing method. In the experiments, the scanning with height and the sensing with time are jointly employed to characterize the settling process of a specific MR fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital intraoral scanning is a hot topic in the field of oral digital technology. In recent years, digital intraoral scanning has gradually become the mainstream technology in orthodontics, prosthodontics, and implant dentistry. The precision of digital intraoral scanning and the accuracy and stitching of data collection are the keys to the success of the impression. However, the operators are less familiar with the intraoral scanning characteristics, imaging processing, operator scanning method, oral tissue specificity of the scanned object, and restoration design. Thus far, no unified standard and consensus on digital intraoral scanning technology has been achieved at home or abroad. To deal with the problems encountered in oral scanning and improve the quality of digital scanning, we collected common expert opinions and sought to expound the causes of scanning errors and countermeasures by summarizing the existing evidence. We also describe the scanning strategies under different oral impression requirements. The expert consensus is that due to various factors affecting the accuracy of digital intraoral scanning and the reproducibility of scanned images, adopting the correct scanning trajectory can shorten clinical operation time and improve scanning accuracy. The scanning trajectories mainly include the E-shaped, segmented, and S-shaped methods. When performing fixed denture restoration, it is recommended to first scan the abutment and adjacent teeth. When performing fixed denture restoration, it is recommended to scan the abutment and adjacent teeth first. Then the cavity in the abutment area is excavated. Lastly, the cavity gap was scanned after completing the abutment preparation. This method not only meets clinical needs but also achieves the most reliable accuracy. When performing full denture restoration in edentulous jaws, setting markers on the mucosal tissue at the bottom of the alveolar ridge, simultaneously capturing images of the vestibular area, using different types of scanning paths such as Z-shaped, S-shaped, buccal-palatal and palatal-buccal pathways, segmented scanning of dental arches, and other strategies can reduce scanning errors and improve image stitching and overlap. For implant restoration, when a single crown restoration is supported by implants and a small span upper structure restoration, it is recommended to first pre-scan the required dental arch. Then the cavity in the abutment area is excavated. Lastly, scanning the cavity gap after installing the implant scanning rod. When repairing a bone level implant crown, an improved indirect scanning method can be used. The scanning process includes three steps: First, the temporary restoration, adjacent teeth, and gingival tissue in the mouth are scanned; second, the entire dental arch is scanned after installing a standard scanning rod on the implant; and third, the temporary restoration outside the mouth is scanned to obtain the three-dimensional shape of the gingival contour of the implant neck, thereby increasing the stability of soft tissue scanning around the implant and improving scanning restoration. For dental implant fixed bridge repair with missing teeth, the mobility of the mucosa increases the difficulty of scanning, making it difficult for scanners to distinguish scanning rods of the same shape and size, which can easily cause image stacking errors. Higher accuracy of digital implant impressions can be achieved by changing the geometric shape of the scanning rods to change the optical curvature radius. The consensus confirms that as the range of scanned dental arches and the number of data concatenations increases, the scanning accuracy decreases accordingly, especially when performing full mouth implant restoration impressions. The difficulty of image stitching processing can easily be increased by the presence of unstable and uneven mucosal morphology inside the mouth and the lack of relatively obvious and fixed reference objects, which results in insufficient accuracy. When designing restorations of this type, it is advisable to carefully choose digital intraoral scanning methods to obtain model data. It is not recommended to use digital impressions when there are more than five missing teeth.

The paper presents results on accuracy assessment of scanning procedure and of subsequent 3D printing of the object copies. The investigated object was an archeological artifact made out of burnt constructional clay, found at the archaeological site No. 6 in Gasawa, Poland, assigned to the end of 2nd or of 3rd century C.E. The analysis enabled to determine the taxonomic marking, the type and species of the tree used for the construction. The object was scanned with portable HandyScan3D device, and the repeatability of the single point identification assessed from 10 repetitions was %EV=19% for this application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ballistic helmets are individual pieces of armor equipment designed to protect a soldier's head from projectiles and fragments. Although very common, these helmets are responsible for several casualties due to their significant back face deformation and low ballistic resistance to projectiles. Therefore, to enhance helmet performance, studies have focused on the development of new materials and new ballistic protection solutions. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a new ballistic solution using thermoplastic-based matrices. The first matrix was based on high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The second matrix was based on HDPE modified with exfoliated montmorillonite (MMT). The main manufacturing processes of a thermoplastic-based ballistic helmet are presented, along with its ballistic performance, according to the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) standard 0106.01 and an investigation of its failure mechanisms via a non-destructive technique. All the helmets resulted in level III-A ballistic protection. The postimpact helmets were scanned to evaluate the back face deformation dimensions, which revealed that the global cone deformation was deeper in the HDPE than in the HDPE/MMT helmet. The failure analysis revealed an overall larger deformation area in the HDPE and HDPE/MMT helmet delamination zones in the regions with a large radius of curvature than in the zones with the lowest radius, which is in accordance with previous simulations reported in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Autism Research: Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

New configurations of 2-D phased arrays are proposed in this paper for reducing the number of phase shifters. This design methodology is based on the use of a novel coherently radiating periodic structures (CORPSs) block for 2-D phased arrays. Two new antenna systems for 2-D phased arrays are studied and analyzed utilizing the CORPSs blocks of four inputs and nine outputs. These CORPSs feeding blocks are applied in a smart way to feed the planar antenna arrays by generating the required phase plane and reducing the number of control ports. Interesting results are provided based on the experimental measurements and full-wave simulations. These results illustrate a great reduction of the active devices (phase shifters), providing a good design compromise in terms of the scanning range and side lobe level performance. Furthermore, the provided results illustrate a maximum reduction capability in the number of phase shifters of 81%, considering a scanning range of ±30° in azimuth and ±30° in elevation. A raised cosine distribution is applied to reach side lobe levels of −19 dB for ±18° and −17 dB for ±30° in elevation. These benefits could be of interest to designers of phased antenna systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Enriching learners' motor repertoires in a complex pluri-articular task, such as climbing, could help learners' adaptation to various sets of task constraints. Promoting exploration with variable practice conditions is one solution recurrently proposed. However, recent studies have shown that a too elevated exploration-exploitation ratio during practice could impair learning. A proposed solution is to give learners some control over their practice schedule, which appeared to better respect the individual learning dynamic in comparison to the usual experimenter-imposed practice schedule. