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In this paper we present three Latin inscriptions preserved in San Millán de los Caballeros, one of which is a carmen epigraphicum of which we give a new reading and interpretation; it has a text on two different sides, constituting an exceptional support. We publish two other unpublished inscriptions, one of them, a monogrammatic chrismon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is dealing with 194 Aucissa brooches from 27 sites in the Roman province of Pannonia, based on the results and methodology of international archaeological and historical research. Aucissa fibulae, as costume items, are one of the leading artefacts of the early imperial period, initially used mainly by soldiers (sagum), and are therefore an important archaeological source for the Roman expansion, occupation and Romanisation. In Pannonia 98% of the Aucissa fibulae were recovered from settlements, mainly from the early layers of military forts and later towns. The material of the fibulae is bronze, there is only a single known item being silver-plated. The formal, technological and chronological analysis of the Aucissa fibulae in Pannonia is followed by a costume, historical and archaeological analysis. The Aucissa brooches in Pannonia can be dated from the beginning of the 1st century A.D. to the first decades of the 2nd century A.D. The earliest types (subtypes A242.1,2,3) are found in military forts along the Roman expansion trail. The Aucissa brooches come from the areas of the East–West military expansion route (the Drava-Save interfluve, Siscia, Sirmium, Gomolava), the North–South expansion route to the Danube (Amber Road, Salla, Savaria, Carnuntum) and the Danube limes (Brigetio, Matrica, Rittium). The smaller number of later types of fibulae (subtypes A242.4,5,6) found in the interior of the province of Pannonia (vici) indicates a process of Romanisation of the local population (Bátaszék, Csákberény, Mezőörs). The Aucissa brooches can also refer to cultural and trade relations with the Barbaricum (Púchov culture); they can indicate the movement of the Roman army (Devín, Mušov) and also the mobility of people (Veresegyház, Szeged). In some places Aucissa brooches later appeared in the clothing of civilians and women (Emona). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights the importance of transliteration in the field of machine translation, correct writing of personal and place names, and information retrieval. It provides an overview of various approaches, models and methods available in the field of transliteration. It shows the types of transliteration methods. The article also highlights the principles taken into account during the process of transliteration. It shows advantages and disadvantages of the proposed transliteration methods for different languages. It explains the accuracy of mentioned transliteration techniques through transliterated words. It is noted that proposed transliteration methods for one language may not be significant for others. Moreover, it may not be enough to apply only one method in the field of direct and backward transliteration of languages with different graphemes and phonemes. Therefore, different transliteration techniques have to be combined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L’histoire de techniques en Afrique Proconsulaire est une « parente pauvre » [Amouretti (1987), 9], bien que de nombreuses études aient traité de l’économie africaine antique avec ses deux secteurs principaux : la céréaliculture et l’oléiculture. Au cours de ces études, devant la nécessité de respecter la démarche de travail et la chaine de production, il y a eu des études sur les matériaux de transformation, en mentionnant les types les plus célèbres. Malgré cela, et avec les quelques travaux récents, la situation est toujours ambiguë, d’où le recours à des approches typo-chronologiques pour comprendre l’introduction des quelques types en Afrique proconsulaire.

In this paper we present three Latin inscriptions preserved in San Millán de los Caballeros, one of which is a carmen epigraphicum of which we give a new reading and interpretation; it has a text on two different sides, constituting an exceptional support. We publish two other unpublished inscriptions, one of them, a monogrammatic chrismon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gerion: Revista de Historia Antigua is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the presumed functions of the provincial Roman mortarium discovered in the ‘princely’ grave in Poprad-Matejovce. The vessel may have served as a container for some unspecified food, as a component of a feast accompanying a funeral ceremony, or it may have been used as a lamp. In both cases, the strong influence of Roman culture on the population of the southern zone of Barbaricum at the end of antiquity is evident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the relationships between funerary practices and historical changes in Sardinia between the late Republican age and the early imperial age poses complex problems, due to the interaction of the different cultural traditions of the island, especially the Norh African one of Punic influence and the Roman-Italic one. The purpose of this contribution is to analyze how this cultural syncretism is reflected in Sardinian funerary archeology

The reinterpretation of some sites in Alicante (Spain) as castella from the Roman civil wars of the 1st century BC shows the early presence of Italic population in Iberian Contestania. On the basis of this evidence, we reflect on Ilicitan style painted Iberian pottery produced at this time, considering that it imitates forms and decorations from the Italic world.

Copyright of Spal: Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueologia de la Universidad de Sevilla is the property of Spal. Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueologia de la Universidad de Sevilla and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anatolia / Anadolu is the property of Ankara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Crasto de Soure pairs up among the archaeological sites linked to protohistory and Romanisation of the Mondego lower basin. However, despite the interventions made and the supposed relevance of the archaeological settlement, only the preliminary news of the first archaeological excavations carried out in 1987 and 1990 are known. These were the most extensive works carried out at the site and provided a significant set of artefacts that have remained partially unpublished. In this regard, rather than reporting new findings at the site, this paper aims to explore the data gathered in those campaigns. A special focus is given to the study of material remains, which constitute the fundamental element to link the site to what will be a turning point in the occupation of this territory - the end of the 1st millennium BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the presumed functions of the provincial Roman mortarium discovered in the 'princely' grave in Poprad-Matejovce. The vessel may have served as a container for some unspecified food, as a component of a feast accompanying a funeral ceremony, or it may have been used as a lamp. In both cases, the strong influence of Roman culture on the population of the southern zone of Barbaricum at the end of antiquity is evident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studii de Ştiintă şi Cultură is the property of Studii de Stiinta si Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Issues in Ethnology Anthropology is the property of Issues in Ethnology Anthropology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: The problem of information loss inherent in the romanisation of Chinese, Japanese and Korean names is examined together with the problems it poses both to librarians who record book information and to library users who search for resources written in East Asian languages in a catalogue containing only romanised transcriptions. Methodology/approach: Firstly, we describe the writing systems used to write Chinese, Korean and Japanese, the romanisation standards for these languages, and the institutions providing authority data in Latin script. We then analyse the procedures for romanising East Asian proper names and then retrieving their original written form, and identify cases of information loss and irreversible transformations. As a case study, we present the difficulties encountered by librarians and users in the Library of the Department of Asian Studies of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Ljubljana (part of the Central Humanities Library and as such using the COBISS system) when using only romanised data to organise and search for library holdings in East Asian languages. Results: Information loss occurs in all methods of romanisation of Chinese, Korean and Japanese proper names presented in the previous sections. In the case of the Library of the Department of Asian Studies, this is a burden to both librarians and library users. Research limitations: We analysed the problem of the irreversibility of East Asian script romanisation in theory and in a case study involving one library; a more detailed analysis of other cases of Latin script catalogues hindering the management and use of library holdings in non-Latin scripts could be the object of future research. Originality/practical implications: This is the first analysis of the problem of information loss in romanised catalogues of East Asian library holdings in Slovenia, with a proposal for a possible solution using the Unicode standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Roman strategy of establishing their rule in the Province of Dalmatia was implemented systematically and following an established pattern. It was based on four separate processes: the first process is pacification, the second is colonisation, the third is urbanisation, and the fourth is Romanisation. The main role in the implementation of these processes was with the Roman citizens and soldiers-veterans. They were the creators of both political and cultural lives in the Province of Dalmatia. Roman citizens were elected as members of the ordo decurionum, ediles, duumvirs, procurators, protectors and other officers. It was via them that the Empire authorities established full control over the subjected populations in newly-conquered regions, with clearly defined political and cultural objectives. Such a strategy was particularly present in the course of the Republican and Early Empire Ages. After that, the Empire began to weaken, coupled with the decline in its influence on both political and cultural developments of life and work in the Province of Dalmatia. This development lasted until 476 A.D., i.e., until the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