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate whether giving learners the possibility of controlling when to confront to new climbing routes would result in greater flexibility in their motor repertoire compared to giving them an imposed schedule of climbing routes or a constant practice condition. Method: Participants were assigned to either a constant practice group (CPG), an imposed-variability group (IVG) or a self-controlled variability group (SVG) to carry out a climbing task. To assess participants' behavioral flexibility, a scanning procedure was conceived by manipulating the route design and the instructions. Results: Participants showed an initial lack of flexibility as they strongly relied on a single coordination pattern. At posttest and retention, the three groups more frequently used a new hand coordination pattern and more often showed coordination patterns associated with high climbing fluency. Results suggest that the individualized rate of exploration in the self-controlled practice condition may have helped the learners improve their flexibility, whereas forcing exploration did not seem more beneficial than constant practice in this complex pluri-articular task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: This study compared the marginal gaps of CAD/CAM lithium disilicate (LDS) crowns constructed using a contemporary and older scanner/milling unit combination at three different cement spaces. Methods: Twenty‐four undergraduate students prepared a Columbia model lower left first molar for an LDS crown in a simulated environment. From each crown preparation, one LDS crown was constructed using an E4D scanner/E4D milling unit (E4DS/E4DM) and TRIOS 3 scanner/Sirona inLab MC X5 milling unit (TRIO/MCX5) at cement space settings of 50, 100 and 200 μm. Each LDS crown was positioned onto the original crown preparation, and then a stereomicroscope was used to make three vertical marginal gap measurements at four locations (mid‐buccal, mid‐lingual, mid‐mesial and mid‐distal). The mean marginal gap (MMG) was calculated for each crown and each individual tooth surface. Results: The MMGs of CAD/CAM LDS crowns constructed by TRIO/MCX5 were 72.31 at 50, 63.73 at 100 μm and 46.23 μm at 200 μm, which were smaller than E4DS/E4DM at each cement space. Conclusions: Increasing the cement space decreased the MMG in both scanner/milling unit combinations. The smallest MMG was found using the newer scanner/milling unit at the 200 μm cement space. © 2024 Australian Dental Association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Prevention & Treatment For Stomatological Diseases is the property of Journal of Prevention & Treatment For Stomatological Diseases Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The escalating production and utilization of plastics, driven by their distinctive properties, have significantly contributed to environmental pollution. One of these pollutants is microplastic (MP), which is present in many food products, such as tea bags. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the presence and characteristics of MPs in tea bags from five different brands in Iran. Methods: For this study, 30 tea bags from five different brands in Iran were selected for sampling. The unaltered tea bags (with tea) were placed in 100 mL of ultrapure water at a temperature of 95 °C for 5 minutes, representing an alternative approach involving tea bag sampling with tea and without rinsing. Subsequently, the samples were subjected to quantitative analysis using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and qualitative analysis using a micro-Raman spectrometer. Results: All brands exhibited MP contamination, with an average abundance of 518 459 items per individual tea bag. Fibers were the predominant form of MPs, primarily falling within the 10–50 μm size range. Polymer analysis identified cellulose acetate (CA), nylon, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polyethylene (PE) as the prevalent types, with CA and nylon as the most frequent ones. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of MPs was calculated at approximately 17,282 items/kg-BW/day for children consuming 100 ml of tea daily and 14,813 items/kg-BW/day for adults consuming 400 mL of tea daily. Conclusion: This study underscores tea bag consumption as a significant route of MP exposure for humans and the environment, posing potential risks and implications.

Background: Buttermilk, a significant by-product of the dairy industry, is acknowledged as a beneficial food due to its content of water-soluble vitamins, polar lipids, and milk fat globule membranes. This research is focused on investigating the potential of buttermilk as a substitute in the production of a novel soft cheese type ‘‘camembert’’. Methods: A total of 12 cheese samples of camembert cheese, both with and without buttermilk, were prepared and subjected to a series of physico-chemical analyses in October 2023 to measure protein, fat, total solids, pH, and production yield. Texture Profile Analysis was applied to evaluate textural characteristics, and the microstructure was examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy. A hedonic scale was employed in sensory evaluation to measure taste intensity. Results: The sample containing 90% cow's milk and 10% buttermilk exhibited the most significant (p≤0.05) physico-chemical characteristics as production yield of 45.33%±0.710, protein content of 28.9%±0.58, fat content of 24.88%±0.026, total solids of 54.62±0.23, and a pH of 6.42±0.58. Sensory evaluations demonstrated that camembert samples containing buttermilk were distinguished by high sensory quality and satisfactory taste profiles. In addition, a dense and tightly fused protein matrix was observed in the microstructure of the buttermilk fortified cheese. The results also emphasized that the acidic nature of buttermilk significantly affected the production yield, total solids content, and textural characteristics, evidenced by a hardness of 3.36 N and fracturability of 1.75 N. Conclusion: The results validate the use of buttermilk as an effective alternative in the production of a new type of soft cheese, manifesting improved sensory, structural, and physico-chemical characteristics. This investigation supports the innovative utilization of buttermilk in cheese production, potentially offering a valuable avenue for dairy industry by-products. DOI: 10.18502/jfqhc.11.2.15647

An analog PID controller-based galvanometer scanner is widely used by fractional laser medical equipment (FLME) to scan lasers across tissue surfaces, achieving the desired therapeutic effect. This type of driver, primarily composed of passive components and operational amplifiers, can only accept commands from the central controller of the FLME, with a simple hardware circuit-based fault diagnosis; thus, the safety of the FLME is compromised. To address these issues, the failure mechanisms of galvanometers and their impact on the safety of FLME are thoroughly analyzed first. Then, an adaptive limit protection method, a coil open circuit fault diagnosis, a communication timeout protection based on two handshakes, and a galvanometer control timeout protection are proposed, respectively, based on a digital driver platform, to supplement the deficiencies in the original fault diagnosis and protection system. This ensures the safety of the FLME. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed strategies is validated through experiments.

People with homonymous hemianopia (HH) benefit from applying compensatory scanning behaviour that limits the consequences of HH in a specific task. The aim of the study is to (i) review the current literature on task-specific scanning behaviour that improves performance and (ii) identify differences between this performance-enhancing scanning behaviour and scanning behaviour that is spontaneously adopted or acquired through training. The databases PsycInfo, Medline, and Web of Science were searched for articles on scanning behaviour in people with HH. The final sample contained 60 articles, reporting on three main tasks, i.e., search (N = 17), reading (N = 16) and mobility (N = 14), and other tasks (N = 18). Five articles reported on two different tasks. Specific scanning behaviour related to task performance in search, reading, and mobility tasks. In search and reading tasks, spontaneous adaptations differed from this performance-enhancing scanning behaviour. Training could induce adaptations in scanning behaviour, enhancing performance in these two tasks. For mobility tasks, limited to no information was found on spontaneous and training-induced adaptations to scanning behaviour. Performance-enhancing scanning behaviour is mainly task-specific. Spontaneous development of such scanning behaviour is rare. Luckily, current compensatory scanning training programs can induce such scanning behaviour, which confirms that providing scanning training is important. Scanning behaviour that improves performance in people with homonymous hemianopia (HH) is task-specific. Most people with HH do not spontaneously adopt scanning behaviour that improves performance. Compensatory scanning training can induce performance-enhancing scanning behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim. Chronic pulpitis (CP) is an inflammatory dental pulp disorder associated with various pathophysiological mechanisms in its origin. The aim of the study was to evaluate the changes in the pulp tissue of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and establish their relationship with the histological changes of pulp tissue, as well as with the micromorphological changes, occurring in the mineralized tissue. Methods. The study examined the dental pulp of 41 patients with CP and 12 healthy individuals. The group of the diseased subjects was subdivided based on the presence of communication of the pulp with the oral cavity, i.e., open (n = 22) or closed (clausa) (n = 19) CP. Results. The levels of TNF-α were statistically significantly increased, while OPG levels were decreased in the pulp of patients with CP, compared to the control group. TNF-α levels were almost the same in the pulp of patients with closed CP and the control group, while values were significantly increased in those with open CP compared to control. Histopathological analysis showed a significant increase in the number of mononuclear inflammatory cells in the diseased pulp. Scanning electron microscopy showed distinct changes, which correlate with internal resorption. Conclusion. The results indicate a much greater and intensified process of root resorption in patients with closed CP, which is unassociated with dental pulp OPG and TNF-α level changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the ever-evolving landscape of pharmaceutical formulation, the demand for rapid, cost-effective, and precise analytical techniques is paramount. This abstract presents an overview of the burgeoning field of smartphone camera-based image scanning densitometry and its transformative impact on pharmaceutical formulation processes. Leveraging the ubiquitous presence of smartphones, this technology offers a powerful and accessible tool for quantifying critical parameters in pharmaceutical products. This abstract highlights the key elements covered in the article, including the role of smartphone cameras, their applications in pharmaceutical formulation, the advantages they offer over traditional methods, challenges to consider, and future trends. Through case studies and real-world examples, it illustrates the practical implementation and potential benefits of smartphone-based densitometry in the pharmaceutical industry, emphasizing its potential to enhance quality control, streamline processes, and improve regulatory compliance. As the pharmaceutical sector continues to embrace technological innovations, smartphone camera-based image scanning densitometry emerges as a promising avenue to meet the evolving demands of precision and efficiency in pharmaceutical formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern dentistry, the diagnosis and treatment of occlusal disharmony pose a significant challenge. About 80% of individuals over the age of 18 exhibit various occlusal disorders and maxillofacial pathologies, linked to anatomical peculiarities, systemic function, pathological conditions, and other factors. Therefore, accurately predicting disease progression and complications is crucial. This study conducted a randomized controlled trial involving 150 patients. All patients underwent comprehensive dental examinations, incorporating both primary and adjunctive assessment methods. A neural network was trained and integrated into an expert system, which included a computer algorithm for input, output, and patient data analysis. The system's outcome involved multidimensional computerized forecasting of the risk of occlusal imbalance, considering the identification of hidden neural connections, and recommending potential further patient examinations. The advantages of this method of developing prognostic models using artificial neural networks over classical methods such as discriminant analysis, logistic regression, and multiple regression lie in their ability to address tasks of data identification and interpretation involving categorical and quantitative predictor variables of varying data sizes. Moreover, they can classify hidden neural connections inaccessible to simplified non-digital analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims at non-destructive detection of surface and subsurface defects in metallic specimens (e.g. railway track components) via pulsed inductive thermography in a moving setup. A new approach for scanning with changing speed has been developed to enable manual scanning of components in track. A steel specimen is heated with an inductor, and the surface temperature, including its variation over time, is recorded with an infrared camera. The infrared sequence is evaluated by Fourier transform to phase image, in order to increase the image quality. The proposed method uses a referencing object with AprilTags visible in each frame, allowing an adjustment by image registration. Changes in velocity during the scanning process are possible, as demonstrated by a manually performed scan of the specimen and the corresponding evaluation. Results obtained with different infrared cameras and scanning speeds were condensed into an estimation of the maximum scanning speed for a given camera specification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Buttermilk, a significant by-product of the dairy industry, is acknowledged as a beneficial food due to its content of water-soluble vitamins, polar lipids, and milk fat globule membranes. This research is focused on investigating the potential of buttermilk as a substitute in the production of a novel soft cheese type "camembert". Methods: A total of 12 cheese samples of camembert cheese, both with and without