A series of projects by Gwynedd Archaeological Trust has identified two significant sites on the island of Anglesey. The first is a trading settlement on the shore of the Menai Strait which provides evidence for a hitherto unknown level of Romanisation in the remote west of the province. The second is a late first- to early second-century fortlet on the northern coast of the island that probably functioned as both a navigational aid and a point of strength at a landing place. The presence of a fourth-century watchtower on Carmel Head was also confirmed by excavation and its role in the late Roman coastal defence system is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En el presente artículo se traza un panorama diacrónico de la historia material de la Qart Hadašt púnica y la Carthago Nova romana (actual Cartagena, provincia de Murcia, España), analizando en particular sus más destacados hitos y fases de su monumentalización urbana y arquitectónica entre los siglos III a.C. y el III d.C. Para ello resulta esencial la información proporcionada por lamoderna tradición historiográfica y los resultados obtenidos en las últimas décadas por la arqueología urbana y subacuática, en particular en las áreas arqueológicas del teatro romano y del Molinete, que han permitido obtener amplias secuencias ocupacionales de la ciudad histórica, desde sus inicios hasta la actualidad. Estos resultados completan el panorama conocido hasta la fecha de la ciudad púnica, definida por su elevado grado de helenización, y de la romana, caracterizada por las fundaciones republicanas en la acrópolis y el proyecto urbanístico-arquitectónico de edad augustea, así como por el fenómeno de la etnicidad urbana. Además, el registro arqueológico constatado recientemente en el Molinete obliga a redefinir la ciudad del siglo III, cuya situación de crisis y decadencia urbana deben ahora matizarse. This article gives a diachronic account of the evolution of the Punic Qart Hadašt and the Roman Carthago Nova (modern Cartagena, province of Murcia, Spain), especially focusing on the most significant landmarks in the process of architectural and urban monumentalisation undergone by the city between the 3rd century BC and the 3rd century AD. For this, historiographical information will be combined with the urban and underwater archaeological data collected in the last few decades, particularly in the areas around the theatre and Molinete, which have uncovered long occupational sequences that cover the whole history of the city. This work has greatly contributed to increasing our knowledge of the Punic city, which was a highly Hellenised enclave, and also of its evolution in the Roman period, including the Republican foundations in the acropolis, the urban-architectural project launched in the Augustan period and the reflection of ethnicity upon the urban structure. In addit ion, recent excavations in Molinete have demonstrated that the notions of crisis a nd urban decadence must be revised, forcing us to rewrite the history of the city in the 3rd century.