buttermilk, were prepared and subjected to a series of physico-chemical analyses in October 2023 to measure protein, fat, total solids, pH, and production yield. Texture Profile Analysis was applied to evaluate textural characteristics, and the microstructure was examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy. A hedonic scale was employed in sensory evaluation to measure taste intensity. Results: The sample containing 90% cow's milk and 10% buttermilk exhibited the most significant (p=0.05) physico-chemical characteristics as production yield of 45.33%±0.710, protein content of 28.9%±0.58, fat content of 24.88%±0.026, total solids of 54.62±0.23, and a pH of 6.42±0.58. Sensory evaluations demonstrated that camembert samples containing buttermilk were distinguished by high sensory quality and satisfactory taste profiles. In addition, a dense and tightly fused protein matrix was observed in the microstructure of the buttermilk fortified cheese. The results also emphasized that the acidic nature of buttermilk significantly affected the production yield, total solids content, and textural characteristics, evidenced by a hardness of 3.36 N and fracturability of 1.75 N. Conclusion: The results validate the use of buttermilk as an effective alternative in the production of a new type of soft cheese, manifesting improved sensory, structural, and physico-chemical characteristics. This investigation supports the innovative utilization of buttermilk in cheese production, potentially offering a valuable avenue for dairy industry by-products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a six-degree-of-freedom analog tactile probe with a new, simple, and robust mechanical design is presented. Its design is based on the use of one elastomeric ring that supports the stylus carrier and allows its movement inside a cubic measuring range of ±3 mm. The position of the probe tip is determined by three low-cost, noncontact, 2D PSD (position-sensitive detector) sensors, facilitating a wider application of this probe to different measuring systems compared to commercial ones. However, several software corrections, regarding the size and orientation of the three LED light beams, must be carried out when using these 2D sensors for this application due to the lack of additional focusing or collimating lenses and the very wide measuring range. The development process, simulation results, correction models, experimental tests, and calibration of this probe are presented. The results demonstrate high repeatability along the X-, Y-, and Z-axes (2.0 µm, 2.0 µm, and 2.1 µm, respectively) and overall accuracies of 6.7 µm, 7.0 µm, and 8.0 µm, respectively, which could be minimized by more complex correction models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Industria Textila is the property of Institutul National de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Textile si Pielarie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Featured Application: This paper suggests that, in the case of a fixed retainer twist effect diagnosis, the retainer should be immediately removed, even if the patient is not keen on re-treatment in a short perspective.Background: One of the rarest complications of fixed orthodontic retention is inadvertent tooth movement of the teeth bonded to the retainer. A 25-year-old patient presented at the orthodontist as she was preoccupied about the position of the lower teeth. The aim of this case report was to present a follow-up of anterior teeth alignment after fixed retainer removal and to analyze the structure of the removed fixed orthodontic retainer in a patient suffering from a twist effect. Materials and Methods: The retainer that caused inadvertent movement has been removed, and subsequent teeth displacement was assessed with scan superimposition. The retainer structure and diameter were analyzed with a laser confocal microscope. Results: The superimposition showed significant improvements in the position of the teeth. The sole removal of the activated retainer resulted in a partial self-correction of the twist effect. Under microscopic observation, changes in the dimensions of the wire were found but were too small to cause significant changes in tooth position. Conclusions: A fixed retainer should always be removed when a twist effect is diagnosed. The wire sections covered with composite are less likely to untwist. In the presented case, the changes in the dimensions of the round retainer wire could not have led to changes in the teeth's positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To compare vascular scanning parameters (vessel diameter, peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity, and resistive index) and scanning time before and after breathing control training program for selected abdominal vessels. Methods: This study was pre and post quasi-experimental. The researchers designed a breathing training program that gives participants instructions through a video describing breathing maneuvers. Data were collected at the ultrasound laboratory/College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences in Princess Nourah bint Abdul Rahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from January 2023 to November 2023. About 49 volunteers at the university participated in the study. Scanning was performed two times for the right renal artery, upper abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava, and superior mesenteric artery. Scanning time was measured before and after the program as well. A paired sample t-test was used to compare the parameters means and time before and after the program. Results: The program had a significant effect on the following parameters: right renal artery peak systolic velocity (p=0.042), upper abdominal aortic peak systolic velocity, and resistive index (p=0.014, p=0.014 respectively), superior mesenteric artery and inferior vena cava diameters (p=0.010 and p=0.020). The scanning time was reduced significantly (p<0.001). Conclusion: The breathing training program saves time and improves ultrasound measurement quality. Hospitals and health centers should consider the importance of breathing control training programs before abdominal scanning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare the endothelial coverage of different stents in porcine carotid arteries. Research problem: How effective are polyurethane stents (PU) and PU + rapamycin (PU + RAPA) compared to bare-metal stents on endothelial coverage by neointima in pigs after 28 days? Methods: The methodology had two phases for an interventional, experimental, prospective study, with three Moura pigs, 12 weeks old and weighing between 19 and 22.5 kg. In phase I, eight stents were implanted in carotid arteries; three stents coated with PU, three coated with PU + RAPA, and two without coating. After 28 days, phase II was carried out, consisting of euthanasia, removal of the stents, to evaluate the exposed area of the stent struts, and the percentage of endothelialization through optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Results: The eight stents implanted with ultrasound sizing and post-dilation with a larger diameter balloon were analyzed by Doppler ultrasound, intravascular ultrasound, and angiography after 28 days. Conclusions: This study showed complete endothelial coverage by the endoluminal neointima of the stent struts, good integration and coverage with the arterial wall, with no exposed struts showing the presence of intimal hyperplasia (whitish tissue).