The work is a study on Ancient Rome and Dacia covering three major aspects: economy, social life and religion. The economic aspect comprises the following: agriculture, crafts, and trade. The social life: family life and social structure. In the case of Rome, the study particularly underlined minting, whilst for the Dacians, the study described the most important citadels from Orăştie Mountains. An important part of paper is religios life, who is directly correlated with the social life, both for Ancient Rome and Dacia. Naturally, towards the end of the work presented Dacian romanisation and especially the contribution of Dacians and Romans to Romanian Christianity. On a practical level, the work tries to answer two essential questions: where do we come from and where do we head to? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the most interesting features of the provincial Roman veteran colony of Augusta Raurica (present-day Switzerland) are its sanctuaries, which were constructed during a period of profound cultural transformation. The current study examines the temples within their surrounding landscape and skyscape, to explore the possibility that their locations and orientations may bear testimony to the cosmological beliefs of the colony's inhabitants. The findings suggest that alignments with the star cluster of the Pleiades and the constellation Orion constituted a connective element between earth and sky and were used by the Gallo-Roman elites to reconcile agricultural work and seasonal festivities with new socio-political and religious requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few civilizations were as determined and capable to transform the countryside as the Romans. Regarding the ever more studied Southern Meseta in the Iberian Peninsula, the Roman administration established a hierarchy of around twenty civitates and their territoria. In this text we aim to study the origin of the territory of a town that has been subject to very limited research in historiography, Consabura. However, this territory shows the main features of Romanisation like very few others-through its Roman roads and footpaths, the use and management of water, the increase in the economic exploitation of the ager, the hierarchy of the settlements, etc. All these aspects create Consabura's identity, located in the present Consuegra (Toledo). The town controlled a vast and strategic territory between the Tagus valley and the Guadiana valley, the ager Consaburensis, which was born in the Protohistoric times, especially from the Second Iron Age, and could have dominated an area of 3,000 km² during the Roman period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incorporation of the region north of the Alpine divide and its foreland into the Imperium Romanum initiated major changes in economic and social structure and in everyday life in the newly-founded province of Raetia. Controversy exists, however, about the continuity of local La Tène traditions into early Roman times, since the archaeological evidence recorded to date tends to give the impression that the northern Alpine foreland was largely unpopulated at the time of the Roman conquest in 15 bc. However, ongoing excavations in this region are gradually enhancing the archaeological visibility of this transitional phase. Compared to early Roman provincial populations settled along the Via Claudia Augusta and its hinterland, a culturally unique community stands out: the Heimstetten group. This group is located in the eastern Raetian hinterlands and dates to around 30–60 ad. Its building tradition, settlement structure, and burial customs show close affinities with the La Tène culture, thus suggesting continuity in autochthonous culture at the time of the early Roman occupation. Since faunal remains can potentially act as cultural markers, additional insights can be gained from a spatial-temporal analysis of livestock composition and breeding practices. The results presented here clearly show that, during the Iron Age, marked regional differences in species composition are visible, implying the possibility of distinct developments during early Romanization. In addition to evaluating faunal developments in the study area between c. 100 bc–100 ad, the issue of cattle breeding—traditionally the mainstay of livestock economies in many regions and especially in the Munich Gravel Plain at least since the Bronze Age—is addressed in greater detail. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Despite their elusiveness, the people referred to as "Celts" by ancient chroniclers left behind certain archaeological remains that may be interepreted from the perspective of archaeoastronomy in an attempt to discover a calendrical "root" for them. In recent years, a number of studies on Late Iron Age sites, Roman or romanised locations and Christian landscapes in Hispania and Gallia have raised the possibility of detecting physical evidence of the celestial concepts that some classical authors attributed to the Celtic mystics, the Druids. However, these studies have dealt with certain key aspects of how the Celts organised time that are not generally known, and which tend to be presented in a summary way. Here, we explore aspects of the subject such as the difficulty of referring to a "Celtic calendar" per se, the difficulties of adjusting for the cycles of the Sun and the Moon, and how "horizon calendars" may have played a role in actions that left a physical footprint that can still be seen today at several archaeological sites. We show that, although there may be common aspects that connect all Celtic sites and areas, there was no common calendar as such, although there are solid indications of the usage of a shared time-reckoning system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Caravelle: Cahiers du Monde Hispanique et Luso-Bresilien is the property of Presses Universitaires du Mirail and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This chapter is an investigation of cultic practices in Iron Age and early Roman Veneto (Italy) through the analysis of inscribed utensils used for the preparation and consumption of food and drink in sanctuary sites. By drawing on anthropological research which has long recognised the importance of eating and drinking as powerful metaphors and practices of a paramount importance in the negotiation of a large range of socio-political and economic dynamics, my aim is to show how a capillary analysis of material culture specifically related to ritual drinking and food consumption can be an important tool to shed light on issues of gender, ethnicity, social interaction and power negotiation. Given the role of culinary equipment as a symbolic vehicle for the expression of social concerns regarding the relation with the supernatural as well as the negotiation of fundamental socio-political strategies via ritual food consumption, I argue that such categories of artefacts bear multifaceted meanings and deep social significance, and always deserve full attention in archaeological research.

The region of Valencia is the geographic link between southern and northern Mediterranean Iberia, between the Betis Valley and the islands of Ibiza and Formentera. Its strategic location is the reason behind the early Romanisation of Saguntum, Valentia and Ilici. They were neither large cities nor had costly monuments compared to Hispania as a whole; however, their interest lies in the fact that they display a model of integration into Roman lifestyles that preserves some traits from the local past, as can be gleaned from their reputation (see Sagunt) or their epithets (Valentia Edetanorum).