Objectives. The development of computer technology and information systems requires the consideration of issues of their security, various methods for detecting hardware vulnerabilities of digital device components, as well as protection against unauthorized access. An important aspect of this problem is to study existing methods for the possibility and ability to identify hardware errors or search for errors on the corresponding models. The aim of this work is to develop approaches, tools and technology for detecting vulnerabilities in hardware at an early design stage, and to create a methodology for their detection and risk assessment, leading to recommendations for ensuring security at all stages of the computer systems development process.Methods. Methods of semi-natural modeling, comparison and identification of hardware vulnerabilities, and stress testing to identify vulnerabilities were used.Results. Methods are proposed for detecting and protecting against hardware vulnerabilities: a critical aspect in ensuring the security of computer systems. In order to detect vulnerabilities in hardware, methods of port scanning, analysis of communication protocols and device diagnostics are used. The possible locations of hardware vulnerabilities and their variations are identified. The attributes of hardware vulnerabilities and risks are also described. In order to detect vulnerabilities in hardware at an early design stage, a special semi-natural simulation stand was developed. A scanning algorithm using the Remote Bitbang protocol is proposed to enable data to be transferred between OpenOCD and a device connected to the debug port. Based on scanning control, a verification method was developed to compare a behavioral model with a standard. Recommendations for ensuring security at all stages of the computer systems development process are provided.Conclusions. This paper proposes new technical solutions for detecting vulnerabilities in hardware, based on methods such as FPGA system scanning, semi-natural modeling, virtual model verification, communication protocol analysis and device diagnostics. The use of the algorithms and methods thus developed will allow developers to take the necessary measures to eliminate hardware vulnerabilities and prevent possible harmful effects at all stages of the design process of computer devices and information systems.

Studying at postgraduate level always requires learners to do a large amount of reading for some certain academic purposes. This becomes more notable when reading must be done in a strictly limited amount of time. On this account, postgraduate students must come up with particular strategies for reading. Thus, from the critical thinking perspective, the current study was conducted to investigate the M.A. English majors’ use of reading strategies, especially critical reading skills. Through questionnaire and interview, data for analysis were collected from 30 M.A. students of English and five lecturers of English, who already completed their postgraduate program, at Thu Dau Mot University. The results showed that the participants could employ skimming and scanning. However, they seemed to be passive in evaluating sources and did not pay much attention to note-taking skills, which are considered really necessary in writing literature review for a research paper or a thesis. The findings suggest that critical reading skills should be taught at the beginning of the course in order to help M.A. students develop their critical reading skills and support them in doing their mini research projects.

Objectives:To evaluate the use of the Amsler grid test (AGT) in screening for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), one of the most common causes of blindness, in primary healthcare settings.Materials and Methods:The AGT was applied to 700 eyes of 355 people aged 50 and over who applied to a family health center in Ankara and had no eye complaints. The test was considered positive if the lines on the AGT card were seen as broken or curved, there was a difference in shape or size between the squares, or a color change or blurring was described in any area. An ophthalmologist was consulted if the AGT was positive in one or both eyes. Patients considered suitable by ophthalmologists were evaluated with optical coherence tomography. AGT results were compared with ophthalmologist examination and tomography findings in terms of AMD detection.Results:The AGT was positive in 97 (13.9%) and negative in 603 (86.1%) out of 700 eyes included in the study. A total of 184 eyes, 79 with a positive AGT and 105 eyes with a negative test, were evaluated by an ophthalmologist. As a result of examinations and tests performed by ophthalmologists, AMD was detected in a total of 67 eyes: 42 of 79 eyes with positive AGT and 25 of 105 eyes with negative AGT but referred to an ophthalmologist for different reasons. In our study, the AGT had 62.7% sensitivity and 68.4% specificity.Conclusion:The AGT is an inexpensive and easily applicable test. Although moderate sensitivity and specificity were found in our study; further studies are needed to evaluate the suitability of its use for AMD screening in primary care with limited facilities.