In recent decades, the progress in archaeology applied to knowledge of the Roman cities in the Catalan-speaking lands has begun to furnish a new perspective on the question of the origins of these cities. In this article, which focuses on Catalonia, and in the one planned for the next issue focusing on Valencia, we shall examine this topic, which also provides valuable information on the Romans’ earliest presence here. With just a handful of exceptions, the majority of Roman cities documented in Catalonia were newly founded by the Romans. With them, a network of new cities was built that had a profound influence on the process of Romanisation that had gotten underway during the Second Punic War and culminated at the end of the Republican period with the founding of Barcino, the predecessor of today’s Barcelona. The archaeological information provided by the cities of Tarraco, Baetulo, Iluro, Iesso, Aeso, Gerunda and Roman Emporiae, among others, furnishes fragmentary yet highly significant information that enables us to fine-tune the chronologies of their starting dates and the characteristics of their earliest development with regard to the historical context of the time, which unquestionably marked the first steps in their formation as cities. The early years of the 1st century AD were particularly dynamic in terms of this urbanising activity, which was most likely not just inspired but also planned by the Roman authorities. The new cities, with their regular layouts in rigorously orthogonal grids and their fortified premises, brought to Catalonia the urban models that the Romans had developed during their years of expansion around the Italian peninsula. Along with the construction of the roadway network, they would lay the foundations for the structure of the country, which would mark the entire Roman period and largely remain in place in the subsequent centuries and even until today.

This study of the Celtiberian town Contrebia Belaisca is the occasion for setting the record straight of the data drawn from many sources, literary, numismatic and epigraphic and of the archeological results concerning the city. All constitute an exceptional dossier for the region, the median valley of the Ebro river, and the era, the end of the Roman Republic. The town is remarkable, among other things, for a noteworthy public edifice on account of its architecture, the outcome of its economic and commercial dynamism, for an aristocratic homestead bearing the mark of Italic influences, for several bronze tables mentioning judiciary results, testifying to the strategic position of the town in the province of Hispania Citerior, and for a list of part of its inhabitants enabling us to have a better view of its social components. All together these elements enable us to draw a partial yet unique picture of a Celtiberian town under Roman rule between the end of the IInd century and the beginning of the Ist century B.C.

The study of the epigraphic corpus of the city of the Auscii reveals in the first place the relatively important part occupied by single names or seemingly Greek or Celto-Gallic nicknames, the presence of « Aquitanic » names in the county town and the prevalence of Latin or Latin-looking anthroponyms. This inquiry enables one on the other hand to underscore the porosity of the types of names betrayed by the passage, in between two generations of individuals, from one component to the other (with yet some retracings of steps), although the presence of « covering names » integrated into the ensemble of the Latin or seemingly Latin names remains barely observable.

After a long survey of the difficulties of broaching the subject, the analysis here proposed concentrates on a confrontation of the data of philology, history and archeology which reveal commercial advances starting at a high date thanks to the two isthmuses provided to Gaul by nature. Coins as well as ceramics bring to light strong commercial transactions, of which one can think that they had a cultural influence well before the decisive intervention of the Romans in Transalpine (125 B.C.) or of Caesar in Gallia Comata (58 B.C.). The situation largely benefited the aristocracies of Rome and Italy until the day when, under August presumably, Gaul became able to work out an economic take-off that made her into a commercial competitor of Italy. Had they passed, were they on the point of passing from an imperialistic situation to a new state of affairs, imperial and unitary?

The question of the mutation of the funeral practices in Gaul and Germany between the end of the Ist century B.C. and the beginning of the IIIrd century A.D. is here dealt with, from the special case of the monuments and inscriptions. Examined in the first place are the conditions which presided over the adoption and diffusion of this usage through the analysis of the modalities of transmission of the regional patterns and peculiarities, then through bringing to the fore the socio-cultural significance of those memorial forms. The reception of certain aspects referring to the Roman cult of the dead, such as the dedication to the Manes or the celebration of the festival of the Parentalia is then envisaged through the epigraphic testimonies. Those two disparate yet complementary aspects enable one to capture the variety and complexity of the processes at work in the phenomena of acculturation that led to the romanisation of those areas.

Sicily is the first territory conquered by Rome outside the Italian peninsula in the latter half of the IIIrd c. B.C. The republican period is one of steady establishment of a Roman administration and a tax system the main objective of which was the food supply of Rome and her armies. Yet Sicily unquestionably occupies an original position amid the western provinces of an empire in the making. It can be explained by the absence of permanent military occupation and Roman colonies, but also by the self-governing and dynamic communities of Greek origin in the island and lastly by the fact that Rome largely relied on the economic and social structures existing prior to her domination.

Western Belgica, integrated into Roman territory by Caesar, underwent an in-depth romanisation during the Early Empire. Owing to the paucity of the sources enabling one to apprehend the civic status of cities and individuals one is led to favour the analysis of the urbanitas of the people of the area, deprived as it was before the conquest of cities and public buildings, a few cultural edifices excepted. Urban development was important, even outside county towns, while the mode of exploitation of the countrysides underwent a transformation from the middle of the Ist c. A.D. onwards. In the cultural field, the romanisation of shrines is swift. Romanisation is first perceptible in county towns and a few major sites of the civic territory, then in most of the secondary towns and in the countrysides.

The archeological findings during the last half-century in Britain have shown that the actual « romanisation » of the island brought about by the Claudian conquest of 43 A.D. had been preceded by a phase of commercial and political contacts over the last century before our era. In the light of the same findings, the « romanisation » proper is found to be many-sided, non linear and presumably imperfect, its geography influencing the events which witnessed at the beginning of the Vth century the disruption of Roman order.

The appearance of a votive Roman ara in The Archeological and Paleontological Museum of Salas de los Infantes (Burgos) allows to study the piece and to identify it with the inscription CIL II, 2851 transmitted by written tradition and disappeared for a long time.

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In this empirical study, we identified, analyzed and evaluated a new linguistic phenomenon that is curiously increasing in the field of language learning. It is a singular form of code-switching which consists in the disromanization of the L2. The study was conducted among 47 native Arabic-speaking Saudi students learning French at university. For our data collection we have identified and analyzed written communications via WhatsApp an application which allows for secure and current social networking in Saudi Arabia. We found that most participants have used disromanization during their exchanges by writing French words (L2) using Arabic script (L1). We have identified the reasons and forms of code-switching with or without disromanization and measured the impact of this phenomenon on L2 learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The inscription on the Vimose buckle has been the subject of a long and diverse historiography. Taken in the light of early runic epigraphic typology, however, the inscription appears to preserve an early example of Germanic ritual language. Rather than a product of Romanisation (as archaeologists have assumed for similar votive bog finds), the inscription on the Vimose buckle is better understood in terms of the linguistic anthropology of dedicatory epigraphs. The Vimose text shows clear signs of being a thoroughly native expression, a linguistically archaic inscription which alliterates, features pro-drop, verb-final word order and athematic verbal inflection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present here some theoretical reflections about the Romanization process in the Northwest of ancient Hispania. We try to determine the different features of each area of this geographical space: the Galician territory, the internal plains of Asturia and Cantabria, the inhabited lands of cantabri and astures transmontani and the mining districts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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CIL, V 5136 da Bergomum costituisce un'interessante testimonianza dell'evergetismo architettonico-termale in area transpadana. L'iscrizione evidenzia la concezione di un evergetismo privato improntato a criteri di pubblica utilità e prova il valore dell'epigrafia come strumento di riconoscimento sociale e di perpetuazione del ricordo dell'individuo. La recente ripresa (Aprile 2012) delle esplorazioni archeologiche ha localizzato l'ubicazione vicino al foro dei resti relativi agli apprestamenti idrici ricordati dall'epigrafe. CIL, V 5136, an inscription from Bergomum, provides clear evidence on the water-related evergetism in Transpadana, highlighting the pivotal role of inscribed texts in self-advertisment and social distinction in ancient communities.The bathing facilities mentioned in the epigraphic record have been successfully matched with the archaeological remains unearthed near the ancient forum, whose location has been recently (April 2012) confirmed.