The purpose of this scientific review was to address the question of what evidencebased visual surveillance/scanning skills exist in the peer-reviewed scholarly literature. It is well known that lifeguards spend a majority of their on-duty time surveying bathers and swimmers in the water. Lifeguards need to quickly distinguish among swimmers in distress and drowning persons from other bathers in order to rapidly come to their aid to prevent drowning. To be able to accomplish this task, Signal Detection Theory reveals that lifeguards need specific and extensive training in identifying the behavioral patterns associated with drowning persons and swimmers in distress. A typical drowning is not what has been popularized in the press and movies that shows a person calling for help and waving his or her arms about. Instead, drowning victims usually demonstrate the instinctive drowning response in which they are in a vertical position in the water, unable to call out because the mouth is underwater and arm and leg movements are ineffective in keeping them near the water’s surface. The literature revealed that expert lifeguard observation, scanning, and surveillance skills need to be acquired through planned systematic practice to identify the presence of the instinctive drowning response among bathers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the modern world, people frequently fabricate their credentials in order to secure a job or to show up where and when it is necessary. Verification is the most effective approach to identify those fraudulent certificates. Despite this, the paper verification method requires a drawn-out and time-consuming process to handle certificate verification because the certificates must be returned to the institutions who awarded them. As a result, the certificates either fail to pass verification or are delayed by the lengthy process. Hence, a certificate verification method using QR codes is developed in this study for quick verification of University of Cross River State (UNICROSS) certificate genuineness. A Smartphone and 3D Printed QR Code were employed for the enhancement of UNICROSS certificate mobile authentication services. ScanTrust anti-counterfeiting services were used to secure and host the encrypted information. Results show that our framework is effective for creating mobile authentication services with high user satisfaction rate and having reasonably low computing requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In the first stage of the aquaculture program of a species, it is necessary to know the stages of its initial development. In artificial reproduction programs and after the fertilization stage, an important issue is the feeding of the larvae after the absorption of the yolk sac, because the greatest loss of fish occurs during the absorption of the yolk sac and the stage of transition from endogenous feeding to exogenous feeding. Also, it is very important to find out how to feed and the type of food ration in primary rearing. The feeding time also depends on the time of formation of sensory organs, sight, smell and taste. In this study, the development process of the taste organ in Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) from the time of hatching to the 23rd DPH (day post hatch) was investigated. Materials and methods: After the artificial reproduction of the brooders, the larvae were sampled daily from the 1 to 9 DPH, and randomly in the 12th, 16th, 20th and 23 rd DPH to prepare SEM electron microscopy images. Results and discussion: In the 1 st DPH, the barbels were forming and a number of taste buds could be seen in the place where the mouth was formed. At the same time with the appearance of the lips and the growth and differentiation of the barbels, the taste buds developed. From the 5th DPH, the growth of taste buds increased and the number and size of these buds continued to be elevated in the lips, inside the mouth and barbels. From the 12th DPH, this increase dropped to some extent and happened only with the growth of the buds. From the 20th DPH onwards, it remained almost unchanged in terms of number and only the buds reached maturity. In addition, the number and density of taste buds in the upper lip was higher than the lower lip. The results of the maximum development process (5 th DPH-8 th DPH) of taste buds show the compatibility of the development of taste buds of the Persian sturgeon with the start of active feeding of this species (in the 8th DPH). Conclusion: In this research, the development process of the taste organ of Persian sturgeon from the time of hatching through the 23rd day was examined. Since knowledge of the early stages of the development in any fish species is one of the first requirements of any aquaculture program, the results of this study can help to optimize the breeding conditions of Persian sturgeon larvae during the early stages of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the design of customized resin scan bodies with different forms and their use to facilitate intraoral scanning of a maxillary full arch implant case with five implants. The aim is to limit the distance between the scan bodies and to create definite landmarks to facilitate the scanning process in full arch implant cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanobainitic steels with high Si content are very promising materials due to the very favourable combination of mechanical and functional properties. However, sometimes in order to achieve the required results, it is necessary to further increase the surface's layer hardness. One of the feasible methods of surface hardening is electron beam hardening. In this work, 30 × 20 × 150 mm blocks made of nanobainitic steel were hardened using a defocused oscillating electron beam. Two methods of surface hardening were used – with movement of the sample relative to the heat source and hardening using only beam oscillation. The obtained samples were then subjected to light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic microstructure analysis as well as Vickers hardness testing. The average hardnesses of all hardened samples were in the range of 641–681 HV0.1 which means the surface hardening resulted in a hardness increase in the range of 239–279 HV0.1. The occurrence of similar hardening depths and hardness values in specimens hardened by both methods was an interesting phenomenon that was observed. The amount of energy input needed to achieve similar results was up to 35% less for the method without specimen movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Data Acquisition & Processing / Shu Ju Cai Ji Yu Chu Li is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: To evaluate the use of the Amsler grid test (AGT) in screening for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), one of the most common causes of blindness, in primary healthcare settings. Materials and Methods: The AGT was applied to 700 eyes of 355 people aged 50 and over who applied to a family health center in Ankara and had no eye complaints. The test was considered positive if the lines on the AGT card were seen as broken or curved, there was a difference in shape or size between the squares, or a color change or blurring was described in any area. An ophthalmologist was consulted if the AGT was positive in one or both eyes. Patients considered suitable by ophthalmologists were evaluated with optical coherence tomography. AGT results were compared with ophthalmologist examination and tomography findings in terms of AMD detection. Results: The AGT was positive in 97 (13.9%) and negative in 603 (86.1%) out of 700 eyes included in the study. A total of 184 eyes, 79 with a positive AGT and 105 eyes with a negative test, were evaluated by an ophthalmologist. As a result of examinations and tests performed by ophthalmologists, AMD was detected in a total of 67 eyes: 42 of 79 eyes with positive AGT and 25 of 105 eyes with negative AGT but referred to an ophthalmologist for different reasons. In our study, the AGT had 62.7% sensitivity and 68.4% specificity. Conclusion: The AGT is an inexpensive and easily applicable test. Although moderate sensitivity and specificity were found in our study; further studies are needed to evaluate the suitability of its use for AMD screening in primary care with limited facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1953 I heard of an experiment in 1925 by Bengt Strömgren where he observed transit times with the meridian circle at the Copenhagen University Observatory measuring the current in a photocell behind slits when a star was crossing. In 1954 just 22 years old I was given the task as a student to make first test observations with a new meridian circle of the observatory. I became fascinated by the instrument and by the importance of astrometry for astronomy. Work at four meridian circles, two in Denmark, one in Hamburg, one in Lund, and Pierre Lacroute's vision of space astrometry in France had by 1973 created the foundation for development of the Hipparcos satellite, and Gaia followed. In 2013 I proposed a successor satellite which has gained momentum especially thanks to the efforts of David Hobbs and it has a good chance to be launched by ESA about 2045. – But 70 years ago, optical astrometry was considered a dying branch of astronomy, unattractive compared with astrophysics. The following growth built on the still active interest in astrometry in Europe in those years and it was supported by ESA, the European Space Agency. – This review is only about astrometry where I was personally involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measuring the parameters of the antenna pattern is an urgent task in the development and operation of radio engineering systems. This problem can be solved by various methods of antenna measurements. In this case, depending on the radiation zone of the antenna, two main groups of measurement methods are distinguished: methods of direct measurements in the far-field and methods of reconstructive measurements in the near-field. Methods of antenna measurements in the far-field, which allow obtaining direct results, are the most developed and simple, since in the case of the far-field, the angular distribution of the field, regardless of distance, is characterized by a radiation pattern. Methods of the near-field are based on measuring the amplitude-phase distribution of the orthogonal components of the electromagnetic field in the near zone with subsequent recalculation of the parameters and restoration of the spatial radiation pattern of the antenna under study. The comparative analysis of the main groups of antenna measurement methods shows that at the present stage of their development, due to a number of advantages, measurement methods in the near-field with subsequent reconstruction of the radiation pattern of the studied antenna in the far-field are most widely used.

Digitising prosthetic sockets and moulds is critical for advanced fabrication techniques enabling reduced lead times, advanced computer modelling, and personalised design history. Current 3D scanners are expensive (>GBP 5000) and difficult to use, restricting their use by prosthetists. In this paper, we explore the use and accuracy of smartphone photogrammetry (

New configurations of 2-D phased arrays are proposed in this paper for reducing the number of phase shifters. This design methodology is based on the use of a novel coherently radiating periodic structures (CORPSs) block for 2-D phased arrays. Two new antenna systems for 2-D phased arrays are studied and analyzed utilizing the CORPSs blocks of four inputs and nine outputs. These CORPSs feeding blocks are applied in a smart way to feed the planar antenna arrays by generating the required phase plane and reducing the number of control ports. Interesting results are provided based on the experimental measurements and full-wave simulations. These results illustrate a great reduction of the active devices (phase shifters), providing a good design compromise in terms of the scanning range and side lobe level performance. Furthermore, the provided results illustrate a maximum reduction capability in the number of phase shifters of 81%, considering a scanning range of ±30° in azimuth and ±30° in elevation. A raised cosine distribution is applied to reach side lobe levels of −19 dB for ±18° and −17 dB for ±30° in elevation. These benefits could be of interest to designers of phased antenna systems.

Türkiye'de öğrenme döngüsü modeli ile yapılmış çok sayıda çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu modelle yürütülen çalışmaların içerikleri çoğunlukla nicel yöntemlerle analiz edilmiş ancak nitel araştırmalarda ortaya çıkan anlayışların, birikimine ve sentezine yönelik yürütülmüş çalışmaların sınırlı düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu araştırma, fen eğitiminde öğrenme döngüsü modeliyle yapılan çalışmaların incelendiği bir meta-sentez çalışmasıdır. Bu amaçla, araştırmaya 37 çalışma dâhil edilmiş ve bu çalışmalar literatür destekli üç boyut ve üç boyuta bağlı altı tema içinde sentezlenmiştir. Oluşturulan boyutlar; ‘Öğrenme Döngüsü ve Etkileri’, ‘Öğrenme Döngüsü ve Öğrenme Alanı’, ve ‘Öğrenme Döngüsü ve Çalışma Grubu’ şeklinde belirlenmiştir. Belirtilen bu boyutlar doğrultusunda temalar oluşturulmuştur. Temalar sırasıyla; ‘Öğrenme döngüsünün avantajları’, ‘Öğrenme döngüsünün dezavantajları’, ‘Öğrenme döngüsü ve bilişsel alan’, ‘Öğrenme döngüsü ve duyuşsal alan’, ‘Öğrenme döngüsü ve devinişsel alan’, ‘Öğrenme döngüsü ve öğretmen’, ‘Öğrenme döngüsü ve öğretmen adayı’ ve ‘Öğrenme döngüsü ve öğrenci’ şeklindedir. Araştırıma bulgularına göre öğrenme döngüsü modelinin; öğrencilerin olumlu yönde tutum geliştirmelerine, tüm öğrenme alanlarında kazanımlar edinmelerine ve kavram yanılgılarının belirlenmesi ve giderilmesine katkı sağladığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu temalar doğrultusunda araştırma sonucunda, öğretmenlere, öğretmen adaylarına, araştırmacılara ve diğer ilgililere çeşitli öneriler sunulmuştur.

Neutron induced damage in future nuclear materials can be studied using heavy ion beams only if the differences in the microstructure evolution are well understood. Large variations in the damage dose rate, caused by scanning of the ion beam, can alter the microstructure compared to steady-state irradiation. We study the effect of scanning on the microstructure by irradiating pure iron with a 10 MeV Fe ion beam to a dose of 0.2 dpa. The beam is scanned in one direction with frequencies of 200 Hz and 10 kHz. Different shapes of the beam are also used to study the effect of dose variation. All of the irradiations are conducted at room temperature using the DiFU chamber at RBI. TEM analysis shows differences between the narrow beam and defocused irradiation modes, including unusual void formation observed at 10 kHz. A wider beam reduces the effect of scanning speed and no voids are found in this scanning case.

This article discusses and describes in detail one example of an information security audit. The work was done in practice using applications. The main focus for audit tools was on the Kali Linux operating system and the study of their important role in ensuring network security in the modern information society. In addition, the article provides an overview of the key stages of an information security audit, starting from defining the goals of the study to analyzing the results and formulating recommendations. The main tools and technologies used in the audit process are also considered, which contributes to expanding knowledge in the field of cybersecurity and improving the quality of audit. The article additionally describes an effective example for those who are interested in the field of information security for research work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With the progressive increase in aging populations, the use of opportunistic computed tomography (CT) scanning is increasing, which could be a valuable method for acquiring information on both muscles and bones of aging populations. Objective: The aim of this study was to develop and externally validate opportunistic CT-based fracture prediction models by using images of vertebral bones and paravertebral muscles. Methods: The models were developed based on a retrospective longitudinal cohort study of 1214 patients with abdominal CT images between 2010 and 2019. The models were externally validated in 495 patients. The primary outcome of this study was defined as the predictive accuracy for identifying vertebral fracture events within a 5-year follow-up. The image models were developed using an attention convolutional neural network–recurrent neural network model from images of the vertebral bone and paravertebral muscles. Results: The mean ages of the patients in the development and validation sets were 73 years and 68 years, and 69.1% (839/1214) and 78.8% (390/495) of them were females, respectively. The areas under the receiver operator curve (AUROCs) for predicting vertebral fractures were superior in images of the vertebral bone and paravertebral muscles than those in the bone-only images in the external validation cohort (0.827, 95% CI 0.821-0.833 vs 0.815, 95% CI 0.806-0.824, respectively; P <.001). The AUROCs of these image models were higher than those of the fracture risk assessment models (0.810 for major osteoporotic risk, 0.780 for hip fracture risk). For the clinical model using age, sex, BMI, use of steroids, smoking, possible secondary osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, HIV, hepatitis C, and renal failure, the AUROC value in the external validation cohort was 0.749 (95% CI 0.736-0.762), which was lower than that of the image model using vertebral bones and muscles (P <.001). Conclusions: The model using the images of the vertebral bone and paravertebral muscle showed better performance than that using the images of the bone-only or clinical variables. Opportunistic CT screening may contribute to identifying patients with a high fracture risk in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reverse engineering techniques were employed in this study to determine the wear of needle plates of sewing machines. The wear of such components used in the sewing process of textile products has the effect of bending them. Due to this phenomenon, the sewing needles hit the edges of the hole of the needle plates that leads to their break. As a result of this process the needle plate wears out. The wear of needle plates is manifested by the formation of micro-irregularities on the contour of the hole on the needle plate. Reverse engineering techniques allow to determine the size of the micro-irregularities that comes out on the contour of the hole on the needle plate. In order to apply reverse engineering techniques to establish the degree of wear of a needle plate, the plate was scanned using the Shining 3D scanner and the points cloud of the needle plate were obtained. The points cloud was then transferred to the Shining Form XOR redesign software, which allows making sections throughout the needle plate. The section where the micro-irregularities have the maximum size was determined, and through the facilities offered by the Shining Form XOR software the value of the micro-irregularities related to the state of wear of the needle plates was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While bibliometric analysis is inherently quantitative and objective, it necessitates interpretation, thereby introducing an element of subjectivity. This article proposes a sensemaking approach that transitions researchers from mere description to proactive interpretation of bibliometric results, transforming raw information into informed insights. We discuss the applicability of sensemaking in bibliometric analysis and offer practical guidelines for its integration into systematic literature reviews. These guidelines revolve around a three‐stage sensemaking process—that is, scanning, sensing, and substantiating—each crucial to deriving meaningful interpretations. As such, this article serves as a valuable guide for researchers seeking to utilize bibliometric analysis as a potent analytical tool in their review studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper describes atemporal complement clauses in Assamese, an IA language spoken in Assam (India). Cognitive Linguistics views grammar as motivated by embodied meaning. Thus, atemporal complementation reflects a conceptual shift from a temporal process to an atemporal thing because of which the verb in such a clause appears non-finite, and the situation is conceptualized through ‘summary scanning.’ Atemporal complementation may also involve the ‘Figure and Ground’ principle. The paper identifies five atemporal complementizers in Assamese, each with distinct grammatical and semantic properties, highlighting the link between grammar and the way speakers construe situations. The study further shows that atemporal complement clauses might retain some sequential scanning, defending the view that the distinction between summary and sequential scanning are not mutually exclusive as is claimed in Langacker (2008). The data for this paper has mainly come from the authors themselves who happen to be native speakers of Assamese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aircraft part diagnostics are crucial during both production and maintenance, with eddy current nondestructive testing (ECNDT) being the method of choice due to its cost-effectiveness, informativeness, productivity, and reliability. ECNDT excels regardless of surface condition or coatings. It's employed for diagnosing various aircraft components, necessitating diverse transducer types, excitation modes, and advanced signal processing. To improve ECNDT, this article explores integrating harmonic and impulse excitation modes in a single tool to enhance informativeness. Building upon a wireless eddy current system, the authors propose a comprehensive method for processing and displaying information suitable for object condition monitoring systems. The system includes automated transducer mode control and experimental data processing algorithms. The constant expansion of tested objects and new materials underscores the need to enhance the theoretical foundations of eddy current non-destructive testing, refine signal processing techniques, and identify informative signs. This demands the development of new automated ECNDT tools, and this article offers a promising avenue for improvement. The results include model and experimental tests of system components, showcasing the potential of this approach to enhance ECNDT effectiveness, automation, and informativeness in the realm of aircraft part diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a genetic disease characterized by producing morphological and structural changes in tooth enamel. Objective: To highlight the morphological changes observed in teeth with hypocalcified AI based on scanning electron microscopy and microtomography analysis. Case report: An adult male had teeth seriously compromised by hypocalcified AI. The treatment plan involved removal of third molars followed by restorative and prosthetic treatment. After extraction, the teeth were analyzed by SEM and X-ray microtomography (microCT). Teeth with AI revealed the presence of microfractures arranged from the outer surface to the center of the enamel. Microfractures had a cracked or "cracked ground" pattern. SEM confirmed the presence of microfractures and distortion in the orientation of the enamel prisms in some regions. Conclusion: Teeth of patients with hypocalcified amelogenesis imperfecta IIIA subtype show significant structural changes that are closely related with the ease of fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]